ESSAY OUTLINE ( FOR IELTS ) Topic 3: Economic issues retirement - commercial - Employment -Other economic issues SECTION 1: RETIREMENT In some countries the average worker is obliged to retire at the age of 50, while in others people can work until they are 65 or 70 Meanwhile, we see some politicians enjoying power well into their eighties Clearly, there is little agreement on an appropriate retirement age Until what age you think people should be encouraged to remain in paid employment? Give reasons for your answer • advantages of early retirement: - the young people have chances to work - Secondly, young people are more efficient than the old, because they are young and strong - Thirdly, young people have many new ideas about products - Finally, young people react more quickly than old people • Disadvantages of early retirement: - One point is that old people have lots of experience - What is more, they can train young people - Moreover, if old people can continue to work, they will feel happy Businesses should hire employees for their entire lives Do you agree or disagree? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer TOEFL36 What is important consideration in today employment? - Job performance, speed and change due to harsh competition - Performance: skilled workers, match with the tasks - Need to produce goods or services quickly -> need young people who are willing to put in long hours, be aggressive and will push themselves to their job faster - Have to be innovative Changing workforce -> bring in new ideas - skilled workers not want to be tied down to one company, they want the flexibility to improve their opportunities - Loyalty is not practical today SECTION 2: COMMERCIAL Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Advertising can tell you a lot about a country Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer TOEFL – unavailable Some people say that advertising encourages us to buy things we really not need Others say that advertisements tell us about new products that may improve our lives Which viewpoint you agree with? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer TOEFL117 What is the purpose of ad.? - encourage customers to buy things they don’t need - Their primary goal is profit In which way can ad persuade customers buy things they don’t need? - Begin with children: they want to be like everyone else, they want to have what everyone has - Throughout our life: Advertisement define ourselves by what we own rather than by who we are It encourages a competition of false values and shallow measurements of what matters in our lives What is the advantage of ad.? - Enhance economy - People buy products -> other people have jobs - Keep us informed about new products that may actually help us in some way As the number of commercial is on the increase on our TV, many viewers feel annoyed and claim that commercials should be banned Do you agree with this idea? SECTION 3: EMPLOYMENT What are some important qualities of a good supervisor (boss)? Use specific details and examples to explain why these qualities are important TOEFL18 - justice: treat all her employees fairly - Know how to give clear and understandable directions: not change too constant - Delegating authority well: know how to use the skills of her employees to best advantage - Know how to evaluate her employees on a reasonable set of criteria - Sets the standards for her employees by her own behavior The idea of having a single career is becoming an old fashioned one The new fashion will be to have several careers or ways of earning money and further education will be something that continues throughout life Why does each person need have several careers or ways of earning money and lifetime education? - The enormous changes in technology - No matter what their field of expertise, people are no longer able to cope with today''s fast changing workplace unless they upgrade their skills through further study - Many jobs have become obsolete in recent years - For example, robots have taken over factory assembly lines in the automobile industry - Bank employees have lost jobs because now people use ATMs or their home computer for ordinary bank transactions - Similarly, travel agencies and retail stores have gone online and the people who used to these jobs have been faced with a mid-life career - The marketplace has become global - Competition has increased, and small businesses have been swallowed up by large corporations that are often multinationals - Many industries that once flourished in North America, like the textile industry or the shoe industry, now only distribute foreign-made goods here - Labour is cheaper in the developing world and so these industries no longer employ the large workforce in North America that they once did As a result, people have had to retrain and find jobs in other fields Technological change will not slow down in the 21st century and so it is likely that more occupations will become obsolete in the future and we will all have to upgrade our technical skills regularly and have some employment flexibility if we are to remain competitive in the workforce The world of work is changing quickly: • today: - people often have the same job for 30 or 40 years - Most people retire at 60 or 65 - The working week is or hours per day for or days - Millions of people work in factories • future: - people will learn new skills and change job more often - Most people will retire at 50 or 55 - Shorter working week Also there will be more part – time jobs -> more free time - Computers and robots will a lot of the work in factories • Opinions: - in the past, people had to work far too hard Their jobs controlled their lives It’s not going to be like that in the future We’ll have more time to enjoy ourselves That’s great…why work if a robot can it for you? - People need to