VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST GRADUATE STUDIES NGUYỄN THỊ MINH A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS ON METAPHOR ABOUT POWER IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE IDIOMS FROM COGNITIVE LINGUISTICS PERSPECTIVE (PHÂN TÍCH ĐỐI CHIẾU ẨN DỤ VỀ QUYỀN LỰC TRONG THÀNH NGỮ ANH VIỆT NHÌN TỪ GĨC ĐỘ NGƠN NGỮ HỌC TRI NHẬN) M.A MINOR PROGRAMME THESIS Field : English linguistics Code : 60220201 HANOI, 2016 VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST GRADUATE STUDIES NGUYỄN THỊ MINH A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS ON METAPHOR ABOUT POWER IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE IDIOMS FROM COGNITIVE LINGUISTICS PERSPECTIVE (PHÂN TÍCH ĐỐI CHIẾU ẨN DỤ VỀ QUYỀN LỰC TRONG THÀNH NGỮ ANH VIỆT NHÌN TỪ GĨC ĐỘ NGƠN NGỮ HỌC TRI NHẬN) M.A MINOR PROGRAMME THESIS Field : English linguistics Code : 60220201 Supervisor : Assoc Prof Dr Lâm Quang Đông HANOI, 2016 DECLARATION BY CANDIDATE I hereby declare that this thesis is my own work and effort It has not been submitted anywhere for any award All the sources of information that have been used have been properly acknowledged Hanoi, 2016 NGUYỄN THỊ MINH i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis has been completed with the invaluable and constant support and encouragement of my supervisor, family members and others Although no listing of acknowledgements can ever be completed, I would still like to take this opportunity to express my sincere thanks to those people here First and foremost, I would like to express my deep gratitude to my supervisor, Assoc Prof Dr Lâm Quang Đông of ULIS, VNU for his helpful guidance, endless patience and whoehearted support Without his enthusiastic and meaningful suggestions, comments and corrections, this study would not have been accomplished My appreciation also goes to all the lecturers in the Faculty of Postgraduate Studies in University of Languages and International Studies, Vietnam National University, Hanoi for their useful lessons from which I have relevant knowledge and proper methods to fulfill this thesis Furthermore, I greatly thank the librarians for their enthusiatic support when I looked for materials for writing this paper Last but not least, I would like to express my sincere thanks to all members in my family and my friends for their invaluable support and encouragement Hanoi, 2016 NGUYỄN THỊ MINH ii ABSTRACT This research mainly focused on metaphor about power in English and Vietnamese idioms and aims at investigating the similarities as well as the differences between their usages in the two languages Based on Lackoff and Johnson‟s framework about conceptual metaphor, nine categories of metaphor were classified including: power is the human body, power is the human activities, power is animals, power is relatives, power is physical forces, power is a thief, power is a game, power is a container and power is up and no power is down Besides the similarity in expressing some metaphors like “power is up and no power is down”, for example, the two languages also had some distinctive features when metaphors “power is a container” and “power is a game” were only found in English and “power is a thief” were only found in Vietnamese The result of study hopefully makes a small contribution to the translation of idioms in general and idioms about power in particular and to teaching and learning English language and culture Key words: metaphor, idioms, power, language iii LIST OF TABLES AND ABBREVIATIONS No Table No Table name Page 1.1 One-to-one domain mapping example 12 1.2 One-to-many domain mapping example 12 1.3 Many-to-one domain mapping example 13 