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Environmental and Social Impacts of Shrimp farming in Tam Giang lagoon, Vietnam-Local perception
LOCAL PERSPECTIVES ON THE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS OF SHRIMP FARMING IN TAM GIANG LAGOON, VIETNAM TUONG PHI LAI A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of Master of Science (Management of Natural Resources and Sustainable Agriculture) Submitted to: Norwegian University of Life Sciences Department of International Environment and Development Studies June, 2005 The Department of International Environment and Development Studies, Noragric, is the international gateway for the Norwegian University of Life Sciences (UMB) Eight departments, associated research institutions and the Norwegian College of Veterinary Medicine in Oslo Established in 1986, Noragric’s contribution to international development lies in the interface between research, education (Bachelor, Master and PhD programmes) and assignments The Noragric Master theses are the final theses submitted by students in order to fulfil the requirements under the Noragric Master programme “Management of Natural Resources and Sustainable Agriculture” (MNRSA), “Development Studies” and other Master programmes The findings in this thesis not necessarily reflect the views of Noragric Extracts from this publication may only be reproduced after prior consultation with the author and on condition that the source is indicated For rights of reproduction or translation contact Noragric © Tuong Phi Lai, June 2005 E-mail: tuongphilai@yahoo.com Formatted: French (France) Noragric Department of International Environment and Development Studies P.O Box 5003 N-1432 Ås Norway Tel.: +47 64 96 52 00 Fax: +47 64 96 52 01 Internet: http://www.umb.no/noragric Formatted: English (U.S.) ii DECLARATION I, Tuong Phi Lai, hereby declare to the Senate of the Norwegian University of Life Sciences, that this dissertation is entirely the product of my own original research work, unless where it is acknowledged, and that it has not been submitted to any other University or academic institution for award of any degree (TUONG PHI LAI) -Date iii Acknowledgements I am thankful for Dr Nguyen Viet Nam and Msc Tran Van Nhuong - who paved the way for me to attain a NORAD scholarship by giving information and encouragement I also would like to express my gratitude to Prof Ian Bryceson, my main supervisor for his patience in correction of my English and straightforwardness in guidance for completion of this study My hearty thanks are also given to my local supervisor Dr Le Thanh Luu for his valuable guidance and administrative support during my fieldwork Special thanks NORAD for awarding me the scholarship provided an opportunity to improve my knowledge Many gratitude are given to to all Noragric staff for their academic presentations and hosting me in Norway I am thankful to Mr Nguyen Luong Hien, Mr Nguyen Quang Vinh Binh, Ms Vo Tuyet Hong, Mr Tran Xuan Binh and Ms Lam Thi Thu Suu for providing me valuable information and academic knowledge for carrying out the fieldwork in the study area Personally, I heartily would like to express many thanks to Mr Phan Van Xuan, Mr Chau Ngoc Phi and Mr Le The Nhan who worked so hard with me in field and helped me a lot in primary collecting data Additionally, I would like to thank all the people as to whom I can not name all here: Ngo Trung Nhat Quang, Pham Quang Anh Khoi, Phan Thanh Anh Dung and all participants from three communes for their valuable assistance and patience during the field survey Many thanks are given to Nguyen Dac Ve, Lai Duy Phuong, Lai Thi Hoa, Ho Cong Huong, Nguyen Van Khanh, Van Thi Thu Vinh, Tran Thi Nguyet Minh, Nguyen Van Tuan, and Dinh Hung for their assistance in data collection; many thanks also given to Mai Van Tai, Shagufta Jeelani and Ngo Thi Thom for their assistance in correcting my languages and academic comments in this thesis I also would like to thank the Diversity Enhancement Fund (DEF) for a partial financial support during my student’s life in Norway Special thanks are given to Ms Nguyen Thi Thanh Binh and other staff in Centre for Educational Exchange in Vietnam (CEEVN) Last but not the least, my hearty thanks to my parents and my friends and those who always provided me encouragement and who contributed in various ways towards the accomplishment of this study iv Abstract Shrimp aquaculture is one of the major economic activities in coastal areas of Vietnam