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Bài viết trình bày Việt Nam cam kết cùng cộng đồng quốc tế ứng phó với biến đổi khí hậu thông qua hợp phần giảm nhẹ phát thải khí nhà kính, hợp phần thích ứng với biến đổi khí hậu. Để nắm chi tiết hơn nội dung của các hợp phần nêu trên, mời các bạn cùng tham khảo bài viết.
TRAO D6I - DliN DAN t n Viet Nam cam ket cung cpng dong quoc te urng vdi bien doi hau TRAN MANH H U N G Cue Khi tUdng thuy vdn vd Bien doi hdu Bg TN&MT Den ndm 2030, bdng nguon iiic niidc, Viet Nam cam ket gidm 8% Itigng phdt thdi nhd icinh (KNK) so v&i kich bdn phdt trien thong thudng vd cd the gidm tiip den 25% neu nhdn duoc ho trd quoc te Dong thdi, Viet Nam si thiic hien nhieu hogt dgng thich vfng giup tdng khd ndng chong chiu vdi bien doi hdu (BDKH) tgo dieu kiin died the ddng gdp nhieu hdn cho gidm nhe phdt thdi KNK Ddy Id cam ket niu Bdo cdo Ddng gdp dii kien quoc gia tli quyet dinh (INDC) duac Viit Nam gCfi cho Ban Thiiky Cdng Udc khung cda Lien hop quoc ve BDKH (UNFCCC) vda qua A rrie« khai cdc gidi phdp ve phdng chong then tai, bdo vi ddi sSng nhdn ddn Id mgt nhitng hdnh dgng Uu tien thich Ung vdi BDKH B ao cio INDC cfla Viet Nam gdm hdp phan giam nh? phit thai KNK va hpp phan thich flng vdi biln doi hau (BDKH) Hpp phan giim nhe phat thii KNK bao gdm cic ddng gdp vd dieu kiln va ddng gdp cd dilu kiln Cic ddng gdp vd dilu kiln li cic hoat dpng se ddpe thfle hiln bang ngudn Ifle nfldc, dd cic ddng gdp cd dieu kien la nhflng hoat ddng cd the dfldc thdc hien nlu nhia ddpe ngudn ho trd tii chinh mdi vi bd sung, chuyen giao cdng ngh|, ting cddng nang Iflc tfl qudc te Hpp phan thieh flng vdi BDKH gdm cie hoat ddng thich flng vdi BDKH hien tai dang dflpc thdc hi|B; nhflng thieu hut so vdi nhu cau thich dng ve thi ehe, chinh sich, tii chinh, ngudn nhan Iflc, cdng nghl; vi cae biln phap thich dng flu tien cho giai dogn 2021 -2030 Udc tinh ring ngin sich quoc gia cd the ddng gdp khoang 1/3 nh" ^^" '^' ehinh de thfle hiln cic giai phip thichflngvdi BDKH giai doan nay, ddng thdi se tim Idem sd hd trp tfl cdng ddng qudc tl va dau td td nhan ddi vdi phan edn lgi HOP PHAN GIAM NHE P H A T T H A I KNK Trong nhflng nim qua, Viet Nam di rat nd lye dng phd vdi BDKH, thi hiln qua eie chinh sich qudc gia vi cic hoat ddng cu thi da va dang dfldc triln khai sudt thip ky qua ve giim nhe phit thii KNK va thieh flng vcti BDKH thfle hiln ehfl yeu tfl ngudn von ngin sach Viet Nam ung hd mdt thda thuan phap ly vdi sd tham gia cua tat ca cic Ben thinh viin Cdng ddc khung cua Lien hdp quoc ve BDKH (UNFCCC), gpi tat li Cdng dde Khi hau, nham gifl mdc ting nhilt dp quyin trung binh toin eau vio cudi thi ky d mflc dddi 2''C so vdi thdi ky tiln cdng nghiip Viet Nam da ky Cdng flde Khi hau nam 1992, phi chuan nam 1994; Nghi dinh thd Kyoto nim 1998 va phe chuan nim 2002; va thinh lap Ban chi dao qudc gia thdc hien Cdng ddc Khi hau vi Nghi dinh thd Kyoto Viet Nam cung di ban hinh nhieu chinh sich ve sd dung nang lddng tilt Idem va hieu qui, nhfl "Chfldng trinh s6i2/2oi5Mditnfdngl2 H TRAO D I - DIEN DAN muc tieu qudc gja ve sfl dung ning Ifldng tilt kilm vi hieu qua" (2006), Luit "Sfl dyng ning Iflpng tilt kilm vi hieu qua" (2010) Chinh phu di cd cic chinh sich du tiln nhd: Phat triln ning Idpng tii tgo phu hpp vdi tiim nang, dieu kien quoc gia gdp phin bio dim an ninh nang Idpng, BVMT