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The committee has set up an inner city housing……………. 2. Students learn to cook their own meals, do their own laundry and take a turn at other ………………. 3. Each of us must take …………………………. for our own actions. 4. Matthew had a twin brother called Edward, who was always ……………… and badly behaved. 5. You can phone me whenever you need. I am always ……………..…to help you.
CHUYÊN ĐỀ BỒI DƯỠNG HỌC SINH GIỎI TIẾNG ANH Tài liệu sưu tầm Phần 1: PHONETICS (NGỮ ÂM) SOUNDS STRESS - Một số quy tắc để nhận biết trọng âm Phần 2: WORD FORMATION ( CẤU TẠO TỪ ) A- MỘT SỐ CÁCH THÀNH LẬP LOẠI TỪ B- MỘT SỐ CẤU TRÚC NHẬN DIỆN LOẠI TỪ THƯỜNG GẶP: Phần 3: ĐỌC HIỂU BÀI ĐỌC HIỂU DẠNG CHỌN TỪ ĐIỀN VÀO CHỖ TRỐNG BÀI ĐỌC HIỂU MỘT ĐOẠN VĂN Phần 1: PHONETICS (NGỮ ÂM) SOUNDS CÁCH PHÁT ÂM "S" CUỐI : trường hợp danh từ số nhiều nhiều động từ số /s/ Khi sau phụ âm sau : /f/, /k/, /p/, /t/ ,// Ex: laughs, walks, cups, cats, tenths; books / iz / Khi sau âm sau: /s/, /∫/, / t∫/, /z/, / ʒ,/, /ʤ /, Hoặc chữ cái: s, x, z, ch, sh, ce, ge, se Ex: washes , kisses , oranges… /z / Không thuộc hai loại Ex: bags , kids , days … Ngọai lệ: bình thường chữ s phát âm /s/, có ngoại lệ cần nhớ: - Chữ s đọc /z /sau từ :busy, please, easy, present, desire, music, pleasant, desert, choose, reason, preserve, poison -Chữ s đọc /'∫/ sau từ sugar,sure Exercise A proofs B books C points D days A asks B breathes C breaths D hopes A sees B sports C pools D trains A tombs B lamps C brakes D invites A books B floors C combs D drums A cats B tapes C rides D cooks A walks B begins C helps D cuts A shoots B grounds C concentrates D forests A helps B laughs C cooks D finds 10 A hours B fathers C dreams D thinks 11 A beds B doors C plays D students 12 A arms B suits C chairs D boards 13 A boxes B classes C potatoes D finishes 14 A relieves B invents C buys D deals 15 A dreams B heals C kills D tasks 16 A resources B stages C preserves D focuses 17 A carriages B whistles C assures D costumes 18 A offers B mounts C pollens D swords 19 A miles B words C accidents D names 20 A sports B households C minds D plays CÁCH PHÁT ÂM “ –ED” CUỐI : Đây hình thức Past tense Past participle: “-ed ” pronounced as / id /: sau / t, d / : Thường sau chữ t, d : Ex: wanted; decided “-ed ” pronounced as / t /: sau / k, f, p, s, ∫, t∫ , / chữ p, k, f, th, s, sh, ch, gh :.Ex: asked; stopped; laughed “-ed ” pronounced as / d / : Trừ trường hợp : Ex: moved; played; raised, used, Ngọai lệ: Đi -ed tính từ sau phát âm /id/: aged, learned, beloved, blessed, naked, wicked, dogged, sacred, hatred, rugged, Exercise A worked A kissed A confused A devoted A catched A agreed A measured A wounded A imprisoned 10 A a.failed 11 A invited 12 A removed 13 A looked 14 A wanted 15 A laughed 16 A.believed 17 A.lifted 18 A collected 19 A walked B stopped B helped B faced B suggested B crashed B missed B pleased B routed B pointed B reached B attended B washed B laughed B.parked B passed B prepared B lasted B changed B entertained C forced C forced C cried C provided C occupied C liked C distinguished C wasted C shouted C absored C celebrated C hoped C moved C stopped C suggested C involved C happened C formed C reached D wanted D raised D defined D wished D coughed D watched D managed D risked D surrounded D solved D displayed D missed D.stepped D.watched D placed D liked D decided D viewed D looked 20 A.admired B looked C missed D hoped CÁCH PHÁT MỘT SỐ NGUYÊN ÂM VÀ PHỤ ÂM THƯỜNG GẶP /i:/ : sau các chữ cái: ea, ee, ei, ie, ese Ex: East, easy, sea, free, see, recieve, ceiing, belief, chief, Vietnamese, Chinese Except: break, great, steak /u/ sau các chữ cái: :oo, ould, u, o, Ex: could, should, would, bush, full, butcher, woman, wolf, foot, cook, good, look, book Except: blood, flood, /u:/: sau các chữ cái: ew, ui, ue (u-e),o oo Ex: flew, grew, fruit, juice, clue, rule, dune, do, two, who, tomb, booth, food, tooh, tool /∂/: sau các chữ cái: ear, (-)er, -ir, -or, -ur, Ex: learn, Earth, heard, serve, girl, bird, first, world, worm, burn, hurt, fur, nurse, Thurday, /e/: sau các chữ cái: ea, ead Ex: dead, bread , breath, //: sau các chữ cái: th Ex: breath, bath, think, through , / ð /: sau các chữ cái: the, th , Ex: breathe, this, that, they /∫/: sau các chữ cái: sh, s, c, ch Ex: wash, dish, sugar, sure, social, oficial, conscious, machine, chef, / t∫/; sau các chữ cái: ch, tur Ex: chalk, church, choose, century, natural, culture, 10 /k/ sau các chữ cái: ch, c, k Ex: chemistry, school, cancer, class, crowd, kitchen, like, king BÀI TẬP VỀ CÁC NGUYÊN ÂM VÀ CÁC PHỤ ÂM KHÁC A heat B scream C meat D dead A breakfast B teacher C east D please A thrilling B other C through D something A idea B going C will D trip A face B place C prepared D days A Germany B garden C gate D gas A scholarship B Christ C school D chicken A house A hundred 10 A head 11 A choir 12 A charge 13 A reason 14.A motion 15 A gather 16 A change 17 A write 18 A share 19 A apply 20 A choice B harm B exhausted B ready B cheap B child B clear B question B good B children B writer B rare B university B achieve C hour C however C mean C child C teacher C mean C mention C large C machine C writing C are C identity C each D husband D heat D weather D chair D champagne D each D fiction D again D church D written D declare D early D chemistry STRESS - Một số quy tắc để nhận biết trọng âm 1/ Trọng âm thường rơi vào tiền tố(prefix) hậu tố (suffix) → ví dụ: dislike, unhappy, uncertain, disappointed, unashamed, forefather * Ngoại lệ: 'foresight , 'forecast , 'unkeep , 'upland , 'surname , 'subway Dưới vài hậu tố không thay đổi dấu nhấn từ gốc V + ment: ag'ree(thoả thuận) =>ag'reement V + ance: re'sist( chống cự ) =>re'sistance (sự chống cự) V + er : em'ploy(thuê làm) =>em'ployer(ông chủ) V + or : in'vent ( phát minh) => in'ventor V + ar : beg (van xin) => 'beggar( người ăn xin), liar ( người nói dối) V + al : ap'prove( chấp thuận) => ap'proval V + y : de'liver( giao hàng)=> de'livery( giao hàng) V + age: pack( đóng gói ) => 'package( bưu kiện) V + ing : under'stand( hiểu) => under'standing adj + ness : 'bitter ( đắng)=> 'bitterness( nỗi cay đắng) 2/ Nhìn chung, trọng âm thường rơi vào nguyên âm kép dài, rơi vào nguyên âm ngắn /∂/ hay /i/ * EX:a'bandon , 'pleasure , a'ttract , co'rrect , per'fect , in'side , 'sorry , 'rather , pro'duct , for'get , de'sign , en'joy 3/ Một từ hai vần vừa động từ vừa danh từ Động từ : trọng âm thường rơi vào âm tiết thứ Danh từ : trọng âm thường rơi vào âm tiết thứ EX: 'rebell(n), re'bell(v), export, import, increase, object, perfect, permit, present, produce, record, refuse Ngoại lệ : 'promise (n), (v) 4/ Tính từ hai âm tiết trọng âm thường rơi vào âm tiết Ex: present, famous, careful, patient, - Giới từ hai âm tiết trọng âm rơi vào âm tiết thứ Ex: between above, about, across 5/ Trọng âm thường rơi vào trước hậu tố (suffixes) sau vần : -ION, -IC, IAL , -ICAL, -UAL, -ITY, -IA, -LOGY, -IAN, -IOUS, -EOUS , -IENCE, -IENT, GRAPHY , -NOMY , -METRY EX: 'vision, uni'versity, phy'sician, li'brarian, Ca'nadian, Au'stralian, ex'perience, im'patience, edu'cation, a'bility, elec'tricity, bi'ology, psy'chology, Au'stralia, 'Austria, 'Asia, ge'ography, pho'tography, e'ssential, ha'bitual, me'chanical, mathe'matical, po'litical, de'licious, pho'netics, scien'tific, ge'ometry, a'stronomy Ngoại Trừ (exceptions): 'lunatic, a'rithmetic, 'politics, 'Arabic, 'television 6) Trọng âm rơi vào vần cuối sau đây: -ADE, -OO, -OON, -EE, -EEN, -EER, ESE, -AIRE, -SELF, -ETTE, -ESQUE Ex: bamboo, millionaire, engineer, themselves, saloon, balloon, thirteen, Vietnamese, employee, agree, picturesque, Cartoon, guarantee, kangaroo, typhoon *Ngoại lệ : 'centigrade , 'coffee , co'mmittee , 'cukoo , 'teaspoon… Exercise a pollute b contractual c reject d marvellous a mechanic b military c apologize d miraculous a compulsory b intensity c kidding d invaluable a nursery b focus c delicate d secure a curriculum b kindergarten c contaminate d.conventional A apology B industrial C Industry D Disaster A interview B certificate C.applicant D primary A certificate B apartment C individual D biology A scientific B availlable C suspicious D supportive 10 A especially B comfortably C carefully D possibly 11 A importance B subtraction C algebra D example 12 A aspect B careful C require D successful 13 A terrific B applicant C banking D ignorant 14 A recognize B challenge C symbolize D Continue 15 A continent B belong C master D access 16 A appalling B ashamed C November D architect 17 A policeman B cinema C overcoat D politics 18 A competition B intelligent C automation D information 19 A accountant B Arabic C Germany D chemistry 20 A attention B interesting C influence D television Phần 2: WORD FORMATION (CẤU TẠO TỪ) A- MỘT SỐ CÁCH THÀNH LẬP LOẠI TỪ: I- DANH TỪ: 1) Tiền tố: super-/under-/sur-/sub-/over- + N -> N supermarket siêu thị underachievement đạt mức overexpenditure chi tiêu superman siêu nhân subway tàu điện ngầm surface bề mặt 2) Hậu tố: a) V + -ion/-tion/-ation/-ition/-sion -> N addition thêm vào production sản xuất conservation bảo tồn repetition lặp lại permission cho phép pollution ô nhiễm b) V + -ment/-ance/-ence/-age/-ing/-al -> N employment việc làm attendance có mặt difference khác marriage kết hôn swimming việc bơi lội arrival đến c) V + -er/-or/-ant/-ee/ -> N driver tài xế actor diễn viên nam accountant kế toán employee người làm thuê interviewee người vấn applicant người xin việc d) N + -ist/-an/-ian/-ess -> N physicist nhà vật lý American người Mỹ librarian thủ thư actress nữ diễn viên musician nhạc sĩ scientist nhà khoa học e) Adj + -y/-ity/-ness/-ism/-dom/ -ship -> N difficulty khó khăn responsibility trách nhiệm happiness hạnh phúc capitalism Chủ nghĩa tư freedom tự friendship tình bạn 3) THE + ADJ -> NOUN the poor, the blind, the deaf, the old, the sick, the weak, the unemployed, the disabled, the dead, the young… II- ĐỘNG TỪ: 1) Tiền tố: a) dis-/mis-/re-/over-/under-/out- + V -> V disagree không đồng ý misunderstand hiểu nhầm redo làm lại overcook nấu chín undersell bán rẻ outweigh nặng b) en- + N/V/Adj -> V enable làm cho cĩ thể endanger gây nguy hiểm enrich làm giàu 2) Hậu tố: Adj/N + -ize/-en/-ate/-fy -> V industrialize Cơng nghiệp hóa widen làm rộng originate bắt nguồn beautify làm đẹp lighten làm nhẹ modernize đại hóa III- TÍNH TỪ: 1) Tiền tố: un-/in-/im-/ir-/il-/dis- + Adj -> Adj unlucky khơng may inexact khơng xác impossible khơng thể irregular khơng có qui tắc illogical khơng hợp lý dishonest không trung thực 2) Hậu tố: a) N + -ly/-like/-less/-ish/-y/-ful/-al/-ic/ -> Adj daily ngày childlike nít treeless khơng có selfish ích kỷ rainy có mưa peaceful hịa bình agricultural nơng nghiệp scientific khoa học successful thành công b) V/N + -ive/-able/-ible -> Adj attractive hấp dẫn acceptable chấp nhận defensible bảo vệ eatable ăn active động comprehensible hiểu IV- TRẠNG TỪ: Phần lớn: Adj + -ly -> Adv Slowly cách chậm chạp carefully cách cẩn thận safely cách an tòan B - MỘT SỐ CẤU TRÚC NHẬN DIỆN LOẠI TỪ THƯỜNG GẶP: a/ an/ the/ this/ that… my/ her/ his…/ Mary’s + (adj) + N many/ some/ a lot of… Ex: She is a beautiful girl danh từ đo lường, tuổi tác + (adj) Ex: This table is two meters long He’s twenty years old V (MAKE, KEEP, FIND…) + O + ADJ Ex: We should keep our room clean Linking verbs (be, become, feel, look, taste, sound, smell, seem, get, appear…) + ADJ Ex: It becomes hot today đại từ bất định (something, someone, anything, anybody, everything, nobody…) + ADJ Ex: Do you have anything important to tell me? ADV + ADJ Ex: Your story is very interesting Ex: This film is extremely boring Hình thức phân từ (-ING): Diễn tả nhận thức người nói người/việc Ex: That film is interesting (Bộ phim hay.) (Người xem nhận thấy phim hay.) Hình thức khứ phân từ (-ED): Diễn tả cảm giác người nói người/việc đem lại Ex: I am confused about the question (Tôi bị bối rối câu hỏi.) (Câu hỏi làm bối rối.) Trạng từ thể cách bổ nghĩa cho động từ Ex: She drives carefully LƯU Ý: - fast (nhanh), early (sớm), late (muộn), hard (chăm chỉ) vừa tính từ vừa trạng từ Ex: Jack is a very fast runner Jack can run very fast - Phân biệt: late (muộn) lately (gần đây) (= recently) hard (chăm chỉ) hardly (hầu khơng) - Một số tính từ tận –LY: friendly (thân thiện), lovely (dễ thương), lively (sống động), - Trạng từ tần suất đứng trước động từ thường, sau BE, trợ động từ modals Ex: She doesn’t often go with him He can seldom find time for reading Exercise: Complete the sentences using the correct form of the words in brackets Your new dress makes you more _ (beauty) 6/ Sentences with Phrasal verbs: 41 They gave up the research after three hours → 42 Someone should look into the matter → 43 Don’t speak until someone speaks to you → 44 A neighbor is looking after the children → 45 Your story brings back pleasant memories → 7/ Sentences with verbs of perception: 46 I have heard her sing this song several times → 47 People saw him steal your car → 48 The teacher is watching them work → 49 He won’t let you that silly thing again → 50 People don’t make the children work hard → 51 They made him work all day → 52 The detective saw the woman putting the jewelry in her bag → 53 The terrorists made the hostages lie down → 54 Police advise drivers to use an alternative route → 55 She helps me to all these difficult exercises → 8/ Sentences of order: 56 Open your book → 57 Take off your hat → 58 Don’t that silly thing again → 59 Let’s tell them about it → 60 Don’t let the other see you → 9/ Sentences with “Advise, Beg, Order, Urge, Agree, Decide, …” 61 She advised me to sell that house → 62 They begged us to help him → 63 He orders us to clean the floor → 64 He recommends me to the job → 65 She urged him to visit her parents as soon as possible → 10/ Some special sentences: 66 It is dangerous for us to take the short cut → 67 You need to have your hair cut → 68 You must see it to believe it → 69 He wants someone to take some photographs → 70 We enjoy writing letters → MODAL VERBS I CAN – COULD Đặc tính chung Động từ khuyết thiếu (Modal verbs) Ngồi đặc tính trợ động từ, động từ khuyết thiếu cịn có thêm số đặc tính riêng sau: Khơng có TO ngun mẫu khơng có TO có động từ theo sau They can speak French and English Khơng có S ngơi thứ ba số Hiện He can use our phone Chỉ có nhiều thì: Thì Hiện Quá khứ đơn She can cook meals She could cook meals when she was twelve Trong trường hợp khác ta sử dụng động từ tương đương Động từ khuyết thiếu CAN CAN động từ khuyết thiếu, có Hiện Quá khứ đơn Những hình thức khác ta dùng động từ tương đương be able to CAN dùng trợ động từ để hình thành số cách nói riêng CAN COULD có nghĩa “có thể”, diễn tả khả (ability) Can you swim? She could ride a bicycle when she was five years old Trong văn nói (colloquial speech), CAN dùng thay cho MAY để diễn tả cho phép (permission) thể phủ định CANNOT dùng để diễn tả cấm đoán (prohibition) In London buses you can smoke on the upper deck, but you can’t smoke downstairs CAN diễn tả điều xảy đến (possibility) Trong câu hỏi câu cảm thán CAN có nghĩa ‘Is it possible…?’ Can it be true? It surely can’t be four o’clock already! CANNOT dùng để diễn tả điều khó xảy (virtual impossibility) He can’t have missed the way I explained the route carefully Khi dùng với động từ tri giác (verbs of perception) CAN cho ý nghĩa tương đương với Tiếp diễn (Continuous Tense) Listen! I think I can hear the sound of the sea (không dùng I am hearing) COULD COULD khứ đơn CAN She could swim when she was five COULD dùng câu điều kiện If you tried, you could that work Trong cách nói thân mật, COULD xem nhiều tính chất lịch CAN Can you change a 20-dollar note for me, please? Could you tell me the right time, please? COULD dùng để diển tả ngờ vực hay lời phản kháng nhẹ nhàng His story could be true, but I hardly think it is I could the job today, but I’d rather put it off until tomorrow COULD – WAS/WERE ABLE TO a) Nếu hành động diễn tả khả năng, kiến thức, COULD dùng thường WAS/WERE ABLE TO He hurt his foot, and he couldn’t play in the match The door was locked, and I couldn’t open it b) Nếu câu nói hàm ý thành công việc thực hành động (succeeded in doing) WAS/WERE ABLE TO sử dụng COULD I finished my work early and so was able to go to the pub with my friends II MODAL VERBS MAY – MIGHT MAY dạng khứ MIGHT diễn tả xin phép, cho phép (permission) May I take this book? – Yes, you may She asked if she might go to the party MAY/MIGHT dùng diễn tả khả xảy hay khơng thể xảy It may rain He admitted that the news might be true Dùng câu cảm thán MAY/MIGHT diễn tả lời cầu chúc May all your dreams come true! Trong cách dùng xem MAY loại Bàng Thái cách (Subjunctive) MAY/MIGHT dùng mệnh đề theo sau động từ hope (hy vọng) trust (tin tưởng) I trust (hope) that you may find this plan to your satisfaction He trust (hoped) that we might find the plan to our satisfaction MAY/MIGHT dùng thay cho mệnh đề trạng ngữ nhượng (adverb clauses of concession) He may be poor, but he is honest (Though he is poor…) Try as he may, he will not pass the examination (Though he tries hard…) Try as he might, he could not pass the examination (Though he tried