MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY NGUYỄN THỊ MAI ANH A STUDY ON SYNTACTIC AND SEMANTIC FEATURES OF ENGLISH SUBORDINATORS WITH REFERENCE TO THE VIETNAMESE EQUIVALENTS (NGHIÊN CỨU ĐẶC ĐIỂM CÚ PHÁP VÀ NGỮ NGHĨA CỦA LIÊN TỪ PHỤ THUỘC TIẾNG ANH TRONG SỰ LIÊN HỆ VỚI TƯƠNG ĐƯƠNG TIẾNG VIỆT) M.A THESIS Field: English Language Code: 60220201 HANOI, 2017 i MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY NGUYỄN THỊ MAI ANH A STUDY ON SYNTACTIC AND SEMANTIC FEATURES OF ENGLISH SUBORDINATORS WITH REFERENCE TO THE VIETNAMESE EQUIVALENTS (NGHIÊN CỨU ĐẶC ĐIỂM CÚ PHÁP VÀ NGỮ NGHĨA CỦA LIÊN TỪ PHỤ THUỘC TIẾNG ANH TRONG SỰ LIÊN HỆ VỚI TƯƠNG ĐƯƠNG TIẾNG VIỆT) M.A THESIS Field: English Language Code: 60220201 Supervisor: Assoc Prof Dr Hoang Tuyet Minh HANOI, 2017 ii CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY I, the undersigned, hereby certify my authority of the study project report entitled “A study on syntactic and semantic features of English subordinators with reference to the Vietnamese equivalents” submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master in English Language Except where the reference is indicated, no other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the text of the thesis Hanoi, 2017 Nguyen Thi Mai Anh Approved by SUPERVISOR (Signature and full name) Date:………………………… iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS During the process of implementing this thesis, I have received a great deal of help, guidance and encouragement from a number of people who all deserved my sincerest gratitude and appreciation First and foremost, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Assoc Prof Dr Hoang Tuyet Minh – my supervisor for her guidance and assistance during this challenging process She has generously given me valuable suggestions, advices as well as comments about my study I myself find that this thesis cannot come to an end without her enthusiastic supports A special word of thanks goes to all teachers of Faculty of Graduate Studies, Hanoi Open University, without whose support and encouragement it would never have been possible for me to have this thesis accomplished Last but not least, I would like to give my wholehearted thanks to my family whose support and encouragements did play an important role in the success of the study iv ABSTRACT The present thesis discusses a certain field of linguistics focusing on a descriptive - contrastive approach which is applied to investigating and analyzing syntactic and semantic features of subordinators in English and their Vietnamese equivalents As a method of conducting the present research, contrastive linguistic analysis of subordinators in English and their Vietnamese equivalents has been chosen The chief aim of the thesis is to gain more insightful in the semantic and syntactic features of subordinators in English and their Vietnamese equivalents, to figure out the similarities and differences of subordinators represented in these two languages Similarities and differences of subordinators between two languages have been identified in this thesis In general, the position of English subordinators is the same as that of Vietnamese subordinators They can appear in initial, medial and final position Nevertheless, these positions bear different meanings in the two languages That is, in English, the clauses containing the speaker's focus of interest may be put initially whereas in Vietnamese, those clauses may be put finally In terms of their syntactic features, in both languages, the subject and the verb of subordinate clauses can be omitted and the clauses become elliptical clauses Semantically, the English and Vietnamese languages have nine types in common: time, place, condition, concession, reason, result, purpose, manner, comparison Except for the nine types, English language has four other types of subordinators They are subordinators of contrast, proportion, preference and circumstance Vietnamese language also has two different types: subordinators of level and emphasis Moreover, in terms of structure, there are some differences between two languages In Vietnamese, there are no concepts of nonfinite, finite, verbless clauses Meanwhile, these types of clauses are very popular in English Furthermore, in Vietnamese, the expression of the verb tense and aspect does not seem very complicated It is clear that, Vietnamese grammar, in terms of verb tenses and aspects is much simple than that of English Moreover, in English nonfinite v clauses, the active or passive meaning may be shown through the use of -ing or -ed participles In contrast, Vietnamese is not inflected language so in order to express the passive meaning, we have to put bị / before the verb Besides, the way to insert commas in two languages is also different In English, when the subordinator clause precedes the main clause, a commas is used to separate the two clauses When the subordinate clause follows the main clause, there is no need to use commas Instead, the conjunction may take that function In comparison, in Vietnamese, commas are used to separate two clauses whether the adverbial clauses stand initially, medially or