2.1 Quantity of samples analyzed 17 Quantity and percentage of conceptual 3.1 metaphors about power in English and 20 Vietnamese idioms Quantity and percentage of structural 3.2 metaphors about power in English and 21 Vietnamese idioms Quantity and percentage of ontological 3.3 metaphors about power in English and 22 Vietnamese idioms Quantity and percentage of orientational 3.4 metaphors about power in English and Vietnamese idioms LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Sb: somebody St: something iv 26 TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION BY CANDIDATE .i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS II ABSTRACT III LIST OF TABLES .IV TABLE OF CONTENTS V PART A: INTRODUCTION 1 RATIONALE OF THE STUDY OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY AND RESEARCH QUESTIONS SCOPE OF THE STUDY METHODS AND PROCEDURES OF THE STUDY SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY 5.1 THEORETICAL SIGNIFICANCE 5.2 PRACTICAL SIGNIFICANCE ORGANIZATION OF THE THESIS PART B: DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 1.1 LITERATURE REVIEW 1.2 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 1.2.1 An overview of Cognitive Linguistics 1.2.2 Conceptual metaphor 1.2.3 Classification of conceptual metaphor 1.2.4 Conceptual metaphoric domains and mapping 12 1.2.5 Power 15 1.2.6 Idioms 16 CHAPTER 2: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND PROCEDURES 18 2.1 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 18 2.2 DATA 18 2.3 DATA COLLECTION 18 2.4 DATA ANALYSIS 19 2.5 RESEARCH PROCEDURES 19 v 2.6 RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY 21 CHAPTER 3: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 22 3.1 QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS 22 3.1.1 Structural metaphors 24 3.1.2.ONTOLOGICAL METAPHORS 25 3.1.3 Orientational metaphors 26 3.2 QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS 26 3.2.1 Power is the human body 26 3.2.2 Power is the human activities 27 3.2.3 Power is animals 28 3.2.4 Power is relatives 29 3.2.5 Power is a thief 30 3.2.6 Power is a game 30 3.2.7 Power is physical forces 30 3.2.8 Power is a container 31 3.2.9 Power is up, no power is down 32 3.3 SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES 33 3.3.1 Similarities 33 3.3.2 Differences 34 PART C: CONCLUSION 36 RECAPITULATION 36 IMPLICATIONS 36 2.1 IMPLICATION FOR TEACHING AND LEARNING 36 2.2 IMPLICATION FOR TRANSLATION 37 LIMITATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY 38 REFERENCES 39 APPENDIX I vi PART A: INTRODUCTION Rationale of the study In recent years, cognitive linguistics has flourished in Vietnam with increasing studies One of the most important concepts of cognitive linguistics which emphasizes meaning construction (conceptualization) is metaphor Metaphor is known as one of the most useful methods in meaning transfer that is used widely not only in daily life but also in literature It helps people understand an abstract concept by referring to a concrete one For example, we often metaphorically conceptualize such abstract concepts as love, argument in “Love is journey” or “Argument is war”, which are clearly analyzed by famous cognitive linguists like Lackoff and Johnson (1980) It appears so often and is utilized so widely that sometimes we use it subconsciously without realizing it Nobody can deny idioms‟ importance in communication, learning, teaching and translation as well but it is a difficult area of English According to Cooper (1999), idioms present a special language problem to all language learners because their figurative meanings are unpredictable Also, their meanings are not the total sum of their parts and