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NHA TRANG UNIVERSITY Faculty of Foreign Languages WRITING Compiled by: Nguyễn Phương Lan M.A Bùi Thị Ngọc Oanh, M.A February 2018 1 2 Subject name WRITING Units of credit Study length 15 weeks Prerequisite / Co requisite Suggested study Commitment Term Pre-intermediate level Subject Coordinator/ Lecturers Contact details Nguyễn Phương Lan Bùi Thị Ngọc Oanh Email: phuonglan2014vn@gmail.com Tel: 0983729979 Email : oanhbtn@ntu.edu.vn Tel : 0903544668 Approximately class hours per week 2/2018 Course objectives: After the first term the students get the pre-intermediate level of English and Teachers help the students to learn how to write a good academic paragraph Subject materials Lecture notes (mainly from the text books) and essential readings which are recommended in each topic are key materials for this subject Additionally, further readings, discussion questions, exercises and problems solving will help students understand thoroughly the fundamental issues of writing paragraphs Prescribed textbooks: Writing Selected compilation for internal use Schedule Session Contents In-class activities Introduction How to write a Getting ready to write paragraph Paragraph structure Paragraph development Description Introduction Homework Describing people Describing places Compare & Contrast Introduction & organization Connecting words 10 Mid-term test 11 Causes & Effects Introduction & organization 12 Connecting words 13 In-class writing 14 Field trip Write paragraphs to 15 Field trip describe places visited Assessment Assessment points Contribution (%) Participation Homework Mid-term 15 Fieldtrip (1group brochure + individual report) 15 Field trip test 10 Final exam: Writing 50 Fieldtrip (1group brochure + individual report) 15% A group brochure: 10%(guided by the teacher) An individual report: %(about 150-180 words) ( Telling about your feelings, some descriptions, some comparisons and so on) 5 10 49 50 51 52 THE NATURE OF CAUSE AND EFFECT ANALYSIS A EXAMPLES Practice Read the following two paragraphs carefully and complete the analysis WHY HAS FOOD PRODUCTION BEEN DECREASING IN NORTH AFRICA Poor preparatory practices and nonuse of protective chemicals have been primarily responsible for a recent decline in North African agricultural production Substandard preparatory techniques - including bad oil preparation, improper tillage practices, inadequate amounts of fertilizers, and insufficient amounts of irrigation water -have caused decreases in the amount of available food in the region For instance, when farmers in Chad tried to grow wheat without deep plowing in order to save money, wheat production immediately declined Even when farmers in the area used appropriate practices to get their crops out of the ground, they often have nor used suitable chemicals to protect their growing crops from diseases For example, in 1981, unprotected onion fields in Libya were attacked by bacterial root rot Consequently, onion production in Libya was extremely low that year In summary, solutions for these two problems must be found so that the people of North Africa will have sufficient food Analysis Cause A: Cause B: Special example: Special example: Result: HOW HUMAN CAN BENEFIT FROM TAKING VITAMIN A Scientific studies have shown that vitamin A may have beneficial effects in cleaning up skin problems, treating eye disorders, fighting infection Tablets with 53 vitamin A have been used effectively in treating skin problems like acne When applied directly on the skin, vitamin A can also clear up boils and heal ulcers Injections of vitamin A have been used to remove warts from people's skin Vitamin A is a successful way of treating such eye disorders at night blindness and blurred vision In addition, therapeutic dosages of vitamin A are used too treat glaucoma and conjunctivitis (inflammation of the eyelids) Most important, vitamin A plays an integral role in fighting infections Because its strengthens cell wails, vitamin A protects the mucous membrane from invading bacteria Furthermore, dosages of vitamin A have shortened the duration of communicable diseases, such as colds and measles, in conclusion, these many beneficial effects demonstrate the importance of encouraging people to take regular dietary supplements of vitamin A B EXPLANATIONS Cause analysis In a "cause" paragraph, the writer usually wants to discover the reasons why a situation exists or the reasons why a change has occurred in a situation Effect analysis An effect is the result of a cause An effect analysis paragraph explains the main effects that result from a cause In effect analysis, the writer simply answers the question: What are the effects of this cause? Each