finally Even when a correlative is used, it is advised that a comma should be inserted before the second conjunction The findings of this study can, to some extent, be suggested as a referential material for Vietnamese students and teachers in studying and teaching English subordinators vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Br.E British English EFL English as a Foreign Language N Noun NP Noun Phrase Prep Preposition S Subject V Verb VP Verb Phrase vii LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES Table 2.1: Classification of English subordinators according to Carter & 10 McCarthy (2006) Table 2.2: Classification of English subordinators according to Quirk et al 11 (1985) Table 2.3: Classification of English sobordinators according to Martin 12 (2000) in terms of meaning Table 2.4: Classification of English subordinators according to Biber et al 14 (2000) Table 2.5: Some indicators of English subordinators 14 Table 2.6: Types of complement in subordinate clauses 15 Table 4.1: Semantic roles of English subordinators 49 Table 4.2: English subordinators and their Vietnamese equivalents 62 Table 4.3: Examples of English subordinators in terms of meaning 64 viii TABLE OF CONTENTS Certificate of originality iii Acknowledgements iv Abstract v List of abbreviations vii List of tables and figures viii Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale for the study 1.2 Aims of the study 1.3 Research questions 1.4 Objectives of the study 1.5 Scope of the study 1.6 Significance of the study 1.7 Structural organization of the study Chapter 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Review of previous studies 2.2 An overview of syntax and semantic theory 2.2.1 Theory of syntax 2.2.2 Theory of semantics 2.3 An overview of subordination 2.3.1 Definition of subordination 2.3.2 Definition of subordinator 2.3.3 Classification of subordinator 2.3.4 The relationship between subordinators and other connecters 16 2.4 19 Summary Chapter 3: METHODOLOGY 20 ix 3.1 Research-governing orientations 20 3.1.1 Research setting 20 3.1.2 Research approach 20 3.1.3 Criteria for intended data collection and data analysis 20 3.2 21 Research methods 3.2.1 Major methods vs supporting methods 21 3.2.2 Data collection techniques 21 3.2.3 Data analysis techniques 21 3.3 22 Summary Chapter 4: SYNTACTIC SUBORDINATORS IN AND SEMANTIC ENGLISH AND FEATURES THEIR OF 23 VIETNAMESE EQUIVALENTS 4.1 Syntactic features of subordinators in English 23 4.1.1 Subordinators for finite clauses 23 4.1.1.1 Simple subordinators 23 4.1.1.2 Complex subordinators 27 4.1.1.3 Correlative subordinators 32 4.1.2 Subordinators for nonfinite clauses 34 4.1.2.1 Subordinators for bare infinitive clauses 34 4.1.2.2 Subordinators for to-infinitive clauses 35 4.1.2.3 Subordinators for –ed clauses and verbless clauses 36 4.1.2.4 Subordinators for –ing clauses 38 4.2 Semantic features of subordinators in English 39 4.3 Syntactic features of subordinators in Vietnamese 50 4.4 Semantic features of subordinators in Vietnamese 51 4.5 Similarities and differences between English subordinators and their 59 Vietnamese equivalents in terms of syntactic and semantic features x (Từ smiled gently when listening to him.) In other cases, it is impossible to change the order of clauses introduced by correlative subordinators: if then, thì, giá thì, nên etc These sentences illustrate this: If he is right then it would be possible to manage the economy in the old way Then it would be possible to manage the economy in the old way if he is right.(impossible) Tuy khó khăn, thiếu thốn đội ta không nao núng Nhưng đội ta không nao núng khó khăn, thiếu thốn.(impossible) 4.5.1.2 In their syntactic features In both languages, the subject and the verb are omitted and the clauses become elliptical clauses This tendency is especially preferred in Vietnamese Let’s take a look at these following examples: Chơi chán, bọn trẻ lăn ngủ Entering the room, he threw his hat on the table Nếu mưa ngập If possible, take me a phone call 4.5.1.3 In their semantic features Semantically, subordinators in English and Vietnamese can be put in one of the nine groups as followed:  Subordinators of time: When the train stops, we'll jump out Chúng ta nhảy tàu dừng lại  Subordinators of place: I'm always meeting him where I least expect Tôi ln gặp nơi ngờ  Subordinators of condition: If he didn't smoke so much, he might get rid of his cough Nếu khơng hút thuốc nhiều đến khỏi ho 60  Subordinators of concession: Hard as we tried, we couldn’t talk him out of his crazy scheme Mặc dù cố gắng bảo từ bỏ kế hoạch điên rồ  Subordinators of reason: As the color didn't suit her, my wife decided not to buy the dress Vợ định khơng mua váy màu khơng hợp với  Subordinators of result The boy was so exhausted that he fell asleep on the bus Cậu bé mệt ngủ gật xe buýt  Subordinators of purpose: We are going to pain our house pink so that it will look more beautiful Chúng sơn nhà màu hồng để trơng đẹp  Subordinators of manner : He did his work as his employer had instructed Anh làm việc người chủ dẫn  Subordinators of comparison: His step father treated him more kindly than any real father would have