Đang tải... (xem toàn văn)
Nghiên cứu nhằm phân vùng tổn thương do biến đổi khí hậu tại các huyện ngoại thành của thành phố Hồ Chí Minh bằng cách tích hợp sử dụng phương pháp AHP và GIS; đề xuất các giải pháp nhằm tăng khả năng thích ứng và giảm thiểu tác động của biến đổi khí hậu đến đời sống của người dân trong khu vực bị ảnh hưởng.
rữớ ổ P ỗ ❈❧✐♠❛t❡ ❝❤❛♥❣❡ ✈✉❧♥❡r❛❜✐❧✐t② ③♦♥✐♥❣ ❢♦r s✉❜✉r❜❛♥ ❞✐str✐❝ts ♦❢ ❍♦ ❈❤✐ ▼✐♥❤ ❈✐t② ▲✐♥❤ ❚✳ ❱✉1∗ ✱ ▲❛♠ ❚✳ ❱♦2 ✱ ❉✉♥❣ ▼✳ ❍♦3 ✱ ✫ ▲♦✐ ❑✳ ◆❣✉②❡♥4 ■♥st✐t✉t❡ ❢♦r ❊♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t ❛♥❞ ❘❡s♦✉r❝❡s✱ ❱✐❡t♥❛♠ ◆❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② ❍♦ ❈❤✐ ▼✐♥❤ ❈✐t②✱ ❱✐❡t♥❛♠ ❉❡♣❛rt♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❆❣r✐❝✉❧t✉r❡ ❛♥❞ ❘✉r❛❧ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❍♦ ❈❤✐ ▼✐♥❤ ❈✐t②✱ ❍♦ ❈❤✐ ▼✐♥❤ ❈✐t②✱ ❱✐❡t♥❛♠ ❚❤❡ ■♥st✐t✉t❡ ❢♦r ❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣②✱ ❍♦ ❈❤✐ ▼✐♥❤ ❈✐t②✱ ❱✐❡t♥❛♠ ❘❡s❡❛r❝❤ ❈❡♥t❡r ❢♦r ❈❧✐♠❛t❡ ❈❤❛♥❣❡✱ ◆♦♥❣ ▲❛♠ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t②✱ ❍♦ ❈❤✐ ▼✐♥❤ ❈✐t②✱ ❱✐❡t♥❛♠ ❆❘❚■❈▲❊ ■◆❋❖ ❆❇❙❚❘❆❈❚ ❘❡s❡❛r❝❤ P❛♣❡r ❚❤❡ st✉❞② ❛✐♠❡❞ t♦ ♣❛rt✐t✐♦♥ ✈✉❧♥❡r❛❜✐❧✐t✐❡s ❝❛✉s❡❞ ❜② ❝❧✐♠❛t❡ ❝❤❛♥❣❡ ✐♥ s✉❜✉r❜❛♥ ❞✐str✐❝ts ♦❢ ❍♦ ❈❤✐ ▼✐♥❤ ❈✐t② ❜② ✐♥t❡❣r❛t✐♥❣ t❤❡ ✉s❡ ♦❢ ❆❍P ❘❡❝❡✐✈❡❞✿ ❖❝t♦❜❡r ✵✷✱ ✷✵✶✽ ❛♥❞ ●■❙✳ ❚❤❡ s✉❜❥❡❝ts ✉s❡❞ ❞❛t❛ ❝♦❧❧❡❝t❡❞ ❢r♦♠ ❞✐❢❢❡r❡♥t ❞❡♣❛rt♠❡♥ts✱ ❘❡✈✐s❡❞✿ ❉❡❝❡♠❜❡r ✶✻✱ ✷✵✶✽ ❢r♦♠ s✉r✈❡②s ✐♥ t❤❡ st✉❞② ❛r❡❛✱ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ❡①♣❡rts ✐♥ t❤❡ ❢✐❡❧❞ ❆❝❝❡♣t❡❞✿ ❋❡❜r✉❛r② ✷✵✱ ✷✵✶✾ ♦❢ r❡s❡❛r❝❤ t♦ ❛ss❡ss t❤❡ ✇❡✐❣❤t ♦❢ ❢❛❝t♦rs✿ ❊①♣♦s✉r❡✱ s❡♥s✐t✐✈✐t② ❛♥❞ ❛❞❛♣t❛❜✐❧✐t②✳ ❆❢t❡r ♦✈❡r❧❛♣♣✐♥❣ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ♠❛♣s✱ t❤❡ r❡s✉❧ts s❤♦✇❡❞ t❤❛t t❤❡ ❤✐❣❤ ✈✉❧♥❡r❛❜✐❧✐t② t♦ ❝❧✐♠❛t❡ ❝❤❛♥❣❡ ✐♥ ❢✐✈❡ s✉❜✉r❜❛♥ ❞✐str✐❝ts ♦❢ ❍♦ ❑❡②✇♦r❞s ❈❤✐ ▼✐♥❤ ❈✐t② ❜② ✷✵✷✺ ✇❛s ❞♦♠✐♥❛t❡❞ ❜② ❇✐♥❤ ❈❤❛♥❤✱ ◆❤❛ ❇❡ ❛♥❞ ❍♦❝✳ ❆r❡❛ ♦❢ ✸✺✱✽✻✺✳✺✼ ❤❛ ✭❛❝❝♦✉♥t✐♥❣ ❢♦r ✷✷✳✽✹✪✮✳ ❚❤❡ ❧♦✇ ❛♥❞ ♠❡❞✐✉♠ ❆❞❛♣t❛t✐♦♥ ❞❛♠❛❣❡ ✇❛s ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛t❡❞ ✐♥ ❈✉ ❈❤✐ ❛♥❞ ❈❛♥ ●✐♦ ✭t❤❡ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❡ ❛r❡❛ ❈❧✐♠❛t❡ ❝❤❛♥❣❡ ✇❛s ✸✻✱✸✺✹✳✸✸ ❤❛✱ ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t t♦ ✷✸✳✶✻✪ ❛♥❞ ✽✹✳✼✻✷✳✷✼ ❤❛✱ ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t t♦ ●■❙ ✺✹✪✮✳ ■♥ ❛❞❞✐t✐♦♥✱ t❤❡ st✉❞② ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥s t♦ ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡ ❛❞❛♣t❛t✐♦♥ ❍♦ ❈❤✐ ▼✐♥❤ ❈✐t② ❛♥❞ ♠✐t✐❣❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✐♠♣❛❝ts ♦❢ ❝❧✐♠❛t❡ ❝❤❛♥❣❡ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❧✐✈❡s ♦❢ ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ✐♥ ❱✉❧♥❡r❛❜✐❧✐t② ③♦♥✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❛❢❢❡❝t❡❞ ❛r❡❛✳ ∗ ❈♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞✐♥❣ ❛✉t❤♦r ❱✉ ❚❤✉② ▲✐♥❤ ❊♠❛✐❧✿ ✈t❧✐♥❤✳✉❦❅❣♠❛✐❧✳❝♦♠ ❈✐t❡❞ ❛s✿ ❱✉✱ ▲✳ ❚✳✱ ❱♦✱ ▲✳ ❚✳✱ ❍♦✱ ❉✳ ▼✳✱ ✫ ◆❣✉②❡♥✱ ▲✳ ❑✳ ✭✷✵✶✾✮✳ ❈❧✐♠❛t❡ ❝❤❛♥❣❡ ✈✉❧♥❡r❛❜✐❧✐t② ③♦♥✐♥❣ ❢♦r s✉❜✉r❜❛♥ ❞✐str✐❝ts ♦❢ ❍♦ ❈❤✐ ▼✐♥❤ ❈✐t②✳ ❚❤❡ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ❆❣r✐❝✉❧t✉r❡ ❛♥❞ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ✶✽✭✺✮✱ ✾✽✲✶✵✼✳ ❚↕♣ ❝❤➼ ◆æ♥❣ ♥❣❤✐➺♣ ✈➔ P❤→t tr✐➸♥ ✶✽✭✺✮ rữớ ổ P ỗ ▼✐♥❤ P❤➙♥ ✈ị♥❣ tê♥ t❤÷ì♥❣ ❞♦ ❜✐➳♥ ✤ê✐ ❦❤✐ ❤➟✉ t Pố ỗ ụ ũ ó ỗ ▼✐♥❤ ❉ơ♥❣3 ✫ ◆❣✉②➵♥ ❑✐♠ ▲đ✐4 ❱✐➺♥ ▼ỉ✐ ❚r÷í♥❣ ✈➔ ố P P ỗ ▼✐♥❤ ❙ð ◆æ♥❣ ◆❣❤✐➺♣ ✈➔ P❤→t ❚r✐➸♥ ◆æ♥❣ ❚❤æ♥ P P ỗ ổ P ỗ ổ ❚r÷í♥❣ ✈➔ ❚➔✐ ◆❣✉②➯♥✱ ❚r÷í♥❣ ✣↕✐ ❍å❝ ◆ỉ♥❣ ▲➙♠ ❚P✳❍❈▼✱ P ỗ ❚➁❚ ◆❣❤✐➯♥ ❝ù✉ ♥❤➡♠ ♣❤➙♥ ✈ị♥❣ tê♥ t❤÷ì♥❣ ❞♦ ❜✐➳♥ ✤ê✐ ❦❤➼ ❤➟✉ t↕✐ ❝→❝ ❤✉②➺♥ ♥❣♦↕✐ t❤➔♥❤ ❝õ❛ ❚P✳ ỗ t ủ sỷ ữỡ ♣❤→♣ ❆❍P ✈➔ ●■❙✳ ✣➲ t➔✐ sû ❞ö♥❣ ❝→❝ sè ❧✐➺✉ t❤✉ t❤➟♣ ✤÷đ❝ tø ❝→❝ ❙ð ◆❣➔② ♥❤➟♥✿ ✵✷✴✶✵✴✷✵✶✽ ◆❣➔② ❝❤➾♥❤ sû❛✿ ✶✻✴✶✷✴✷✵✶✽ ❜❛♥ ♥❣➔♥❤✱ tø ✤✐➲✉ tr❛ ❦❤↔♦ st tr ự t ỵ ❦✐➳♥ ❝õ❛ ❝→❝ ❝❤✉②➯♥ ❣✐❛ tr♦♥❣ ❧➽♥❤ ✈ü❝ ♥❣❤✐➯♥ ❝ù✉ ♥❤➡♠ ✤→♥❤ ❣✐→ trå♥❣ sè ◆❣➔② ❝❤➜♣ ♥❤➟♥✿ ✷✵✴✵✷✴✷✵✶✾ ❝❤♦ ❝→❝ ②➳✉ tè ♣❤ì✐ ♥❤✐➵♠✱ ♠ù❝ ✤ë ♥❤↕② ❝↔♠ ✈➔ t ự ỗ ỗ t t q t ữủ t ũ ❚ø ❦❤â❛ ♥❣✉② ❝ì tê♥ t❤÷ì♥❣ ❝❛♦ ❞♦ ❜✐➳♥ ✤ê✐ tr t P ỗ ▼✐♥❤ ✈➔♦ ♥➠♠ ✷✵✷✺ ❝❤õ ②➳✉ ❧➔ ❇➻♥❤ ❈❤→♥❤✱ ◆❤➔ ❇➧ ✈➔ ❍â❝ ❇✐➳♥ ✤ê✐ ❦❤➼ ❤➟✉ ▼ỉ♥ ✈ỵ✐ ❞✐➺♥ t➼❝❤ ✸✺✳✽✻✺✱✺✼ ❤❛ ✭❝❤✐➳♠ ✷✷✱✽✹✪✮✳ P❤➛♥ tê♥ t❤÷ì♥❣ t❤➜♣ ●■❙ ✈➔ tr✉♥❣ ❜➻♥❤ t➟♣ tr✉♥❣ ð ❈õ ❈❤✐ ✈➔ ❈➛♥ ●✐í ✭❞✐➺♥ t➼❝❤ t÷ì♥❣ ù♥❣ ❧➔ P❤➙♥ ✈ị♥❣ tê♥ t❤÷ì♥❣ ✸✻✳✸✺✹✱✸✸ ❤❛ t÷ì♥❣ ✤÷ì♥❣ ✷✸✱✶✻✪ ✈➔ ✽✹✳✼✻✷✱✷✼ ❤❛ t÷ì♥❣ ✤÷ì♥❣ ✺✹✪✮✳ ❇➯♥ ❝↕♥❤ ✤â✱ ♥❣❤✐➯♥ ❝ù✉ ❝á♥ ✤➲ ①✉➜t ❝→❝ t t ố ỗ ❈❤➼ ▼✐♥❤ ù♥❣ ✈➔ ❣✐↔♠ t❤✐➸✉ t→❝ ✤ë♥❣ ❝õ❛ ❜✐➳♥ ✤ê✐ ❦❤➼ ❤➟✉ ✤➳♥ ✤í✐ sè♥❣ ❝õ❛ ♥❣÷í✐ ❚❤➼❝❤ ù♥❣ ❞➙♥ tr♦♥❣ ❦❤✉ ✈ü❝ ❜à ↔♥❤ ❤÷ð♥❣✳ ❇➔✐ ❜→♦ ❦❤♦❛ ❤å❝ ∗ ❚→❝ ❣✐↔ ❧✐➯♥ ❤➺ ❱ơ ❚❤ị② ▲✐♥❤ ❊♠❛✐❧✿ ✈t❧✐♥❤✳✉❦❅❣♠❛✐❧✳❝♦♠ ✶✳ ✣➦t ❱➜♥ ✣➲ ✤â✱ ♥â s➩ ❝â ❦❤♦↔♥❣ tø ✶✸✱✸✪ ✲ ✸✻✱✷✪ ❞✐➺♥ t➼❝❤ t❤➔♥❤ ♣❤è ♥❣✉② ❝ì tữỡ ự ợ sỹ tứ t ❦✛ ✷✵ ❝❤♦ ✤➳♥ ♥❛②✱ ❜✐➸✉ ❤✐➺♥ ❝õ❛ t➠♥❣ ♠ü❝ ữợ tứ ỡ ỳ ✤ê✐ ❦❤➼ ❤➟✉ ✭❇✣❑❍✮ ✤➣ ❞✐➵♥ r❛ ♥❣➔② ❝➔♥❣ ❦❤♦↔♥❣ tø ✹✱✺✪ ✲ ✶✸✱✼✪ ❞➙♥ sè t❤➔♥❤ ♣❤è ❜à ↔♥❤ rã r➔♥❣ ❤ì♥ tr➯♥ q✉② ♠ỉ t♦➔♥ ❝➛✉ ✈➔ ð tứ ữ trỹ t tữỡ ự ợ sỹ t ỹ ỹ ố ỗ P ữủ ữợ ởt tr t ố ❤➔♥❣ ✤➛✉ tr➯♥ ❘ã r➔♥❣ ❧➔ ❇✣❑❍ s➩ ↔♥❤ ❤÷ð♥❣ t ủ t ợ õ t ữ ♥❣❤✐➯♠ trå♥❣ ♥❤➜t ❚P✳❍❈▼✱ ✤➦❝ ❜✐➺t ❧➔ ❝→❝ ❤✉②➺♥ ♥❣♦↕✐ t❤➔♥❤ ❧➔ ❜ð✐ ❇✣❑❍✱ ①➳♣ t❤ù ✺ ✈➲ sè ❞➙♥ ❝â t❤➸ ❜à ↔♥❤ ♥ì✐ ❝â tè❝ ✤ë ✤ỉ t❤à ❤â❛ ❝á♥ t❤➜♣✱ ❝á♥ ♥❤✐➲✉ ❤ë ❤÷ð♥❣ ❝õ❛ ❇✣❑❍ ✈➔♦ ♥➠♠ ✷✵✼✵ ✭❑r❡❢t ✫ ❊❝❦✲ ❞➙♥ sè♥❣ ❞ü❛ ✈➔♦ ♥❣➔♥❤ ♥æ♥❣ ♥❣❤✐➺♣ ✈➔ tr➻♥❤ ✤ë st❡✐♥✱ ✷✵✶✸✮✳ ❚➼♥❤ ❞➵ ❜à tê♥ t❤÷ì♥❣ ❞♦ ❇✣❑❍ ❞➙♥ tr➼ ❝á♥ t❤➜♣✳ ❱➻ ✈➟②✱ ✤➸ ①➙② ❞ü♥❣ ❜ù❝ tr❛♥❤ ❝õ❛ ❚P✳❍❈▼ ❧➔ ♠ët ♠è✐ ❧♦ ♥❣↕✐ ✤➦❝ ❜✐➺t ✈➻ ♥â t♦➔♥ ❝↔♥❤ t➼♥❤ ❞➵ ❜à tê♥ t❤÷ì♥❣ ❞♦ ❇✣❑❍ ❝❤♦ ↔♥❤ ❤÷ð♥❣ ♠↕♥❤ ✤➳♥ sü ♣❤→t tr✐➸♥ ❝õ❛ ❱✐➺t ◆❛♠ ❝→❝ ❤✉②➺♥ ♥❣♦↕✐ t❤➔♥❤ ❝õ❛ ❚P✳❍❈▼ ✤÷đ❝ t❤ü❝ ❦❤✐ t❤➔♥❤ ♣❤è ♥➔② ✤â♥❣ ❣â♣ tỵ✐ ✷✸✪ ●❉P ✈➔ ❤✐➺♥ ♥❤➡♠ ❝→❝ ♠ư❝ t✐➯✉ ①→❝ ữ tờ ố tữ ữợ ♥❣♦➔✐ trü❝ t✐➳♣✳ ❚❤❡♦ ❇✣❑❍ ✤➳♥ ❝→❝ ❤✉②➺♥ ♥❣♦↕✐ t❤➔♥❤ ❚P✳❍❈▼❀ ❳➙② ▼❖◆❘❊ ✭✷✵✶✷ ✫ ✷✵✶✻✮✱ tò② t❤❡♦ tø♥❣ ❦à❝❤ ❜↔♥ ❞ü♥❣ ❜ë t✐➯✉ ❝❤➼ ✈➔ ✤→♥❤ ❣✐→ trå♥❣ sè tứ t ỹ ữợ ự ✤ë ✈➔ ♣❤↕♠ ✈✐ tè ♣❤ì✐ ♥❤✐➵♠✱ ✤ë ♥❤↕② ❝↔♠ ✈➔ ❦❤↔ ♥➠♥❣ t❤➼❝❤ ↔♥❤ ❤÷ð♥❣ ✤➳♥ ❚P✳❍❈▼ ❝ơ♥❣ s➩ ự ỗ ũ tê♥ t❤÷ì♥❣ ❞♦ ✇✇✇✳❥❛❞✳❤❝♠✉❛❢✳❡❞✉✳✈♥ ❚↕♣ ❝❤➼ ◆ỉ♥❣ ♥❣❤✐➺♣ ✈➔ P❤→t tr rữớ ổ P ỗ ❈❤➼ ▼✐♥❤ ❇✣❑❍ t↕✐ ❝→❝ ❤✉②➺♥ ♥❣♦↕✐ t❤➔♥❤ ❚P✳❍❈▼✳ ✷✳✷✳ P❤÷ì♥❣ ♣❤→♣ ❆❍P ✷✳ ❱➟t ▲✐➺✉ ✈➔ P❤÷ì♥❣ P❤→♣ ◆❣❤✐➯♥ ❈ù✉ ❚r➯♥ ❝ì sð ♠ư❝ t✐➯✉ ✤→♥❤ ❣✐→ ✈ị♥❣ tê♥ tữỡ ỹ tr P ữợ t t✐➳♥ ❤➔♥❤ ✤â ❧➔ tê♥❣ ❤ñ♣ ❝→❝ ②➳✉ tè ↔♥❤ ❤÷ð♥❣ ✤➳♥ ♣❤➙♥ ✈ị♥❣ tê♥ t❤÷ì♥❣ ❇✣❑❍ tr➯♥ ❦❤✉ ✈ü❝ ♥❣❤✐➯♥ ❝ù✉✳ ✣➸ ❝â ✤÷đ❝ t❤ỉ♥❣ t✐♥ ✤➛② ✤õ✱ ✤ó♥❣ ✤➢♥ ✈➲ ✈➜♥ ✤➲ ♥➔②✱ ♣❤÷ì♥❣ ♣❤→♣ ❧÷đ❝ ❦❤↔♦ t➔✐ ❧✐➺✉ ✈➔ ✤✐➲✉ tr❛ t❤ü❝ ✤à❛ ✤÷đ❝ sû ❞ư♥❣✳ ▲÷đ❝ ❦❤↔♦ t➔✐ ❧✐➺✉ ❣✐ó♣ ♥❤➔ ♥❣❤✐➯♥ ❝ù✉ tê♥❣ ❤đ♣ ❜ù❝ tr❛♥❤ t♦➔♥ ❝↔♥❤ ✈➲ ❇✣❑❍ tr➯♥ ✤à❛ ❜➔♥ ♥❣❤✐➯♥ ❝ù✉ tø q✉→ ❦❤ù ✤➳♥ ❤✐➺♥ t↕✐✳ ❚r♦♥❣ ❦❤✐ ✤â✱ ❦❤↔♦ s→t t❤ü❝ ✤à❛ ❣✐ó♣ ♥❤➔ ♥❣❤✐➯♥ ❝ù✉ ❤✐➸✉ rã ❤ì♥ ✈➲ t❤ü❝ tr↕♥❣ t→❝ ✤ë♥❣ ❝õ❛ ❇✣❑❍ t↕✐ ❦❤✉ ✈ü❝ ♥❣❤✐➯♥ ❝ù✉ ❝ơ♥❣ ♥❤÷ ✤í✐ sè♥❣ ♥❣÷í✐ ❞➙♥ ♥❤÷ t❤➳ ♥➔♦✱ ♠è✐ q✉❛♥ ❤➺ ❣✐ú❛ ❇✣❑❍ ✈ỵ✐ ❤å r❛ s❛♦✱ ♥❤ú♥❣ ②➳✉ tè t✐➲♠ t➔♥❣ ♥➔♦ ❝â t❤➸ t→❝ ✤ë♥❣ t tờ tữỡ tr tớ s tợ t➔✐ sû ❞ư♥❣ t❤✉➟t t♦→♥ ❆❍P ✈➔ ❝ỉ♥❣ ❝ư ●■❙ ỗ ũ tờ tữỡ t❤❡♦ ♣❤÷ì♥❣ ♣❤→♣ tê♥❣ q✉→t ❝õ❛ ■P❈❈✱ ✷✵✵✼✳ ❚ê♥ t❤÷ì♥❣ ự ỡ trữợ ỗ ❊ ✰ ❙ ✲ ❆❈✳ ❚r♦♥❣ ✤â✱ ❨ ❧➔ ❤➺ sè ♣❤➙♥ ✈ị♥❣ tê♥ t❤÷ì♥❣ ❞♦ ❇✣❑❍❀ ❊ ❧➔ ❝❤➾ số ự ỡ trữợ ố ✤❡ ❞å❛ trü❝ t✐➳♣✱ ♠ù❝ ✤ë t❤❛② ✤ê✐ ❝→❝ ②➳✉ tè ♥❤÷ ♠÷❛✱ ♥❤✐➺t ✤ë✱✳✳✳✮❀ ❙ ❧➔ ❝❤➾ sè ♥❤↕② ❝↔♠✳ ▼ỉ t↔ ❝→❝ ✤✐➲✉ ❦✐➺♥ ♠ỉ✐ tr÷í♥❣ ❝õ❛ ❝♦♥ ♥❣÷í✐ ❝â t❤➸ ❧➔♠ tr➛♠ trå♥❣ t❤➯♠ ♠ù❝ ✤ë ♥❣✉② ❤✐➸♠✱ ❝↔✐ t❤✐➺♥ ♥❤ú♥❣ ♠è✐ ♥❣✉② ❤✐➸♠ ❤♦➦❝ ❣➙② r❛ ♠ët t→❝ ✤ë♥❣ ♥➔♦ ✤â ❤♦➦❝ ❝→❝ ②➳✉ tè ❦✐♥❤ t➳ ①➣ ❤ë✐ ❞♦ t→❝ ♥❤➙♥ ❝õ❛ ❝♦♥ ♥❣÷í✐ ❣➙② r số ỗ t ❤✐➺♥ q✉❛ ❝→❝ ❣✐↔✐ ♣❤→♣ ♠➔ ❝♦♥ ♥❣÷í✐ sû ❞ư♥❣ trữợ tr s t t ố õ ợ ❝→❝ ❤➟✉ q✉↔ ❜➜t ❧ñ✐ ✈➔ ❧➔ ♠ët ❤➔♠ ❝õ❛ tố ợ t ữ tr➯♥✱ ♣❤÷ì♥❣ ♣❤→♣ ❧✉➟♥ ♥❣❤✐➯♥ ❝ù✉ ✤÷đ❝ t❤➸ ❤✐➺♥ ❝❤✐ t✐➳t ♥❤÷ ❍➻♥❤ ✶✳ ❚ø ❦➳t q✉↔ ❧÷đ❝ ❦❤↔♦ t➔✐ ❧✐➺✉ ✈➔ ✤✐➲✉ tr❛ t❤ü❝ ✤à❛✱ ♠ët ❞❛♥❤ s→❝❤ ❝→❝ ②➳✉ tè ↔♥❤ ❤÷ð♥❣ ✤➳♥ ♣❤➙♥ ✈ị♥❣ tê♥ t❤÷ì♥❣ ❞♦ ❇✣❑❍ ✤÷đ❝ ①➙② ❞ü♥❣✳ ◆❤ú♥❣ ②➳✉ tè ♥➔② ❝â t❤➸ ♣❤➙♥ t❤➔♥❤ ✹ ♥❤â♠✿ tü ♥❤✐➯♥✱ ❦✐♥❤ t➳✱ ①➣ ❤ë✐✱ ❝ì sð ❤↕ t➛♥❣✳ ❉ü❛ tr➯♥ ❞❛♥❤ s→❝❤ ❝→❝ ②➳✉ tè ↔♥❤ ❤÷ð♥❣ ✤➳♥ ♣❤➙♥ ✈ị♥❣ tê♥ t❤÷ì♥❣ ❞♦ ❇✣❑❍ ✤➣ t❤è♥❣ ❦➯✱ t✐➳♥ ❤➔♥❤ ❧ü❛ ❝❤å♥ r❛ ♥❤ú♥❣ ②➳✉ tố ữ Pữỡ tr ợ t ❙❛✉ ✤â✱ ♠ët ❝➜✉ tró❝ t❤ù ❜➟❝ ✤÷đ❝ ①➙② ❞ü♥❣ ✤➸ s➢♣ ①➳♣ ❝→❝ ②➳✉ tè ✤➣ ❝❤å♥ t❤❡♦ tø♥❣ ❚✐➳♥ ❤➔♥❤ t❤✉ t❤➟♣ ❞ú ❧✐➺✉ t❤ù ❝➜♣ ✈➲ ✤✐➲✉ ❝➜♣ ❜➟❝ ❦❤→❝ ♥❤❛✉✱ t↕♦ t✐➲♥ ✤➲ ❝❤♦ q✉→ tr➻♥❤ s♦ ❦✐➺♥ ❦✐♥❤ t➳ ✲ ①➣ ❤ë✐ ✈➔ ♥❤➟♥ t❤ù❝✱ ❦✐♥❤ ♥❣❤✐➺♠ s→♥❤ ❝➦♣✳ ❝õ❛ ♥❣÷í✐ ❞➙♥ ✈➲ ❇✣❑❍ ✈➔ t→❝ ✤ë♥❣ ❝õ❛ ❇✣❑❍ ❙❛✉ ❦❤✐ ✤➣ t❤✐➳t ❧➟♣ t❤ù ❜➟❝ ❝❤♦ ❝→❝ t✐➯✉ ❝❤➼✱ ✤➳♥ ♥❣÷í✐ ❞➙♥ tr♦♥❣ ✈ị♥❣ ♥❣❤✐➯♥ ❝ù✉ ✈➔ sü ❤é t✐➳♣ t❤❡♦ ❧➔ ❝❤♦ ✤✐➸♠ s♦ s→♥❤ t❤❡♦ ❝➦♣ ❣✐ú❛ ❝→❝ trñ ❝õ❛ ❝❤➼♥❤ q✉②➲♥✳ t✐➯✉ ❝❤➼✳ ❈æ♥❣ ✈✐➺❝ ♥➔② ✤á✐ ❤ä✐ ❝➛♥ ❝â sü t❤❛♠ ✈➜♥ ❙è ❧÷đ♥❣ ♠➝✉ ✤✐➲✉ tr❛✿ ❳→❝ ✤à♥❤ t❤❡♦ ❝æ♥❣ t❤ù❝ ❝õ❛ ❨❛♠❛♥❡ ✭✶✾✻✼✮✿ ♥ ❂ ◆✴✭✶ ✰ ◆ × ❡2 ✮✳ ♥❤✐➲✉ ❝❤✉②➯♥ ❣✐❛ ✤➳♥ tø ❝→❝ tr÷í♥❣ ✤↕✐ ❤å❝✱ ✈✐➺♥ ♥❣❤✐➯♥ ❝ù✉✱ ❝ì q✉❛♥ ❝❤➼♥❤ ♣❤õ ✈➔ ❝❤➼♥❤ q✉②➲♥ ❚r♦♥❣ ✤â✱ ♥ ❧➔ sè ❧÷đ♥❣ ♠➝✉ ❝➛♥ ①→❝ ✤à♥❤ ❝❤♦ ✤à❛ ♣❤÷ì♥❣ ✤↕✐ ❞✐➺♥ ❝❤♦ ❝→❝ ❧➽♥❤ ✈ü❝ ❦❤→❝ ♥❤❛✉✳ ♥❣❤✐➯♥ ❝ù✉ ✤✐➲✉ tr❛❀ ◆ ❧➔ tê♥❣ sè ❞➙♥ ❚P✳❍❈▼ ▼ët ❜↔♥❣ ❝➙✉ ❤ä✐ ✤÷đ❝ ❝❤✉➞♥ ❜à t❤❡♦ tø♥❣ ❝❤õ ♥➠♠ ✷✵✶✹❀ ❡ ❧➔ ♠ù❝ ✤ë ❝❤➼♥❤ ①→❝ ♠♦♥❣ ♠✉è♥ ✭✶✲ ✤➲✿ ✭✶✮ ▲ü❛ ❝❤å♥ ❝→❝ ②➳✉ tè ↔♥❤ ❤÷ð♥❣ ✤➳♥ ♣❤➙♥ ✈ị♥❣ tê♥ t❤÷ì♥❣ ❞♦ ❇✣❑❍✱ ✭✷✮ ✣→♥❤ ❣✐→ ✈✐➺❝ ❧ü❛ ✤ë t✐♥ ❝➟②✮ ✭❝❤å♥ ✤ë t✐♥ ❝➟② ❧➔ ✾✷✪✮✳ ❝❤å♥ ❝→❝ ②➳✉ tè✱ ✭✸✮ ❙♦ s→♥❤ ♠ù❝ ✤ë q✉❛♥ trå♥❣ ❉ü❛ ✈➔♦ t➾ ❧➺ ❞➙♥ sè ❝õ❛ tø♥❣ ❤✉②➺♥✱ t→❝ ❣✐↔ ❣✐ú❛ tø♥❣ ❝➦♣ ②➳✉ tè✳ ✣✐➸♠ sè s♦ s→♥❤ ❝➦♣ ❝✉è✐ s➩ ❧ü❛ ❝❤å♥ ố tữủ ợ ù ũ ❝→❝ t✐➯✉ ❝❤➼ s➩ ✤÷đ❝ t➜t ❝↔ ❝→❝ ❝❤✉②➯♥ ✤✐➲✉ tr❛ tr➯♥ tø♥❣ ❤✉②➺♥ ❝ö t❤➸✿ ❍✉②➺♥ ❈õ ❈❤✐ ❝â ❣✐❛ t❤↔♦ ❧✉➟♥ ✈➔ t❤è♥❣ ♥❤➜t✳ ✹✵ ♣❤✐➳✉ ✈➔ t➟♣ tr✉♥❣ ✈➔♦ ①➣ ❚➙♥ P❤ó ❚r✉♥❣ ✈➻ ①➣ ❉♦ ❣✐→ trà ✤✐➸♠ sè tr♦♥❣ ♠❛ tr➟♥ s♦ s→♥❤ ❝➦♣ ♥➔② trỗ r t õ ổ ✤à♥❤ t➼♥❤ ♥➯♥ ❝➛♥ ♣❤↔✐ ❝❤✉②➸♥ ✤ê✐ ❝❤ó♥❣ ❝â ✹✶ ♣❤✐➳✉❀ ❍✉②➺♥ ❇➻♥❤ ❈❤→♥❤ ✈ỵ✐ ✺✺ ♣❤✐➳✉ t➟♣ t❤➔♥❤ ❝→❝ ❣✐→ trà ✤à♥❤ ❧÷đ♥❣ ✈➔ ❦✐➸♠ tr❛ t➼♥❤ ♥❤➜t tr✉♥❣ ỹt trỗ ú ụ q✉→♥ ❝õ❛ ♠❛ tr➟♥✳ ◗✉→ tr➻♥❤ ♥➔② ✤÷đ❝ t❤ü❝ ❤✐➺♥ t❤÷í♥❣ ①✉②➯♥ ①↔② r❛ ♥❣➟♣ ❧ưt❀ ❍✉②➺♥ ❈➛♥ ●✐í t❤ỉ♥❣ q✉❛ ❆❍P✳ ❈✉è✐ ❝ị♥❣✱ ♥➳✉ t➾ sè ♥❤➜t q✉→♥ ✈ỵ✐ ✽ ♣❤✐➳✉ t÷ì♥❣ ✤÷ì♥❣ ✹✱✾✪ t➟♣ tr✉♥❣ t↕✐ ①➣ ✭❈❘✮ ≤ ✶✵✪✱ ❦➳t q✉↔ t➼♥❤ t♦→♥ trå♥❣ sè ❝õ❛ tø♥❣ ▲♦♥❣ ❍á❛❀ ❍✉②➺♥ ◆❤➔ ❇➧ ✈ỵ✐ ✶✸ ♣❤✐➳✉ t➟♣ tr✉♥❣ ②➳✉ tè s➩ ✤÷đ❝ ❝ỉ♥❣ ♥❤➟♥✳ ◆❣÷đ❝ ❧↕✐✱ s➩ ❝➛♥ tỹ t Pữợ õ ự ữợ t ỵ ❝❤✉②➯♥ ❣✐❛✳ ①↔② r❛ s↕❝ ❧ð✳ ❉ü❛ tr➯♥ trå♥❣ sè t➼♥❤ t♦→♥✱ ❦➳t ❤đ♣ ✈ỵ✐ ✈✐➺❝ ❚↕♣ ❝❤➼ ◆ỉ♥❣ ♥❣❤✐➺♣ ✈➔ P❤→t tr✐➸♥ ✶✽✭✺✮ ✇✇✇✳❥❛❞✳❤❝♠✉❛❢✳❡❞✉✳✈♥ ❚r÷í♥❣ ✣↕✐ ❤å❝ ◆ỉ♥❣ ▲➙♠ P ỗ ỡ ỗ ữỡ ♣❤→♣ ❧✉➟♥✳ ♣❤➙♥ ❝➜♣✱ ❝❤✉➞♥ ❤â❛ tê♥ t❤÷ì♥❣ ❝❤♦ tø♥❣ t✐➯✉ Σ♥❦ ❂ ✵ ✭❲❆❦ × ❳❆❦ ✮✳ ❝❤➼✱ t✐➳♥ ỗ ợ t ỗ r õ ❨ ❧➔ ❤➺ sè ♣❤➙♥ ✈ị♥❣ ♥❣✉② ❝ì ❞➵ ✈ị♥❣ tê♥ t❤÷ì♥❣ ❇✣❑❍ ❝❤♦ t♦➔♥ ✈ị♥❣ ♥❣❤✐➯♥ ❜à tê♥ t❤÷ì♥❣ ❞♦ ↔♥❤ ❤÷ð♥❣ ❝õ❛ ❇✣❑❍❀ ❲❊✐ ❧➔ ❝ù✉✳ trå♥❣ sè ❝→❝ t❤➔♥❤ ♣❤➛♥ ❝õ❛ ❊❀ ❳❊✐ ❧➔ ✤✐➸♠ ❝→❝ t❤➔♥❤ ♣❤➛♥ ❝õ❛ ❊❀ ❲❙❥ ❧➔ trå♥❣ sè ❝→❝ t❤➔♥❤ ✷✳✸✳ P❤÷ì♥❣ ♣❤→♣ ●■❙ ♣❤➙♥ ✈ị♥❣ tê♥ t❤÷ì♥❣ ♣❤➛♥ ❝õ❛ ❙❀ ❳❙❥ ❧➔ ✤✐➸♠ ❝→❝ t❤➔♥❤ ♣❤➛♥ ❝õ❛ ❙❀ ❞♦ ❇✣❑❍ ❲❆❦ ❧➔ trå♥❣ sè ❝→❝ t❤➔♥❤ ♣❤➛♥ ❝õ❛ ❆❀ ❳❆❦ ❧➔ ✤✐➸♠ t❤➔♥❤ ♣❤➛♥ ❝õ❛ ❆✳ ❚❤❛♥❣ ✤→♥❤ ❣✐→ ♠ù❝ ✤ë ❳→❝ ✤à♥❤ ✤÷đ❝ trå♥❣ sè ❝→❝ ②➳✉ tè ♥❣❤✐➯♥ ❝ù✉ ♥❣✉② ❝ì t❛✐ ❜✐➳♥ ♥â✐ ❝❤✉♥❣ t❤÷í♥❣ ❝â ➼t t ỹ ữủ ợ tở t➼♥❤ ❝❤♦ ❝→❝ ❜↔♥ ✈➔ ♥❤✐➲✉ ♥❤➜t ❧➔ ✼ ❝➜♣ ố ữủ ỗ ữủ ữ ữợ tở t ♥❣❤✐➯♥ ❝ù✉✱ ♠ù❝ ①✉ t❤➳ t➠♥❣ ♥❤✐➺t ✤ë✱ ❦✐♥❤ t➳ ✲ ①➣ ❤ë✐ s❛✉ ✤â t✐➳♥ ✤ë t➔✐ ❧✐➺✉ ❝â t õ t ự ỗ ợ ỗ tr ữủ ♠ù❝ ✤ë ♥❣✉② ❝ì t❤÷í♥❣ ✤÷đ❝ ❞✐➵♥ t↔ ✤✐➸♠ sè ✈ị♥❣ tê♥ t❤÷ì♥❣ ❇✣❑❍✳ ✣✐➸♠ sè ♥➔② t❤❡♦ ♠ù❝ ✤ë t ữ s t ữợ ữỡ tr t t➼♥❤ s❛✉✿ ❚❤❛♥❣ ✸ ❝➜♣✿ ②➳✉ ✭♥❤➭✱ t❤➜♣✮✱ tr✉♥❣ ❜➻♥❤ ❨ ❂ Σ♥✐ ❂ ✵ ✭❲❊✐ × ❳❊✐ ✮ ✰ Σ♥❥ ❂ ✵ ✭❲❙❥ × ❳❙❥ ✮ ✲ ✭✈ø❛✱✳ ✳ ✳ ✮✱ ❝❛♦ ✭♥➦♥❣✱ ♠↕♥❤✱✳ ✳ ✳ ✮✳ ✇✇✇✳❥❛❞✳❤❝♠✉❛❢✳❡❞✉✳✈♥ ❚↕♣ ❝❤➼ ◆ỉ♥❣ ♥❣❤✐➺♣ ✈➔ P❤→t tr✐➸♥ ✶✽✭✺✮ ✶✵✷ ❚r÷í♥❣ ✣↕✐ ổ P ỗ r➜t ②➳✉ ✭r➜t ♥❤➭✱ r➜t t❤➜♣✱✳ ✳ ✳ ✮✱ trñ ❝õ❛ ❝❤➼♥❤ q✉②➲♥ ✤à❛ ♣❤÷ì♥❣ ✭❇↔♥❣ ✸✮✳ ②➳✉ ✭♥❤➭ t❤➜♣✱ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✮✱ tr✉♥❣ ❜➻♥❤ ✭✈ø❛✱✳ ✳ ✳ ✮✱ ♠↕♥❤ ✭♥➦♥❣✱ ❝❛♦✱✳ ✳ ✳ ✮✱ r➜t ♠↕♥❤ ✭r➜t ♥➦♥❣✱ r➜t ❝❛♦✱✳ ✳ ✳ ✮✳ ✸✳✷✳ P❤➙♥ ✈ị♥❣ tê♥ t❤÷ì♥❣ ❞♦ ❇✣❑❍ ð ❝→❝ ◗✉❛ t➻♠ ❤✐➸✉✱ t❤è♥❣ ❦➯ ♣❤➙♥ t➼❝❤ ✤→♥❤ ❣✐→ ❝→❝ t➔✐ ❧✐➺✉ ❝â ✤÷đ❝ ✈➔ ❝➠♥ ❝ù ✈➔♦ sü ♣❤➙♥ ❤â❛ t❤ü❝ t➳ ❝õ❛ ♠é✐ ②➳✉ tè ↔♥❤ ❤÷ð♥❣ ✤➳♥ ♥❣✉② ❝ì tê♥ t❤÷ì♥❣ ❞♦ ❇✣❑❍✱ t→❝ ❣✐↔ t✐➳♥ ❤➔♥❤ ♣❤➙♥ ❝❤ó♥❣ t❤➔♥❤ ✹ ❝➜♣ ✭❚ê♥ t❤÷ì♥❣ t❤➜♣✱ ❚r✉♥❣ ❜➻♥❤✱ ❈❛♦ ✈➔ ❘➜t ❝❛♦✮✱ t÷ì♥❣ ù♥❣ ✈ỵ✐ t❤❛♥❣ ✤✐➸♠ sè tø ✵ ✤➳♥ ✸✳ ❚r➯♥ ❝ì sð ✤â ❦❤✐ ♣❤➙♥ ❝➜♣ ❝→❝ t✐➯✉ ❝❤✉➞♥ ❝ơ♥❣ ✤÷đ❝ ❞ü❛ t❤❡♦ t❤❛♥❣ ♣❤➙♥ ❝õ❛ ♥❣✉② ❝ì tê♥ t❤÷ì♥❣ ❞♦ ❇✣❑❍✳ ✸✳ ❑➳t ◗✉↔ ✈➔ ❚❤↔♦ ▲✉➟♥ ✸✳✶✳ ❳→❝ ✤à♥❤ trå♥❣ sè t✐➯✉ ❝❤➼ ❝õ❛ ❝→❝ ②➳✉ tè ✤→♥❤ ❣✐→ t➼♥❤ ❞➵ ❜à tê♥ t❤÷ì♥❣ ❈→❝ ❝➙✉ ❤ä✐ ✤÷đ❝ t→❝ ❣✐↔ t❤✐➳t ❦➳ t❤➔♥❤ ❜↔♥❣ ❝➙✉ ❤ä✐ ✈➔ ♣❤ä♥❣ ✈➜♥ ❝❤✉②➯♥ ❣✐❛✱ ❝→❝ ❝❤✉②➯♥ ❣✐❛ ❞ò♥❣ ❦✐➳♥ t❤ù❝ ❝õ❛ ♠➻♥❤ ✤➸ s♦ s→♥❤ ♠ù❝ ✤ë q✉❛♥ trå♥❣ ❝õ❛ ❝→❝ ②➳✉ tố ợ ữủ tt ❧➟♣ tø ✵ ✲ ✾✱ t↕✐ ♠é✐ ❣✐→ trà s➩ tữỡ ự ợ ởt t ❝â ❦➳t q✉↔ ❝õ❛ ✾ ❝❤✉②➯♥ ❣✐❛✱ ♥❤â♠ t→❝ ❣✐↔ s➩ t➼♥❤ t♦→♥ ❝❤➾ sè ♥❤➜t q✉→♥ ❝❤♦ tø♥❣ ❝❤✉②➯♥ trữợ tờ ủ t ởt tr ❝❤✉♥❣ ❝❤♦ ✾ ❝❤✉②➯♥ ❣✐❛✳ ❤✉②➺♥ ♥❣♦↕✐ t❤➔♥❤ ❚P✳❍❈▼ ✸✳✷✳✶✳ ỹ ỗ ỡ t t ❤➺ sè ♥❣✉② ❝ì ❝õ❛ ❦❤✉ ✈ü❝ ♥❣❤✐➯♥ ❝ù✉ ✈➔♦ ♥➠♠ ✷✵✶✺ ✈➔ ✷✵✷✺✱ s♦ s→♥❤ ❦➳t q✉↔ ❝õ❛ ✷ ♥➠♠ t❤➜② r➡♥❣ ✤ë ♣❤ì✐ ♥❤✐➵♠ ❝õ❛ ♥➠♠ ✷✵✷✺ ❝❛♦ ❤ì♥ s♦ ✈ỵ✐ ♥➠♠ ✷✵✶✺✳ ◆➠♠ ✷✵✶✺ ❝á♥ ❝â ✈ị♥❣ ♣❤ì✐ ♥❤✐➵♠ t❤➜♣ ♥❤÷♥❣ q✉❛ ♥➠♠ ✷✵✷✺ ❝❤➾ ❝â ✈ị♥❣ ♣❤ì✐ ♥❤✐➵♠ tr✉♥❣ ❜➻♥❤✱ ❝❛♦ ✈➔ r➜t ❝❛♦ ✭❍➻♥❤ ✷✮✳ ❑➳t q✉↔ ♥➠♠ ✷✵✷✺ s♦ ✈ỵ✐ ♥➠♠ ✷✵✶✺ t❤➻ ❞✐➺♥ t➼❝❤ ✈ị♥❣ ♣❤ì✐ ♥❤✐➵♠ tr✉♥❣ ❜➻♥❤ ✈➔ r➜t ❝❛♦ t➠♥❣ ❧➯♥ tr♦♥❣ ❦❤✐ ❞✐➺♥ t➼❝❤ ✈ị♥❣ ♣❤ì✐ ♥❤✐➵♠ t❤➜♣ ✈➔ ❝❛♦ ❣✐↔♠ ✭❇↔♥❣ ✹✮✳ P❤➙♥ ❝➜♣ ✤ë ♣❤ì✐ ♥❤✐➵♠ ✈➔ ❞✐➺♥ t➼❝❤ tø♥❣ ✈ị♥❣ ✤÷đ❝ t❤➸ ❤✐➺♥ ♥❤÷ s❛✉✿ ❈➜♣ ✶ ❧➔ ✈ị♥❣ ❝â ♠ù❝ ✤ë tê♥ t❤÷ì♥❣ t❤➜♣ ♥❤➜t❀ ❈➜♣ ✷ ❧➔ ✈ị♥❣ tê♥ t❤÷ì♥❣ tr✉♥❣ ❜➻♥❤❀ ❈➜♣ ✸ ❧➔ ♠ù❝ tê♥ t❤÷ì♥❣ ❝❛♦❀ ❈➜♣ ✹ ❧➔ ♠ù❝ tê♥ tữỡ rt ỹ ỗ ❝↔♠ ✣è✐ ✈ỵ✐ ♥➠♠ ✷✵✶✺✱ ✈ị♥❣ ♥❤↕② ❝↔♠ t❤➜♣ ♣❤➙♥ ❜è r↔✐ r→❝ tr➯♥ t♦➔♥ ❦❤✉ ✈ü❝ ♥❣❤✐➯♥ ❝ù✉ ✈➔ t➟♣ tr✉♥❣ ❝❤õ ②➳✉ ð ❈➛♥ ●✐í✱ ✈ị♥❣ ♥❤↕② ❝↔♠ tr✉♥❣ ❜➻♥❤ ♣❤➙♥ ❜è ð ❝↔ ❦❤✉ ✈ü ♥❣❤✐➯♥ ❝ù✉✱ ✈ò♥❣ ♥❤↕② ❝↔♠ ❝❛♦ t➟♣ tr✉♥❣ ❝❤õ ②➳✉ ð ❍â❝ ▼ỉ♥ ✭❍➻♥❤ ✸✮✳ ❦❤✐ ✤â✱ ♥➠♠ ✷✵✷✺✱ ✈ị♥❣ ♥❤↕② ❝↔♠ tr✉♥❣ ✸✳✶✳✶✳ ❚rå♥❣ sè ✤è✐ ✈ỵ✐ ❝→❝ t✐➯✉ ❝❤➼ ❝õ❛ ②➳✉ tè ✤ë ❚r♦♥❣ ❜➻♥❤ ♥➡♠ r↔✐ r→❝ tr➯♥ t♦➔♥ ❦❤✉ ✈ü❝ ♥❣❤✐➯♥ ❝ù✉✱ ♣❤ì✐ ♥❤✐➵♠ ✭❊✮ ♥❤✐➲✉ ♥❤➜t ❧➔ ❈➛♥ ●✐í✱ ✈ị♥❣ ♥❤↕② ❝↔♠ ❝❛♦ tr↔✐ ❚r➯♥ ❝ì sð ❧÷đ❝ ❦❤↔♦ t➔✐ ❧✐➺✉✱ ❝→❝ t✐➯✉ ❝❤➼ ♥❤✐➺t ❞➔✐ ❝↔ ❦❤✉ ✈ü❝ ♥❣❤✐➯♥ ❝ù✉✱ ✈ị♥❣ ♥❤↕② ❝↔♠ r➜t ✤ë✱ ❧÷đ♥❣ ữ ữợ ữủ sỷ ❧➔ ❍â❝ ▼æ♥ ✈➔ ◆❤➔ ❇➧✳ P❤➙♥ ❝➜♣ ✤ë ✤➸ t ỗ tố ỡ ♥❤↕② ❝↔♠ ✈➔ ❞✐➺♥ t➼❝❤ tø♥❣ ✈ị♥❣ ✤÷đ❝ t❤➸ ❤✐➺♥ ❇✣❑❍✳ ❱ỵ✐ ✾ ❜↔♥❣ tr↔ ❧í✐ ❝õ❛ ❝❤✉②➯♥ ❣✐❛✱ trå♥❣ ♥❤÷ s❛✉ ✭❇↔♥❣ ✺✮✿ ❈➜♣ ✶ ❧➔ ✈ị♥❣ ❝â ♠ù❝ ✤ë ♥❤↕② sè ❝❤♦ tø♥❣ t✐➯✉ ❝❤➼ ✤÷đ❝ tr➻♥❤ ❜➔② tr♦♥❣ ❇↔♥❣ ❝↔♠ t❤➜♣ ♥❤➜t❀ ❈➜♣ ✷ ❧➔ ✈ò♥❣ ♥❤↕② ❝↔♠ tr✉♥❣ ❜➻♥❤❀ ❈➜♣ ✸ ❧➔ ♠ù❝ ♥❤↕② ❝↔♠ ❝❛♦❀ ❈➜♣ ✹ ❧➔ ♠ù❝ ✶✳ ♥❤↕② ❝↔♠ r➜t ❝❛♦✳ ✸✳✶✳✷✳ ❚rå♥❣ sè ✤è✐ ✈ỵ✐ ❝→❝ t✐➯✉ ❝❤➼ ❝õ❛ ②➳✉ tè ỹ ỗ t ự ♥❤↕② ❝↔♠ ✭❙✮ ✣è✐ ✈ỵ✐ ②➳✉ tè ✤ë ♥❤↕② ❝↔♠ t❤➻ ❝→❝ t✐➯✉ ❝❤➼ ✈➲ ❉➙♥ sè✱ ❚❤✉ ♥❤➟♣✱ ▼➟t ✤ë ❣✐❛♦ t❤æ♥❣✱ ▼➟t ✤ë sæ♥❣ ♥❣á✐ ✈➔ ❍✐➺♥ tr↕♥❣ sû ❞ư♥❣ ✤➜t ✤÷đ❝ sû ❞ư♥❣ ✤➜t✳ ❑❤↔♦ s→t ✾ ❝❤✉②➯♥ ❣✐❛✱ trå♥❣ sè ❝❤♦ tø♥❣ t✐➯✉ ❝❤➼ ✤÷đ❝ tr➻♥❤ ❜➔② tr♦♥❣ ❇↔♥❣ ✷✳ ✸✳✶✳✸✳ ❚rå♥❣ sè ✤è✐ ✈ỵ✐ ❝→❝ t✐➯✉ ❝❤➼ ❝õ❛ ❝→❝ ②➳✉ tè ❦❤↔ ♥➠♥❣ t❤➼❝❤ ù♥❣ ❈→❝ ②➳✉ tè t÷đ♥❣ tr÷♥❣ ❝❤♦ ❦❤↔ ♥➠♥❣ t❤➼❝❤ ù♥❣ ✤÷đ❝ t→❝ ❣✐↔ ❧ü❛ ❝❤å♥ ❧➔ ❦✐♥❤ ♥❣❤✐➺♠ ♣❤á♥❣ ❝❤è♥❣ ❝→❝ ❜✐➸✉ ❤✐➺♥ ❝õ❛ ❇✣❑❍ ✈ỵ✐ sü ❤é trđ ❝õ❛ ❝❤➼♥❤ q✉②➲♥ ✤à❛ ♣❤÷ì♥❣✳ ❈→❝ sè ❧✐➺✉ ♥➔② ✤÷đ❝ t→❝ ❣✐↔ t❤ü❝ ❤✐➺♥ t❤æ♥❣ q✉❛ ✤✐➲✉ tr❛ ♣❤ä♥❣ ✈➜♥✳ ●✐↔ sû✱ ❦❤↔ ♥➠♥❣ t❤➼❝❤ ù♥❣ ❦❤æ♥❣ t❤❛② ✤ê✐ ❝❤♦ ❣✐❛✐ ✤♦↕♥ ♥❣❤✐➯♥ ❝ù✉ ✷✵✷✺ ✭❍➻♥❤ ✹✮✳ ❑➳t q✉↔ t➼♥❤ t♦→♥ t tr số ỗ ❝❤↕② tø ✷ ✤➳♥ ✸✱ ✤÷đ❝ ♣❤➙♥ t❤➔♥❤ ❈→❝ t✐➯✉ ❝❤➼ t÷đ♥❣ tr÷♥❣ ❝❤♦ ②➳✉ tè ❦❤↔ ♥➠♥❣ ✸ ❝➜♣ ữ s ỗ ữủ t ỹ ❦✐♥❤ ♥❣❤✐➺♣ ❈➜♣ ✶✿ ❈❤õ ②➳✉ ♣❤➙♥ ❜è ð ❤✉②➺♥ ❇➻♥❤ ❈❤→♥❤✱ ♣❤á♥❣ ❝❤è♥❣ ❝→❝ ❜✐➸✉ ❤✐➺♥ ❝õ❛ ❇✣❑❍ ✈ỵ✐ sü ❤é ❚↕♣ ❝❤➼ ◆æ♥❣ ♥❣❤✐➺♣ ✈➔ P❤→t tr✐➸♥ ✶✽✭✺✮ rữớ ổ P ỗ ▼✐♥❤ ❇↔♥❣ ✶✳ ❚rå♥❣ sè ❝→❝ t✐➯✉ ❝❤➼ ❝õ❛ ②➳✉ tè ✤ë ♣❤ì✐ ♥❤✐➵♠ ✭❊✮1 ❚✐➯✉ ❝❤➼ ◆❤✐➺t ✤ë ✭❊1 ✮ ▲÷đ♥❣ ♠÷❛ ✭❊2 ✮ ◆❇❉ ✭❊3 ✮ ❚rå♥❣ sè ◆❤✐➺t ✤ë ✭❊1 ✮ ✶ ✷ ✷ ✵✱✶✶✵✸ ▲÷đ♥❣ ♠÷❛ ✭❊2 ✮ ✵✱✺ ✶ ✷ ✵✱✸✹✻✵ ◆❇❉ ✭❊3 ✮ ✵✱✺ ✵✱✺ ✶ ✵✱✺✹✸✽ ❑➳t q✉↔ t➼♥❤ t♦→♥ ❝❤♦ t❤➜② ❈❘ ❂ ✵✱✵✹✼ < ✵✱✶✳ ◆❤÷ ✈➟②✱ ♠❛ tr➟♥ s♦ s→♥❤ tr➯♥ ❧➔ ♥❤➜t q✉→♥✳ ❇↔♥❣ ✷✳ ❚rå♥❣ sè ❝→❝ ②➳✉ tè ♥❤↕② ❝↔♠1 ❨➳✉ tè ❉➙♥ sè ❚❤✉ ♥❤➟♣ ▼➟t ✤ë ✤÷í♥❣ ❣✐❛♦ t❤ỉ♥❣ ▼➟t ✤ë sỉ♥❣ ♥❣á✐ ❍✐➺♥ tr↕♥❣ sû ❞ö♥❣ ✤➜t ❚rå♥❣ sè ❉➙♥ sè ❚❤✉ ♥❤➟♣ ✶ ✶ ✵✱✺✵✵ ✶ ✶✱✺✵✵ ✵✱✷✵✸ ✶ ✶ ✵✱✹✺✺ ✵✱✹✹✹ ✶ ✵✱✸✶✸ ▼➟t ✤ë ✤÷í♥❣ ❣✐❛♦ t❤ỉ♥❣ ✷ ✷✱✷✵✵ ✶ ✵✱✽✽✾ ✸ ✵✱✶ ▼➟t ✤ë sæ♥❣ ♥❣á✐ ❍✐➺♥ tr↕♥❣ sû ❞ö♥❣ ✤➜t ✶ ✷✱✷✺✵ ✶✱✶✷✺ ✶ ✶ ✵✱✶✻✹ ✵✱✻✻✼ ✷✱✺✵✵ ✵✱✸✸✸ ✶ ✶ ✵✱✷✷ ❑➳t q✉↔ t➼♥❤ t♦→♥ ❝❤♦ t❤➜② ❈❘ ❂ ✵✱✵✺✽ < ✵✱✶✳ ◆❤÷ ✈➟②✱ ♠❛ tr➟♥ s s tr t q ỗ ✤ë ♣❤ì✐ ♥❤✐➵♠ ❝õ❛ ❦❤✉ ✈ü❝ ♥❣❤✐➯♥ ❝ù✉ ♥➠♠ ✷✵✶✺ ✈➔ ✷✵✷✺✳ ✇✇✇✳❥❛❞✳❤❝♠✉❛❢✳❡❞✉✳✈♥ ❚↕♣ ❝❤➼ ◆æ♥❣ ♥❣❤✐➺♣ ✈➔ P❤→t tr✐➸♥ rữớ ổ P ỗ ỗ ũ ✈ü❝ ♥❣❤✐➯♥ ❝ù✉ ♥➠♠ ✷✵✶✺ ✈➔ ✷✵✷✺✳ ❇↔♥❣ ✸✳ ❚rå♥❣ sè ❝→❝ t✐➯✉ ❝❤➼ ②➳✉ tè ❦❤↔ ♥➠♥❣ t❤➼❝❤ ù♥❣1 ❚✐➯✉ ❝❤➼ ❑✐♥❤ ♥❣❤✐➺♠ ❝❤è♥❣ ❇✣❑❍ ❝õ❛ ♥❣÷í✐ ❞➙♥ ❙ü ❤é trñ ❝❤è♥❣ ❇✣❑❍ ❝õ❛ ❝❤➼♥❤ q✉②➲♥ ❚rå♥❣ sè ❑✐♥❤ ♥❣❤✐➺♠ ❝❤è♥❣ ❇✣❑❍ ❝õ❛ ♥❣÷í✐ ❞➙♥ ✶✴✶ ✸ ✵✱✷✺ ❙ü ❤é trñ ❝❤è♥❣ ❇✣❑❍ ❝õ❛ ❝❤➼♥❤ q✉②➲♥ ✵✱✸✸ ✶✴✶ ✵✱✼✺ ✶❑➳t q✉↔ t➼♥❤ t♦→♥ ❝❤♦ t❤➜② ❈❘ ❂ ✵✱✵✵✷ < ✵✱✶✳ ◆❤÷ ✈➟②✱ ♠❛ tr➟♥ s♦ s→♥❤ tr➯♥ ❧➔ ♥❤➜t q✉→♥✳ ◆❤➔ ❇➧✱ ❈➛♥ ●✐í✳ ❈➜♣ ♥➔② ❝❤✐➳♠ ❞✐➺♥ t ỹ ỗ tờ tữỡ ❞♦ ❇✣❑❍ ✤➳♥ ❦❤✉ ✈ü❝ ♥❣❤✐➯♥ ❝ù✉ ❈➜♣ ✷✿ ❱ò♥❣ õ t ự tr ỗ ✈ị♥❣ tê♥ t❤÷ì♥❣ ❞♦ ❇✣❑❍ ✤÷đ❝ ❝â ❣✐→ trà ❝❤↕② tø ✷ ✤➳♥ ✷✱✷✺✳ P❤➙♥ ❜è ❝❤õ ②➳✉ ①➙② ❞ü♥❣ tr ỡ s ỗ ỗ t ❍â❝ ▼æ♥✳ ❈➜♣ ♥➔② ❝â ❞✐➺♥ t➼❝❤ ✶✵✳✾✵✽✱✸✻ ♣❤➛♥ ❧➔ ②➳✉ tè ♣❤ì✐ ♥❤✐➵♠ ✭❊✮✱ ✤ë ♥❤↕② ❝↔♠ ✭❙✮ ❤❛✳ ✈➔ ❦❤↔ ♥➠♥❣ t❤➼❝❤ ù♥❣ ✭❆✮ t❤❡♦ ❝æ♥❣ t❤ù❝ ❨ ❂ ❈➜♣ ✸✿ ❱ò♥❣ ❝â ❦❤↔ ♥➠♥❣ t❤➼❝❤ ù♥❣ ❝❛♦ ❝â ❣✐→ ❊ ✰ ❙ ✲ ❆✳ trà ❝❤↕② tø ũ õ ỗ tờ tữỡ ữủ t ỗ ✈➔ r➜t ❝❛♦ ❝❤õ ②➳✉ t➟♣ tr✉♥❣ ð ❤✉②➺♥ ❈õ ✶ ❧➔ ✈ị♥❣ ❝â ♠ù❝ ✤ë tê♥ t❤÷ì♥❣ t❤➜♣ ♥❤➜t❀ ❈➜♣ ✷ ❈❤✐✳ ❉✐➺♥ t➼❝❤ t÷ì♥❣ ù♥❣ ❧➔ ✹✸✳✹✵✾✱✹✸ ❤❛✳ ❧➔ ✈ị♥❣ tê♥ t❤÷ì♥❣ tr✉♥❣ ❜➻♥❤❀ ❈➜♣ ✸ ❧➔ ♠ù❝ tê♥ t❤÷ì♥❣ ❝❛♦❀ ❈➜♣ ✹ ❧➔ ♠ù❝ tê♥ t❤÷ì♥❣ r➜t ❝❛♦✳ ❚↕♣ ❝❤➼ ◆æ♥❣ ♥❣❤✐➺♣ ✈➔ P❤→t tr✐➸♥ ✶✽✭✺✮ ✇✇✇✳❥❛❞✳❤❝♠✉❛❢✳❡❞✉✳✈♥ rữớ ổ P ỗ ❇↔♥❣ ✹✳ ❉✐➺♥ t➼❝❤ ♣❤➙♥ ❝➜♣ ♥❣✉② ❝ì ❞♦ ❜✐➳♥ ✤ê✐ ❦❤➼ ❤➟✉ t↕✐ ❝→❝ ❤✉②➺♥ ♥❣♦↕✐ t❤➔♥❤ ❚❚ P❤➙♥ ❝➜♣ ✶ ✷ ✸ ✹ ❚❤➜♣ ❚r✉♥❣ ❜➻♥❤ ❈❛♦ ❘➜t ❝❛♦ ◆➠♠ ✷✵✶✺ ❉✐➺♥ t➼❝❤ ✭❤❛✮ ❚✛ ❧➺ ✭✪✮ ✽✳✺✼✽✱✵✽ ✺✱✸✽ ✶✹✳✼✵✶✽✱✺✶ ✾✷✱✷✽ ✸✳✼✶✻✱✷✽ ✷✱✸✸ ✵✱✻✸ ✵✱✵✶ ◆➠♠ ✷✵✷✺ ❉✐➺♥ t➼❝❤ ✭❤❛✮ ❚✛ ❧➺ ✭✪✮ ✵✱✵✵ ✵✱✵✵ ✶✺✺✳✺✾✻✱✺✾ ✾✼✱✻✼ ✶✺✱✻✻ ✵✱✵✶ ✸✳✼✵✶✱✷✺ ✷✱✸✷ ❇↔♥❣ ✺✳ ❉✐➺♥ t➼❝❤ ♣❤➙♥ ❝➜♣ ♥❤↕② ❝↔♠ ❞♦ ❜✐➳♥ ✤ê✐ ❦❤➼ ❤➟✉ t↕✐ ❝→❝ ❤✉②➺♥ ♥❣♦↕✐ t❤➔♥❤ ❚❚ P❤➙♥ ❝➜♣ ✶ ✷ ✸ ❚❤➜♣ ❚r✉♥❣ ❜➻♥❤ ❈❛♦ ◆➠♠ ✷✵✶✺ ❉✐➺♥ t➼❝❤ ✭❤❛✮ ❚✛ ❧➺ ✭✪✮ ✹✼✳✼✶✺✱✷✶ ✷✾✱✾✺ ✶✵✺✳✶✻✶✱✻✼ ✻✻✱✵✶ ✻✳✹✸✻✱✻✷ ✹✱✵✹ ◆➠♠ ✷✵✷✺ ❉✐➺♥ t➼❝❤ ✭❤❛✮ ❚✛ ❧➺ ✭✪✮ ✵✱✵✵ ✵✱✵✵ ✹✼✳✽✷✹✱✶✶ ✸✵✱✹✼ ✼✾✳✺✵✾✱✺✶ ✺✵✱✻✺ ❙♦ s ỗ ự ✤ë tê♥ t❤÷ì♥❣ ❝õ❛ ♥➠♠ ✷✵✷✺ ❝❛♦ ❤ì♥ ♥➠♠ ✷✵✶✺✱ ♠ù❝ ✤ë tê♥ t❤÷ì♥❣ t❤➜♣ ✈➔ tr✉♥❣ ❜➻♥❤ ❣✐↔♠✱ t✛ ❧➺ tê♥ t❤÷ì♥❣ ❝❛♦ ✈➔ r➜t ❝❛♦ t➠♥❣ ♥❤❛♥❤ ✭❍➻♥❤ ✺✮✳ ✸✳✸✳ ✣➲ ①✉➜t ❝→❝ ❜✐➺♥ ♣❤→♣ t❤➼❝❤ ù♥❣✱ ❣✐↔♠ t❤✐➸✉ t→❝ ✤ë♥❣ ❝õ❛ ❇✣❑❍ ✤➳♥ ❦❤✉ ✈ü❝ ♥❣❤✐➯♥ ❝ù✉ ✣➙② ❧➔ ❝→❝ ✈ò♥❣ ✈❡♥ ❝õ❛ ❚P✳❍❈▼✱ ❧➔ ❝→❝ ❤✉②➺♥ õ s t ổ ổ trỗ t❤õ② s↔♥✳ ❚r♦♥❣ t÷ì♥❣ ❧❛✐✱ ❝→❝ ❤✉②➺♥ ♥❣♦↕✐ t❤➔♥❤ ❝â ữợ tợ ổ t õ ữ ởt ♣❤➛♥ ❞✐➺♥ t➼❝❤ ✤➸ s↔♥ ①✉➜t ♥æ♥❣ ♥❣❤✐➺♣✱ ♥æ♥❣ ♥❣❤✐➺♣ ❝❛♦✳ ❈→❝ ❣✐↔✐ ♣❤→♣ ✤÷❛ r❛ ♥❤➡♠ ✤↔♠ ❜↔♦ ✤÷đ❝ t➼♥❤ ✤➦❝ t❤ị ❝õ❛ ❦❤✉ ✈ü❝✿ ●✐↔✐ ♣❤→♣ ♣❤✐ ❝ỉ♥❣ tr r q tr ổ t õ ỗ ❣❤➨♣ ❝→❝ t→❝ ✤ë♥❣ ❝õ❛ ❇✣❑❍ ✈➔♦ q✉② ❤♦↕❝❤ tê♥❣ t tố tt ữợ t ố q tờ t tt ữợ tữủ ửt t↕✐ ❝→❝ ✈ị♥❣ ❝â ♠ù❝ ✤ë tê♥ t❤÷ì♥❣ ❝❛♦❀ ◆➙♥❣ ❝❛♦ ♥➠♥❣ ❧ü❝ ❞ü ❜→♦✱ ♣❤á♥❣ ❝❤è♥❣ ♥❣➟♣ ❧öt❀ ❳➙② ❞ü♥❣ ✈➔ ❜❛♥ ❤➔♥❤ ❝→❝ q✉② ✤à♥❤ ✈➲ ❝èt ❦❤è♥❣ ỹ ỗ t ự ỹ ự ỗ tt số ♠➦t ♣❤õ t↕✐ ❝→❝ ❦❤✉ ✤ỉ t❤à ♠ỵ✐✱ q✉② ❝❤➳ ổ ữợ ự tờ t❤÷ì♥❣ t❤➜♣ ✈➔ tr✉♥❣ ❜➻♥❤ ♥❤➡♠ ✤↔♠ ❜↔♦ ❝→❝ ②➯✉ tt ữợ ợ t ự tờ tữỡ t s ợ ữủ ỗ t rt r r ✈➔ t➟♣ tr✉♥❣ ❝❤õ ②➳✉ ð tr♦♥❣ ❧➽♥❤ ✈ü❝ q✉② ỹ q ỵ ổ ỹ ❈❤→♥❤✱ ◆❤➔ ❇➧ ✈➔ ❈➛♥ ●✐í ✭❇↔♥❣ t❤à❀ ❚➠♥❣ ❝÷í♥❣ q ỵ qt t tr ♠ù❝ ✤ë tê♥ t❤÷ì♥❣ ❝❛♦ ✈➔ r➜t ❝❛♦ ❝❤✐➳♠ tr→✐ ♣❤➨♣✱ ①↔ r→❝ tr➯♥ ❝→❝ sæ♥❣✱ ❦➯♥❤✱ r↕❝❤ ❝❤✐➳♠ t✛ tữỡ ố ợ t ỹ tt ữợ tr t ố t ữớ ◆❤➔ ❇➧✱ ♠ët ♣❤➛♥ ❈➛♥ ●✐í ✈➔ ❝â ❦✐➸♠ tr❛✱ ỷ ỵ t tr tr sổ r tt ữợ t ❤✉②➺♥ ❍â❝ ▼æ♥ ✈➔ ❈õ ❈❤✐✳ ✈➨t t❤æ♥❣ t❤♦→♥❣ t♦➔♥ r tt ữợ ổ ✈➔ P❤→t tr✐➸♥ ✶✽✭✺✮ ✶✵✻ ❚r÷í♥❣ ✣↕✐ ❤å❝ ◆ỉ♥❣ ▲➙♠ P ỗ t ũ tê♥ t❤÷ì♥❣ ❞♦ ❜✐➳♥ ✤ê✐ ❦❤➼ ❤➟✉ t↕✐ ❝→❝ ❤✉②➺♥ ♥❣♦↕✐ t❤➔♥❤ ❚❚ P❤➙♥ ❝➜♣ ✶ ✷ ✸ ✹ ❚❤➜♣ ❚r✉♥❣ ❜➻♥❤ ❈❛♦ ❘➜t ❝❛♦ ◆➠♠ ✷✵✶✺ ❉✐➺♥ t➼❝❤ ✭❤❛✮ ❚✛ ❧➺ ✭✪✮ ✶✸✻✳✼✺✶✱✾✹ ✽✺✱✽✹ ✷✶✳✶✻✵✱✽✾ ✶✸✱✷✽ ✶✳✸✾✾✱✾✺ ✵✱✽✼ ✵✱✼✷ ✵✱✵✶ ◆➠♠ ✷✵✷✺ ❉✐➺♥ t➼❝❤ ✭❤❛✮ ❚✛ ❧➺ ✭✪✮ ✸✻✳✸✺✹✱✸✸ ✷✸✱✶✻ ✽✹✳✼✻✷✱✷✼ ✺✹ ✸✹✳✻✵✷✱✷✶ ✷✷✱✵✹ ✶✳✷✻✵✱✸✻ ✵✱✽ ❍➻♥❤ ✺✳ ❇↔♥ ỗ ũ tờ tữỡ ỹ ❝ù✉ ♥➠♠ ✷✵✶✺ ✈➔ ✷✵✷✺✳ ❚✉②➯♥ tr✉②➲♥ ❣✐→♦ ❞ư❝ ♥❣÷í✐ t t ỵ t❤ù❝ ❝❤õ ✤ë♥❣ ù♥❣ ♣❤â ✈ỵ✐ ❇✣❑❍❀ ❚❤✐➳t ❧➟♣ q✉② tr ỗ ự t tt tố sợ ụ ữ q tr ù♥❣ ♣❤â❀ ❇↔♦ ✈➺ rø♥❣ ♥❣➟♣ ♠➦♥ ❈➛♥ ●✐í✱ ❜↔♦ tỗ s ú trồ ♣❤→t tr✐➸♥ ❝→❝ ❤➺ s✐♥❤ t❤→✐✱ ❝→❝ ❣✐è♥❣✱ ❧♦➔✐ ❝â sù❝ ❝❤è♥❣ ❝❤à✉ tèt ✈ỵ✐ ❝→❝ t❤❛② ✤ê✐ ❦❤➼ ❤➟✉❀ tỗ ỗ ố ❧♦➔✐ ❝â ❦❤↔ ♥➠♥❣ ❜à t✉②➺t ❝❤õ♥❣ ❞♦ t→❝ ✤ë♥❣ Pt tr trỗ õ ♥➠♥❣ ❝❤è♥❣ ❝❤à✉ ✈ỵ✐ ✤✐➲✉ ❦✐➺♥ ♥❣♦↕✐ ❝↔♥❤ ❦❤➢❝ ♥❣❤✐➺t ❝ơ♥❣ ♥❤÷ t➠♥❣ ❝÷í♥❣ ❝→❝ ❣✐è♥❣ ❝➙② ❝â t❤➸ ❝❤à✉ ♥❤✐➺t✱ ❝❤à✉ ❤↕♥✱ ❝❤à✉ ❧ưt ♥❣➢♥ ♥❣➔② ❚↕♣ ❝❤➼ ◆ỉ♥❣ ♥❣❤✐➺♣ ✈➔ P❤→t tr✐➸♥ ✶✽✭✺✮ ✭❞♦ ♠÷❛ ó♥❣✮ ✈➔ ❝→❝ ❣✐è♥❣ ❝➙② ❝â ❜✐➯♥ ✤ë s✐♥❤ t❤→✐ rë♥❣✳ ✣➦❝ ❜✐➺t✱ ♣❤→t tr✐➸♥ ❝→❝ ❧♦↕✐ ❝➙② ❤♦❛ ♠➔✉ ♥❣➢♥ ♥❣➔②❀ ❈➛♥ ♣❤↔✐ ①➙② ❞ü♥❣ ♣❤÷ì♥❣ →♥ ♣❤➙♥ r❛♥❤ ♠➦♥ ✲ ♥❣åt t ỹ tữợ t t rỗ tr ứ ữợ t ữợ tr ỡ ỹ ữỡ ❞✐ ❞í✐ ❝→❝ ♥❤➔ ð ✈❡♥ sỉ♥❣✱ ✈❡♥ ❜✐➸♥ ✈➔ ✈ị♥❣ ♥❣➟♣ trơ♥❣✱ ♥❤➡♠ ✤↔♠ ❜↔♦ t➼♥❤ ♠↕♥❣ ✈➔ t➔✐ s↔♥ ♥❤➙♥ ❞➙♥ ❤✉②➺♥ ❈➛♥ ●✐í✱ ◆❤➔ ❇➧ ✈➔ ❇➻♥❤ ❈❤→♥❤ ❦❤✐ ❝â ❜➣♦✱ ❧ưt ❧ỵ♥✱ s↕❝ ❧ð ①↔② r❛✳ ●✐↔✐ ♣❤→♣ ❝æ♥❣ tr➻♥❤✿ ◆➙♥❣ ❝➜♣✱ ❤✐➺♥ ✤↕✐ ❤â❛ ❝→❝ ❤➺ t❤è♥❣ ❝ỉ♥❣ tr➻♥❤ t❤õ② ❧đ✐ ❤✐➺♥ ❤ú✉ ✈ỵ✐ ✈✐➺❝ rữớ ổ P ỗ ▼✐♥❤ ✤➛✉ t÷ tr❛♥❣ t❤✐➳t ❜à t❤ỉ♥❣ t✐♥✱ ❤➺ t❤è♥❣ q tr tỹ q ỵ tố ♠ët ❝→❝❤ ❝❤õ ✤ë♥❣✱ ❦❤♦❛ ❤å❝✱ ❤✐➺✉ q✉↔✱✤➦❝ ❜✐➺t ❝→❝ ❤➺ t❤è♥❣ ❝è♥ ✤➛✉ ♠è✐❀ ❳➙② ❞ü♥❣ ❝→❝ ❤➺ t❤è♥❣ ố tổ tt ữợ õ ữ t tr ợ t ó♥❣ ①↔② r❛❀ ✣➛✉ t÷ ①➙② ❞ü♥❣✱ ♥➙♥❣ ❝➜♣ ❝→❝ ❤➺ t❤è♥❣ t❤õ② ❧đ✐✱ ✤➯ ❜✐➸♥✱ ✤➯ sỉ♥❣✱ ✤➯ ❝û❛ sỉ♥❣ ♣❤á♥❣ ❝❤è♥❣ ❧ưt ❜➣♦✱ ♥↕♦ ✈➨t t❤ỉ♥❣ t❤♦→♥❣ ❝→❝ r ỳ ỗ ử ữợ t tt ữợ t ❝❤♦ ❞➙♥ s✐♥❤ ✈➔ ✈ị♥❣ s↔♥ ①✉➜t✱ ❜↔♦ ✈➺ ♠ỉ✐ trữớ s t tữợ t t tt ữợ trỗ ❝➙② ❝æ♥❣ ♥❣❤✐➺♣✱ ❝➙② ➠♥ q✉↔ ❝â ❣✐→ trà ❤➔♥❣ ❤â❛ ✈➔ ❦✐♥❤ t➳ ❝❛♦❀ ❳➙② ❞ü♥❣ ♣❤÷ì♥❣ →♥ ❞✐ ❞í✐ ❝→❝ ♥❤➔ ð ✈❡♥ sỉ♥❣✱ ✈❡♥ ❜✐➸♥ ✈➔ ✈ị♥❣ ♥❣➟♣ trô♥❣✱ ♥❤➡♠ ✤↔♠ ❜↔♦ t➼♥❤ ♠↕♥❣ ✈➔ t➔✐ s↔♥ ♥❤➙♥ ❞➙♥ ❤✉②➺♥ ❈➛♥ ●✐í✱ ◆❤➔ ❇➧ ✈➔ ❇➻♥❤ ❈❤→♥❤ ❦❤✐ ❝â ❜➣♦❀ ❳➙② ❞ü♥❣ ❤➺ t❤è♥❣ ❦✐➸♠ s♦→t✱ ♣❤á♥❣ ố trỗ t ổ tr t ợ sỷ ữỡ ♣❤→♣ ♣❤➙♥ t➼❝❤ ✤❛ t✐➯✉ ❝❤➼ ▼❈❆ ❝ö t❤➸ ❧➔ t✐➳♥ tr➻♥❤ ♣❤➙♥ t➼❝❤ t❤ù ❜➟❝ ❆❍P✱ ❦➳t ❤đ♣ ✈ỵ✐ ●■❙ ✤➸ ♣❤➙♥ ✈ị♥❣ tê♥ t❤÷ì♥❣ ❞♦ ❇✣❑❍ t↕✐ ❝→❝ ❤✉②➺♥ ♥❣♦↕✐ t❤➔♥❤ ❝õ❛ ❚P✳❍❈▼✱ ♥❣❤✐➯♥ ❝ù✉ ✤➣ ♣❤➙♥ ✈ò♥❣ tê♥ t❤÷ì♥❣ ❞♦ ❇✣❑❍✱ ❤➛✉ ♥❤÷ tr➯♥ ❝↔ ❦❤✉ ✈ü❝ ♥❣❤✐➯♥ ❝ù✉ ✤➲✉ tê♥ t❤÷ì♥❣ ❞♦ ❇✣❑❍ ❣➙② r❛✱ ❦❤✉ ✈ü❝ tê♥ t❤÷ì♥❣ ❝❛♦ ✈➔ r➜t ❝❛♦ ❤➛✉ ♥❤÷ t➟♣ tr✉♥❣ ð ❇➻♥❤ ❈❤→♥❤✱ ◆❤➔ ❇➧✱ ❍â❝ ▼ỉ♥✱ ❈➛♥ ●✐í ✭❞✐➺♥ t➼❝❤ ❧➔ ✸✺✳✽✻✷✱✺✼ ❤❛ t÷ì♥❣ ✤÷ì♥❣ ✷✷✱✽✹✪✮✳ P❤➛♥ tê♥ t❤÷ì♥❣ t❤➜♣ ✈➔ tr✉♥❣ ❜➻♥❤ t➟♣ tr✉♥❣ ð ❈õ ❈❤✐ ✈➔ ❈➛♥ ●✐í ✭❞✐➺♥ t➼❝❤ t÷ì♥❣ ù♥❣ ❧➔ ✸✻✳✸✺✹✱✸✸ ❤❛ t÷ì♥❣ ✤÷ì♥❣ ✷✸✱✶✻✪ ✈➔ ✽✹✳✼✻✷✱✷✼ ❤❛ t÷ì♥❣ ✤÷ì♥❣ ✺✹✪✮✳ ▲í✐ ❈↔♠ ❒♥ ◆❣❤✐➯♥ ❝ù✉ ♥➔② ❧➔ ♠ët ♣❤➛♥ ❦➳t q✉↔ ✣➲ t➔✐ Ù♥❣ ❞ư♥❣ ●■❙ ✈➔ ♠ỉ ❤➻♥❤ ❤â❛ ❝❤♦ ỗ t tờ tữỡ ❜✐➳♥ ✤ê✐ ❦❤➼ ❤➟✉ ð ❚P✳❍❈▼ ✈➔ ✤➲ ①✉➜t ❣✐↔✐ ♣❤→♣ t❤➼❝❤ ù♥❣ ❣✐❛✐ ✤♦↕♥ ✤➳♥ ♥➠♠ ✷✵✺✵ t❤❡♦ ❤ñ♣ ỗ số ợ ổ ố ỗ ◆❤â♠ ♥❣❤✐➯♥ ❝ù✉ tr➙♥ trå♥❣ ❝→♠ ì♥ ❙ð ❑❤♦❛ ❤å❝ ✈➔ ❈æ♥❣ ♥❣❤➺ ✈➔ ❱✐➺♥ ❑❤♦❛ ❤å❝ ✈➔ ❈æ♥❣ ♥❣❤➺ ố ỗ ❝❤♦ ✤➲ t➔✐ ♥➔②✳ ❚➔✐ ▲✐➺✉ ❚❤❛♠ ❑❤↔♦ ✭❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡s✮ ■P❈❈ ✭■♥t❡r❣♦✈❡r♥♠❡♥t❛❧ P❛♥❡❧ ♦♥ ❈❧✐♠❛t❡ ❈❤❛♥❣❡✮✳ ✭✷✵✵✼✮✳ ❈❧✐♠❛t❡ ❈❤❛♥❣❡ ✷✵✵✼ ✿ ❚❤❡ ❆❘✹ ❙②♥t❤❡s✐s ❘❡♣♦rt✳ ●❡♥❡✈❛✱ ❙✇✐t③❡r❧❛♥❞✿ ❚❤❡ ■♥t❡r❣♦✈❡r♥♠❡♥t❛❧ P❛♥❡❧ ♦♥ ❈❧✐♠❛t❡ ❈❤❛♥❣❡✳ ❑r❡❢t✱ ❙✳✱ ✫ ❊❝❦st❡✐♥✱ ❉✳ ✭✷✵✶✸✮✳ ●❧♦❜❛❧ ❝❧✐♠❛t❡ r✐s❦ ✐♥❞❡① ✷✵✶✹✿ ❲❤♦ s✉❢❢❡rs ♠♦st ❢r♦♠ ❡①tr❡♠❡ ✇❡❛t❤❡r ❡✈❡♥ts✳ ❇❡r❧✐♥✱ ●❡r♠❛♥②✿ ●❡r♠❛♥✇❛t❝❤✳ ▼❖◆❘❊ ✭▼✐♥✐str② ♦❢ ◆❛t✉r❛❧ ❘❡s♦✉r❝❡s ❛♥❞ ❊♥✈✐r♦♥✲ ♠❡♥t✮✳ ✭✷✵✶✷✮✳ ❈❧✐♠❛t❡ ❝❤❛♥❣❡ s❝❡♥❛r✐♦s✱ s❡❛ ❧❡✈❡❧ r✐s❡ ❢♦r ❱✐❡t♥❛♠✳ ❍❛ ◆♦✐✱ ❱✐❡t♥❛♠✳ ▼❖◆❘❊ ✭▼✐♥✐str② ♦❢ ◆❛t✉r❛❧ ❘❡s♦✉r❝❡s ❛♥❞ ❊♥✈✐r♦♥✲ ♠❡♥t✮✳ ✭✷✵✶✻✮✳ ❈❧✐♠❛t❡ ❝❤❛♥❣❡ s❝❡♥❛r✐♦s✱ s❡❛ ❧❡✈❡❧ r✐s❡ ❢♦r ❱✐❡t♥❛♠✳ ❍❛ ◆♦✐✱ ❱✐❡t♥❛♠✳ ◆❣✉②❡♥ ❚✳ ❨✳ ✭✷✵✵✻✮✳ ❘❡s❡❛r❝❤ ♦♥ ③♦♥✐♥❣ ♠❛♣ ♦❢ ♥❛t✲ ✉r❛❧ ❞✐s❛st❡rs ✐♥ ❱✐❡t♥❛♠ ✲ ❑❈✲✵✽✲✵✶✳ ✭❯♥♣✉❜❧✐s❤❡❞ r❡s❡❛r❝❤ r❡♣♦rt✮✳ ■♥st✐t✉t❡ ♦❢ ●❡♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡✳ ❨❛♠❛♥❡✱ ❚✳ ✭✶✾✻✼✮✳ ❙t❛t✐st✐❝s✿ ❆♥ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝t♦r② ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ✭✷♥❞ ❡❞✳✮✳ ◆❡✇ ❨♦r❦✱ ❆♠❡r✐❝❛✿ ❍❛r♣❡r ❛♥❞ ❘♦✇✳ ❉ü❛ tr➯♥ ❦➳t q✉↔ ♥❣❤✐➯♥ ❝ù✉✱ ♥❤â♠ t→❝ ❣✐↔ ✤➣ ✤➲ ①✉➜t ❝→❝ ❣✐↔✐ ♣❤→♣ ✈➲ ❝æ♥❣ tr➻♥❤ ✈➔ ♣❤✐ ❝æ♥❣ tr➻♥❤ ♥❤➡♠ t➠♥❣ ❦❤↔ ♥➠♥❣ t❤➼❝❤ ù♥❣ ✈➔ ❣✐↔♠ t❤✐➸✉ t→❝ ✤ë♥❣ ❝õ❛ ❇✣❑❍ ✤➳♥ ✤í✐ sè♥❣ ❝õ❛ ♥❣÷í✐ ❞➙♥ tr♦♥❣ ❦❤✉ ✈ü❝ ❜à ↔♥❤ ❤÷ð♥❣✳ ✇✇✇✳❥❛❞✳❤❝♠✉❛❢✳❡❞✉✳✈♥ ❚↕♣ ❝❤➼ ◆æ♥❣ ♥❣❤✐➺♣ ✈➔ P❤→t tr✐➸♥ ✶✽✭✺✮