hard…) MAY/MIGHT thường dùng mệnh đề trạng ngữ mục đích (adverb clauses of purpose) Trong trường hợp người ta thường dùng CAN/COULD để thay cho MAY/MIGHT She was studying so that she might read English books MIGHT (không dùng MAY) dùng câu để diễn tả lời trách mắng có tính hờn dỗi (petulant reproach) You might listen when I am talking to you (Làm ơn ráng mà lắng nghe tơi nói) You might try to be a little more helpful (Làm ơn ráng mà tỏ có ích chút) Trong trường hợp cần thiết người ta dùng be allowed to, permit… tùy theo ý nghĩa cần diễn tả để thay cho MAY MIGHT I shall be allowed to go to the party III MODAL VERB MUST MUST động từ khuyết thiếu có hình thức MUST có nghĩa “phải” diễn tả mệnh lệnh hay bắt buộc You must drive on the left in London MUST bao hàm kết luận đương nhiên, cách giải thích hợp lý theo ý nghĩ người nói Are you going home at midnight? You must be mad! You have worked hard all day; you must be tired MUST NOT (MUSTN’T) diễn tả lệnh cấm You mustn’t walk on the grass Khi muốn diễn tả thể phủ định MUST với ý nghĩa “không cần thiết” người ta sử dụng NEED NOT (NEEDN’T) Must I it now? – No, you needn’t Tomorrow will be soon enough CANNOT (CAN’T) dùng làm phủ định MUST MUST diễn tả ý nghĩa kết luận đương nhiên, cách giải thích hợp lý theo ý nghĩ người nói đề cập điểm If he said that, he must be mistaken If he said that, he can’t be telling the truth MUST HAVE TO a) HAVE TO dùng thay cho MUST hình thức mà MUST khơng có We shall have to hurry if we are going to catch the twelve o’clock train b) HAVE TO thay MUST MUST mang ý nghĩa kết luận đương nhiên, cách giải thích hợp lý theo ý nghĩ người nói đề cập điểm Người ta phải diễn tả cách khác He must be mad (I personally thought that he was mad) c) MUST HAVE TO dùng để diễn tả cưỡng bách, bắt buộc (compulsion) Tuy nhiên MUST mang ý nghĩa cưỡng bách đến từ người nói HAVE TO mang ý nghĩa cưỡng bách đến từ hoàn cảnh bên (external circumstances) You must what I tell you Passengers must cross the line by the bridge (Lệnh Cục Đường Sắt) Passengers have to cross the line by the bridge (Vì khơng cịn đường khác) IV MODAL VERBS SHALL – SHOULD SHALL là: Một trợ động từ giúp hình thành Tương lai (Simple Future) ngơi thứ số I shall what I like Một động từ khuyết thiếu Khi động từ khuyết thiếu SHALL diễn tả lời hứa (promise), (determination) hay mối đe dọa (threat) theo ý nghĩ người nói If you work hard, you shall have a holiday on Saturday (promise) He shall suffer for this; he shall pay you what he owes you (threat) These people want to buy my house, but they shan’t have it (determination) SHOULD dùng trường hợp sau: Làm động từ khuyết thiếu có nghĩa “nên” tương đương với ought to You should what the teacher tells you People who live in glass houses should not throw stones (proverb) Dùng thay cho must không muốn diễn tả ý nghĩa bắt buộc với must Members who want tickets for the dance should apply before September 1st to the Secretary Dùng thay cho Hiện Bàng thái (present subjunctive) V MODAL VERBS WILL – WOULD WILL là: Một trợ động từ Dùng làm trợ động từ WILL giúp hình thành Tương lai (simple future) Một động từ khuyết thiếu Khi động từ khuyết thiếu WILL diễn tả mong muốn (willingness), lời hứa (promise) hay (determination) All right; I will pay you at the rate you ask (willingness) I won’t forget little Margaret’s birthday I will send her a present (promise) Trong cách diễn tả (determination) SHALL lẫn WILL sử dụng từ mang nghĩa riêng Với SHALL, người nói Với WILL, chủ từ (subject) động từ So sánh hai thí dụ sau: (a) George shall go out without his overcoat (b) George will go out without his overcoat Ở câu (a), người nói định bắt George phải ngồi mà khơng mặc áo khoác Ở câu (b) George định ngồi mà khơng thèm mặc áo khốc WOULD là: Một trợ động từ WOULD giúp hình thành Tương lai khứ (future in the past) hay câu điều kiện He said he would send it to me, but he didn’t If she were here, she would help us He would have been very happy if he had known about it Khi dùng động từ khuyết thiếu, WOULD diễn tả thói quen khứ Với nghĩa này, WOULD dùng thay cho used to Every day he would get up at six o’clock and light the fire VI MODAL VERBS OUGHT TO – DARE – NEED Động từ khuyết thiếu OUGHT TO OUGHT TO động từ khuyết thiếu có Hiện (simple present) Nó có nghĩa “nên”, gần giống với should Trong hầu hết trường hợp OUGHT TO thay should They ought to (should) pay the money He ought to (should) be ashamed of himself OUGHT TO dùng để diễn tả gần đúng, (strong probability) If Alice left home at 9:00, she ought to be here any minute now OUGHT TO dùng tương lai với từ xác định thời gian tương lai tomorrow, next Tuesday… Our team ought to win the match tomorrow OUGHT NOT TO HAVE + past participle diễn tả không tán đồng hành động làm khứ You ought not to have spent all that money on such a thing Động từ khuyết thiếu DARE DARE có nghĩa “dám, gan” xem động từ khuyết lẫn động từ thường Khi động từ khuyết thiếu, có đầy đủ đặc tính loại động từ Dare he go and speak to her? (động từ khuyết thiếu) You daren’t climb that tree, dare you? (động từ khuyết thiếu) He doesn’t dare to answer my letter (động từ thường) She didn’t dare to say a word, did she? (động từ thường) Thành ngữ I daresay có nghĩa “có thể, có lẽ” đồng nghĩa với từ perhaps, it is probable Thành ngữ thường khơng dùng với chủ từ khác ngồi ngơi thứ He is not here yet, but I daresay he will come later Động từ khuyết thiếu NEED Có hai động từ NEED: động từ thường động từ khuyết thiếu Khi động từ khuyết thiếu NEED có hình thức Hiện có đầy đủ đặc tính động từ khuyết thiếu Nó có nghĩa “cần phải”, tương tự have to Vì xem loại phủ định must Need he work so hard? You needn’t go yet, need you? Có điều cần nhớ động từ khuyết thiếu NEED không