cause analysis and effect analysis paragraph should follow this 54 pattern: Title Topic sentence Cause A (or) Effect A Cause B (or) Effect B Cause C (or) Effect C (Other causes and effects) Summary sentence 2.2 PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS A When you write about the reasons for a situation, remember the following things: Examine all the causes If an event or situation has more than one cause, discuss all of them If the economy of a country is falling, for example, there are probably several reasons Support all the causes Give good examples to support each cause For example, if to give at least one example of these law Save your most important cause for last This makes your paper more interesting and gives it a strong conclusion Also, if you put the most important cause first, your reader may feel it is not necessary to continue reading Be objective A cause-eff recommend how to change the situation or give opinions about why the situation is good or bad It simply examines the reasons for it Practice For each of the following situations, read the accompanying statements carefully Circle the statement or statements that are possible causes of the situation The Eberlee pharmacy is a very successful business operation a The clerks are friendly and helpful b The merchandise is reasonably priced c The owners work hard The majority of students failed the history test that Professor Dunn gave a The test was difficult b The students didn't study c Many students are enrolled in Professor Dunn's class The Lima City Council decided to cancel its August meeting a The city council has thirty active members b Many of the council members take vacation in August c Each monthly meeting lasts approximately three hours 55 yesterday The new wing of the Lawrence library, scheduled to be completed in 1988, was not completed until 1990 a The construction workers were on strike for nearly a year b The library was noisy during the period of construction c The bricks needed for construction were delivered eight months late Flight # 54 from Los Angeles to Chicago was postponed for two hours a Los Angeles has a very large airport b The pilot of the plane became ill c The plane seats 200 people B Main idea sentences A main idea sentence for a cause-effect paragraph usually what the event or situation is that there are causes or reasons for the situation tells the reader: The number of causes is also mentioned (such as several reasons, two major causes, three important reasons) * Examples Accidents involving aircraft occur for a variety of reasons ] [ effect ] [ causes course [ effect causes ] ] [ Practice Read the following cause -effect paragraph carefully Then circle the best main idea sentence for each a causes b There are several reasons the classroom is uncomfortable class c First, the classroom is uncomfortable It is very warm, and there are no windows for ventilation In addition, the class meets at 8.00 A.M This hour is too early for most college students Most important of all, students seldom attend this class because of the teacher He is an unpleasant, humorless man, and his lectures are boring a Americans should get more exercise and eat better food b American not like snow for several reasons c There are several reasons many Americans are moving from northern states to southwestern states such as Texas and Arizona First of all, Americans are moving too escape the cold and the snow of the North This Southwest offers warmth and sun almost year-round, and this gentle climate allows people to be much more active outdoors Furthermore, because of the warm climate, the cost of heating a home in the Southwest is much less than in the North, and many Americans move to save heating costs And finally, many Americans are tired of the crowds, and the stress in the northern cities They relocate in the Southwest hoping to find freedom and peace in its wide open space C Organization methods 56 The organization of the causes or effects presents the writer with problems Which cause or effect will come first, second, third, etc, in the paragraph ? Three methods are frequently used to organize the causes or the effects Importance method This method is used if the writer believes that the causes or effects vary in importance Development method - This method is used if the writer believes that the causes or effects are equal in importance, but the amount of information that the writer has varies in quantity Logical method First cause or effect = f irst in natural sequence Last cause or effect = last in natural sequence This method is used when some natural sequence such as time or space presents itself to the writer Practice Look back at the first example paragraph in this unit This paragraph u ses the Logical Method What natural sequence is involved? _ Which method does the effect analysis paragraph about vitamin A use Practice Study the following paragraph Determine which method is used and complete the analysis WHAT CAUSES BICYCLE ACCIDENTS? 