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Bài viết khảo sát các nội dung của thành ngữ, tục ngữ mà Sơn Nam vận dụng trong một số tác phẩm văn xuôi và công trình biên khảo như: Hương rừng Cà Mau, Bà Chúa Hòn, Hình bóng cũ, Xóm Bàu Láng, Đồng bằng sông Cửu Long – nét sinh hoạt xưa và văn minh Miệt Vườn.
48 NGON NGiJr& 001 SONG SO 1+2(183+184)-2011 NGON NGQ VA VAN HOA M I TRl/CmG TU NHIEN, V A N H O A V A CON -^' NGUai NAM BO TRONG TAC PHAM SON NAM QUA T H A N H NGLf, TUC NGLf TS NGUYiN VAN N6 DUONG TH! THU HANG (Dai hoc Can Thd) Md dau Thanh ngtr, tyc ngtr (ThN, TN) la kho tang kinh nghiem, triet li, dao due cua mot dan tgc Ben canh dd ThN, TN ciing phan anh dugc nhung net dac trung rieng cua timg vung, mien ve cac mat van boa, lich sir, ngdn ngir Khi van dyng ThN, TN vao sang tae, ehung ed tae dung tdi hien sinh ddng va chan thuc ve vung ddt ma nha van dang mieu ta Cung vdi viec mieu ta dae trung van hoa, lich su, qua ThN, TN nha vdn edn ed the phan anh hien thye xa bgi, phan anh ca tinh eua ngudi dan d mot vung, mien Son Nam la nhd van da lam dugc dieu dd Bai viet khao sat cac ngi dung tren qua ThN, TN ma Son Nam van dung mot sd tac pham van xudi va cdng trinh bien khao nhu Huang rirng Cd Mau, Bd Chiia Hon, Hinh bdng cii, Xdm Bau Lang, Dong bdng song Ciiu Long - Net sinh hoat xira va Vdn minh Miet Vuon ^ Trong cac tac pham tren cua Son Nam, chiing toi tam thdi thong ke dugc kit qua tin s6 sii' dung ThN, TN nhu sau: + Tong sd ngir, tuc ngu' dugc sii' dung: 683 + Tan so xuat hien: 1175 \kn Noi dung 2.1 Tdi hien thiin nhien, ddt trdi Nam Bd mot thai md coi Vdi but phap ta thye va ngdn ngtr mdc mac, dung di Son Nam da tai hien mot each sinh dgng thien nhien, dat trdi Nam Bg cua nhiing cdn hoang so Qua thdng ke, chung tdi da thu dugc ket qua kha thu vi la cd khoang 30 ThN, TN mieu ta dae diem thien nhien eua noi tren tdng sd 689 ThN, TN dugc sir dyng vdi sd lugt xuat hien la 90/1168 Cd thi kl mot sd ThN, TN nhu: cdy nhd la vudn, chim keu vugn hdt, ddng khdng mong qugnh, nude man ddng chua, chim trdi cd nude, cd bay thdng cdnh, ho cd gdy, hdi gidc thiin nhai Chinh nhd nhirng ThN ndy ma ve nguyen so cua mot sd vung dat d Nam Bg nhu huyen hoac, hap dan hon: {\) "Sau roi khdi ghe trudng qudn, thi rdt bdng so hgc nhung hdn vdn binh tinh d chdn ho co gdy, ke thi rdt so hgc nghiem nhiin la nhd thdng thdi" (Mdi tinh ddm lai, tr 613) {2) "O hdn Cd Tron giiia vdi vinh Xiem La, dng Tit Thdng co hd quen cd loai ngudi vd lodi ngudi hdu nhu ciing quen rdng minh S6jl+2J183+184)-2011 NGON NGU & OOl SONG vdn (bd ng^a) dugdi du chiiu, du chen bdt Thirc an de kiim cdy nhd Id vw&n " (Van minh miet vudn, tr 409) " ran ri voi thugc vdo logi chim trai cd nir&c, bdt dugc ndy hudng, khdi ddng thue cho so kiim lam" (Con ran ri voi, tr 298) "Chii xdch cdi den pin chgy ngodi rgi xudng dja Nude due ngdu pha Iron vdi biin den Hdng ltd sa so cd Idc, cd tre cd viing vdy toan ldi trd nguge " (Dang xdm minh, tr 379) Rimg U Minh cdn la noi quy ty hang chuc san chim Idn nhd Ndo la san Cai Nude, san Thdy Quan, san Thu Nhirt dy la chua ke cdn sau d rimg, chua dat chan den, tung vung rgng hang tram thude vuong, hang van chim bay vl day " chung nd sanh sdi ndy nd tgo lap mdt thi gidi rieng biet ndo nhiet, d khdp nhdnh cdy vd mat ddt" Cung vdi ca, chim cdn phai ndi den rat nhieu ngudn lgi khae nhu: ong, luon, ran, rua, ehudt chung gdp phdn tao nen net dep hoang so ciing nhu sy tru phu cua mot vung dat mdi ThN chim trdi cd nude vdn chi nhirng ngudi ray day mai dd, thich cuge sdng ty ty tai ciing dugc nha van su dyng d nghTa den de mieu ta sy ddi dao, da dang cua cac ngudn Igi Dd la sy van dyng mot each hgp tinh hgp li va cung that ty nhien, • sinh dgng Cdy nhd Id vudn gdn nhu la mdt eau ndi eua mieng cua ngudi Nam bd Nd thi hien dugc niem ty hao cung nhu Idng bilu khach Cir cd khach den nha thi tat ca nhiing