done Người cha dượng đối xử với tốt ơng bố thực In short, the English and Vietnamese languages have nine types in common, each of which performs one semantic role Except for the nine types, the English language has four other types of subordinators They are subordinators of contrast, proportion, preference and circumstance The Vietnamese language also has two different types: subordinators of level and emphasis, to which no English grammarians have referred These different types will be restated when we discuss the differences between the two languages The following table presented English subordinators and their Vietnamese equivalents 61 Table 4.2: English subordinators and their Vietnamese equivalents Sematic roles Time English subordinators When , while, after, before, since, till, until, as soon as Vietnamese equivalents Khi, khi, trước khi, sau khi, từ khi, khi, khi, Where, wherever Ở nơi, nơi đâu Reason Because, as, since, for Bởi vì, do, Purpose To, in order to, so as to Để ,cốt để, nhằm để, Result So/such that, so that, so Đến nỗi mà, cho nên, khiến cho Condition If (then), unless, providing Nếu thì, trừ phi, miễn là, giả sử Place (that), supposing (that) Concession Although, while, no matter + Dù, thì, song wh Comparison Manner As if, as though Như, tựa như, giống như, y As, like, in the way… Như, tựa như, làm như… 4.5.2 Differences between subordinators in English and Vietnamese 4.5.2.1 Difference in structures In Vietnamese, there are no concepts of nonfinite, finite, verbless clauses Meanwhile, these types of clauses are very popular in English Furthermore, in Vietnamese, the expression of the verb tense and aspect does not seem very complicated To show the time of an action, people use such words as: đó, đang, sẽ, vẫn, cũng, xong, hết, etc In many cases, without such words, the time relationship between actions of state in the sentence can still be conveyed without ambiguity Study these examples: Nếu Nguyệt hi sinh thật tơi mang mối hận mãi (Nguyễn Minh Châu, ‘Mảnh trăng cuối rừng’) If I were you, I would not have told lies to your teacher Nếu cậu, khơng nói dối thầy giáo It is clear that, Vietnamese grammar, in terms of verb tenses and aspects is much simple than that of English 62 Moreover, in English nonfinite clauses, the active or passive meaning may be shown through the use of -ing or -ed participles In contrast, Vietnamese is not inflected language so in order to express the passive meaning, we have to put bị / before the verb Let’s see the example below: Hit on his head, he fainted immediately Bị đánh vào đầu, ngất xỉu 4.5.2.2 Difference in the insertion of commas In English, when the subordinator clause precedes the main clause, a commas is used to separate the two clauses When the subordinate clause follows the main clauses, there is no need to use commas Instead, the conjunction may take that function Let’s check these examples: Although their father is a millionaire, they live very simple They live very simple although their father is a millionaire In comparison, in Vietnamese, commas are used to separate two clauses whether the adverbial clauses stand initially, medially or finally Even when a correlative is used, it is advised that a comma should be inserted before the second conjunction The example below is for illustration: Chị coi Nguyệt cô em gái, u mến, lẽ ta ngoan ngỗn tích cực (Nguyễn Minh Châu, ‘Mảnh trăng cuối rừng’) 4.5.2.3 Difference in emphasis In both languages, a subordinator may appear in three positions (initially, medially or finally) Nevertheless, these positions bear different meanings in the two languages That is, in English, the clauses containing the speaker's focus of interest may be put initially whereas in Vietnamese, those clauses may be put finally Let’s check these examples: He asked the teacher to explain as he didn't understand Vì khơng hiểu, nhờ thầy giáo giải thích (Focus on the result rather than the reason) 4.5.2.4 Difference in conditional clauses 63 There is a difference between two languages in conditional clauses English conditional clauses may denote three types of conditions: open condition, unreal condition (present or future time reference) and unreal condition (past tense reference) If he runs, he will get there in time If I were you, I’d plant some trees round the house If we had found him earlier, we might have saved his life (Thomas & Martinet, ‘A practical English grammar’) Meanwhile, in Vietnamese , there is no distinction between the last two types of condition In short, Vietnamese grammarians refer to open condition and hypothetical condition only Let’s take a look at these examples: Hễ đâu nhớ đóng cửa cẩn thận (open condition) Đáng nhẽ Nguyệt xuống ngang quãng trạm gác bến ngầm ngã ba, cô muốn đưa tiếp sang bên sông (hypothetical condition) (Nguyễn Minh Châu, ‘Mảnh trăng cuối rừng’) 4.6 Implications for teaching and learning English subordinators There are many types of subordinate clauses, but they all have something in common: They tell us something about the information in the main clause The type or category of an subordinate clause is determined by its subordinator For example, the subordinators after and when introduce