work If you’ve got a job you’re a part of society If you haven’t got a job you’re outside society Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The most important aspect of a job is the money a person earns Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer TOEFL61 What does earning a lot of money mean? - Indicator of success: buy anything you want - Indicator of a smart person: stupid person can not earn much money - Indicator of a good candidate for marriage: any girls want to marry a rich man What are other factors affecting job – satisfaction? What is a very important skill a person should learn in order to be successful in the world today? Choose one skill and use specific reasons and examples to support your choice TOEFL46 - What are necessary skills? - Tolerance - Computer skill - Foreign language skill - Why we need tolerance? - The world is becoming increasingly mobile -> work with different kinds of people -> tolerant each other - What should we when there is a difference in opinion: - Learn to be tolerant of one another - Respect these different in opinion - Find a common background, an idea we can both agree on - -> easier to settle differences in other subjects 10 Qualities a person needs to become successful in today’s world can not be learnt at university or similar academic institution To what extent you agree or disagree with this idea? 11 Some people prefer to work for themselves or own a business Others prefer to work for an employer Would you rather be selfemployed, work for someone else, or own a business? Use specific reasons to explain your choice TOEFL 12 In the field of industrial relations, employees going on strike is not a valid way of resolving conflict There are better aproaches to resolving differences in the workplace - What are the purpose for employees going on strike? - effective way to resolve industrial disputes - What can be disadvantaged by those strikes? - Loss of production - Possible loss of customers for companies - Loss of wages for the striking employees - In some cases striking employees also put their own jobs at risk - Directly through possible dismissal by their employer - Indirectly through weakening the competitive position of the company they work for - It has been shown in many case studies of strikes tend to increase conflict and to hurt both parties through the economic damage they cause Strikes are an exercise in power, and not get to the underlying cause of industrial disputes, which is a conflict of interests betweem employer and employee 13 Do you think that public sector workers such as teachers, doctors, nurses and fire fighters should be allowed to strike? B: Not if they''re properly rewarded Their unions should come together with the employers and negotiate no-strike agreements A: What if the employers decide to introduce new working practices? After all, things can''t remain the same for ever B: Any change in conditions should be negotiated as well A: And what happens if the two sides can''t agree? B: Then the dispute should go to arbitration What''s needed is an independent body to mediate in industrial disputes It might sometimes have to impose a settlement A: Surely, nobody can force people to go to work, if they really don''t want to B: Then they risk losing their jobs It is wrong to leave hospital patients without doctors and nurses Likewise, strikes among teachers can severely disrupt the education of our children A: So you don''t think everybody should have the right to strike? B: Well, I think everybody should have the right to join a trade union This allows free collective bargaining You can''t have every worker making separate deals with management The strike weapon should only be used as a last resort if arbitration fails Employees should know that management may impose a lock-out Is there any other better alternatives? - Both sides must also realise that they need each other - Be prepared to negotiate a compromise solution in situations where conflicts arise - Employers should realize that their employees are an invaluable resource - They should use every avenue to encourage employees to contribute their ideas to improving the work environment - Employees should realize that they have more to gain by working constructively with employers than by opposing them - Where communication is encouraged at every level, relations will be better, and strikes much less likely to occur 14 If you were an employer, which kind of worker would you prefer to hire: an inexperienced worker at a lower salary or an experienced worker at a higher salary? Use specific reasons and details to support your answer TOEFL –unavailable 15 The employment market is rapidly changing, posing impacts on job seekers Discuss the causes of such changes in employment opportunities How rapid is employment market changing? - Changes in technology -> require new skill - Global workforce market ->more competitive, new way of working - The increasing participation of female -> more competitive - Rising population -> more competitive What are new requirement toward new job – seekers? - Need global skills: foreign language, computer skill - Ability for teamworking - Technique for applying for a job: dynamic, interview skill - Ability to earn money in some ways  ... requirement toward new job – seekers? - Need global skills: foreign language, computer skill - Ability for teamworking - Technique for applying for a job: dynamic, interview skill - Ability to earn... this idea? 11 Some people prefer to work for themselves or own a business Others prefer to work for an employer Would you rather be selfemployed, work for someone else, or own a business? Use... the workforce The world of work is changing quickly: • today: - people often have the same job for 30 or 40 years - Most people retire at 60 or 65 - The working week is or hours per day for or