57 Most bike accidents are due to equipment failure, weather conditions, and biker carelessness To begin with, many different pieces of bicycle equipment can become defective and cause bike accidents For example, if a bike does not have good brakes, it cannot be stopped effectively Similarly, a weak light will make it more difficult for a biker to see a*" night Aside from defective equipment, a biker often has difficulty controlling his bicycle when it is windy and rainy Under such conditions, water may impair the brakes and obstruct the biker's view; too much wind will affect steering Nonetheless, bike accidents are mainly caused by biker carelessness For example, accidents can be produced by a biker who does not stop at a stop sign and by a biker whose pant's legs get caught in the bike chain The number of bike accidents could be greatly reduced if bikers checked their equipment, rode in good weather, and practiced bike safety Analysis Cause A: Cause B: Cause C: Example1: Example1: Example1: Example1: Example1: Example1: Result: Bicycle accidents D Transition showing addition When you are listing causes or other ideas in a paragraph , you should use transitions that show addition to introduce your major points The following transitions are appropriate for a paragraph that lists several causes for an event Notice the punctuation used with each First (of Another reason Moreover, The major (most important reason In addition and moreover not always appear at the beginning of the sentence Note the following examples: EXAMPLES: In addition, the college has excellent facilities The college, in addition, has excellent facilities Moreover, the tuition is expensive The tuition, moreover, is expensive Practice the following cause-effect paragraph is poorly written because it lacks transitions It would be much easier to understand if transitions were used between 58 its major points Decide where each major supporting statement begins, and insert appropriate transitions Rewrite the paragraph in the space provided below There are three reasons Mr Tucker was fired from his job He was often absent from work He missed thirty working days last year His personality was a problem He was nasty to other employees and to the customers His performance completed assignments Now the same with this paragraph Superfair is the most popular supermarket in town for several reasons The store has a large selection of items You can find any food you want, even the rarest spice or the most exotic fruit The prices are very reasonable A gallon of milk costs no more here than in any other supermarket Meat costs even less! There are no long waiting lines at the checkout counter Checkout time is usually no more than five minutes WRITING THE CAUSE ANALYSIS AND EFFECT ANALYSIS PARAGRAPHS A The topic sentence Cause analysis In the topic sentence of a cause analysis paragraph, the general ideas the situation, and the specific parts are the causes For example: The decrease in energy consumption during the summer of 1982 [ general idea ] was caused by an intensive advertising campaign, the cool summer, and high electricity prices [ specific parts ] Practice Write a topic sentence based on (he following information: Causes of "An increase in the Average American's Weight"; drinking more beer, getting little or no exercises, eating fattening foods 59 Effect analysis In the topic sentence of an effect analysis paragraph, the general idea is the cause, and the specific parts are the effects For example: [ specific parts _] children watching too much T.V [ general idea ] Practice Write a topic sentence based on the effects of cigarettes _ B USING STATISTICS IN SUPPORTING SENTENCES If is not necessary' to use statistics in supporting sentences if the writer uses examples that are common knowledge (as, for" example, in the "causes of bike accidents" paragraph) However, if the writer wants to develop causes or effects that are not common knowledge, he or she should use statistical information Practice Read the following paragraph Imagine that you are a Colombian, and that your audience is a group of Americans What statistical' information would help you communicate your idea more effectively? WHY CRIME IS INCREASING IN COLOMBIA Inflation and lack of job opportunities are the main factors that have produced an increase in the crime rate of Colombia Inflation is a big problem in Colombia because many people who work don't make