However, the relation between shrimp aquaculture and coastal environmental and social issues are not well documented in the Tam Giang lagoon This thesis focused on the environmental and social implications of shrimp aquaculture in three coastal shrimp farming communes: Phu An, Phu Da and Vinh Ha in Phu Vang district The links between the impacts of shrimp farming and policies, institutions and farming practices were investigated Attention was paid to both negative and positive impacts of shrimp farming Local people's perceptions of these factors were investigated using a participatory approach We found that people perceived that waste discharges, fishery reduction, habitat destruction and salinisation of soil to be the foremost environmental impacts of shrimp farming Meanwhile, conflicts among shrimp farmers, traders, fishers and rice-farmers are important social impacts In addition, debt burden, migration of women and conflicts of interests among resource users and sectors and local government were also considered to be critical issues However, shrimp farming also significantly contributes to income generation, employment creation and livelihood diversification in coastal poor communities The sector contributed to changing the livelihoods of local people from subsistence and small-commodity production into commercial production, that in the long run are important for local communities in the context of trade liberalization and globalisation The environmental and social impacts of shrimp farming are strongly linked to economic reforms, aquaculture promotion policies and the management of local government and local farming practices We highlighted the need to internalise the externalities of shrimp farming sector We recommend the introduction of environmentally friendly aquaculture within the framework of community-based and integrated coastal area management We also recommend the necessity of adjustment of institutional frameworks to enhance environmental protection and improve the feasibility of aquaculture planning and building capacity for local authorities and lagoon resource users v List of Abbreviations and Acronyms CRES Centre for Natural Resources and Environmental Studies CSSH Centre for Social Sciences and Humanities DFID DOFI DOSTE EIA EJF Department for International Development Provincial Department of Fisheries Provincial Department of Science, Technology and Environment Environmental Impacts Assessment Environmental Justice Foundation FAO Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations GO Government Organization HIO HSU Hai Phong Institute of Oceanography Hue Science University ICLARM International Centre for Living Aquatic Resource Management IDRC IFEP IUCN MOFI MOSTE MPI International Development Research Centre Institute for Fisheries and Economic Planning World Conservation Union Ministry of Fisheries of Vietnam Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment Ministry of Planning and Investment NACA NEA NGO NORAD Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia-Pacific National Environment Agency Non-Government Organisation Norwegian Agency for Development Co-operation PCC People Committee of Commune PCD PCP People Committee of District People Committee of Province PRA RAMSAR Participatory Rural Appraisals The convention of wet land resources reservation RIA RIMF RRA SLA/F SRV Research Institute for Aquaculture Research Institute for Marine Fisheries Rapid Rural Appraisals Sustainable Livelihood Approach/Framework Socialist Republic of Vietnam UNDP VND United Nations Development Programme Vietnamese currency Unit (Đong) vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements Abstract List of Abbreviations and Acronyms Table of Contents List of Tables List of Figures INTRODUCTION 1.1 Objectives of the study 10 1.2 Research questions 10 MATERIALS AND METHODS 11 2.1 Study area 11 2.2 Site selection 14 2.3 Data collection techniques 16 2.3.1 Secondary data collection 16 2.3.2 Primary data collection 17 2.3.3 Standard survey 18 2.4 Analytical framework 21 2.5 Data processing and analysis 22 2.6 Limitations of the study 22 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF SHRIMP FARMING 23 3.1 Areal expansion 23 3.2 Water consumption 25 3.3 Feed use 26 3.4 Chemicals use 27 3.5 Waste discharge 29 3.6 Disease issues 31 3.7 Destruction of nursery beds and breeding grounds 34 3.8 Effects on sea-grasses 36 3.9 Impacts on fisheries 38 3.10 Salinisation of agriculture land 40 SOCIAL IMPACTS OF