Cac ehinh sich khuyin khich sfl dung tilt kilm vi hieu qui sin xuit vi sinh hogt thong qua eac cdng nghl tiet kilm nang Ifldng va sfl dung ning Ifldng tii tao Tinh din thing 6/2015, Viet Nam ed 254 dfl in Cd che phat trien sgch (CDM) ddpe Ban chap hinh qude tl vl CDM (EB) cdng nhin Viet Nam xIp thd trin thi gidi ve so Iflpng dd in, vdi tong Idpng KNK tiim nang giam khoang 137,4 trieu tan CO, tfldng dddng (COjtd) thdi ky tin dung Trong sd 254 dd an, eic dd in vl ning Idpng ehiem 87,6%, xfl ly chat thii chilm 10,2%, trdng rdng vi tii trdng rdng chilm 0,4% vi cic logi khic chilm 1,8% Sd Chdng chi giim phit thai dddc ehdng nhgn (CER) ddpe EB cap den Ii trin 12 tri|u, dflng thfl 11 tren thi gidi Viet Nam da ed nhilu no Ide bao vl rflng, trdng rflng vi tii trdng rflng vi Ii mdt nhdng qudc gia tham gia thdc hiln Chddng trinh Giim phit thii KNK thdng qua cic nd ldc hgn che mat rdng vi su\- thoii rflng, quin ly rflng ben vflng, bio tdn va ning cao trfl Iflpng cac-bon rdng (REDD+) Viet Nam dang xay ddng va chuan bi thdc hiln eae hinh dpng giim nhe phit thii KNK phu hpp vdi dilu kiln qude gia (NAMA); ding ky thdc hi|n dfl in tin chi cic-bon theo Tieu chuan cac-bon dflpc tham tra (VCS) va Tieu chuan ving (GS) Tuy di cd nhilu nd Idc thdc hiln cic hoat ddng giim nhe phat thii KNK, nhflng hiln van edn nhieu kho khan, thach thdc ddi vdi eie vin dl nhd: Thilt lip he thdng qudc gia ve kiem ke KNK, he thdng Do dgc Bio eao va Tham dinh (MRV) eae cap; Xiy dflng va thiie hien NAMA; Ap dyng cic cdng nghl giim nhe phat thai KNK, dac biet la Iinh vdc ndng nghiip; Tilp can ngudn tii ehinh vi ngoai nddc cho cac hoat ddng giim nhe phat thai KNK Trong dilu kiln phit trien kinh te - xa hpi eua mpt ndde dang phat trien, chiu nhilu tic dpng cua BDKH, INDC eua Viit Nara da thi hien no Idc cao nhat cua qude gia gdp phan giim nhe BDKH toin cau nham thdc hiln myc tiiu cua Cdng dde Khi hiu vi rayc tieu gifl 22 Moi trddng 5612/2015 eho nhilt quyen trung binh toan ciu ting dddi 2"C vio cudi thi ky 21 Nam 2010, Idpng phit thii KNK cua Viet Nam ehi chilm khoing 0,5% tdng phat thai KNK toin ciu va mdc phit thai binh quin dau ngddi Ii 2,84 tan CO^td Tuy nhien, Viet Nam di tich cdc thfle hiln eac hoat ddng dng phd vdi BDKH, dinh hfldng phit triln nen kinh tl cic-bon thap, tang trddng xanh va tang cddng thdc hien cic phddng an giam nhe phat thii KNK tiim nang ning Iddng, edng nghiep, giao thdng van tai, ndng nghiip va chat thii eung nhd ting cddng kha ning hap thy cac-bon LULUCR De dat ddpe cic mue tilu giam nhe phat thii KNK, INDC di de cic giai phap can ddpe tip trung thdc hiln nhd: Tang cddng vai trd chu dao cua Nhi ndde dng phd vdi BDKH; Ning cao hieu suit vi hiiu qui sd dyng nang Idpng, giim mdc tieu hao ning Idpng; Thay ddi ed ciu nhien lieu cdng nghiep va giao thdng van tai; Day manh khai thac ed hiiu qua va ting ty trpng eic ngudn ning Idpng tii tao sin xnat vi tilu thy nang Idpng; Giim nhe phat thii KNK thdng qua phit trien ndng nghiip bin vflng, ning cao hieu qua vi tinh canh tranh sin xuat ndng nghiip; Quin Iy vi phit triln rdng ben vflng, tang cddng hap thu eic bon vi dich vu mdi trddng; bio tdn da dgng sinh hpc gin vcti phat trien sinh ke vi nang cao thu nhip cho cpng ddng vi ngddi dan phy thudc vio rdng; Tang cddng cdng tic quin Iy chat thii; Tang cddng hpp tie qude HOP PHAN THICH tfNG VOl BDKH Thich