enough money to live or to educate their children Also the lack of job opportunities is another main cause of increasing crime Unemployed people have no way to get food or even a place to live because the government does not provide any social services to the poor In conclusion, the government must stabilize the currency and build factories to employ the people so that the crime rate will drop Rewrite the paragraph so that it includes at least four pieces of information from the following statistics Major crimes (murder, robbery, assault) have increased 185 percent since 1980 In 1987 there were two million unemployed Colombians (8 percent of population) A good education costs 6,000 Colombian pesos ($ U.S 120) per month per child; only middle and upper-income children attend school The average Colombian makes a salary of about 13,000 pesos per month ($U.S 250) The inflation rate in 1980 was 14 percent; the rate in 1987 was 26 percent Eighty percent of Colombia's unemployed live in the streets of towns and cities The average Colombia family has an income of 18,000 pesos per month ($ US 60 360); of this, $ U.S 350 is spent for survival (food, clothing, shelter) Eighty-five percent of all major crimes are committed by unemployed people « Twenty-five percent of all major crimes are committed by workers who make less than 13,000 pesos a month Rewritten paragraph: WHY CRIME IS INCREASING IN COLOMBIA C LANGUAGE PATTERNS IN THE TOPIC SENTENCE AND SUPPORTING SENTENCES The topic sentence and supporting sentences of a cause analysis and effect analysis paragraph show how causes produce an effect or how effects are produced by a cause Therefore, the following language patterns are used: Pattern to show the causes that produce an effect CAUSES Drug use and unemployment Drug use and inflation occur EFFECT Crime occurs mainly EFFECT cause produce bring about producing bring about causing (or) is caused by is produced by as a result of because due to 61 crime crime CAUSES drug use drug use Practice 10 Use the language patterns to complete the following paragraph: MAJOR CAUSES OF JOGGING FOOT INJURIES Joggers get foot injuries mainly unequal leg length, weak feet, and improper training About 15 percent of all runners have unequal leg length In such runners, the ankle and foot often rotate abnormally muscular strain in the foot Next, surveys indicate that 35 to 60 percent of all runners have weak feet the feet are weak, the force of the feet hitting the ground abnormal strain on the muscles of the foot a foot hits the ground about 1,000 times during every ten -minute mile, the result for a weak-footed jogger is muscular or skeletal damage to the feet Finally, improper training often major foot problems For example, sudden changes in the duration or frequency of runs place added stress on the feet Similarly, changing from running on dirt to running on pavement greatly increases muscular strain inside the feet; , well-made running shoes should be brought to cushion the feet and reduce strain on them D THE SUMMARY SENTENCE There is one main method of writing summary sentences for cause analysis and effect analysis paragraphs Method: Way to stop the causes or effects or to continue them Example: The number of bike accidents could be greatly reduced if bikers checked their equipment, rode in good weather, and practiced bike safety, Example: In conclusion, there may beneficial effects demonstrate the importance of encouraging people to take regular dietary supplement of vitamin A Practice 11 The paragraph in practice 10 does not have a summary sentence Write a summary sentence for it in which you suggest a way of alleviating the causes of foot injuries in general Jogger could lessen the number of foot injuries by A TOPICS FOR WRITING PRACTICE Choose one of the following topics to write a cause-effect paragraph Remember that when you write these paragraph, you must use statistics from at least one reference: a xact name of the reference Cause analysis 62 REFERENCES rd Oshima.A & Hogue.A (2007), Introduction to Academic writing ed, Pearson Longman, USA Zemach.E.D & Rumisek LA (2005) Academic writing from paragraph to essays, Mc Millan, USA 63 ... descriptions, some comparisons and so on) 5 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 ... Lan Bùi Thị Ngọc Oanh Email: phuonglan2014vn@gmail.com Tel: 0983 729 979 Email : oanhbtn@ntu.edu.vn Tel : 0903544668 Approximately class hours per week 2/ 2018 Course objectives: After the first... organization Connecting words 10 Mid-term test 11 Causes & Effects Introduction & organization 12 Connecting words 13 In-class writing 14 Field trip Write paragraphs to 15 Field trip describe

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