thir can thiet cho mdt bira tiec dan sa nhu ga, ca, trai cay, rau cai deu cd the ty tue duge nha Dieu cd the khdng diing vdi tat cd nhung nd lai diing vdi da sd Ngay xua, mdi nha thudng cd rieng cho minh mdt khoang vudn, mdt cai ao nho nhd Vudn cd thi khdng du Idn de trdng nhieu loai cay an trai, nhung ciing du vun ludng rau, trdng mot vai loai cay ma minh yeu thieh va nuoi mot 49 vai eon gd tha rong Dieu ta cd thi hinh dung qua ldi nhan vat ba huong trudng Neo truyen ngan Birc tranh heo "An sdng rdi cdn ban vi minh an chiiu Mdy chuc ndm qua minh sdng bdng nghi nuoi gd vit bira an mdt biia thod thue Tdn kem gi? Cay nhd Id vu&n md " (Biic tranh heo, tr 116) Mot ngii canh khae: "Hi! Uong rugu thien hg phiin Ne nem sdng thiiu gi! Cdy nhd Id vu&n Rau ram rau hiing cdy, rau liii ne dua leo, ne dt" (Biic tranh heo, tr 119) Va nhilu ThN, TN khae da mieu ta mdt each sinh dgng ddi sdng cung nhu qua trinh ton tai va phat trien cua nhilu loai dgng vat Chang ban ThN sanh sdi ndy nd ngii canh: "Trudc do, vimg ndy ddt thdp, vdi cdnh ddng rdng mdi gde hon 60 ki - Id met, chiu dnh hudng ngap lut hdng ndm, ddn cu thua thot, ehudt sanh sdi ndy na, tha hd sdng vdi cd non" (DBSCL - Net sinh boat xua, tr 211) Hay la cau TN cd Idn nudt cd be dugc nha van su dyng d nghTa den da mieu ta mot each sinh dgng ddi sdng eua gidi thuy sinh nay: "Phia hg luu phdn Ion dien tich bun lay, dm thdp, hdu khdc nghip Ddt ndng Idn hdi tgo them phen Mudi rndng nhiiu, lang quang vd Id cdy muc ddy ddy, tdm cd sinh sdi, cd lan nudt cd be, chim chdc vd ran an cd" (DBSCL - Net sinh boat xua, tr 11) Qua that cung vdi nhung doan Xa canh nhe nhang dung dj, ThN, TN sdng tac cua Son Nam da gdp phan khdng nhd viec tai hien hinh anh eua thien nhien, ddt trdi Nam Bg mot thdi md cdi vdi tdt ca nhting chi tiet, dudng net sinh dgng cua nd Dd la mot mien Nam hay cdn ngu yen hoang sa, vdng ve, noi edn tilm dn biit bao nguy hiem va thaeh thirc ddi vdi ngudi Nhung dat ay, thien nhien ky cung that tho mgng va day hua hen, hoan toan cd thi sudi am tam hdn xa xu cua nhiing luu dan bang mot cuge sdng km no va diy du 50 NGON NGUr&06l SONG 3.2 Phdn dnh thuc trgng xd hdi Cung vdi viec mieu id thien nhien, dat trdi Nam Bg, ThN, TN sang tac eua Son Nam edn gdp phan lam tai hien mot each sinh dgng hien thye xa bgi mien Nam qua timg giai doan lieh su nhat dinh Dieu dugc the hien qua mot sd ThN, TN nhu: be quan tod cdng, me lin di ddan, len voi xudng chd, Idc ddi cam diii ddt cii ddi ngudi mdi, nhdt ben nhi Id ren Trudc het vdi hai ThN rciy day mai va a mai ddi, nha vdn da tai hien lai eugc sdng du canh du cu ngodi y mudn eua ngudi ndng dan Nam Bd Xuat than la ndng ddn nen hon bet hg dm ap mdt khat vgng den chay Idng: cd ddt cam diii Cd dat thi mdi ed the an cu va lae nghiep, mdi cd the cd dugc eugc sdng thai binh an lae Sy ddi khdng nhu hg ma ude "Coi bd bd minh ngheo hon ngodi hdn Cd Tron ciia Idi Ao qudn khdng cd Afinh mdy bi ghe khuyet an Id ldi thdm nien Nhd cua xieu queo, d mai ddi " (Hdn Cd Tron, tr 530) Tae gia li giai van de tir nhieu nguyen nhan: " khdng nen nhdn dinh rdng ngudi khdn hoang hie dy qud lirdi biing, thich nip sdng du muc ray ddy mai Ddt hoang edn nhieu nhung mudn Idm ruong thi It nhdt phdi cd vdn, nhdn cdng ndng cu" (Van minh miet vudn, tr 380), hoac la " Idm chimg ta quen dugc hinh dnh thdm thiet cua ngudi td dien a Hdu Giang ihdi Phdp thugc mudn dinh cu nhirng phdi ray day mai vi cd the bi dudi khdi dien hoac lu y Iron ng, khdng biet liic ndo" (Van minh miet vudn, tr 393) Trong nhieu tae pham bien khao vilt vl ddng bang sdng Cuu Long ta bat gap mdt tu ngfr kha quen thugc "nha da", nha eua nhirng ta dien mien Nam thdi bdy gid Nbmig rat mia mai vi dd khdng phai la nhiing ngdi nha kien ed dugc lam bang da ma day ehi la nhung cdn ehdi lap la rach ndt, xieu veo, tam bg Neu yen on thi hg a edn klidng thi dap, thi da nd di va tiep