SHRIMP FARMING 43 4.1 Income generation 43 4.2 Employment 44 4.3 Shifting of livelihoods 46 4.4 Changes in living conditions 49 4.5 The risks in shrimp business 51 4.6 Debt issues 55 4.7 Gender issues 58 4.8 Conflicts among resource users 59 4.9 Conflicts among sectors and policies 66 CONCLUSIONS 71 REFERENCES 74 vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure Aquaculture production of Penaeus monodon by countries (1980-2002) Figure Map research site: Phu Vang district in Tam Giang-Cau Hai lagoon, Vietnam 11 Figure Analytical framework for environmental and social impacts of shrimp farming 21 Figure Extensive net-enclosure (left) and intensive shrimp aquaculture (right) in Tam Giang lagoon 25 Figure Map of nursery sites in and the replacement of those sites by shrimp farming Tam Giang-Cau Hai lagoon system 35 Figure Net enclosure aquaculture (left) and fishing boats (right) in Tam Giang lagoon 40 Figure Numbers of shrimp farmers and shrimp traders in three communes in Phu Vang district, Tam Giang lagoon 45 Figure Original livelihoods of present shrimp farmers in Phu Vang district, Tam Giang lagoon 48 Figure Proportion of farm affected by disease in Phu Vang district and Tam Giang lagoon 52 Figure 10 Perceived levels of risk in relation to various livelihoods 54 Figure 11 Shrimp farming, transportation and fishing activities in Tam Giang lagoon 62 LIST OF TABLES Table Overview of Potential Environmental Impacts of Shrimp Pond Construction and Operation (reproduced from Clay, 1996 cited in Tobey et al., 1998) Table Overview of Potential Social and Economic Impacts of Shrimp Pond Construction and Operation (reproduced from Clay, 1996 cited in Tobey et al., 1998) Table Development trend of shrimp farming in Vietnam: area, production and yield Table Baseline socio-economic data in Phu Vang district, Tam Giang lagoon 12 Table Gross Domestic Production of economic activities in coastal area and Tam Giang lagoon (Unit: million VND) 13 Table Baseline data of shrimp aquaculture in Phu Vang district, Tam Giang lagoon 13 Table General criteria for selection of study sites in Tam Giang lagoon, Thua Thien Hue province 14 Table Specific criteria for study site selection in Phu Vang district, Tam Giang lagoon 15 Table Number of respondents in different groups under impacts of shrimp farming in Phu Vang district, Tam Giang lagoon (N=294 respondents) 18 Table 10 Criteria for characterizing farming system in Phu Vang district, Tam Giang lagoon 19 Table 11 Numbers of respondents from different shrimp farm systems in Phu Vang district, Tam Giang lagoon 20 Table 12 Water consumed by shrimp farming as estimated through interviews 26 viii Deleted: 51 Deleted: 61 Table 13 Usage of pellets and raw-fish or home-made feed in shrimp farms in Phu Vang district, Tam Giang lagoon (N=100 respondents) 26 Table 14 Chemicals and drugs use in shrimp farming in Phu Vang district, Tam Giang lagoon 28 Table 15 Estimations of solids waste discharged from shrimp farming 29 Table 16 Local perception about effects of shrimp farming waste on the lagoon water quality (N=294 respondents) 30 Table 17 Proportion of shrimp farms that encountered disease and their responses in Phu Vang district in 2004 (N=294 respondents) 33 Table 18 Local perceptions about the effects of shrimp farming on nursery and breeding ground in Tam Giang lagoon (N=294 respondents) 35 Table 19 Local perspectives on the effect of shrimp farming on the sea-grass condition in Tam Giang lagoon (N=294 rspondents) 37 Table 20 Local perspectives on the effect of shrimp farming expansion on the reduction of fishery production in the lagoon (N=294 respondents) 38 Table 21 Factors effecting lagoon fishery resource reduction in Phu Vang district, Tam Giang lagoon 39 Table 22 Local perspectives concerning the effect of shrimp farming on salinisation of agriculture land in Tam Giang lagoon (N=294 respondents) 41 Table 23 Various income sources of local people in Phu Vang district, Tam Giang lagoon (N=294 respondents) 43 Table 24 Numbers of shrimp households and jobs related to shrimp farming in Phu Vang district, Tam Giang lagoon 44 Table 25 Numbers of jobs in different shrimp farming systems in Tam Giang area (N=100 respondents) 46 Table 26 Local people’s identification of rich and poor in Phu Vang district, Tam Giang lagoon 47 Table 27 Original livelihoods of present shrimp farmers in Phu Vang district, Tam Giang lagoon (N=100 respondents) 47 Table 28 Background of shrimp farmers in relation to different farming