flng vdi BDKH se iam giim tinh de hi ton thddng vi bit binh ding moi qudc gia va gifla eac qude gia vdi Loi ich cua thieh flng vdi BDKH se vddt khdi phgm vi mdi dia phfldng, mdi cpng dong vi mdi qude gia Chu ddng thich flng vdi BDKH cung la ddng gdp cua Viet Nam cunt: edng ddng thi gidi giii quyet van dl BDKH Thich dng vdi BDKH se giup ting ning chdng chiu vdi BDKH vi se cd ddng gdp nhieu hdn cho giam nh? phit thii KNK Ndi dung thieh flng vdi BDKH INDC bao gdm nhflng kl hoaeh dddc xa.) dflng phu hdp vdi boi canh hiln tai vi dd tinh den nam 2030 va cd the ddpe dieu ehinh, bd sung eho phu hpp vdi dieu kien cu the cua tflng giai doan Vile thdc hien cic ke hoach phy thuoe nhilu vao ngudn Idc quoc gia, dac bilt la sd ho trp qu6c te Viet Nam xac dinh thich flng vdi BDKH phii d\itJc tiln hanh cd tim, diem; flng phd vdi nhflng tac ddng cap bach trfldc mat va nhflng tie ddng tiim tang iau dai Thieh dng vdi BDKH phai gin lien vdi phit tnen ben vdng, hddng tdi nen kinh te cac bon thap va bao dam tinh he thdng, tdng hdp, hln nginh, lien vung, binh dang gidi, xda ddi, giam ngheo Nhilu hoat dpng cd liln quan tdi thich dng vdi BDKH va quan ly rui ro thiin tai da vi dang dddc thdc hien trin pham vi ci ndde Tuy nhiin, ngudn Idc qude gia dau td cho thich flng vdi BDKH edn TRAO DOI - DIEN D A N ban che Trong dd, chi phi khic phue nhflng thiet hai dd kiln se tang len dang ke dddi tie ddng cua BDKH, nddc bien dang vi xim nhip man Chi phi cho thich dng vdi BDKH ddc tinh se vddt qui 3-5% GDP vio nam 2030 Vi vay, viec da dgng hda ngudn dau td cdng, ngudn dau td tfl khu viic td nhan cflng nhd ho trd quoc tl cho thieh dng vdi BDKH la can thilt Viet Nam dat mue tieu giam thieu thilt hai vl ngddi vi tai san BDKH Cac hinh dpng flu tiln thich flng vdi BDKH giai doan 2021 - 2030 bao gdm cic ndi dung: Chu dgng i(ng vdi thiin tai vd gidm sdt hdu: Hi|n dai hda he thdng quan trae va cong nghl dd bio tddng thuy vin bio dim dd bao vi eanh bio sdm cac hien tdpng thdi tilt, hgu cdc doan va thiin tai; xay dflng he thdng dinh gii, giim sat BDKH vi nddc biln ding; Quy hoach phit trien idnh te - xa hpi, quy hoach nganh dda tren kich bin BDKH cd chu trpng din cic nginh va vung trpng diem; Trien khai eie phddng in vi giii phip vl phdng chdng thien tai, bao v? ddi sdng nhin din, bao dam quoc phdng an ninh; Cung ed, xiy dflng cic cdng trinh phdng ehong thien tai trpng diem, cap bich; ting cddng nang Idc cho Idc lddng tim kiem cflu hd, cflu ngn; Phit triln cd sd hg ting vi quy hoaeh eie khu din ed; di ddi, sap xep Igi cac khu din cd d nhdng vung thddng xuyIn bi tie dong eua bao, ndde dang bao, lu lut, xdi Id bd sdng, bd bien hoic cd nguy ed xay lu quet, sat Id dat Phan bd vi huy dOng nguon ldc cho thich dng vdi BDKH va quan Iy rui ro thiin tai dfla vao cpng ddng; ning eao nhin thfle vi ting cddng ning Idc thich flng vdi BDKH vi quan ly rui ro thien tai Ddm bdo an sinh xd hdi: Ri soit, dieu chinh, phit trien sinh kl vi qui trinh sin xuat phu hdp vdi dilu kiln BDKH gin vdi xda ddi giim ngheo, cdng bang xi hpi; Xiy dflng eie ca che, chinh sich, tang cfldng he thdng bio hilm, ehia se rui ro hiu va thiin tai; Hoan thi|n cic quy chuan, tilu chuan ky thuit vl ca sd tang, cic cdng trinh cdng cong vi dan sinh phu hdp vdi boi cinh BDKH; Thieh flng dfla vao he sinh thii, thdng qua phat trien dich vu he sinh thai, bao tdn da dang sinh