dùng thể xác định Nó dùng thể phủ định nghi vấn Khi dùng thể xác định phải dùng với từ ngữ phủ định You needn’t see him, but I must I hardly need say how much I enjoyed the holiday VII MODAL VERB USED TO Động từ khuyết thiếu USED TO USED TO hình thức động từ đặc biệt Nó xem động từ thường hay động từ khuyết thiếu việc hình thành thể phủ định thể nghi vấn You used to live in London, usedn’t you? He usedn’t to smoke as much as he does now He didn’t use to smoke as much as he does now Did you use to climb the old tree in the garden? Ngày người ta có khuynh hướng dùng did didn’t để lập thể phủ định thể nghi vấn cho USED TO Trong nhiều trường hợp thể phủ định hình thành cách sử dụng never You never used to make that mistake USED TO dùng để hành động liên tục, kéo dài, lặp lặp lại khứ mà khơng cịn People used to think that the earth was flat Với Quá khứ đơn người ta biết hành động xảy Với USED TO người ta thấy tính chất kéo dài hành động He was my classmate (không rõ thời gian bao lâu) He used to be my classmate (trong thời gian lâu) Phân biệt USED TO số hình thức khác USED TO + infinitive: hành động liên tục khứ (be) USED TO + V.ing: quen với việc (get) USED TO + V.ing: làm quen với việc He used to work six days a week (Now he doesn’t) It took my brother two weeks to get used to working at night Now he’s used to it Exercise 1: Complete the sentences using the words listed in the box below Some gaps may have more than one correct answer can could have to must might should Ted's flight from Amsterdam took more than 11 hours He be exhausted after such a long flight He prefer to stay in tonight and get some rest If you want to get a better feeling for how the city is laid out, you walk downtown and explore the waterfront Hiking the trail to the peak be dangerous if you are not well prepared for dramatic weather changes You research the route a little more before you attempt the ascent When you have a small child in the house, you leave small objects lying around Such objects be swallowed, causing serious injury or even death Dave: you hold your breath for more than a minute? Nathan: No, I can't Jenny's engagement ring is enormous! It have cost a fortune Please make sure to water my plants while I am gone If they don't get enough water, they _ die I speak Arabic fluently when I was a child and we lived in Egypt But after we moved back to Canada, I had very little exposure to the language and forgot almost everything I knew as a child Now, I just say a few things in the language The book is optional My professor said we read it if we needed extra credit But we read it if we don't want to 10 Leo: Where is the spatula? It be in this drawer but it's not here Nancy: I just did a load of dishes last night and they're still in the dish washer It be in there That's the only other place it be 11 You take your umbrella along with you today The weatherman on the news said there's a storm north of here and it rain later on this afternoon 12 we pull over at the next rest stop? I really use the bathroom and I don't know if I hold it until we get to Chicago 13 Oh no! Frank's wallet is lying on the coffee table He have left it here last night 14 Ned: I borrow your lighter for a minute? Stephen: Sure, no problem Actually, you keep it if you want to I've given up smoking 15 I believe she said that to Megan! She insult her cooking in front of everyone at the party last night She have just said she was full or had some salad if she didn't like the meal 16 Do you chew with your mouth open like that? Geez, it's making me sick watching you eat that piece of pizza 17 Mrs Scarlett's body was found in the lounge just moments ago, and it's still warm! Nobody has left the mansion this evening, so the killer be someone in this room It be any one of us!!! 18 Ted: I don't know why Denise starting crying when I mentioned the wedding Pamela: It have been what you said about her brother Or, perhaps she is just nervous After all, the big day is tomorrow 19 you always say the first thing that pops into your head? you think once in awhile before you speak? 20 I was reading the book last night before I went to bed I never took it out of this room It be lying around here somewhere Where it be? be swallowed, causing serious injury or even death Exercise 2: Complete each sentence so that it contains might, might not, must, mustn't, can or can't More than one answer may be possible Don't stand up in the boat! You fall in the river! Sue says she's stuck in traffic and she be late You really start spending more time on your work Tell Peter he stay the night here if he wants to That's a really stupid idea! You be serious, surely! You realize it, but this is very important to me Don't be silly You expect me to believe you! We're not sure but we go to Prague for Christmas this year Me learn to fly! You be joking! 