metaphor is considered one of the key factors to understand the meaning of idioms When talking about idioms, we not only talk about the vocabulary and semantics of a language but also the cultures hidden behind Therefore, this study also makes some initial investigation to see how cultures affect idioms in Vietnamese and English in the way they convey the concept of power Objectives of the study and research questions This study aims to investigate idioms that carry conceptual metaphor about power based on the theory of Lakoff and Johnson To go further, this study is done to explore the similarities and the differences between the use of metaphor about power in English and Vietnamese idioms that reflect the culture of each language community Finally, this paper aims to provide some suggestions for teaching, learning and translating of conceptual metaphor about power which is expressed in English and Vietnamese idioms In other words, the study seeks answers to two research questions: Research question 1: How is the concept of power metaphorically expressed in English and Vietnamese idioms? Research question 2: What are the similarities and differences in expressions of conceptual metaphors about power in English and Vietnam idioms? Scope of the study In this study, the analysis is based on the theory and classification of conceptual metaphors given by Lakoff and Johnson Due to the limited time and ability, this research only investigated and contrasted conceptual metaphors about power in society and politics in English and Vietnamese idioms Six dictionaries in both languages, three in English and three in Vietnamese were chosen The selected idioms in English are cited from several dictionaries including: - Oxford Idioms Dictionary for Learners of English by Oxford University Press (2006) - Dictionary of American Idioms by Spears, R.A (2005) - Longman American Idioms Dictionary by Urban, R (2000) Idioms in Vietnamese are from: - Thành ngữ tiếng Việt by Nguyễn Lực, Lương Văn Đang (1993) - Từ điển giải thích thành ngữ tiếng Việt by Nguyễn Như Ý (1998) - Từ điển thành ngữ tục ngữ Việt Nam by Nguyễn Lân (2014) Methods and procedures of the study This study is based on conceptual metaphors framework introduced by Lackoff and Johnson (1980) in their invaluable book “Metaphor We Live By” According to this model, conceptual metaphors are classified into three different kinds, namely structural metaphors, ontological metaphors and orientational metaphors Firstly, contrastive and comparative analyses were carried out in order to identify the similarities and differences in expression of conceptual metaphor about role of conceptual metaphor in creating meaning for idioms Learners often have difficulties in dealing with idioms in the context because the meaning of idioms cannot be guessed from the meaning of each word in that idiom Moreover, teachers can teach how to translate English idioms in English to Vietnamese and vice versa through the knowledge of culture Thirdly, based on the conceptual metaphor theory, many aspects can be used to talk like: what are the target and source domains, the mapping in which the abstract domain is understood by the more concrete one, or three main types of metaphors, namely structural metaphors, ontological metaphors and orientational metaphors With each type of conceptual metaphor, teacher may explain how it is conceptualized, the difference in culture which is reflected clearly in orientational metaphors Fourthly, the result of this study is expected to help students in learning vocabulary as well as enhancing their reading comprehension Conceptual metaphors provide students understanding of abstract concepts in terms