mot cuge rdy day mai dd mdi SO 1+2 (183+184)-2011 Khdng it Idn cac sang tac van hgc Son Nam da ggi lai hinh anh cua nhting ngudi ndng dan sdng ddi sdng du canh du cu Dd la chu Tu Due (Sdng Ganh Hao), Tu Binh Thuy, Hai Cd Dd (Nhut pha son lam), Tu Hung, Tu Cdn, Bay VTnh (Chuyen rimg tram) Khdng cd rugng de lam, khdng ed dat de cat nha huge hg phai sdng lang thang, phieu dat tir sdng sang sdng khae, tir canh rimg den canh rimg bang cac nghe ddn cui lau thue, lay td ong, bay chim, bat ran Chang thi ma Ddng bang song Cuu Long - Net sinh hoat xua tac gia nhac den cau TN ddt cU ddi ngudi mdi nhu mot cau tha budn, mot tieng thd dai chua chat ngan ngam Ndng dan la ngudi true tiep khai thae nhting manh dat hoang vu lam mudi mdng, ran ret; phai chiu dyng hiim tha sdu bdt de den dat rugng hinh thi lai bi nhting ke den sau lam tien nhieu cua lap muu cudp lay Thanh thu ngudi cd cdng lai trd ngudi ta dien lam cdng tren chinh manh dat ma minh da vat va lam nen Cd the tham ban la bi dudi khdi lang Khdng dat de lam va vay hinh anh ngdi nha vdi ngudi ta dien Nam Bg chi Id mdt mT tu cd ma ude: " ngudi ngheo uoe mo eugc sdng sung liic vdi ngdi nhd cot sdt keo dong, vdi ghe trudng ki, dii luc sogn" (Van minh miet vudn, tr 364) De cap den cuoc sdng ngudi ndng dan, nha van cung khdng quen phoi bay nhting thdi hu tat xdu vdn la he qua tryc tiep cua xa hdi thye dan Trudc het la nan lir dd ludng bao gdm ed bae, rugu che, hut chich va gai Vdi ThN nay, nha vdn vira mieu ta nhiing te nan xa bgi duong thdi vua phan anh chinh sach cai trj tham dge cua ebl thye dan " Vd ngn tir tuang cimg tu de nhiiu dich vu nudi sdng nhieu ngudi, nhung gidu nhut vdn Id chu thdu, vd gidi chire lien quan an hdi Id" (DBSCL - Net sinh boat xua, tr 110) Mot te nan khae cung dugc nha SO +2 (183+184)-2011 NGON NGU" & l SONG cd mdt ddng logi d ngodi mom da choi voi Dieu dy chung ta khdng nen trdch cd, chdng qua la hdi gidc thien nhai" (Hdn Cd Tron, tr 524) r (3) "Co gdi a Rach Gid them ddi sdng d miet vudn "Me mong gd thiep ve vudn; An bdng bi luge dua hudng nau canh ", cd gdi miet vudn lgi e nggi Ha que, theo chdng Idn chdn chim keu vuffn ltd" (Van minh miet vudn, tr 387) O ba ngtr canh tren rd rang khdng phai la doan tac gia mieu ta dac diem cua mot vung dat ma day ebl Id ldi cua nhan vat ty ndi ve minh (1), ldi ngudi ke truyen tran thuat ve nhan vat (2), ldi eua ngudi lam bien khao ndi ve nep sdng eua eu dan d mot vung dat (3) nhung cae ThN da tai bien tinh chat hoang vu cua vung dat phuang Nam nhirng dau md cdi Khdng dimg lai d dd, nhirng dae diem ve hau, thd ngoi eua vung ddt ciing duge nha van mieu ta qua nhieu ThN, TN Chang ban: {\)"Miin Ddng Nam bg den hdi ddu thi ki XX timg ndi danh vdi ma thieng nu&c doc Noi ddt dd, ddt xdm md thuc ddn khai ihdc cdy cao su budi ddu " (Ddng bang sdng Ciru Long - net sinh boat xua, tr 18) (2) "Phia Rgch Gid - Cd Mau la ddt xdu, xua it vudn luge, nu&c man ddng chua, ngudi "chdn cdng ddng phen, qudn mdc thich (thich) " (Ddng bang sdng Cim Long - net sinh boat xua, tr 13) (3) "Sdng bdng nghe vudn it ddm mua ddi nimg nhu nghe rugng, gap mua to ndng chdy thi cir vd nhd md nghi Ld dira che phu, sdn mdt rugi, bdu khdng chung quanh nhd dugc dieu hda" (Van minh miet vudn, tr 308) Mua to ndng chdy, nude man ddng chua, ma thieng nude ddc da tai hien mot each day du nhdt tinh ehdi khdc nghiet ve hau, ddt dai cua dit rung phuang Nam ddi vdi ddi 51 sdng cua nhirng luu dan Khi hau mien Nam ehi cd hai mua mua va ndng, ngoai nhiing canh ddng phu sa mau md thi van edn rat nhieu dat dai hoang vu vi nhiem man, nhiem phen dang chd sy khai pha cua ngudi Rimg thi menh mdng bat ngan cang lam cho hau trd nen am thap ban Trong kbi dd, bau am thap lai la dieu kien de mudi mdng ran re dua sinh sdi nd Tac gia ggi dd la son lam chuong khi, la ma thieng nude ddc Chung khdng ehi gay khd khan ddi vdi cdng dn viec lam cua