10 Bill cooked the lunch, so you expect anything special! I Choose the best option for each sentence: 1) Young people obey their parents a must b may c will d ought to 2) Laura, you and the kids just have dinner without waiting for me I work very hard today a can b may c should d would 3) I be delighted to show you round the factory a ought to b would c might d can 4) Leave early so that you miss the bus a didn’t b won’t c shouldn’t d mustn’t 5) Jenny's engagement ring is enormous! It have cost a fortune a must b might c will d should 6) You to write them today a should b must c had d.ought 7) I hope I find it a will b.shall c could d must 8) Unless he runs he catch the train a.will b mustn’t c.wouldn’t d.won’t 9) you be in Rome tonight a.will b.may c.might d.maybe 10) We have time to help you tomorrow a.may b.must c.will d.could 11) “ you hand me that pair of scissors, please?” a May b Will c Shall d Should 12) Jeanette did very badly on the exam She _ harder a.must have studied c could have studied b should have studied d must studied 13)He was very lucky when he fell off the ladder He _ himself a could have hurt c must have hurt b should have hurt d will have hurt 14) Marcela didn’t come to class yesterday She _ an accident a should have had c must have b might have d may have had 15) John still hasn’t come out He everything for the trip now a must have been preparing c must be preparing b will be preparing d will have prepared 16) Thomas received a warning for speeding He _ so fast a shouldn’t have driven c should have b would have driven d might have driven 17) The photos are black The X-ray at the airport _ them a should have damaged c would have damaged c would damage d must have damaged 18) Tom didn’t his homework, so the teacher became very angry He _ his homework a must have done b should have done c might have d will have done 19) My car stopped on the high way It _ out of gas a may run c must be b may have run d should have run 20) Robert arrived without his book He _ it a could have lost c would have lost b should have lost d will have lost 21) “Where you think Rooney is today?” “I have no idea He _ late.” a should have left c would sleep b would have sleep d may have sleep 22) Berbatov painted his bedroomblack It looks dark and dreary He _ a different color a had to choose c must have chosen b should have chosen d could have been choosing 23) The children _ “thank you” to you when you gave them their gifts a will have said c should have said b must say d should say 24) If we had known your new address, we _ to see you a came c will come b would have come d would come 25)These two boys look identical They _ twins a must have been c should be b must be d should have been II Rewrite the sentence in the same meaning: 26) Perhaps Susan know the address (may) Susan …………………………………………………………… 27) It’s possible that Joanna didn’t receive my message (might) Joanna…………………………………………… 28) The report must be on my desk tomorrow (has) The report………………………………………… 29) I managed to finish all my work (able) I……………………………… 30) It was not necessary for Nancy to clean the flat (didn’t) Nancy …………………………………………………… 31) The best thing for you to is to sit down sit down (better) You……………………………………………… III Complete the sentences with must (not), (do not) have to, must (not), need (not), can (not), could (not), might (not), be (not) able to, had better or should 32) I _ go to the airport I’m meeting someone 33) It’s too late I _ go now 34) You _ lock the door when you go out These have been a lot of break-in recently 35) A person _ to become rich and famous in order to live a successful life 36)I don’t want to know anyone You _ tell anyone 37) Tom: What sort of house you want to buy? Something big? Susan: Well, it _ big That’s not important But it _ have a nice garden – that’s essential 38) Ann: I think I _ go shopping We’re run out of food Susan: We have enough food for dinner, so I _go shopping today 39) We _ repair the car ourselves We _ take it to garage 40) George has traveled a lot He _to speak for language II Answer key : 27 Susan may know the address 28 Joanna mightn’t have received my message 29 The report has to be on my desk tomorrow 30 I was able to finish all my work 31 Nancy didn’t need to clean the flat 32 You had better sit down III Answer key : 32 have to 33 must 34 must 35 doesn’t have to 36 mustn’t 37 needn’t be 38 must, needn’t 39 couldn’t 40 can/is able to Smoking is not allowed in the museum > You mustn’t smoke in the museum It isn’t necessary to bring an umbrella The weather is beautiful > We needn’t bring an umbrella May be you will need to buy a ticket for your child > You may need to buy a ticket for your child It is essential that all new soldiers have a medical examination > All new soldiers must have a medical examination Foreigners don’t have to register for military service > Foreigners needn’t register for military service Choose the correct options Twenty years ago, David _ speak Arabic fluently Now he’s forgotten a lot A could B might C needed D must Jessica hasn’t made up her mind about where to go to school She attend Duke University She just doesn’t know yet A mustn’t B may not C needn’t D can’t This box isn’t as heavy as it looks You help me with it Thanks anyway for offering to help A must B mustn’t C might D needn’t Yesterday everyone in the office _ leave the building for a fire drill I am glad it wasn’t a real fire A may B might C must D mustn’t You play loud music at night The neighbours will call the police A mustn’t B needn’t C might not D couldn’t You stand up There are a lot of seats available on the bus A couldn’t B mustn’t C needn’t D might not People who use public parks clean up after themselves A must B may C ought D might This library book is overdue I _ better return it today A need B must C might D had Our company provides free advice on the use of our products You _ pay us A must B have to C needn’t D mustn’t 10 Whatever _ come, I will always be by your side A must B may C could D need 11 We open the lion`s cage It is contrary to Zoo regulations A must B mustn`t C needn`t D should 12 I arrive on time, so please start dinner without me A could B may C may not D should 13 " you hand that book, please?" "Sure Here it is." A Could B Should C Must D May 14 "Are these gloves necessary?" "Yes You use this chemical without gloves It will burn your skin." A must not B don`t have to C could not D need not 15 You clean the windows The window-cleaner is coming tomorrow A don`t have B must C mustn`t D needn`t 