of another It is a good way to expand vocabulary in general The more vocabularies they comprehend, the more their reading skill will improve 2.2 Implications for translation Idioms are something special in each language system because they contain some cultural distinctive features which distinguish one language from another Idioms are also fixed in their structure and meaning so translators may encounter problems such as: “An idiom may have no equivalent in the target language An idiom may have a similar counterpart in the target language, but its context of use may be different An idiom may be used in the source text in both its literal and idiomatic senses at the same time.” (Baker, 1992:68-69) Idioms reflect certain cultural traditions and the national character as well Therefore, when translating idioms in general and idioms about power in particular from English to Vietnamese and vice versa, we should try to use an idiom of similar meaning and form or paraphrase them so that readers can 37 understand them correctly One example is the idiom “big fish in a small pond” which can be rendered in Vietnamese as “chột làm vua xứ mù” This kind of correspondence is not common but it is ideal if such equivalence is found Another example is the idiom “crack the whip” which is difficult to find the equivalence, so the best way is paraphrasing That idiom can be paraphrased “use authority or power to make somebody work very hard, usually by treating them in a strict way” and it can be rendered in Vietnamese as “đe doạ quyền lực” In short, in the translation of English idioms about power into Vietnamese and vice versa, translators should pay attention not only to idioms‟ structure but also their figurative meaning(s) and cultural features Limitations and suggestions for further study This thesis mainly focuses on the similarities and differences of conceptual metaphors about power in English and Vietnamese idioms Although this research is not good reference for all kinds of students, we have done our best to investigate, analyze and fulfill this thesis There are certainly some mistakes due to the deficiency in materials and time Firstly, the scope of the study has limited to a certain area, which is power in society and politics The data are only collected from English and Vietnamese idioms It means that many sources of data like proverbs and sayings need to be examined in other studies Secondly, the sample size of this research is rather limited It cannot make readers understand the richness of the two languages when expressing the concept of power in idioms Power exists in every aspect of life; therefore, further research on power should be carried out 38 REFERENCES In English Cooper T (1999), “Processing of Idioms by L2 Learners of English” TESOL Quarterly, 33(2), pp 233-262 Cruse D.A (1986), Lexical Semantics, Cambridge University Press Dahl R.A (1957), The concept of power, Yale University Evans V & Green M (2006), Cognitive linguistics: An introduction, Hillsdale NJ: LEEA and Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press Fairclough N (1989, 2nded 2001), Language and Power, London: Longman Fauconnnier G.