adverbial time clauses Finite subudinators generally require a subordinator and can be used to express clearly a great variety of semantic relationships, including time, contrast, place, cause, result, purpose, condition, and manner As can be seen in the following examples: Table 4.3: Examples of English subordinators in terms of meaning Types Subordinators Examples TIME Before, after, until, while, when, since, as After we left, the town changed CONTRAST Although, even though, though, while, whereas Although Jack studied, he didn't pass the test PLACE Where Many people prefer to live where the climate is warm 64 CAUSE Because, since, as, whereas They came late because the traffic was bad RESULT S u c h that, s o that PURPOSE So that CONDITIONAL If, unless MANNER As, as if, as though There are so many cars on the road that the traffic is always bad She majored in business so that she could get a good job If I were rich, I would travel around the world Melissa petted the wolf cub as though it were a puppy As seen in the table above, learners will find difficulties in subordinators with multiple meanings Three of the most common subordinators are items that can express more than one semantic relationship: As can be used for manner, reason, time; Since can express reason, time; While can express concession/contrast, time In addition to the finite clauses above, non-finite clauses with many sub-types like: to-infinitive clause, -ing clause, past participle clause, reduced clauses, cerbless clause trouble English learners much Learners easily face with dangling modifier or dangling participles (a modifier that starts a sentence must be followed right away by the word that it describes, otherwise, the modifier is said to be dangling, and the sentence takes on an unintended meaning With deep knowledge of subordinators, problem for native learners and as well as learners of English can be reduced Errors such as the following are traditionally referred to as “dangling modifiers” or “dangling participles” Sitting in the dentist’s chair, the sound of the drill made Larry sweat Corrected version: Sitting in the dentist’s chair, Larry sweated at the sound of the drill As Larry was sitting in the dentist’s chair, the sound of the drill made him sweat Dangling modifiers may be corrected in two general ways: by changing the main part of the sentence so that it begins with the term actually modified or by 65 changing the dangling modifier phrase to a subordinate clause, creating a subject and verb Let’s see what we can with the following participial phrase: Believing that he had done no wrong, the sentence of the court was unfair What does our participle “Believing that he had done no wrong” describe either the court or John? The correct answer in this case is John Our participle is misplaced So, in order to correct a misplaced participle, place the word we want to describe close to our participle Believing that he had done no wrong, John said that the sentence of the court was unfair Thus, it is neccesary for teachers to provide learners with well - founded applied solutions so that they are able to practice using subudinators successfully in detailed circumstances To deal with it, it requires learners to review the theoretical knowledge to understand the problem more clearly because theoretical knowledge is of really importance in the process of achieving the success in practical field Basing on the differences between English and Vietnamese subordinators, the author find out some mistakes and difficulties that Vietnamese learners may have, as follow: - Learner may get difficulty in identifying between subordinators and conjunctive adverbs - Learner may have difficulty in conveying the English subordinators in certain situations into Vietnamese - Learner may have difficulty in using punctuation in English that uses subordinator As have mentioned, I conduct the study with the aim of helping English and Vietnamese learners as well as people who concern about this field To achieve the highest result in teaching and learning English and Vietnamese subordinators, the author suggests some points that need paying attention as follows Firstly, learners must remember some main English subordinators in groups Then it is very important for them to understand the syntactic function of subordinators in the sentences: connecting units of unequal importance 66 Next, it is very necessary for teachers to remind their students of the meanings that English subordinators express in different situation It would be better for teachers to introduce common meanings that English subordinators imply and ask their students to learn by heart these subordinators follow groups One more noticeable thing is that teachers should point out the positions of subordinators in the sentences and the punctuations accompanied as well, focus them on differences among subordinators, coordinators and conjunctive adverbs This is very important in teaching writing because learners may forget punctuating or punctuate incorrectly Finnally, it is important for teachers to give conjunctive adverbs, coordinators that function as subordinators in complex