ngudi ma cdn tac dgng tryc tiep den sue khde cua bg Khdng it lan cac truyen ngan cua minh, tac gia nbdc den chimg benh phong (Hoang Mai - Huong rung, huong cd Ban Ngdi mg chdn dimg) nhu mot he qua trye tiep ma ngudi bugc phai sdng dieu kien hau khdc nghiet anh hudng cua nude dge rimg thieng Nam Bg la vung ddt cd sdng ngdi, kenh rach ehang chit Dieu kien tu nhien da anh hudng rat Idn den sinh boat va san xuat cua ngudi ddn Ben canh dd, he thdng sdng ngdi, kenh rach cdn cung cap nhting ngudn lgi vd cung phong phu, ddi ddo Trong eac cdng trinh bien khao cung nhu cac sdng tae van hgc Son Nam da ndi den kha nhieu ve dae diem nay: "Ngdy qua, ngdy lgi Chiee be trdi len trdi xudng theo nu&c l&n nu&c rong Hai cha Tu Dire ngdi cu rii ben chudng ng " (Sdng Ganh Hao, tr 809) Hoae la: "Ve cdu thang dudi bin, theo nu&c l&n hay rong md ngudi ngdi tren bdc thang cao hay thdp rua chen, Idm cd, giat qudn do, Idm rira Cdu vi sinh ciing cat gan do, vgt d ue trdi theo ddng nude" (Van minh miet vudn, tr 331) Do ed he thdng sdng ngdi, kenh rach ehang chit nen eu ddn noi day cd thdi quen cat nha ven sdng, ven kenh Hdng thuy trieu len xudng va ngudi dan cung thugc 52 NGON NGUT & l SONG SO 1+2(183+184)-2011 long gid giac cua timg nude Cir mdi ngudi vdi than phan cd don luu lac vdi mdt nude Idn Id cac boat dgng van chuyen, tudi ben la dat hay cdn bi lang quen hoang tieu, tam rua, giat giu lam rgn rang cd mot vdng Thuc te khdng nhu nhirng gi hg da khue sdng ThN nude len rdi nude lgi rdng mong mudn Nhin chung, ThN hiim tha sdu vdn cd y nghTa chi sy bien thien cua tao vat bdt khdng chi ggi len nhiing sd phan ham dugc nha van rut ggn nude Ion nude hiu va niem cam thuong sau sdc long rdng de mieu ta dae diem nude d vung mgi ngudi ma cdn dac ta nhiing khd khan, dat phuong Nam nguy hiem cua mot vung dit mdi Tinh chat hoang so, vdng ve tiem an Vugt qua nhiing khd khdn budi diu nhieu nguy hiem ddi vdi ngudi di khai pha khai pha, ngudi da cd thi ty tin dl hinh cua vung dat mdi cdn duge the hien dam net nen nhung sd dat cd bay thdng cdnh, qua ThN hiim tha sdu bdt ThN da timg chd chgy eong dudi tdn tai kha phd bien ldi dn tieng ndi "He thdng kinh ddo Ngd Ndm Ngd Bdy, hang cua ngudi mien Nam Ben canh Ngd Tu, Vinh Phu, Vinh Trgch, kinh Bgc nhirng khd khdn kbi bau, dat dai, rimg ram, sdng nude gdy cho eon ngudi thi sau Lieu - Cd Mau ciing lam nhiem vu ndi tren va egp la hai mdi de dga Idn ddi vdi sinh Ddy moi Id vimg ddt xirng danh co bay mang cua hg Va ThN hum tha sdu bdt thang cdnh " (Van minh miet vudn, tr 381) sang tae ciia Son Nam vua ggi len nhiing "Ddi muai mdi nhd Id, vdi ba gde dira hiem nguy bat trae vua ggi len mot ndi cam thuang sau sac ddi vdi biet bao sd phan khdng trdi, nggn Xeo Bdn xa nhu vdy Chung quanh Id cdnh ddng cb bay thdng ngudi da cd sd phan khdng may "Nhiiu vimg hoang vdng, tudng nhu cdnh nhung day nan kim, d rd, cd dng Cd chua den nhimg thdy rdi rdc ndm ba ndm Idng bdng, trich, cum num bay lugn tdi md vd chu, lu bao gid chua ki nhiing ki ngdy" hiim tha sdu bdt chit ngodi sdng cdi, giiia (Bac vat xa bdng, tr 73) rirng hoang" (Ddng bdng sdng Cim LongTrong sang tac cua Son Nam, ThN cd bay Net sinh boat xua, tr 45) thdng cdnh dugc nha vdn lap lai den 11 lan Mot ngu canh khae: Tat ca da ggi len sy menh mdng ve dat dai d "- Ong mudn thg cdu sdu ndo chua? noi ndy Dat qua rgng nhung ngudi thi van " khd lam, hg biet rdng nhirng ke bi cdn thua that, "Ngodi cdc dia danh vita ke hiim tha sau bdt, chdng bao gid vi nhd thi nhiing viing cdn lgi dugc xem Id huyen hudng nhang khdi" bi, sdng vdi ngudi d Miet Vudn hoac (Con sau eudi cung, tr 308) ngudi a mien Ddng Nam phdn Li chdnh Nan nhan cua sau va egp ehae bin khdng Id duang giao thdng khd khdn, dat qud rgng, it Chang the ma nhimg nhan vat nhu dng ngu&i qud thua, dudng xe lira khdng cd, Nam Hen (Bat siu rimg U Minh Ha, Con ducmg xe hoi qud it so vdi dien