& Turner M (1998), Cognitive Linguistics Reader, England: Equinox Publishing Limited Fauconnnier G & Turner M (2002), The way we think: Conceptual blending and the Mind’s hidden Complexity, New York: Basic Books Fernando C (1996), Idiom and idiomatically, Oxford University Press Gentner R (1983), “Structure Mapping, A theoretical Framework for Analogy”, Cognitive Science, 7, pp 155-170 10 Hồ Thị Thu Trang (2010), Way of denoting characteristics through domestic animal metaphor in English, Unpublished M.A Thesis, Ha Noi 11 Homes J (1985), Women, Men and Politeness, London and New York: Longman 12 James C (1980), Contrastive Analysis, Harlow: Longman 13 Johansen T.A.B (2007), What’s in a metaphor? MA Thesis University of Tromso Press 14 Kovecses Z (2002), Metaphor: a practical Introduction, Oxford: Oxford University Press 15 Lakoff, G (1990), “The invariance hypothesis: Is abstract reason based on image-schemas?” Cognitive Linguistics 1990, 1:39–74 16 Lakoff, G & Johnson, M (1980), Metaphors we live by, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press 39 17 Lakoff, G & Johnson, M, (1980), “The metaphorical structure of the human conceptual system”, Cognitive Science (4), p195-208 18 Lakoff G & Johnson M (2003), Metaphors We Live By, 2nd ed Chicago: University of Chicago Press 19 Lakoff G (1987), Women, fire and dangerous things, Chicago: University of Chicago Press 20 Lackoff G (1990), “The invariance hypothesis: is abstract reason based on image schemas?” Cognitive Linguistics, 1,1, pp 69-74 21 Mc Glone S.M (2007), “What is the explanatory value of a conceptual metaphor?” Languages & communication 27; Science Direct, pp109-126 22 Nguyễn Ngọc Vũ (2012), “Ẩn dụ ý niệm quyền lực kính trọng thành ngữ tiếng Anh tiếng Việt”, Tạp chí khoa học trường Đại học Sư phạm Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh, Số 35, pp 1-9 23 Nguyễn Thị Yến Thoa (2005), A Contrastive Analysis of Metaphor relating to Parts of Human Body in English and Vietnamese, Unpublished M.A Thesis, Ha Noi 24 Oxford University (2006), Oxford Idioms-Dictionary for Learners of English, Oxford: Oxford University Press 25 Spears R.A (2005), Dictionary of American Idioms, MC Graw-Hill Company, Inc 26 Talmy, L (2000), Toward a cognitive semantics, Volume 1: concept structuring system, Cambridge: The MIT Press 27 Urban R (2000), Longman American Idioms Dictionary, White Plains, NJ: Pearson Education ESL 28 Van Dijk T A (2016), “Structures of discourse and structures of power”, Communication Yearbook 12, pp 18-59 29 Wright, J (1999) Idioms organizer, Croatia: Language Teaching Publications 30 Zhang, Y (2012), “Universality and variation of conceptual metaphor of love in Chinese and English”, Theory and Practice in Language Studies, Vol.2, No.2 pp355-359 Finland: Academy Publisher 40 In Vietnamese 31 Trần Văn Cơ (2011), Những khái niệm ngôn ngữ học tri nhận liên quan đến văn hóa học, Trích sách “Ngơn ngữ học tri nhận Từ điển”, NXB Phương Đông 32 Trần Văn Cơ (2007), Ngôn ngữ học tri nhận (ghi chép suy nghĩ), Hà Nội: NXB Khoa học Xã hội 33 Lương Thị Hiền (2007),“Giá trị văn hoá quyền lực đánh dấu qua phương tiện xưng hơ gia đình người Việt”, Tạp chí Khoa học (số 12), Đại học Sư phạm Hà Nội, tr 35-40.2 34 Lương Thị Hiền (2009), „Giá trị văn hoá quyền lực đánh dấu qua hành động ngơn từ gia đình người Việt”, Kỉ yếu Ngữ học trẻ 2008, Hội Ngôn ngữ học Đại học Vinh, tr 638-642 35 Lương Thị Hiền (2013), “Những hướng nghiên cứu quyền lực ngôn ngữ”, Tạp chí Khoa học (số 6B), Đại học Sư phạm Hà Nội, tr 33-42 36 Nguyễn Lân (2014), Từ điển thành ngữ tục ngữ Việt Nam, Hà Nội: NXB Văn học 37 Nguyễn Lực, Lương Văn Đang (1993), Từ điển Thành ngữ Việt Nam¸ Hà Nội: NXB Khoa học Xã hội 38 Vũ Ngọc Phan (1994), Tục ngữ ca dao dân ca Việt Nam, Hà Nội: NXB KHXH 39 Nguyễn Quang (2002), Giao tiếp giao tiếp giao văn hoá, Hà Nội: NXB Đại học Quốc gia Hà Nội 40 Nguyễn Quang (2004), Giao tiếp nội văn hoá giao văn hoá, Hà Nội: NXB Đại học Quốc gia Hà Nội 41 Lý Tồn Thắng (2005),Ngơn ngữ học tri nhận, Từ lí thuyết đại cương đến thực tiễn tiếng Việt, Hà Nội: NXB Khoa học xã hội 42 Nguyễn Đức Tồn (2007),“Bản chất ẩn dụ”, Tạp chí Ngơn ngữ số 10-11 43 Nguyễn Như Ý (1998), Từ điển giải thích thành ngữ tiếng Việt¸ Hà Nội: NXB Giáo dục 