sentences This will help students more flexible in using language and their writings become more interesting 4.7 Summary In short, in this chapter, syntactic and semantic features of English subordinators and their Vietnamese equivalents have been investigated and analyzed From the data analysis, a lot of similarities and differences of subordinators in both languages can be seen In general, the position of English subordinators is the same as that of Vietnamese subordinators They can appear in initial, medial and final position Nevertheless, these positions bear different meanings in the two languages That is, in English, the clauses containing the speaker's focus of interest may be put initially whereas in Vietnamese, those clauses may be put finally In terms of their syntactic features, in both languages, the subject and the verb of subordinate clauses can be omitted and the clauses become elliptical clauses Semantically, the English and Vietnamese languages have nine types in common: time, place, condition, concession, reason, result, purpose, manner, comparison Except for the nine types, the English language has four other types of subordinators They are subordinators of contrast, proportion, preference and circumstance The Vietnamese language also has two different types of subordinators: emphasis and level Moreover, in terms of structure, there are somes differences between two languages In Vietnamese, there are no concepts of nonfinite, finite, verbless clauses Meanwhile, these types of clauses are very popular in English Furthermore, in Vietnamese, the expression of the verb tense and aspect does not seem very complicated It is clear that, Vietnamese grammar, in 67 terms of verb tenses and aspects is much simple than that of English Moreover, in English nonfinite clauses, the active or passive meaning may be shown through the use of -ing or -ed participles In contrast, Vietnamese is not inflected language so in order to express the passive meaning, we have to put bị / before the verb Besides, the way to insert commas in two languages is also different In English, when the subordinator clause precedes the main clause, a commas is used to separate the two clause When the subordinate clause follows the main clauses, there is no need to use commas Instead, the conjunction may take that function In comparison, in Vietnamese, commas are used to separate two clauses whether the adverbial clauses stand initially, medially or finally Even when a correlative is used, it is advised that a comma should be inserted before the second conjunction After the results was presented, some implications on learning and teaching English subordinators were introduced at the end of this chapter 68 Chapter 5: CONCLUSION Finally, this chapter is about shortly to take a look at what has presented in the thesis as well as give additional information related to the study It is comprised of four smaller parts: recapitulation, concluding remarks, limitations of the study and suggestions for further studies 5.1 Recapitulation The focus of this study was on syntactic and semantic features of English subordinators as well as the differences and similarities in English and Vietnamese subordinators The literature review of the thesis is based on the existing theory on syntax and semantics, the theoretical background of subordination in English and Vietnamese through previous researches as well as books on linguistics and English learning With the aims stated earlier, the following questions were addressed as follows: (1) What are syntactic and semantic features of English subordinators and Vietnamese subordinators? (2) What are the similarities and differences of subordinators used in English and Vietnamese? (3) What are some implications for teaching and learning English subordinators effectively? As a method of conducting the present research, descriptive research and contrastive linguistic analysis of subordinators in English and their Vietnamese equivalents have been chosen After the results was presented, the discussion to answer four research questions were made A comparison between subordinators in two languages has also been made Basing on the similarities as well as the differences of subordinators in English and Vietnamese, the author finds out some difficulties that learners may have in the process of learning and applying English subordinators as well as put forward some implications for teaching and learning English subordinators effectively 5.2 Concluding remarks As mentioned in the previous chapters, the thesis has so far studied the linguistic features of subordinators in terms of syntactic and semantic aspects A contrastive analysis is carried out to find out both the similarities and differences in syntactic and semantic features of English and Vietnamese subordinators This is aimed at helping 69 learners of English and Vietnamses as a foreign language use subordinators properly and effectively The study has revealed the following results In general, the position of English subordinators is the same as that of Vietnamese subordinators They can appear in initial, medial and final position Nevertheless, these