hoc, flu tien bao tdn nguon gen, cic loii cd nguy eO bi tuylt ehung va cac he sinh thai quan trpng; Thich flng dfla vao edng ddng, sfl dung kien thdc ban dia, du tiln cdng ddng dl bi tdn thfldng nhat; Quin Iy tdng hpp tii nguyin nfldc Idu vdc sdng; bao dam an toan hd chda; ting cddng hdp tac qudc te giai quyet eac van de nddc xuyIn biln gidi; dim bio an ninh nguon ndde; Dam bao an ninh lddng thfle thdng qua bao ve, tri hpp ly vi quin Iy bin vflng quy dat cho ndng nghiip; ehuyen ddi ed ciu ciy trdng, vgt nudi; tao gidng mdi thieh flng vdi BDKH; hoin thien hi thdng kiem soit, phdng chdng dich benh; Quan ly rdng bin vflng; ning eao chat Iddng rflng td nhiin nghed kiet; trdng vi phue hdi rdng, ehu trpng phit triln rdng trdng gd ldn; ngan chan mat rdng va suy thoai rdng; Bio vl, phyc hdi, trdng mdi vi ning cao chat idpng rflng ven bien (bao gdm rflng ngap man), die bilt Ii d vflng cfla sdng va ven bien ddng bang sdng Cflu Long vi sdng Hdng Ifng vdi nUde bien ddng vd ngap lut thi: Quan ly tong hdp dai ven bd; Quy hogch dd thi vi sd dung dat, cd sd tang, khu cdng nghiep, khu tii dinh ed ven bien va hai dao tren cd sd kich bin nddc biln ding; Chdng ngap cho cac phd Idn ven biln; xiy ddng cic CO sd tang thi chdng ehiu vdi tic ddng eua BDKH; cflng CO vi xiy mdi cac edng trinh cap, thoit nddc dd thi ldn; Cflng co, ning cip vi hoan thien cie tuyen de biln, dl sdng xung yeu; Kiem soit xim nhap man cic vung bi Wn inh hddng nang nl nhat Bin canh dd, cie hoat dpng thieh flng vdi BDKH din 2030 dfldc dinh gii theo cie chi tilu chu yeu: Dgt it nhat 90% eac quy hoach, ke hoach phat trien kinh te - xa hpi dddc Idng ghep van dl quin ly rui ro thien tai vi thich flng vdi BDKH; Giim 2%/nam ty I| hd ngheo binh quin ea ndde, rieng eac huyen xa ngheo giam 4%/ nam; Hoin 100% vile xiy ddng eie khu neo dau tau, thuyen tranh tru bao va 100% tau, thuyin dinh bat xa bd cd du thilt bi thdng tin lien lac; Nang che phu rdng lln 45%; ning diln tieh rflng phdng hd ven bien Ien 380.000 ha, dd trdng them rdng ngap man td 20.000 den 50.000 ha; Dgt it nhat 90% din cd thi vi 80% din cd ndng thdn sfl dung nfldc saeh, hpp vl sinh 100% sd dan dfldc tiep can cie dich vu chim sde sde khde Viec theo ddi, danh gia trien khai thdc hiln eie hogt ddng thich flng vdi BDKH se ddpe thi hiln cic "Thdng bao quoc gia" vi "Bio eio cap nhit hai nam mdt lan" eua Viet Nam cho Cdng ddc Khi hau Thdng qua INDC, Viet Nam tii khang dinh ddng gdp cua qudc gia nham flng phd vdi BDKH, gdp phan thfle hiln myc tieu cua Cdng ddc Khi hiu Viet Nam tin ring ddng gdp niy la edng bang, the hiln nd Ide cao nhat, kha thi, cd the dat dflpc vi cam ket tiep tue giai quyet van dl BDKH dda tren cic ngudn ldc ndde va vdi sd hd trd cua cpng ddng qudc tiB 5612/2015 Hdi trddng 12 ... hai nam mdt lan" eua Viet Nam cho Cdng ddc Khi hau Thdng qua INDC, Viet Nam tii khang dinh ddng gdp cua qudc gia nham flng phd vdi BDKH, gdp phan thfle hiln myc tieu cua Cdng ddc Khi hiu Viet Nam. .. cudi thi ky 21 Nam 2010, Idpng phit thii KNK cua Viet Nam ehi chilm khoing 0,5% tdng phat thai KNK toin ciu va mdc phit thai binh quin dau ngddi Ii 2,84 tan CO^td Tuy nhien, Viet Nam di tich cdc... ning Ifldng tii tao Tinh din thing 6/2015, Viet Nam ed 254 dfl in Cd che phat trien sgch (CDM) ddpe Ban chap hinh qude tl vl CDM (EB) cdng nhin Viet Nam xIp thd trin thi gidi ve so Iflpng dd in,