systems in Tam Giang lagoon (N= 100 respondents) 48 Table 29 Local perspectives on the impacts of shrimp farming on the living condition of local community (N=294 respondents) 50 Table 30 Proportion of diseased farms in the three communes in Phu Vang district, Tam Giang lagoon during 2004 52 Table 31 Proportion of shrimp farm failures due to disease outbreaks in different farming systems in Phu Vang district, Tam Giang lagoon in 2004 53 Table 32 Local people's perspective on the risk level of different livelihood options in Phu Vang district, Tam Giang area 53 Table 33 Debt situation of different livelihood groups in Phu Vang district, Tam Giang area (N=294 respondents) 56 Table 34 Debt situation of shrimp farmers in Phu Vang district, Tam Giang lagoon (N=100 farms) 57 Table 35 Local perception of the conflicts among resource users in Tam Giang lagoon 60 ix Deleted: 59 INTRODUCTION The shrimp aquaculture industry is looked upon as a highly profitable business in several developing countries The sector attracts a range of investors including the state, private enterprises and external assistance in many of these nations During the last two decades, shrimp aquaculture has become a major sector of aquaculture in terms of space occupied and market values There has been a rapid expansion of shrimp aquaculture in many parts of the tropical world since 1980s (Gräslund & Bengtsson, 2001) In 1975, shrimp aquaculture contributed to 2.5% of total shrimp production, which gradually increased to around 30% of total shrimp supply in the 1990s (Rönnbäck, 2002) Global production of farm shrimp increased from 71,000 tons in 1980 to 1,271,000 tons in 2001, in which 80% production from Asia (FAO, 2004) In the South East Asia, the production of cultured crustaceans increased by over 500% between 1981 and 1995 (FAO 1997a cited by Gräslund & Bengtsson, 2001) By 1998, the total shrimp aquaculture in the region was 580,000 tones, i.e slightly more than the quantity of shrimp caught in the wild (Gräslund & Bengtsson, 2001) Today shrimp makes up only 3-4% of global aquaculture production by weight, but almost 15% by value (FAO 1999a cited by Rönnbäck, 2002) The black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon, accounts for more than fifty percent of the total shrimp aquaculture output (Rosenberry, 1999 cited by Rönnbäck, 2002) It is speculated that the market for shrimp will continue to grow and the demand for shrimp is likely to remain high and their farming will play a more important role in the future compared to capture by trawling (World Bank, 1998) In Thailand, which is the largest producer of farmed shrimp in the world, the shrimp industry as a whole employs more than 150,000 people of which some 97,000 are directly involved in shrimp farming It is estimated that 500,000 households are connected in some ways in shrimp farming and that for every Thai Baht of shrimp produced there are ∼ 3.5 Thai Baht in associated industries (Kongkeo, 1994; World Bank 1995 cited by ODA, 1996) There were many examples of how shrimp farming contributes to improve livelihood of coastal community and benefits to both rich and poor people The fact that PART INFORMATION ON SHRIMP FARMING ACTIVITIES (for shrimp farmer only) (For farmer having more than one farming system, interviewer only contributes to the intensive system) Farming system design Net-enclosure Improve extensive Semi-intensive Intensive Available land for shrimp farming Types of land Areas (m2) Permitted time uses (years) Time had been used ( years) Land (VND) fee/year Given land Lease land Others Total 10 Shrimp farming management Types of management Farming scale Crop Private Group farmers (land or star-up capital) Co-operated or commune level Crop Private Group farmers (land or star-up capital) Co-operated or commune level Types of culture Large Medium Monoculture Rotation Polyculture Small Large Medium Monoculture Rotation Polyculture Small 11 Seed Within province Size of seed Crop PL 15 PL 45 Crop PL 15 PL 45 Outside province Amount (PL) Price/PL (VND) Cost (VND) Amount (kg) Price/kg (VND) Cost (VND) 12 Feed Type of feed Crop Pellet Raw-fish and homemade Crop Pellet s Raw-fish and homemade Total 13 Drugs and chemicals Type of drugs and Unit (kg, liter, chemicals etc) Amount (kg, liter, etc) Price/unit (VND) Cost (VND) Crop Crop 14 How did you managed the waste of shrimp ponds (for main crops 2004) Stores and (or) treatment Free discharging to the lagoon 15 Estimation for the waste discharged Depth of