positions bear different meanings in the two languages That is, in English, the clauses containing the speaker's focus of interest may be put initially whereas in Vietnamese, those clauses may be put finally In terms of their syntactic features, in both languages, the subject and the verb of subordinate clauses can be omitted and the clauses become elliptical clauses Semantically, the English and Vietnamese languages have nine types in common: time, place, condition, concession, reason, result, purpose, manner, comparison Except for the eight types, the English language has two other types of subordinators They are subordinators of preference and circumstance The Vietnamese language also has a different type: subordinators of emphasis In terms of structure, there are somes differences between two languages In Vietnamese, there are no concepts of nonfinite, finite, verbless clauses Meanwhile, these types of clauses are very popular in English Furthermore, in Vietnamese, the expression of the verb tense and aspect does not seem very complicated It is clear that, Vietnamese grammar, in terms of verb tenses and aspects is much simple than that of English Moreover, in English nonfinite clauses, the active or passive meaning may be shown through the use of -ing or -ed participles In contrast, Vietnamese is not inflected language so in order to express the passive meaning, we have to put bị / before the verb Besides, the way to insert commas in two languages is also different In English, when the subordinator clause precedes the main clause, a commas is used to separate the two clause When the subordinate clause follows the main clauses, there is no need to use commas Instead, the conjunction may take that function In comparison, in Vietnamese, commas are used to separate two clauses whether the adverbial clauses stand initially, medially or finally Even when a correlative is used, it is advised that a comma should be inserted before the second conjunction Lastly, there is a difference between two languages in conditional clauses English conditional clauses may denote three types of conditions: open condition, 70 unreal condition (present or future time reference) and unreal condition (past tense reference) Meanwhile, in Vietnamese , there is no distinction between the last two types of condition In short, Vietnamese grammarians refer to open condition and hypothetical condition only 5.3 Limitations of the study Despite my considerable efforts, certain limitations could be detected in this study due to time constrain and other unexpected factors I hope that the serious work had well served the research questions as a contribution to the rich collection of other previous studies on the same area Due to the limitation of my knowledge as well as time, my research stops here but I expect that it will be profoundly analyzed more by following people who are interested in subordinators 5.4 Suggestions for further studies In this thesis, we have confined ourselves to the study of a humble part of syntactic and semantic features of English subordinators and their Vietnamese equivalents to find out their similarities and differences As a result, many other aspects need to be studied in further studies For example, English subordinators in nonfinite clauses should be investigated deeply Furthermore, this study has just focused on subordinators in the role of combining clauses in complex sentences It has not gone deeply in researching subordinators in combining words or phrases Therefore, these can be room left for further studies Here are some suggestions: A study on English 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http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.an.01.100172.002025?jour nalCode=anthro 49 https://linguistics.utah.edu/syntaxsemantics.php 50 https://www.google.com.vn/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved= 0ahUKEwi8uIfgxpLYAhWCmJQKHekDAycQFggkMAA&url=http%3A%2F%2F www.stlcc.edu%2FStudent_Resources%2FAcademic_Resources%2FWriting_Reso urces%2FGrammar_Handouts%2Fsubordination.pdf&usg=AOvVaw2YuQ0kdWa GIvPvZ8XntkyM 51 http://media.lanecc.edu/users/mitchella/WR080_online/softchalk_practices/comple x_sentences/mobile_pages/index.html 52 http://www.academia.edu/8767672/Syntactic_Functions_of_Finite_and_NonFinite_Clauses_in_Academic_English 53 http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/ijel/article/view/39074 54 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverbial_clause 55 https://www.slideshare.net/BrahimMezgar/adverbial-subordinate-clauses 74 ... syntactic and semantic features of English subordinators Finding out the similarities and differences of English subordinators and their Vietnamese equivalents in terms of syntactic and semantic features. .. research orientations, research methods and summary Chapter 4, Syntactic and semantic features of subordinators in English and their Vietnamese equivalents, presents the syntactic and semantic features. .. focusing on a descriptive - contrastive approach which is applied to investigating and analyzing syntactic and semantic features of subordinators in English and their Vietnamese equivalents As a method