tich ddt dai" sau eudi eiing), dng Tu Ta Lon (Tho nui Ta ,(Van minh miet vudn, tr 368) Lon) luon mang long mot noi cam bodi sau sac; thuang nhd td tien, nhting ngudi da Cac ThN cdy nhd Id vuon, chim trdi cd cd cdng md cdi, nhiing ngudi khdng may nude, ggo trdng nude trong, hdng hd sa sd, tren budc dudng muu sinh bi hiim tha sdu rimg vdng bien bgc mieu ta kha bao quat hdt Hg la nhiing luu dan din day, cu ngd la sy tni phu cua dat rimg phuong Nam minh se duge dat chd che, ddn nhan "Luon ludn hieu khach, trgng khach, nhd su than thiet tri am giiia mot ben la cira du chd cho bgn be den an d Nhiiu hd so 1+2 (183+184)-2011 NGON NGU & l SONG vdng vo tam qudc, nhting ke ndi nhieu hg cho la hang khua mdi mua mep khdng dang tin cay Dac biet tai nang va nhan each cua ngudi chi dugc cdng nhan bang hanh dgng chir khdng phai qua ldi ndi "Ai ciing nhu ai, tdi ndng cdn thi thd d viec phd rirng Idm rugng gidi, due phdi bieu hien d ldi cu xir vi tha, khdng ich ki, khdng chdp nhdn nhirng ke ndng thuyet bdt ndng hdnh" (DBSCL - Net sinh boat xua, tr 50) Dam rdi bd noi chdn cdt rdn eua minh de dan than vao vung dat hoan toan xa la rd rang d hg cd tinh each that manh me Con ngudi mien Nam la nhiing ngudi nang dgng, bat khuat, yeu tu do, bi ap hue hg san sang lay cai chet de ddi lay ty cho minh Dieu dugc the hien rd qua cau TN Ninh thg tu bdt ninh thg nhuc Khi eugc sdng bat dau on djnh va phat trien thi ciing la luc eac loai hinh tdn giao khae bat dau xuat hien va khdng ngimg truyen ba Nhung ngudi mien Nam vdn nhan ai, hien hoa, thuy chung, sdng chan boa tinh lang nghTa xdm thi viec theo tdn giao ndo khdng phdi la van de quan trgng Dieu quan trgng la tdn giao ay cd vu cho tam Idng lir bi bdc di cua ngudi: "Tdn gido ndo ciing tdt mien Id cd xiiy cho tinh nhdn logi Idng tii- bi bdc di, Idm Idnh Idnh dit, khdng dimg vii lire vd quyen thi di Idn hiep ke ngheo" (Vdn minh miet vudn, tr 408) Va cuge sdng bg thudng ludn nhac nhau: "Thuang ngudi nhu the thuang than (ndi Id "thuong thdn nguoi (ndo) khdc thi thdn la ") thi on bdt cdu bdo, trdng trdn khiiyil, nude lan rdng " (DBSCL Net sinh boat xua, tr 48) Trong cuge sdng, hg ludn tin tudng vao quy luat nhan qua, lam ac gap ac, keu ggi ngudi nen biet hudng thien va phuc thien, phai lu Idm dirdng idnh "Nhiiu ngirdi tirng hogt ddng ddc lire hdi phong trdo Duy Tdn d Nam Bd da thdm mil nuong theo dgo Cao Ddi di tu tdm duong tanh" (DBSCL - Net sinh hoat xua, tr 176) 53 Con ngudi tat ca sdng tac eua Son Nam khdng ehi la eon ngudi khai hoang lap ap ma cdn la ngudi chien dau giti gin bd cdi que huong Khi dat nude cd giac ngoai xam thi ciing la luc tinh than bat khuat, gan da, dung cdm, yeu ty cua hg duge trdi day mot each manh me nhat Tinh than ay cd dugc the hien d tam trang uu thdi mdn the, cd dugc the hien bdng hanh dgng quyet liet, san sang xdng pha trdn mgc, phoi gan trdi mat de quyet tu vdi ke thu "Neu vdo khoang ndm 1930 vung Rgch Gid - Cd Mau khdng cd phong trdo khdng Phdp thi den eudi ndm 1940, ngudi ddn dugc dip phai gan trdi mat, khdi nghia thira liic thuc ddn Phdp lung lay tan cdi re (ben chdnh qudc gap chien tranh vdi Due, d Ddng Duong phdi ddi phd vdi qudn phdt xit Nhut, lite giac Xiem), ddng ke nhirt d viing Vinh Hung, Vinh Phu (Rgch Gid), Cd Sd (Sdc Trdng) " (Vdn minh miet vudn, tr 400) Trong phong each lam viec, ngudi mien Nam cdn la ngudi chiu thuang chiu khd Vi sinh ke cua gia dinh hg san sang that lung budc bung: "Su chi lieu gia dinh cd CO gidn, gap lua mdt miia gia dinh vdn tgm sdng niu that lung bugc bung, ddu cUng cdn ggo vd cd la hai sdn phdm di tim a dia phuang" (Vdn minh miet vudn, tr 390) Hg khdng ngai vat va, khd khdn du phai dung mui cbju sao, chijr thuohg chiu khd, mac du benh hoan cung cd gang lam viec "Mang binh sdt rit nhung vdn dai ndng dam mua vi neu ndm dudng site thi chirng ndo mdi lap dugc co nghiep nhd be cho bdn thdn vd cho chdu " (DBSCL Net sinh boat xua, tr 199) Phan anh tinh each ngudi mien Nam, Son Nam khdng phai ehi thye bien mdt thao tac la td hdng Ben canh nhiing cai tich cue thi cung cd nhirng mat tieu circ eua nd ThN mdu me cd bgc da neu len mot te nan va Id nguyen nhan eua mgi sy ngheo nan va thit bgc Ben canh nhiing ngudi vd tu, sin sang thu nhan kha nang hgc vin it di cua minh 54 NGON NGiJ & Odi SONG Cling cd khdng it ngudi dau ddt hay te ban la ddt hay ndi chit "Bdy gid phdt triin logi hd truyen, ddi ddp vi dien tich, nhiiu cdu nhuan nhuyen, nhung lam truang hgp Id dot hay noi chir''' (DBSCL - Net sinh boat xua, tr 108) Ngudi Nam Bg vdn thich hat thich hd va hd ddi dap trd net dac trung van boa cua vung sdng nude Ciru Long Hd ddi dap ki nhat Id de trdng thdi gian nen chd dgi tim y phu hgp de hd ddi lai thi ngudi ta thudng cd nhiing eau hd lap chu ylu dl lip thdi gian nhung phai phu hgp ve van dieu Nhirng cdu hd lap thudng lay dien tich Trung Hoa nen ddi cung cau ki rdng, hay ndi each khae la ddt hay ndi chit Ban chat eon ngudi khdng phai la mdt eai gi tTnh tai va bat bien Xa bgi thay ddi va phat trien se cd nhiing tac dgng nhat dinh den tam li va tinh each cua ngudi Nhu cau cang tang thi tat yeu se dan den su danh ddi du day la sy danh ddi ve nhan each ThN hu than mdt nit da phan anh thye trang nay, mot sd ngudi d que phd da khdng cuang dugc trude bao nhieu sy thu hut cua cuge sdng thj thdnh "Nguai tir qui thdnh thi, lan hdi thay ddi, nhiiu ngudi hu than mat net Nghe mdi ddm dugc di cap tdi bdi phii "Cd Gia Dinh", trudc Le Vdn Khdi khdi binh ddi Minh Mgng" (DBSCL - Net sinh boat xua, tr.l09) Cung ed ngudi trd nen trdo trd, sdng phang, lanh lung quan he kim tien, " lite dd tod bd Bgc Lieu khdc ndo ehg bdn che chdo, he tiin trao thi chdo muc" (DBSCL - Net sinh boat xua, tr.^ 154) Hay te hai hon cd ngudi mdi qudc cdu vinh, nhu "Cha rugt cdu Hai Id ngudi mdi qudc cau vinh, cdu Hai nhd dd md dugc thuc ddn Phdp cho di du hgc" (Vdn minh miet vudn, tr 405) Qua ThN, TN, Son Nam da thye su lam sdng day hinh anh thien nhien, dit trdi Nam Bg mot thdi md cdi Dd la mot thien nhien hay chim hoang so, dm u, vang ve, tiem an nhieu hiem nguy nhung SO 1+2(183+184)-2011 cung vd cung tru phu va nen tha Ben canh dd, qua ThN, TN nha van da tai hien mot each sinh ddng hien thye xa bdi va ngudi mien Nam qua tung ehang dudng lich su Dd la hinh anh cd don cua nhung luu dan tren budc dudng tha phuong lap nghiep, de rdi dat rugng da hinh hg van tiep cuge sdng ray day mai ma nguyen nhan chinh la sy ap buc cua dia chu va thye dan Ndi ve hg Son Nam da khdng quen tai hien hien thuc ddi sdng tam bdn cua hg Dd la mot the gidi tam bdn phong phu, hien lanh, ludn nudi khat vgng va sdng bet minh vdi khat vgng ay ThN, TN cung gdp phan giiip Sdn Nam mieu ta nhting dac diem tinh each eua ngudi Nam Bg vdi ca nhting uu va nhuge diem ^^ ' " -'' A Tai lieu tham khao Nguyen Vdn Nd (2005), Ddu dn tu nhien, vdn hod vd ngudi thdnh ngit vd tuc ngir Nam Bd, TC "Ngdn ngii & Ddi song" sd (119) 2005, tr 24-28 Tran Ngge Them (2004), Tim ve bdn sdc vdn hda Viet Nam, Nxb Tdng hgp Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh Nguyen Due Tdn (2002), Tim hieu dge trung vdn hod - ddn tdc ciia ngdn ngii vd tu ngudi Viet (Trong sir so sdnh vdi nhirng ddn toe khdc), Nxb Dai bgc Qudc gia Ha Ndi B Tdc pham San Nam Huong rimg Ca Mau (tap truyen ngdn, 934 trang), Nxb Tre, 2008 Ba Chua Hdn (tiiu thuyit, 434 trang), Nxb Tre, 2005 Hinh bdng cii (truyen vita - in cimg vdi tap truyen Biin cd miin Tay, 386 trang), Nxb Tre, 2006 •^.Xdm Bau Lang {truyin ddi, 396 trang), Nxb Tre, 2007 Ddng bang sdng Cun Long - Net sinh boat xua & Van minh miet vudn (02 quyin bien khdo in chung, 423 trang); Nxb Tre, 2007 (Ban Bien tap nhan bai 19-12-2009) so 1+2(183+184)-2011 NGON NGOr& 001 SONG van de cap den dd la nan me tin di doan "Ngudi ddn niii Ba The qud me tin di