A pragmatics and conversation analysis perspective

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A pragmatics and conversation analysis perspective

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A pragmatics and conversation analysis perspective

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY – HANOI COLLEGE OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES DISAGREEING IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE: A PRAGMATICS AND CONVERSATION ANALYSIS PERSPECTIVE By KIEU, THI THU HUONG A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Supervisors: Assoc Prof Dr Hoang Van Van Assoc Prof Dr Phan Van Que HANOI - 2006 CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY I certify my authority of the study project report submitted entitled DISAGREEING IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE: A PRAGMATICS AND CONVERSATION ANALYSIS PERSPECTIVE In fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Except where the reference is indicated, no other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgment in the text of the thesis Hanoi - 2006 Kieu Thi Thu Huong ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am indebted to many people without whose help the present thesis could not have been completed First of all, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisors Assoc Prof Dr Hoang Van Van and Assoc Prof Dr Phan Van Que for their invaluable guidance, insightful comments and endless support I wish to express my deep indebtedness to Prof Dr Luong Van Hy, the chair of the Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto, Canada for his brilliant scholarship, demanding teaching and supervision His unending help greatly encouraged me before and during my one-year study at this university I am most grateful to Assoc Prof Dr Sidnell, who worked at UCLA for some time with Schegloff, one of the founders of conversation analysis, for his productive course of conversation analysis, his kindness and generosity in providing naturally occurring data and responding literature I am deeply thankful to Assoc Prof Dr Nguyen Quang for his invaluable suggestions, and helpful advice I have greatly benefited from his scholarship, encouragement and generosity I would like to take this opportunity to thank Assoc Prof Dr Nguyen Hoa for his discerning comments, knowledgeable suggestions and kind-heartedness My sincere thanks go to all my teachers at CFL – VNU for their profound knowledge and outstanding teaching during my long study at the Department of Graduate Studies (DGS) from 1998 to 2005 My special thanks are due to Ms Sandra Harrison, the country director of ELI Vietnam for her kind support and valuable correction of all this work in manuscript But for her, I would not have had any access to ELI teachers working in Vietnam i My thanks are also extended to all my informants in Hanoi and North America, my friends and students, my colleagues at Hanoi-Amsterdam High school, the school principal Mr Do Lenh Dien, and all the people who have assisted my research work, especially Dr Ngo Huu Hoang and the DGS staff To Assoc Prof Dr Le Hung Tien, the chair of the DGS, I extend my enormous gratitude for his scholarship and sincerity I sincerely thank Dr Vu Thi Thanh Huong at the Institute of Linguistics for her efficient assistance, intellectual support and continual encouragement I especially express my heartfelt gratitude to Assoc Prof Dr Tran Huu Manh, who supervised my MA thesis, which is considered the very first step to the present Ph.D dissertation, for his distinctive guidance, constant encouragement and benevolence Finally, I owe the completion of this dissertation to my parents and my siblings, my husband and my two children, who have always given me their love, understanding and encouragement throughout my study To all mentioned, and to many more, my heart extends the warmest thanks ii ABSTRACT This thesis takes as its main objective the description of the native perception and realization of the speech act of disagreeing in English and Vietnamese within the theoretical frameworks of pragmatics and conversation analysis and the help of SPSS, version 11.5, a software program for social sciences It aims at yielding insights into such issues as politeness, its notions and relations with indirectness, strategies and linguistic devices used to express disagreement tokens in the English and Vietnamese languages and cultures Linguistic politeness is carefully examined in its unity of discernment and volition on the basis of the data obtained from elicited written questionnaires, folk expressions, interviews and naturally occurring interactions The meticulous and miraculous methods offered by conversation analysis are of great help in describing and exploring the structural organization of disagreement responses in preferred and dispreferred format, the relationships between disagreements and the constraint systems, and negotiation of disagreements by native speakers The findings exhibit that the differences in choosing politeness strategies to perform disagreements by speakers of English in North America and speakers of Vietnamese in Hanoi result from the differences in their assessment of socio-cultural parameters and social situations Although indirectness might be used in some contexts as a means to express politeness, there is no absolute correlation between politeness and indirectness in the two languages and cultures under investigation Despite the English general preference for direct strategies and the Vietnamese tendency to indirect strategies, the former may be indirect in some contexts and the latter are prone to be direct or even very direct from time to time Consequently, the study of politeness should be conducted in close relation to the iii study of the speakers’ wider socio-cultural milieus with systems of local norms, beliefs and values In proffering disagreements to the prior evaluations or ideas, native speakers not only deploy individually volitional strategies but also observe socially determined norms of behavior, especially in the choice of formulaic expressions, speech levels, address terms, deference markers etc Therefore, the deployment of the normative-volitional approach to politeness study is appropriate and reasonable Conversation analysis sheds light on disagreements as dispreferred seconds to first assessments and opinions, and as preferred seconds to self-deprecations English and Vietnamese speakers adopt the same strategies in regards to preference organization, compliment responses and negotiation of disagreements On the whole, disagreements are inclined to be hedged or delayed by a variety of softeners and/or other devices However, they tend to be overtly stated in responses to self-denigrations It is of interest to explore the conflicting effects caused by the correlation between preference organization and selfcompliment avoidance in responses to compliments The English informants show a trend towards compliment acceptance and appreciation, while the Vietnamese prefer to refuse and negate prior complimentary tokens in spite of their similar strategies in adopting midpositions The accounts for this phenomenon can be found in the Vietnamese communitybased solidarity and the Anglophone individualistic satisfaction Conversation analytic tools help highlight the use of address terms (in Vietnamese), intensifiers (in English and Vietnamese) and other supportive means By and large, the combined pragmatics and conversation analysis perspective is strongly recommended to speech act study as this integration maximizes the strengths and minimizes the weaknesses of each approach iv TABLE OF CONTENTS KIEU THI THU HUONG II ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I ABSTRACT III TABLE OF CONTENTS V LIST OF TABLES AND CHARTS XII Table 1-1: The five general functions of speech acts (Yule 1996: 55) 16 xii Table 1-2: Gender correlation between English and Vietnamese respondents 32 xii Table 1-3: Age group correlation between English and Vietnamese respondents 33 xii Table 1-4: Assessment of socio-cultural factors: Age of coconversants 37 xii Table 1-5: Assessment of socio-cultural factors: Manner of communication 38 xii Table 1-6: Assessment of socio-cultural factors: Setting 39 xii Table 1-7: Assessment of socio-cultural factors: Gender of coconversants 39 xii Table 1-8: Assessment of socio-cultural factors: Social status 40 xii Table 1-9: Assessment of socio-cultural factors: Length of time you know your co-conversants 42 xii Table 1-10: Assessment of Social Situations - Sit A1 Praise on Nice-looking Spouse 44 xii Table 1-11: Assessment of Social Situations - Sit A2 Selfpraise on New Hairstyle 45 xii Table 1-12: Assessment of Social Situations - Sit A3 Disparagement of New Italian Shoes 45 xii Table 1-13: Assessment of Social Situations - Sit A4 Miss X Is Getting Too Fat 45 xii Table 1-14: Assessment of Social Situations - Sit B2 Bigger Pensions 46 .xii Table 1-15: Assessment of Social Situations - Sit C1 Mr Y's Promotion 46 xii Table 1-16: Assessment of Social Situations - Sit C4 Voting for Mr X 47 xii Table 1-17: Assessment of Social Situations - Sit D1 Car Expert 47 xii Table 1-18: Assessment of Social Situations - Sit D2 Favorite Team's Failure 48 .xii v Table 1-19: General Assessment of All Situations by Respondents 49 .xiii Table 2-20: Assessment of Politeness Level 4.1 'She's all right, I suppose.' 71 xiii Table 2-21: Assessment of Politeness Level 4.3 'Fashions change, you know.' 72 .xiii Table 2-22: Assessment of Politeness Level 4.4 ‘We’re very much in agreement, but ….' 73 .xiii Table 2-23: Assessment of Politeness Level 4.5 'Not me, I totally disagree ' 74 xiii Table 2-24: Assessment of Politeness Level 4.6 'That's pretty good.' 74 xiii Table 2-25: Assessment of Politeness Level 4.7 'That may be so, but ' 76 xiii Table 2-26: Assessment of Politeness Level 4.8 ‘Really?’ 77 xiii Table 2-27: Assessment of Politeness Level 4.9 'No, grandpa, no, no, you're wrong.' 77 xiii Table 2-28: Assessment of Politeness Level 4.10 'Boring people get bored.' 78 .xiii Table 2-29: Assessment of Politeness Level 11 'Do you really think so?' 78 xiii Table 2-30: Assessment of Politeness Level 4.12 'Sorry, but I think it was interesting.' 79 .xiii Table 3-31: Choice of Politeness Strategies to Disagree with Close Friend (Miss X is fat) 104 .xiii Table 3-32: Choice of Politeness Strategies to Disagree with Close Friend (Tax increase) 105 .xiii Table 3-33: Choice of Politeness Strategies to Disagree with Close Friend (Boring party) 106 .xiii Table 3-34: Choice of Politeness Strategies to Disagree with Someone You Dislike (Miss X is fat) 107 xiii Table 3-35: Choice of Politeness Strategies to Disagree with Someone You Dislike (Tax increase) 107 xiii Table 3-36: Choice of Politeness Strategies to Disagree with Someone You Dislike (Boring party) 108 xiii Table 3-37: Choice of Politeness Strategies to Disagree with Colleague, same age & gender (Miss X) 109 xiii Table 3-38: Choice of Politeness Strategies to Disagree with Colleague, same age & gender (Tax) 109 .xiv Table 3-39: Choice of Politeness Strategies to Disagree with Colleague, same age & gender (Party) 109 xiv Table 3-40: Choice of Politeness Strategies to Disagree with Older Acquaintance (Miss X is fat) 111 xiv Table 3-41: Choice of Politeness Strategies to 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English and Vietnamese Elicited data and recorded excerpts of mundane everyday talks have been investigated and analyzed within the frameworks of pragmatic theories and CA 6.3 Similarities and differences

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