41 APPENDIX LIST OF CONCEPTUAL METAPHORS ABOUT POWER IN ENGLISH IDIOMS Structural metaphors 1.1 Power is human bodies No Vietnamese meaning Lay/get your hands on Catch sb who has Bắt, giữ somebody (Oxford done something University, 2006:163) wrong Get/ have sb by the short Have sb in a Bị kiểm sốt hairs (Oxford University, position where they hồn toàn 2006:351) must agree what you want With a heavy hand (Oxford A way of treating Độc đoán, phạt University, 2006:174) people that is much nặng stronger Keep one‟s hand in (Spears Remain involved in Điều hành R.A, 2005 : p369) something A firm hand: (Oxford Strong discipline Cầm University, 2006:127) and control Tie sb‟s hands (Oxford Stop sb doing st by Ngăn chặn quyền University, 2006:410) taking away their lực power The dead hand of st An influence that Ảnh hưởng (Oxford University, controls st 2006:84) Have sb eating out of your have sb completely Hoàn tồn kiểm hand (Oxford University, in your control sốt 2006:104) To rule sb/st with an iron control sb/st in very Cai trị ai/cái hand (Oxford University, strong way bàn tay sắt2006:333 Kiểm soát chặt chẽ English idioms Explanation I 1.2 No Power is human activities English idioms Explanation Vietnamese meaning Give sb express your Lay down the law (Oxford opinion in an aggressive Đưa quy tắc University, 2006:212) way when you have no right to so Call the shots/tunes Be in control/ control the (Oxford University, 2006:49) others Carry weight (Oxford University, 2006:52) Be important or able to influence sb Mang nhiều trọng trách Do whatever sb tell you to Tuân theo người có quyền Dance to sb‟s tune (Oxford University, 2006:81) Kiểm soát/ điều khiển Point the finger at sb (Oxford University, 2006:297) Accuse sb of doing st Quở trách, buộc tội Keep a tight rein on sb (Oxford University, 2006:321) Have the run of st (Oxford University, 2006:333) Nắm quyền hành Allow to st freely Có quyền làm Have/keep sb on a string Make sb what you want (Oxford University, 2006:388) because you have control over them Put the squezze on sb Control sb (Oxford University, 2006:376) Put pressure on sb to act in a particular way II Có lực để làm theo ý Tạo áp lực cho làm Put sb in their place 10 (Oxford University, 2006:293) Remind sb forcefully of Quở trách, nhắc their position at work or in society nhở địa vị người Put sb through it (Oxford 11 University, 2006:310) Force sb to st difficult 12 Put your foot down (Oxford University, Use your authority to stop sb doing st 2006:135) Bắt làm việc khó khăn Dùng quyền lực ngăn chặn làm 13 Twist sb around your little finger (Oxford University, 2006:223) Be able to influence sb very easily Chi phối, chế ngự 14 Twist sb‟s arm (Oxford University, 2006:425) Force or persuade sb to st Buộc làm Be forced to st unpleasant Bị bắt buộc làm Be force to admit st Buộc phải thừa nhận 15 Draw the short straw (Oxford University, 2006:97) 16 Eat your words (Oxford University, 2006:104) 1.3 No Power is animal Vietnamese meaning Big fish in a small pond Important person in a Chột làm vua xứ (Oxford University, small group mù 2006:27) Clip sb‟s wings (Oxford Limit sb‟s power University, 2006:63) English idioms Explanation Ngăn chặn quyền hành Top dog (Oxford A person, group or Người đứng đầu University, 2006:417) country that is better or more powerful than all III the others 1.4 Power is a game No English idioms Explanation Vietnamese meaning Play fast and loose with Treat sb/st in a way that Hành động vô sb/st: (Oxford University, you feel no trách nhiệm/ 2006:120) responsibility for them ngược đãi quyền lợi họ 1.5 Power is physical forces No English idioms Explanation Bend the rules (Oxford Allow sb to break the Phá quy tắc University, 