doan, hg khdng ddm luc Igo vi sg kiip sau ddu thai khdng dugc Ddo vdng Id dn cdp ciia Trdi F^a/ " (Kho vang, tr.'590) Lam than ta dien, ndm nao du an da la mimg, ndi gi den chuyen kha gia rdi lam giau, bdi vi "Sd liia mudn ciia chii dien bi ndo cUng phdi dong cho dii ba tram gig The thi cue nhgc trdi mot ndm trudng dang ndng cdm cd, ddm mua nhd mg chi cdn ldi cd 20 gig md thdi Md dd cdn phdi dong liia mudn Irdu, cdn phdi trd tien cdng cdy thi du ndi gi" (Con nhd ngheo, tr 6) Dd la luc dugc mua, mat mua tinh cdnh ngudi ndng dan cang khdn khd hon ThN bdn vg dg cd the chi la mot each ndi qua, nhung khdng phai la khdng ed can cu cua nd Khdng ed gao dn, bugc bg phai chgn giai phap tinh the, dn trudc trd sau, vay ng ndng ldi de rdi khdng cd kha nang tra ng, hg phai dem di d mudn khdng cdng cho nha ngudi Nhu vay, vdi cac ThN: bdn vg dg lir dd ludng, me lin di doan vay ng nang ldi dn truac trd sau nha van da phan anh mot each sinh dgng hien thye eugc sdng den tdi eua ngudi ddn Nam bd giai doan bay gid Va cac ThN be quan tda cdng, len voi xudng chd Id Ihdi Id van, cdng dn viec Idm, mdi cd hai trdng lai cho ngudi dge mot cai nhin bao quat ban ve thye trang xa hdi Chinh sach be quan tod cdng cua trieu dinh Hue da lam tri tre nen kinh te dat nude mdt thdi gian dai ma hau qua nang ne nhat la de dat nude mat dan ve tay thye dan Phap Thye dan Phap xam luge Nam Bg, xet ve mot phuang dien nao dd hg cung da lam thay ddi rd ret bg mat kinh te mien Nam thdi biy gid, ehang ban cae day phd, cac eon dudng, ddng kenh khdng ngung duge md mang va xay dimg Tuy nhien, vdi ban chat " dn xdi & thi khai ihdc thugc dia vdi muc dich lam gidu cho mdt nhdm lu bdn ki nghe hoac cdng li thuang mdi" (Van minh miet 55 vudn, tr 369), thye dan Phap da khdng it lan lam cho ngudi dan ban xii phai ganh chiu canh Id thdi Id van, len voi xudng chd "Nhin vdo ldi sinh hogt a phia Hdu Giang hdi cuoi thi ki XIX, ta cdn thdy vdng ddi muai ndm, nhieu ngudi liin tuc len voi xuong chd, ehg lam ddn tit chiing, liic xudng thuyen Idm chii ghe thuong hd" (DBSCL Net sinh boat xua, tr 29) Cdn nhirng ngudi thap cd be mieng phai chiu canh that nghiep dai ban, phai bd gdi ngdi nha coi cho vg di mua ban tdo tan," ngd hep ndy hay la cd mdt bdu trdi tha mdng Vdi dng chii nhd thieu cdng dn viec lam dang rii ddnh ddo lgc, ngudi thua eugc phdi eong ke thdng tren lung" (Hinh bdng cii, tr 285) Dd la chua ke cd chien tranh the gidi, ngudi ndng dan phai chiu cung luc mdi cd hai trdng: "Khi chiin tranh thi gidi thir hai sap ket thiic, Phdp ddu hdng Nhut, ngudi nude ta mot co hai " (DBSCL - Net sinh boat xua, tr 222) Nhin chung, hang loat ThN, TN dugc nha van su dung de mieu ta ve bien thye xa hdi mien Nam thdi bay gid giup ta hieu them eugc sdng cua ngudi-dan mdt thdi md cdi 3.3 Phdn dnh cd linh ciia ngudi miin Nam Ca tinh mien Nam hay tinh each mien Nam, each ndi nao cung dung va nd dugc lam sang td qua mot sd tinh tir: nhan hau, nghTa tinh, binh di, bat khuat, dieu nghe, hao hiep, dung cdm, sang tao Ngudi mien Nam thudng mang minh mot hay nhieu tinh each dang yeu ay Nhirng eu dan ngudi Viet ddu tien d ddng bdng Nam Bg da phan la nhung luu ddn, vi nhieu li khae ma hg phai rdi bd que huong xir sd den nuong than noi eudi dat ciing trdi Cd ngudi di theo che dinh dien eua nhd Nguyen, hg ed the la binh linh hoac la nhiing ngudi ngheo lam phu khai hoang; cung cd ngudi la ndng dan di vi khdng chiu ndi sy ap buc bat cdng cua bgn dia chu d que nha; cung ed ngudi la nhung tu nhdn bj luu day, nhung 56 NGON NGUr 8c l SONG tay giang bd phieu bat Nhin chung, hg la nhung ngudi thugc tang lap dudi cua xa bgi (ed mdt bg phan rat it la quan lai va tri thire giau ed vdo Nam vdi muc dich lam giau, md mang co nghiep) ngheo nan, ddt nat chir nghia khdng ddy Id me ThN eho ta hieu them ve mat bang bgc van eua cu dan Nam Bg thdi bay gid Hg it bgc va cung khdng thich thu lam