removed sediments (cm) Pond area (m2) Pond depth (cm) Crop Crop Total 16 Water exchange (addition) regime Proportion /each time (%) Frequency (time/crop) Water depth addition (cm) Crop Crop Total (Proportion or water depth addition) 17 Type of disease Disease White spot Yellow head Gill diseases MBV Fungus/parasite Others Unknown disease When Causes 18 Loss by disease in 2004 Loss (VND mill) Cop t Crop Total 19 What you think the major reasons for diseases occurred in your pond (2004)? Poor seed quality Pollution enrironment Poor management All above reasons Others, -20 your seed has been quarantine before stocking ? Yes No Don’t knowow 21 What you think about seed quality? Good quality Bad quality Not sure 22 Other information Number of seasons you did Number of seasons you success -Number of seasons you fail 23 Participating shrimp farming, you think your social consciousness/ awareness improves? Increase Reduce No change 24 How is your technical skill being since you started your shrimp farming? Better Worse No change 25 How many trainings have you attended to Numbers of training regarding disease management PART III HOUSEHOLD ECONOMIC PRODUCTION ANALYSIS (APPLY TO ALL TYPE OF HOUSEHOLDS) 26 For shrimp farmer (refer to main crop in 2004 only) Productive costs Items No of units Price/unit (VND) Cost (VND) Note Pond building Expected time for uses (year) Equipment/infrastructure • Tent/cottage • Pumping engine • Aerator/ paddle wheel • Tools for water u assessment • Others Expected time for uses (year) Annual repaired costs (except costs of chemicals and drugs, and rented labours) Fuel Electricity Others Total Turnover Items Amount (kg) Price/kg (VND) Revenue (VND) Black tiger shrimp Other shrimp Fish Crab Others Total In summary (for the year 2004) Totals cost (VND) Total return (VND) Profit (VND) Note Main crop Sub-crops 27 For non-shrimp farmers (VND) Crop Crop Total Fixed cost Variable cost Total cost Total return Profit PART IV ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF SHRIMP FARMING (APPLY TO ALL TYPE OF HOUSEHOLDS) 28 Do you think the expanding of shrimp farming influence on the decrease in sea-grass conditions/availability in Tam Giang lagoon? v Strongly serious Serious No Moderate Slightly No concern Reasons for that What are the most serious factors negatively effect to the sea-grass reduction? Factors Ranking Destroyed exploitation (electrics, toxic etc) Shrimp farming Agriculture (Pesticides and herbicides) Industrial and domestic waste Others (Flooding, storm) detailed Formatted: French (France) Formatted: French (France) Formatted: French (France) 29.Do you think that shrimp farming influence by reducing the nursery beds and breeding ground of aquatic animal in the Lagoon? Strongly serious Moderate Serious Slightly No No concern Reasons for that What are the most serious factors negatively effect on the nursery beds and breeding ground? Factors Destroyed exploitation (electrics, toxic, etc) Shrimp farming Agriculture (Pesticides and herbicides) Industrial and domestic waste Others (Flooding, storm) detailed Ranking Formatted: French (France) Formatted: French (France) Formatted: French (France) 30 How you think about the fish availability in the lagoon during 20 years? Increase Decrease Stable If decrease, you think the shrimp farming has affected to the reduction of fish availability Yes No Reasons for that Factors Destroyed exploitation (electrics, toxic, etc) Shrimp farming Agriculture (Pesticides and herbicides) Ranking Contribution (%) Formatted: French (France) Formatted: French (France) Formatted: French (France) w Industrial and domestic waste Others (Flooding, storm) detailed Others (Flooding, storm) detailed 31 Do you think that waste water from shrimp pond have negative effect to surounding environment? Strongly serious Moderate Serious Slightly No No concern Reasons for that Which factors have effect most? Factors Destroyed exploitation (electrics, toxic,etc) Shrimp farming Agriculture (Pesticides and herbicides) Industrial and domestic waste Others (Flooding, storm) detailed Ranking Formatted: French (France) Formatted: French (France) Formatted: French (France) 32 Does shrimp farming waste effect on the drinking water/bathing water etc of the family? Yes No Others 33.Do you perceive shrimp farmers used drilled well/ground water for shrimp farming in the community ? Yes No If yes, you think the activity effect on the ground water reduction? Yes No No ideas Reasons for that 34 Did you (shrimp