2006:333) Vietnamese meaning rules Crack the whip (Oxford Use your authority or Đe doạ University, 2006:74) power to make sb work quyền lực very hard Force sb‟s hand (Oxford Force sb University, 2006:136) differently Force the issue (Oxford Do st to make people Làm điều khiến University, 2006:136) to st buộc làm ngồi ý muốn họ take action quickly (3, người khác phải làm 136) nhanh chóng Bắt làm nhanh chóng Force the pace (Oxford Make sb st quickly University, 2006:136) A force to be reckoned with A person that has a lot of Người có quyền (Oxford University, 2006:136) Pull Take get an advantage of sb phối, ảnh hưởng rank on sb (Oxford Make unfair use your Khẳng định University, 2006:308) lực Pull strings for sb (Oxford Use influence in order to Chi University, 2006:308) power and influence a hold authority chức vụ hay địa vị (Oxford Have complete control Hoàn tồn kiểm IV University, 2006:182) over sb/st sốt Ontological Metaphors 2.1 Power is a container No English idioms Explanation In sb‟s pocket (Oxford Under sb‟s influence, in Bị kiểm soát University, 2006:296) Vietnamese meaning sb‟s control An iron hand in a velvet Harsh treatment of sb Bàn tay sắt bọc glove (Oxford University, that is hidden behind a nhung/ đối xử với 2006:194) gentle manner nhẹ nhàng độc ác Take sb/st in hand: (Oxford begin to control or look Trong tầm kiểm University, 2006:162) after sb/st soát Take the law into your own Take action personally Tự giải hands (Oxford University, against sb who has 2006: 212) broken the law or done st wrong, instead of calling the police Have sb in the palm of Have sb completely Hoàn toàn kiểm your hand (Oxford under your control or soát University, 2006:279) influence Get/let sb off the hook Allow sb to escape from Giúp thoát khỏi (Oxford University, difficult situation 2006:184) V trách nhiệm Fall into (Oxford 2006:163) sb‟s hands The hands of somebody: Rơi vào tay University, be taken, captured or obtained by sb Out of sb‟s hands (Oxford No longer in the control Không nằm University, 2006:163) of or responsibility of sb tay Under sb‟s thumb (Oxford Completely controlled or Bị kiểm soát, chế University, 2006:409) influenced by ngự 10 Get out of hand (Oxford Become difficult or Khơng thể kiểm University, 2006:161) impossible to control sốt 11 Take st/sb off sb‟s hands Take st away from sb or Đỡ cho nhẹ bớt/ (Oxford University, take responsibility from chịu trách nhiệm 2006:163) sb cho 12 Off sb‟s hands (Oxford no longer University, 2006:163) responsibility of sb 13 In sb‟s keeping (Oxford being taken care by sb University, 2006:200) the Khơng cịn trách nhiệm Dưới kiểm soát Orientational metaphor 3.1 Power is up, no power is down Have friends in high places know important people Quen biết người (Oxford University, with 2006:140) power and có quyền influence At the top of the tree/ladder At the highest position in Người có địa vị (Oxford University, a career cao 2006:417) Lord it over sb (Oxford Act as if you are better Chế University, 2006:228) or more important than soát VI ngự, kiểm sb Get/have the whip hand Have power or control Kiểm soát, chế over sb (Oxford University, (over sb) ngự 2006:446) Come/go up in the world Become more successful (Oxford Thăng tiến University, 2006:455) Come/go down in the Become less successful Mất địa vị xã hội world (Oxford University, 2006:455) High man on the totem pole The person at the top of Người có quyền (Spears R.A, 2005:301) The top brass cao (Oxford People with power and Người có chức University, 2006:417) the hierarchy authority quyền Have the upper hands over Get power or control Dành quyền kiểm sb (Oxford University, over sb soát 2006:429) 10 The upper crust (Oxford People University, 2006:429) who