vdi chuyen bgc hanh Cuge sdng d mot vung dat mdi cdn biet bao chuyen phai lo toan va ddi phd thi chuyen hgc hanh Id mdt eai gi dd qua xa vdi ddi vdi hg Mac du chir nghia khdng ddy Id me nhu vay, nhung d hg khdng thieu nhting pham chat tdt dep ma khdng phai cung cd "Ngudi khdn hoang thudng Id chir nghia khdng day Id me, khdng rdnh cdch ngdn thdnh hien, idnh ndng ndy, bgc true lam din muc thd bgo, nhirng sau gidi thich thi vui ve thdng cdm Ai hiiu Idm Id ndi gidn ngay' (DBSCL - Net sinh boat xua, tr 51) Cd don noi xu la que ngudi nen bg bao gid cting canh canh mot ndi niem nhd que huong, ngudn cdi Ndi nhd ay cgng vdi viec phai khdng ngimg ddi phd vdi thien nhien hoang da ty nd da binh thdnh hg mot nhu cau ket giao bang hiru TN lir hdi giai huynh de hay ngii hd lir hdi giai huynh de phan anh nhu cau tinh than ciing nhu net dac trung van boa cua ngudi noi day Hg thich giao du, gap go va ket ban vdi mgi ngudi Trong quan he img xir vdi ban, bg cting dat nhieu tieu ehi: uy tin va bdn lien chi giao mgc khd vong Du sang du hen nhung vdi ban be trudc sau van nhu mdt, hg khdng ua nhiing ngudi sdng vd thuy vd chung: "Thich Idm quen vdi ngirdi ngheo giiip dd ke sa co thdt the ddng thai chdn ghet nhirng ke thay Idng doi da, ke xu ninh, ngudi quyen luac "phii ninh"" (DBSCL Net sinh boat xua, tr 51) Con ngudi mien Nam cung la ngudi sdng het minh vdi hai tieng dieu nghe Dieu nghe la chii ma Son Nam hay dung, nghTa s o 1+2(183+184)-2011 cua hai chir dugc nha van giai thich nhu sau: "Dieu la dgo ndi trgi ra, nghi la nghia ndi trgi ra", cd tbi hilu dieu nghe la dao nghTa v$y Yih danh gia mot ngudi hg khdng lay tiln bac, xuit than, danh vgng lam tieu ehi ma van de Id ngudi dd cd biet dieu nghe hay khdng Tae gia viet: "Gid tri ngudi khdng d lien bgc, huyet thdng nhung Id d thdi tich cue "lam nguy bat ciru mac anh hiing" (ddi vdi ddng logi) "ban tien chi giao mac khd vong" (ddi vdi bgn be) Vd ddn Tdy Idm diin chii md khdng biet dieu nghe thi chua phdi Id sang trgng" (Van minh miet vudn, tr 407) Di lien vdi tinh each dieu nghe ay la tinh than trgng nghTa khinh tai Con ngudi sang tae cua Son Nam la ngudi da sdng vd hanh xir het minh vdi cai nghTa cao quy ay Co sd eua van de dugc li giai tir chinh eugc sdng cua hg Trdi dat bao la, ngudi chua quan tam lam den van de sd hiiu, lam duge hudng Dieu quan trgng la Idm cd the tdn tai mdt mdi trudng thien nhien cdn qua nhieu bat trae va hiem nguy Phai gan bd, yeu thuang, tuong than tuong ai, giup da lan nhau: "Trong xdm ddu ghet vi phong cdch ti hiim, nhung toi lua tdt den ddu hdn tung tiin Id ngudi lan can den ciru giup, chua ndi ldi chuyen tdn liim, ddo huyet" (DBSCL - Net sinh boat xua, tr 49) Hg giup ngudi hoan toan vdi tinh than vd tu khdng vy lgi Hai cau TN: kien nghia bdt vi vd dong gid va thi dn bdt cdu bdo da cho ta thay rd net tinh each dang yeu ddng quy cua hg "Trinh Hoai Dite nhac den "sikhi hien ngang", cd le ggi chuyin iing hd Nguyin Anh xua kia, nhung theo tinh thdn cdu vdn "lap luc xa hoa, si hien ngang" ta hieu Id "Kien nghia bat vi vo dong gia" chudng cdng bdng le phdi" (DBSCL - Net sinh boat xua, tr 50) Bdc tryc, ndng tinh, ndi la lam cung la nhimg net tinh each ndi bat cua ngudi miln Nam Trong quan he iing xu, hg thieh ndi thing, ndi vao van de khdng ua kilu ... nhien, dat trdi Nam Bg, ThN, TN sang tac eua Son Nam edn gdp phan lam tai hien mot each sinh dgng hien thye xa bgi mien Nam qua timg giai doan lieh su nhat dinh Dieu dugc the hien qua mot sd ThN,... bien thye xa hdi mien Nam thdi bay gid giup ta hieu them eugc sdng cua ngudi-dan mdt thdi md cdi 3.3 Phdn dnh cd linh ciia ngudi miin Nam Ca tinh mien Nam hay tinh each mien Nam, each ndi nao cung... vung dat phuang Nam nhirng dau md cdi Khdng dimg lai d dd, nhirng dae diem ve hau, thd ngoi eua vung ddt ciing duge nha van mieu ta qua nhieu ThN, TN Chang ban: {)"Miin Ddng Nam bg den hdi ddu