farmers) have converted agriculture land into shrimp pond? Yes No If yes, you think the conversion negatively affect the salitization of agriculture land around? Yes No 35 Do you think/know there is any reduction of rice/crop productivity due to that salinisation? Yes No If yes, specify 90% PART V SOCIAL IMPACTS OF SHRIMP FARMING (APPLY TO ALL TYPE OF HOUSEHOLDS) 36 Since participating shrimp farming, does anybody in your family (commune) migrate else where? Yes No If yes, specify major reasons Shrimp farming failure Others Both 37 In your commune, has there been any conflict among farmers together since started shrimp farming? (a conflict on land; beating; bringing to the court, etc ….) Yes No If yes, what was the level of conflict? Very tension Moderate tension Not much What did the conflict mainly cause? Can you explain in detail? (In the past; present; and the future) 38 In your commune, has there been any conflict between shrimp farmers and lagoon fisherman since started shrimp farming? Yes No If yes, what was the level of conflict? Very tension Moderate tension Not much What did the conflict mainly cause? Can you explain in detail? (In the past; present; and the future) 39 In your commune, has there been any conflict between shrimp farmers and rice farmers since started shrimp farming? Yes No If yes, What was the level of conflict? Very tension Moderate tension Not much What did the conflict mainly cause? Can you explain in detail? (In the past; present; and the future) 40 In your commune, has there been any conflict between shrimp farmers and other groups since started shrimp farming? Yes No If yes, what was the level of conflict? Very tension y Moderate tension Not much What did the conflict mainly cause? Can you explain in detail? (In the past; present; and the future) 41 In your commune, has there any stolen in shrimp farming? (Stolen commercial shrimp, equipments, net etc) Yes No If yes, what has stolen? How is often? Always Sometime Rarely 42 (For non shrimp farmer) How does your living standard change compare with other shrimp farmers in your commune? Better Similar Lower How has your living standard changed since started shrimp farming in the commune (compare to the past)? Before shrimp farming Very poor Poor medium Quite rich Rich Very rich Now Note Very poor Poor medium Quite rich Rich Very rich 43 (For shrimp farmer) How does your living standard change compare to none of shrimp farming household in your commune? Better Similar Lower How has your living standard changed since started shrimp farming (compare to the past) Before shrimp farming Very poor Poor medium Quite rich Rich Very rich Now Note Very poor Poor medium Quite rich Rich Very rich 44 (For shrimp farmer) Has your family's meal (food security) been improving since started shrimp farming? Yes No 45 (for shrimp farmer) In detail, how you use products harvesting from shrimp farming? Types (Shrimp, crab, etc) Amount (kg) Note z Selling Eating Given gift Others 46 (For shrimp farmer) What did you before shrimp farming? Rice farmers Fishman Retailer Others, detailed -47 Do you think that shrimp farming significantly reduces the amount of work for women and children compared with what they used to do? Decreasing Increasing stable 48 Do you think that shrimp farming significantly reduces risks to death for women compared with what they used to do? Decreasing Increasing stable 49 Do you think that shrimp farming significantly reduces work-disease for women compared with what they used to do? Decreasing Increasing stable Do you think that shrimp farming significantly raises women's income compared with what they used to do? Increasing Stable Decreasing 50 ( for shrimp farmers only) Shrimp farming and family labor contribution Members Workdays per crop Workdays per year Husband Wife Son >18 Daughter >18 The Elderly Children 51 ( for shrimp farmers only) How many workdays has you rented? How much money have you spent? Crops Gender Rented Payment/workday Total workdays Crop Male Female Total Crop Male Female Total aa 52 In summary, you think that shrimp farming should be continued to develop or not in the commune? Why? 53 (for shrimp farmer only ) If you are not continuous working as shrimp farmer, what you do? Do not know Migration Fishing on lagoon Others, detailed -Reasons for that 54 What are pros and cons of your choosing job? (start-up capital, techniques, experience, available land, etc) 55 Do you think that shrimp farming is the most effective way for poverty reduction in the community? Yes No Others If yes, how the poor are help to involve in shrimp farming and cultivate effectively as the same as others shrimp farming group? If no, how the poor are help to raise their living standard? If you have any opinion, please details? 