are highest social class in Người tầng lớp cao xã hội 11 Have one up on sb (Oxford Be in a better position Có chức vụ cao University, 2006:271) than sb VII LIST OF CONCEPTUAL METAPHORS ABOUT POWER IN VIETNAMESE IDIOMS Structural metaphor 1.1 Power is the human body No Vietnamese Idioms Tay hịm chìa khố (Nguyễn Lân, 2014:402) Cờ đến tay người phất (Nguyễn Lực & Lương Văn Đang, 1993:99) Cờ đến tay (Nguyễn Lực & Lương Văn Đang, 1993:99) Cả vú lấp miệng em (Nguyễn Lực & Lương Văn Đang, 1993:68) Tai to mặt lớn/ mặt to tai lớn (Nguyễn Lực & Lương Văn Đang, 1993:293) Rộng miệng tiếng (Nguyễn Lân, 2014:379) Có máu mặt (Nguyễn Lực & Lương Văn Đang, 1993:92) 1.2 Power is human activities No Vietnamese Idioms Ngồi mát ăn bát vàng (Nguyễn Lực & Lương Văn Đang, 1993:234) Hét lửa (Nguyễn Lực & Lương Văn Đang, 1993:160) Thét lửa (Nguyễn Lực & Lương Văn Đang, 1993:160) Ăn to nói lớn (Nguyễn Lực & Lương Văn Đang, 1993:45) Chỉ tay năm ngón (Nguyễn Lực & Lương Văn Đang, 1993:83) Ăn sống nuốt tươi (Nguyễn Lực & Lương Văn Đang, 1993:43) Xưng hùng, xưng bá (Nguyễn Lân, 2014:496) VIII Ỷ quyền, ỷ (Nguyễn Lân, 2014:497) Quyền thu, quyền phát (Nguyễn Lân, 2014:371) 10 Quyền sinh, quyền sát (Nguyễn Lân, 2014:371) 11 Tàn che, ngựa cưỡi (Nguyễn Lân, 2014:400) 1.3 Power is animals No Vietnamese Idioms Cá mè đè cá chép(Nguyễn Lân, 2014:59) Cá lớn nuốt cá bé(Nguyễn Lực & Lương Văn Đang, 1993:68) Cáo mượn oai hùm (Nguyễn Lực & Lương Văn Đang, 1993:70 Cá mè đè cá chép(Nguyễn Lân, 2014:59) Cá lớn nuốt cá bé(Nguyễn Lực & Lương Văn Đang, 1993:68) Có sừng, có mỏ(Nguyễn Lực & Lương Văn Đang, 1993:93) Có tai, có mỏ (Nguyễn Lực & Lương Văn Đang, 1993:93) 1.4 Power is relatives No Vietnamese Idioms Con ông cháu cha (Nguyễn Lực & Lương Văn Đang, 1993:97) Con ông sấm cháu ông sét (Nguyễn Lân, 2014:112) Con ông cống cháu ông nghè (Nguyễn Lân, 2014:112) Con ông thánh cháu ơng thần (Nguyễn Lân, 2014:112) Con dịng, cháu giống (Nguyễn Lực & Lương Văn Đang, 1993:96) Đàn anh kẻ (Nguyễn Lân, 2014:140) 1.5 Power is a thief No Vietnamese Idioms 1 Ăn cướp cơm chim ( Nguyễn Lân, 2014:128) IX 1.6 Power is physical forces No Vietnamese Idioms Đổi trắng thay đen (Nguyễn Lân, 2014:163) Đè đầu cưỡi cổ (Nguyễn Lực & Lương Văn Đang, 1993:127) Đè đầu bóp cổ (Nguyễn Lực & Lương Văn Đang, 1993:127) Đè đầu đè cổ (Nguyễn Lực & Lương Văn Đang, 1993:127) Bóp hầu bóp cổ (Nguyễn Lực & Lương Văn Đang, 1993:61) Bóp cổ lè lưỡi (Nguyễn Lân, 2014:49) Đè đầu chặt đuôi (Nguyễn Lân, 2014:152) Cưỡi đầu cưỡi cổ (Nguyễn Lực & Lương Văn Đang, 1993:127) Lấy thịt đè người (Nguyễn Lực & Lương Văn Đang, 1993:187) 10 Cưa sừng xẻ tai (Nguyễn Lân, 2014:126) Orientational metaphor 2.1 Power is a up, no power is down No Vietnamese idioms Quyền cao chức trọng (Nguyễn Lân, 2014:371) Đức cao vọng trọng (Nguyễn Lân, 2014:168) Ăn ngồi trốc (Nguyễn Lân, 2014:28) Thấp cổ bé họng, (Nguyễn Lực & Lương Văn Đang, 1993:306) Thấp cổ bé miệng (Nguyễn Lực & Lương Văn Đang, 1993:306) Lộc trọng, quyền cao (Nguyễn Lân, 2014:252) Ra luồn, vào cúi (Nguyễn Lân, 2014:373) Trên đe, búa (Nguyễn Lân, 2014:454) Lên voi xuống chó (Nguyễn Lân, 2014:246) X ... makes a small contribution to the translation of idioms in general and idioms about power in particular and to teaching and learning English language and culture Key words: metaphor, idioms, power, ... explain more about three kinds of mappings (one-to-one, oneto-many and many-to-one) that applies to a pair of source and target domain 1.2.4.1 One-to-one domain mapping One-to-one domain mapping... conceptual metaphor in creating idioms, this paper mainly focuses on analyzing conceptual metaphor about power in English idioms and contrasts them with Vietnamese idioms To sum up, metaphor is ? ?a matter