16 Carl studied harder; he failed the test again A must have B should have C could have D needn`t have 17 "Would you like to go with me to the Williams` wedding next month?" "I`m not sure I be too busy with school work." A will B might C maybe D should 18 We to take a taxi Otherwise we`ll be late A would rather B had better C must have D will have CONDITIONAL SENTENCES (IF SENTENCES) I Conditional Sentences (If Sentences): Type Ex: If I finish my homework, I will go to the concert (= I will go to the concert if I finish my homework.) * If clause: If I finish my homework, * Main clause: I will go to the concert Form If + S + V1… , S + will + Vo…… Use: Diễn tả điều kiện xảy tương lai II Conditional Sentences (If Sentences): Type Form If + S + V2/ed… , S + would/could + Vo…… (be were) Use: Diễn tả điều kiện xảy Ex: - If he had much time, he would help you (He doesn’t have much time now) - If I were in your position, I could that (I am not in your position now) III Conditional Sentences (If Sentences): Type Form If + S + had + V3/ed… , S + would/could + have + V3/ed… Use: Diễn tả điều kiện xảy khứ Ex: If we had studied hard last year, we would have got good marks (We didn’t study hard last year and we didn’t get good marks) * Summary: Type If clauses Main clauses If + S + V1… , S + will + Vo…… If + S + V2/ed… , (be were) S + would/could + Vo…… If + S + had + V3/ed… , S + would/could + have + V3/ed… IV Notes Unless: “If … not” thay “UNLESS” (trừ phi): Ex: - We will be late if we don’t hurry We will be late unless we hurry - If I have time, I’ll help you Unless I have time, I won’t help you Inversion: Bỏ IF loại câu điều kiện (phải có đảo ngữ với SHOULD/WERE/HAD): Ex: - If it should be necessary, I will go Should it be necessary, I will go Ex: - If I were rich, I would buy a new car Were I rich, I would buy a new car Ex: - If you had asked me, I would have told you the answer Had you asked me, I would have told you the answer Một số từ/cụm từ thay cho IF với nghĩa tương đương: provided that; so (as) long as (miễn là); in case (trong trường hợp); on condition that (với điều kiện) Ex: You can borrow my book provided that you bring it back EXERCISES I/ Delete the incorrect verb form I’ll send/ send you some information if you’ll tell/ tell me your address If Kate will be/ is late again, she’ll lose/ loses her job You’ll be/ are sick if you’ll eat/ eat all that ice-cream There won’t be/ isn’t enough room if everyone will come/ comes If we’ll go/ go out tomorrow evening, we’ll miss/ miss that new programme on TV II/ Put the verbs in parentheses in the correct form to complete the sentences or exchanges A: My mother always spends his money on expensive things B: If he (be) practical, he _ (can save) some money A: Conservation programs have been introduced by most governments to prevent reckless waste of land B: If there _ (not be) proper control by the governments, the earth (be) greatly damaged now A: Last month, we paid a massive electricity bill B: If you (not waste) so much electricity, the bill _ (not be ) so large If Mr Brown (save) some money when he was young, he (not be) so poor now A: The invitation says six o’clock B: Well, it’s six thirty now A: If we _ (start) earlier, we (not be) so late now III/ Complete the following sentences, using the correct form of the verbs in brackets Tom got to the station in time to catch his train If he (miss) it, he (be) _ late for his interview It’s good that you reminded me about Lan’s birthday I (forget) if you (not remind) _ me Unfortunately, I didn’t have my address book with me when I was in New York If I (have) _ your address, I (send) _ you a postcard I took a taxi to the hotel but the traffic was very bad It (be) _ quicker if I (walk) _ I didn’t know you were in hospital If I (know) , I (go) _ to visit you IV/ Use conditional sentence type with would or could We can’t bathe in this part of river because the water is too dirty If We spend too much money on electricity because we have four air conditioners in our house If I can’t write to Linh because I don’t have her address If Dick often causes accidents because he drives carelessly If We can’t give much help to the poor because we waste a lot of money on unnecessary things If V/ Rewrite the following sentences, using Conditional Sentences Type He didn’t hurry, so he missed the train If My brother didn’t leave the car keys, so I couldn’t pick him up at the station If my brother We didn’t go because it rained If it hadn’t We didn’t go on holiday because we didn’t have enough money If we _ Susan felt sick because she ate four cream cakes If Susan Without this treatment, the patient would have died If he _ We got lost because we didn’t have a map If we He lost his job because he was late every day If he _ Peter is fat because he eats so many chips If 10 Robert got a bad cough because he started smoking cigarettes If Robert 11 Those people weren’t prepared to face the floods; therefore, the consequence was disastrous If _ 12 We didn’t enjoy our camping trip last week because it rained all the time If _ 13 That village was heavily flooded last year because trees in the nearby forests were cut down without control If _ 14 We started our vacation too late, and we had to suffer bad weather If _ 15 She didn’t take her friends’ advice; therefore, she failed in her business If _ (All correct answers are A) You are late If you …… a few minutes earlier, you …… him A came / would meet B had come / would have met C come / will meet D had come / would meet I’d gone swimming yesterday afternoon if I …… time A had had B have had C had D would have had What would you if you …… a million pounds? A won B win C will win D had won