56 Do you think that in general, shrimp farming brings more advantages to farmers or not? More advantages More disadvantages Pros and cons: PART VI IMPACTS OF POLICIES AND INSTITUTION ON COMMUNITY’S LIVELIHOOD (shrimp farmer only) 57 What are advantages and disadvantages in developing shrimp farming in the commune? Subject advantages: Objective advantages: What are the most crucial advantages (1, 2, 3)? bb Subject advantages: Objective advantages: What are the most crucial disadvantages (1, 2, 3)? 58 Have you heard /read/studied the Land Law? Yes No If you have not, would you like to study or know about it? Yes No Why? 59 Have you heard/read the Fishery Law? Yes No If you have not, would you like to study or know about it? Yes No Why? 60 Have you heard/read a law of protection of water resources? Yes No If you have not, would you like to study or know about it? Yes No Why? 61 Have you heard/read the Environmental Law? Yes No If you have not, would you like to study or know about it? Yes No Why? cc 62 Have you ever received any supported policies from the government and its institution? (Irrigation system, road system, fry service, aquaculture extension, loans, etc) Yes No If yes, please detail? 63 Is there any the government’s policy/ degree, which has not supported effectively to shrimp farming? Yes No If yes, please detail? 64 Is there any policy/ degree or decision/ activity of any institution, organization, person, project, etc, which constrains your shrimp farming? 65 Do you know any local plans for socio-economic development? Yes No If yes, what kinds of plan you know? Commune District Province 66 If you have known, how is the quality of the plan? Very good Good Quite good Medium Bad Quite good Medium Bad Farm zone plan Commune District Province How does a plan apply effectively in practice? Very good Good Deleted: Kém A detailed plan Community District Province What are advantages/disadvantages of a plan? 67 If you have not known, would you like to study it? Yes No Why? - dd 68 Do you know any local aquaculture plan? Yes If yes, what kinds of plan you know? Farm zone (Under commune) Commune 69 If you have known how is the quality of the plan? Very good Good No District Province Quite good Medium Bad Quite good Medium Bad A detailed plan Community District Province How does a plan apply effectively in practice? Very good Good Deleted: Kém A detailed plan Community District Province What are advantages/disadvantages of a plan? 70 If you have not known, would you like to study it? Yes No Why? 71 Have you know which institutions/persons been responsible for making plan? Yes No 72 Have you involved in any step of procedure of making aquaculture plan? Yes No Specify how you participated Design, preparation Operation Monitoring and evaluation 73 Did your shrimp pond have or not have the permission from People’s Committee for building? Expansion on lagoon, without permission and not tax Expansion on lagoon, having permission from people’s committee and paid tax Not expansion on lagoon, having permission from people’s committee and paid tax ee 74 Do you support to shrimp farming development or should the government constrain the expansion of shrimp farming? Please, detail? 75 Do you have any comment for the local government or the government to improve farmer’s livelihood and develop sustainable shrimp farming in the community? Thanks for your co-operation! Interviewee Interviewer Signature Signature ff Page j: [1] Deleted Tuong Phi Lai 9/4/2005 9:39:00 AM Tuong Phi Lai 9/4/2005 9:41:00 AM co-operatives Page j: [2] Deleted crops) years – transferable leases Recognition of full private agriculture ... aquaculture in three coastal shrimp farming communes: Phu An, Phu Da and Vinh Ha in Phu Vang district The links between the impacts of shrimp farming and policies, institutions and farming practices... Numbers of shrimp households and jobs related to shrimp farming in Phu Vang district, Tam Giang lagoon 44 Table 25 Numbers of jobs in different shrimp farming systems in Tam Giang area... (1996 cited in CRC, 1998) has summarised major environmental and socioeconomic impacts of shrimp farming in Latin America Many of these same impacts were observed in our study in Tam Giang lagoon,