If you didn’t this, you …… punished A are B will be C should D would be If he had told me the truth, I …… him A would have not punished B would not have punished C would not punish D will not punish If they had not given me advice, I …… again A would have failed B would fail C would have been failed D wouldn’t fail If it ……, the match will be postponed A rains B has rained C is raining D will rain Bill …… more photographs if he …… more film A would have taken / had had B would have taken / had C would take / has had D would take / had had If there …… no floods last year, the crop …… better A had been / would have been B were / would be C had / would have been D was / would have been 10 Had you told me that this was going to happen, I …… it A would never have believed B don’t believe C hadn’t believed D can’t believe 11 If I …… you, I’d get some rest before the game tomorrow A were B could be C am D had been 12 If someone …… into the store, smile and say, “May I help you?” A comes B came C come D could come 13 If I had a chance to creative work, I …… happy working in an office A would be B will be C would have D will feel 14 …… you, I’d think twice about that decision A Were I B If I had been C Should I be D If I am 15 If they …… soon, I’m not going to wait A don’t come B won’t come C hadn’t come D didn’t come 16 If I …… hungry, I …… something But I am not hungry now A were / would eat B had been / would have eaten C had been / would eat D were / would have eaten 17 You won’t pass the examination …… you study more A unless B as C if D whether 18 I’m playing tennis tomorrow …… it’s raining A unless B if C as long as D provided 19 Tell him to ring me if you …… him A see B saw C have seen D had seen 20 Unless she ……, she’ll be late A hurries B didn’t hurry C hurried D.doesn’t hurry 21 Would George be angry if I …… his bicycle without asking? A took B take C had taken D would take 22 I …… you a postcard while I was on holiday if I …… your address A would have sent / had had B would have sent / had C would send / had D would send / had had 23 I’d have visited you if I …… you …… in hospital A had known / were B have known / were C had known / are D knew / had been 24 …… still my friend if I were put in prison? A Would you be B Will you be C Would you D Would you are 25 If anybody …… a , please ask me after class A has B have C don’t have D doesn’t have 26 If I weren’t working for an accounting firm, I …… in a bank A would be working B will work C have worked D work 27 “Can I borrow your car for this evening?” “Sure, but Nora’s using it right now If she …… it back in time, you’re welcome to borrow it.” A brings B would bring C will bring D brought 28 We’re going to lose this game …… the team doesn’t start playing better soon A if B unless C although D whereas 29 If I …… somebody else, I’d like to be a film star A could be B would be C become D must be 30 What …… if they …… tomorrow? A will you / don’t come B would you / don’t come C would you have done / won’t come D you / won’t come 31 He said, “…… watch TV all the evening if you wish.” A You may B You have to C You need to D You should 32 If he ……, please tell me A comes B won’t come C will come D come 33 If the earth …… move around the sun, everything …… floated A didn’t / would be B doesn’t / would be C didn’t / will be D don’t / would be 34 If I …… that you were in hospital, I …… A had known / would have visited B had known / would visit C knew / would visit D knew / would have visited 35 If he had taken my advice, he …… a rich man now A would be B would have been C had been D were 36 Unless you …… smoking, you …… better A stop / won’t feel B stop / will feel C stopped / will feel D stopped / would feel 37 It is a beautiful house, and I …… it if I ……enough money, but I cannot afford it A would buy / had B will buy / have C would have bought / had had D shall buy / have 38 If you are right, I … wrong A am B will be C would be D would have been 39 If I …… to the party last night, I …… tired now A had gone / would be B had gone / would have been C went / would be D went / would have been 40 Joe can’t hear …… you shout A unless B if C providing D whether 41 You can use my car …….you drive carefully A as long as B whether C until D unless 42 You can smoke here …….you leave a windowopen to let the smoke out A as long as B whether C unless D until 43 George won’t lend you any money …….you promise to pay him back A unless B providing C if D as long as 44 I’m going now …… you want me to stay A unless B providing C provided D as long as 45 He said, “…… watch TV all the evening if you wish.” A You may B You have to C You need to D You should 46…… immediately, I will call a policeman A Unless you leave B If you leave C If you didn’t leave D Unless you left 47 If Jake …… to go on the trip, would you have gone? A hadn’t agreed B didn’t agree C doesn’t agree D wouldn’t agree 48 He would be happy if he …… here now A were B already C would be D be 49 If I could speak Spanish, I …… next year studying in Mexico A would spend B would have spent C had spent D will spend 50 If the weather …… fine, we will start early A is B be C was D will be Tài liệu sưu tầm ...CHUYÊN ĐỀ BỒI DƯỠNG HỌC SINH GIỎI TIẾNG ANH Tài liệu sưu tầm Phần 1: PHONETICS (NGỮ ÂM) SOUNDS STRESS - Một số quy tắc... 15.c 16.a 17.c 18.a 19. a 20.b 21.c 22.a 23.d 24.a 25.c 26.b 27.c 28.b 29. b 30.a 31.d 32.b 33.c 34.a 35.a 36.a 37.b 38.b 39. d 40.a 41.a 42.d 43.a 44.b 45.c 46.d 47.a 48.b 49. b 50.d TEST Part 1:... 15.c 16.d 17.d 18.b 19. c 20.c 21.b 22.d 23.d 24.a 25.a 26.c 27.d 28.c 29. b 30.d 31.d 32.c 33.d 34.c 35.c 36.a 37.c 38.b 39. a 40.a 41.b 42.b 43.a 44.b 45.a 46.a 47.b 48.d 49. b 50.c 25 Contents: