MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY TRỊNH THỊ THU HƯƠNG MOTION VERBS EXPRESSING EMOTION IN ENGLISH AND THEIR VIETNAMESE EQUIVALENTS (ĐỘNG TỪ CHUYỂN ĐỘNG BIỂU HIỆN TÌNH CẢM TRONG TIẾNG ANH VÀ TƢƠNG ĐƢƠNG TRONG TIẾNG VIỆT) M.A THESIS Field: English Language Code: 8220201 Supervisor: Assoc Prof Dr Hoàng Tuyết Minh Hanoi, 2018 CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY I, the undersigned, hereby certify my authority of the study project report entitled “Motion verbs expressing emotion in English and their Vietnamese equivalents.” submitted in partial fulfillment of requirement for the degree of Master in English Language Except where the reference is indicated, no other person‟s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the text of the thesis Hanoi, 2018 Trinh Thi Thu Huong Approved by SUPERVISOR Assoc Prof Dr Hoang Tuyet Minh Date:………………… ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to take this opportunity to thank all the following people for their great supports during my two – year time for the MA course First and foremost, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor, Assoc Prof Dr Hoang Tuyet Minh, for her enthusiastic and useful guidance, insightful comments, and encouragement without which my thesis would not have been completed My special thanks go to all my lecturers at Hanoi Open University for their precious assistance, knowledge, experience and enthusiasm in their lectures, from which I have acquired valuable knowledge and inspiration to fulfill this minor thesis I also would like to express my indebtedness to my family, my friends and colleagues who have given me constant support and love during the completion of the thesis Last but not least, my sincere thanks are for the people who will give me the precious comments after reading the graduation thesis Trinh Thi Thu Huong ABSTRACT The thesis is designed to investigate into the use of verbs of motion in emotion metaphors The sixteen verbs studied are; climb, crawl, dive, float, fly, go, hop, jump, leap, plunge, roll, run, stagger, swim, tiptoe and walk Verbs of motion are used because they are essential for the construal of the emotion following the human tradition of expressing the abstract, the emotion, in terms of the concrete, the motion Furthermore, verbs of motion are often used because the behavioral response to emotional impact is used as source domain for the metaphor Climb, fly, go, hop, jump and run are used in metaphors for ANGER/FURY Crawl, leap, run, stagger, tiptoe & walk are used in metaphors for FEAR Float, jump, leap, roll and walk are used for JOY/HAPPINESS and go and walk are used for SADNESS This paper is conducted through the documentary analysis and descriptive method The writer uses mainly on descriptive method to describe the metaphor of the English motion verbs expressing emotion and their Vietnamese equivalents Besides, some methods are used as the combination of qualitative and quantitative methods which contributes to this study The results show that the connections with specific emotions seem to arise out of the semantic parameters of each verb In this study, the majority of the studied verbs visualize a movement associated with an emotion Understanding a metaphor is an advanced cognitive process based on pre-understanding, ability for abstract thinking and ability for sorting out one single cognitive model of the verb knowing that each verb has several possibilities, obviously the human mind is able to perform a very advanced process within a fraction of a second The study hopefully supplies some implications to language teaching, language learning as well as in translating the English motion verbs expressing emotion The practical information is hoped to raise the language users‟ awareness of the differences between the two languages in terms of motion verbs expressing emotion uses so that they can be successful in language communication in English LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS BNC CALD The British National Corpus Cambridge Advanced Leaner‟s Dictionary ICM Idealized Cognitive Model SIL SIL International, formally known as the Summer Institute WT of Linguistics Wilkinson‟s Thesaurus of Traditional English Metaphors LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES Table 2.1 The taxonomy of conventional metonymy Lakoff and Johnson (1980) Table 2.2 English metaphors and their subcategorization based on Kovecses (1986) 15 17 Table 2.3 Fillmore‟s frames for the verbs of motion of this study Table 2.4 Levin's Verbs of Motion 21 27 Table 2.5 Application of Faber and Mairal Us n‟s matrix (1999: 96 for distinguishing features of verbs of motion Table 2.6 States and feelings of the agent revealed through the choice 29 of verb (Faber and Mairal Us n 1999: 113) Table 2.7: Popular motion verbs in Vietnamese 32 34 Table 4.1: Sorting of verbs according to their spatial areas Table 4.2 Sorting of verbs according to their spatial directions Table 4.3 Sorting of verbs according to Fillmore‟s frames Table 4.4 Sorting of verbs according to their expressed emotions 39 39 39 43 Figure 2.1 The continuum of metonymy and metaphor Figure 2.2 The conventionality scale of metaphors, this image is freely based on Persson (1990) Figure 2.3 The 'family tree' of metaphors based on SIL International and Lakoff and Johnson (1980) Figure 2.4 Basic emotions based on Ungerer and Schmid (1999: 138) with a modification marked Figure 2.5 Superordinate, basic and subordinate levels of emotions 10 12 14 14 TABLES OF CONTENTS Certificate of originality i Acknowledgements Abstract ii iii List of abbreviations iv List of tables and figures v Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale 1.2 Aims and objectives of the study 1.3 Research questions 1.4 Scope of the study 1.5 Significance of the study 1.6 Structure of the study 4 Chapter 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Previous studies 5 2.2 An overview of metaphor and metonym 2.2.1 Metonymy 2.2.2 Metaphor 2.3 An overview of emotion 2.3.1 What are emotion? 2.3.2 Emotion metonymies 2.3.3 Emotion metaphors 2.4 An overview of motion 2.4.1 What is motion? 13 13 15 17 20 20 2.4.2 What are verbs of motion? 2.5 Verbs of motion in emotion metaphors 25 30 2.6 An overview of motion verbs and motion verbs expressing emotion in Vietnamese 2.7 Chapter summary 33 34 Chapter 3: METHODOLOGY 35 3.1 Research questions 35 3.2 Research setting 35 3.3 Research approach 3.4 Methods of the study 3.5 Data collection and data analysis 36 36 37 3.6 Chapter summary 37 Chapter 4: VERBS OF MOTION IN EMOTION METAPHORS IN ENGLISH AND THEIR VIETNAMESE EQUIVALENTS 38 4.1 Verbs of motion in emotion metaphors in English 38 4.1.1 Expressed emotion for ANGER/ FURY 4.1.2 Expressed emotion for FEAR 39 40 4.1.3 Expressed emotion for JOY/HAPPINESS 4.1.4 Expressed emotion for SADNESS 41 42 4.2 A comparison between verbs of motion in emotion metaphors in English and their Vietnamese equivalents 4.2.1 Expressed emotion for ANGER/ FURY 4.2.2 Expressed emotion for FEAR 4.2.3 Expressed emotion for JOY/HAPPINESS 43 44 45 46 4.2.4 Expressed emotion for SADNESS 46 4.3 Implications for teaching and learning motion verbs expressing emotion in English to Vietnamese EFL learners of English 47 4.4 Chapter summary 48 Chapter 5: CONCLUSION 5.1 Summary of study 5.2 Concluding remarks 5.3 Limitations of the study and suggestions for further study 49 49 49 51 5.3.1 Limitations of the study 5.3.2 Suggestions for further study 51 52 REFERENCES 53 Chapter INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale Motion verbs are ones of the verbs that possess the biggest quantity of meanings and highest used frequency in English According to R Quirk (1985), I have found it useful to classify verbs into seven major semantic domains, in which activity verbs (or motion verbs) are the most common verbs In the distribution of semantic domains, the most common verbs (i.e verbs that occur at least 50 times per million words) are far from evenly distributed across the seven semantic domains 50% of all common verbs are activity verbs (139 out of 218 common verbs) They occur almost in conversation, fiction, news and academic prose Overall, activity verbs (or motion verbs) occur much more commonly than verbs from any other semantic domain According to Leech (1971, p.215), motion verbs are considered as the most common ones with high frequency However, motion verbs are kinds of fairly complicated words For Vietnamese students, the differences in two languages cause a lot of difficulties in using words They may feel confused when encountering such verbs or may not use them effectively For example, in English we say I will go to Hanoi tomorrow, although speaker can stay at any position But in Vietnamese we can say Ngày mai Hà Nội, Ngày mai Hà Nội, Ngày mai Hà Nội When we say ra, and in English, we can use go to express our thought But in Vietnamese, is used when speaker is staying or living in the South or Middle land, is used when speaker has fatherland is Hanoi Therefore, go in English can be translated into Vietnamese ra, and Or to express Anh ta lảo đảo người say, in English it is said he was staggering along as if drunk but in Vietnamese for English learners at the beginning stage of efficiency will use the structure go + adverbial phrase of manner to describe the motion Thus, English learners, especially Vietnamese students find it very difficult when they meet such cases in their communication and studying An emotional verb is a verb that expresses an action or a state of an emotional or psychological nature With an emotional verb, generally someone feels something Examples of emotional verbs are the following: amuse, annoy, baffle, bewilder, bore, confuse, depress, disappoint, excite, frighten, frustrate, interest, motivate, overwhelm, please, puzzle, shock, surprise Metaphors offer us means of enriching the language we use Several metonymies and metaphors have developed to express emotions and some of them involve verbs of motion to visualize or convey the emotion, as for example: He flew into a rage and She jumped for joy There are different kinds of motion verbs and for purposes of delimitation this thesis will study verbs expressing full body movements over land, through and on water and through air and how these are used in metonymy and metaphor to express emotions Motion and emotion merge in these metaphorical expressions and as Lakoff and Johnson explain; “[the metaphor] permits an understanding of one kind of experience in terms of another” (1980: 235 They further claim that; “Since much of our social reality is understood in metaphorical terms, and since our conception of the physical world is partly metaphorical, metaphor plays a very significant role in determining what is real for us” (1980: 146) Metaphors have become an ordinary way of expressing things as for example: He fell in love, The anger welled up inside her, She is head of the department Some metaphors are indeed so common they are understood almost literally From all the above mentioned, I would like to choose the topic: Motion verbs expressing emotion in English and their Vietnamese equivalents to study with the hope to contribution an awareness of this kind to the learners of English in Vietnam 1.2 Aims and objectives of the study The aim of this study is to investigate what the use of some verbs of motion in emotional metaphors reveals about the connections between something utterly concrete, such as motion, and something very abstract, such as emotion In order to gain the aim of the study, the objectives of the study are as follows: • To identify metaphorical meanings of motion verbs expressing emotion in English and Vietnamese • To find out the differences and similarities between metaphorical meanings of motion verbs expressing emotion in English and their Vietnamese equivalents? • To suggest some implications for teaching and learning metaphorical meanings of motion verbs expressing emotion in English 1.3 Research questions The following questions will be answered:  How are verbs of motion used in metaphors for emotion in English and Vietnamese?  What are the similarities and differences between metaphorical meanings of motion verbs expressing emotion in English and their Vietnamese equivalents? 10 - go in go off, go mad and go crazy When someone gets very angry about something or lose control of yourself, one can use go off the deep end, go mad and go crazy, for example: You could go mad there, Our am’ll go mad (BNC) The place would go crazy, Have you gone crazy or something? (BNC) If someone gets unnecessarily excited or agitated; lose your temper; have an irregular love affair, (possibly from the reaction of someone who did not intend to go in thus), one can use go (in) off the deep end, for example: I always try and assess their maturity in order to judge whether they might go off the deep end as soon as they have success their maturity in order to judge whether they might go off the deep end as soon as they have success (BNC) - hop is rarely used today to expression emotion, it was used to as hopping mad as oldfashioned to express very angry, for example: Who was also hopping mad (BNC) - jump is used when someone feels angry or annoyed with be jumping up and down or jump down somebody’s throat to react angrily to something someone says or does; jump all over to rebuke and berate vigorously; for example: Oh, no, he cried loudly jumping up and down in anger (BNC) He’s probably jumping up and down with fury (BNC) - run is used when someone is and behave in a temper, for example: Run around like a cut cat: be and behave in a temper (WT) 4.1.2 Expressed emotion for FEAR Some motion verbs express emotion for FEAR like crawl, leap, run, stagger, tiptoe and walk on eggshells - crawl is used to make someone very anxious or frightened with make your flesh crawl/creep, for example: I don’ t mind spiders but worms make my flesh crawl (WT) - leap is used in Jump/leap out of your skin when someone is extremely surprised by something, for example: 45 The loud noise made me jump out of my skin - run is used when a sound, sight or thought that makes someone‟s blood run cold frightens someone very much, one can use make your blood run cold, for example: I heard a tapping on the window which made my blood run cold (CALD) - stagger is in the form of staggered, according to CALD, when someone is very shocked or surprised and is used in the form of staggering when someone feels very shocking or surprising, for example: He staggered all his colleagues by suddenly announcing that he was leaving the company at the end of the month (CALD) - tiptoe with Tiptoe round/around somebody/ something is used when someone avoids dealing with a difficult subject, problem or person, for example: As war broke out, Turkey tiptoed Was it going to war? (BNC) - walk on eggshells is used if you are walking on eggs/eggshells, you are being very careful not to offend someone or anything wrong, for example: When my mother is staying at our house, I feel like I'm walking on eggshells (CALD) 4.1.3 Expressed emotion for JOY/HAPPINESS The following verbs express JOY/ HAPPINESS: float, jump, leap, roll and walk on air - float expresses when someone is very happy with be floating on air or floating on clouds - jump indicates when someone is extremely happy with jump for joy, for example: Rushdie’s minders jump for joy (CALD) - leap in fit to leap out of her skin is used to express someone is transported with joy, for example: His disappointment had turned to joy and he leapt in the air, relieved the Bookman had escaped (BNC) - roll is used when someone is laughing uncontrollably in the form of rolling in the aisles, for example: A teller of tall tales has been brought in to help would-be vicars keep the congregation rolling in the aisles 46 (BNC) Ron [ ] went into a raucous peal of laughter [ ] Harry [ ] watched Ron rolling around on the hearthrug (Harry Potter V, p.404) - walk on air is used when someone feel extremely excited or happy, for example: After the delivery of her baby, she was walking on air (CALD) Tread/Walk on air Be elated, jubilant (WT) 4.1.4 Expressed emotion for SADNESS There are only two patters of motion verb expressing SADNESS: - go to pieces is used if someone goes/falls to pieces, they become unable to think clearly and control their emotions because of something unpleasant or difficult that they have experienced, for example: She just goes (all) to pieces in exams - walk over a cliff is used when someone comes to sudden grief All the above are the metaphorical meanings of motion verbs expressing emotion in English Besides that, it is found out that the metaphorical category +EMOTION IS MOTION+ can be distinguished from the examples of emotion metaphors in different kinds of verb as mentioned above, furthermore it can be divided into three subcategories: The first category is: +EMOTION AS MOVEMENT BY THE BODY+ as in dive, float, fly, go off, hop, jump, leap, roll, stagger, swim, tiptoe and walk The second is: +EMOTION AS MOVEMENT ON THE BODY+ as crawl and the third one is: +EMOTION AS MOVEMENT IN THE BODY+ as run The metonymic schema +MOTION STANDS FOR EMOTION+ is for example applicable on climb, be climbing the walls is in fact a metonymy as it is subordinated the +BEHAVIOURAL REACTION FOR EMOTION+ category of emotion metonymies There are semantic similarities between hop, jump and leap and also similarities in the construction of emotion metaphors containing these verbs, nevertheless hop represents ANGER, jump represents both ANGER and JOY and leap represents JOY All in all, motion verbs expressing emotion can be summarized as follows: Table 4.4 Sorting of verbs according to their expressed emotions ANGER/FURY climb, fly, go off, go mad, go crazy, hop, jump, run FEAR crawl, leap, run, stagger, tiptoe & walk on eggshells 47 JOY/HAPPINESS float, jump, leap, roll & walk on air SADNESS go to pieces & walk over a cliff Dive and plunge exist in metaphors but not in conventionalized emotion metaphors In the table … Above, there are 27 emotion metaphors, 22 of these metaphors express basic emotions and express subordinate emotion 4.2 A comparison between verbs of motion in emotion metaphors in English and their Vietnamese equivalents After investigating some Vietnamese literatures, in the scope of the study, particulary the data taken from Tôi thấy hoa vàng cỏ xanh by Nguyễn Nhật Ánh (2008), it is found out that, in Vietnamese, it is the same way of using motion verbs expressing emotion with bodily movement functions The number of motion verbs expressing motion in Vietnamese are various But there are some differences between the ways of using the verbs, the subjects, metaphorical meanings of emotion Firstly, the most difference between verbs of motion in emotion metaphors in English and in Vietnamese is that the subjects of the motion verbs expressing emotion is often a person, but in Vietnamese, the subject or something related to subject are usually internal organs, for example: tim, ruột, gan, mề, phổi for example: …tôi mừng rỡ đến mức cảm nhận rõ rệt trái tim bắt đầu nhẩy múa (Expressed emotion for JOY/HAPPINESS) (p.319) N theo chẳng chết ai, thêm vui, ngặt rả điệp khúc: “Anh Chương chở em với nghen” khiến tức lộn ruột (Expressed emotion for ANGER) (p 63) Secondly, in Vietnamese, people are usually used parts of body to express emotion with motion verbs, for example: Chú Đàn dựng mắt lên nhìn tơi: - Con lớn mà hoa tay à? (Expressed emotion for ANGER/FURY) Tơi thu nắm đấm, môi giần giật: (Expressed emotion for ANGER/FURY) (p 10) ày không động đến Mận (p 169) Thirdly, especially, in Vietnamese, motion verbs often go with function words of directions or degree: lên and ra, for example: Nhớ đến cảnh thằng Tƣờng Mận ngày xúm xít bên …, 48 máu nóng dồn lên mặt khiến đầu phừng phừng (Expressed emotion for ANGER/FURY) (p 226) Trong phút, lòng tơi tan chảy bắt gặp cô bạn thân yêu dáng vẻ ủ rũ thảm sầu (Expressed emotion for ANGER/FURY) (p 180) 4.2.1 Expressed emotion for ANGER/ FURY Verbs expressing emotion in English are climb, fly, go off, go mad, go crazy, hop, jump and run, while in Vietnamese, one can use long (rời ra, bong ra), nhảy dựng lên, nhảy giần giật, dồn lên, lộn, dựng lên, … to express emotion for ANGER/ FURY, for example: In English In Vietnamese He is jumping down over throat He is jumping up and down in anger Nhớ đến cảnh thằng Tường Mận ngày xúm xít bên …, máu nóng dồn lên mặt khiến đầu tơi phừng phừng (p 226) N theo chẳng chết ai, thêm vui, ngặt rả điệp khúc “Anh Chương chở em với nghen” khiến tức lộn ruột (p 63) She just goes all to Chú Đàn dựng mắt lên nhìn tơi: - Con lớn mà pieces in exams hoa tay à? (p 10) Tơi thu nắm đấm, môi giần giật: - Mày không đƣợc động đến Mận (p 169) 4.2.2 Expressed emotion for FEAR Motion verbs express emotion for FEAR in English are crawl, leap, run, stagger, tiptoe and walk on eggshells, whereas, in Vietnamese, one can use đứng ngồi ko yên, chạy bay, nhấn chìm, rùng mình, (quoai hàm) bạnh ra, run lên, tan ra, bay mặt đất, quặn ruột, quẫy mạnh, rùng mình, dựng tóc gáy, chạy vắt chân lên cổ,… for example: In English In Vietnamese He staggered all his Chúng tơi ngồi dỏng tai nghe, thích thích, sờ sợ, chốc colleagues by suddenly chốc lại liếc mắt cửa, tim đập thình thịch bắt announcing that he was gặp đốm lửa chỗ hai mộ g c vườn 49 leaving the company at (p 26) the end of the month I heard a tapping on the Tơi rùng nhớ đến gậy đánh ch dựng góc window which made nhà roi mây ba giắt vách, thấy my blood run cold thương em tơi vơ vàn (p 49) Vừa nói ông vừa xông khỏi cửa khiến thối lui bước, trái tim muốn rớt khỏi lồng ngực (p 333) After the delivery of her Con Mận mặt cắt khơng hột máu, ba chân bốn baby, she was walking cẳng tuôn cổng Trông n bay mặt đất (p.176) on air The loud noise made me Đến người cưỡi xe chạy vài vòng đất bất thần rồ máy phóng vọt lên vành lồng chạy vòng quanh, jump out of my skin người lẫn xe nằm song song với mặt đất trái tim khán giả muốn văng (p.338) When my mother is Con Mận mặt cắt khơng hột máu, ba chân bốn staying at our house, I cẳng tuôn cổng Trông n bay mặt feel like I'm walking on đất eggshells (p.23) 4.2.3 Expressed emotion for JOY/HAPPINESS In English, the following verbs express JOY/ HAPPINESS: float, jump, leap, roll and walk on air and their Vietnamese equivalents are nhảy chân sáo, nhảy múa, tràn (niềm vui tràn tim), bay lên chín tầng mây, nhảy tim muốn nhảy khỏi lồng ngực , bay tim muốn bay khỏi lồng ngực), nhảy cẫng lên sung sướng , lướt nhẹ chân lướt nhẹ), nhảy chân sáo…, for example: In English In Vietnamese He is jumping over the Nói xong, cô nhẩy chân sáo vào nhà Trông cô thật moon vui tươi , giống hoa đong đưa tay cô (p 325) His disappointment had …tôi mừng rỡ đến mức cảm nhận rõ rệt trái tim turned to joy and he leapt in bắt đầu nhảy múa the air, relieved the (p 319) Bookman had escaped 50 4.2.4 Expressed emotion for SADNESS In English, there are only two patters of motion verb expressing SADNESS: go to pieces, walk over a cliff, while in Vietnamese there are plenty of motion verbs expressing this feeling like dâng ngập nỗi nhớ dâng ngập lòng , bay qua ý nghĩ thoáng buồn bay qua tâm trí , rũ xuống, rơi vào, chìm đắm chìm đắm nỗi buồn mênh mang , lặn sâu nỗi buồn lặn sâu đáy mắt , chạy vào nỗi nhớ chạy vào tim , theo, mang theo anh mang theo trái tim rồi, võ cánh bay đi, nhấn chìm…, for example: In English He In Vietnamese is Trong phút lòng tơi tan chảy bắt gặp cô bạn walking over thân yêu dáng vẻ ủ rũ thảm sầu… p 80 a cliff …c vẻ lạc vào cảm xúc rối ren, ngày dấn sâu vào ng c ngách tối tăm chúng… (p.222) Đột nhiên đau quẫy mạnh ngực p.30 Admittedly, metaphors with verbs of motion help human beings express and describe emotions more realistically than by just naming the emotions Verbs of motion are conceptualized concretely by us, human beings, and when using them in metaphors we are able to describe or picture something that is basically abstract and difficult to explain, i.e the motion verb facilitates the embodiment of the emotion Eventually, some metaphors stop being understood as figurative use of language and become so conventionalized that we no longer realize they are metaphors 4.3 Implications for teaching and learning motion verbs expressing emotion in English to Vietnamese EFL learners of English The motion verbs expressing emotion have metaphorical meaning that it is easy to make learners misunderstand Therefore, we found out some common mistakes made by Vietnamese students when using the motion verbs expressing emotion For the language transfer, sentences in the target language may exhibit interference from the mother tongue This of course was considered to be the major, but not the only, source of difficulty by linguists doing contrastive analysis Interference analysis tends to be from the deviant sentence back to the mother tongue Contrastive analysis works the other way, predicting errors by comparing the linguistic system of the mother tongue and the target language Until the role of some of these other factors is more clearly understood, it is not possible to evaluate the amount of systemic interference due to language transfer alone 51 With the scope of this paper, we have dealt with some basic knowledge of motion verbs, motion verbs expressing emotion, metaphor and metonony The finding of the study may be in one way or another beneficial for the language learners For the language teaching, this study may be another sign to imply the need of encouraging students to exploit the diverse meanings of verbs for the purpose of using verbs flexibly and sufficiently When studying the distribution of meanings possessed by motion verbs expressing emotion, I have discovered the number of meanings of English motion verbs expressing emotion are abundant in meaning Therefore, when teaching these verbs to Vietnamese learners, the teacher has to know to exploit the meanings of the verbs and show them how to use the meaning appropriately The language teachers should create condition for leaners to practise English motion verbs expressing emotion in context, which help them get acquainted with many motion verbs expressing emotion, distinguish metaphorical meaning of these verbs, and know how to translate them into Vietnamese Background knowledge of history, culture, traditions, customs, related to speech act verbs in general and the motion verbs expressing emotion in particular should be supplied So, their learners can use the knowledge as well as produce it perfectly, which can be carried out by constant practice in class with the guide of teacher at school and with students‟ selfstudy at home During the process of learning a foreign language, learners often impose the use of their mother tongue on that of the target language is an inevitable habit To help learners avoid such problem, it is teachers‟ duty to point out all of the similarities and differences between the two languages in respect of the concerning issue In other words, contrastive analysis teaching is indispensable in such situation The most difference between verbs of motion in emotion metaphors in English and in Vietnamese is that the subjects of the motion verbs expressing emotion is often a person, but in Vietnamese, the subject or something related to subject are usually internal organs, for example: tim, ruột, gan, mề, phổi… In Vietnamese, people are usually used parts of body to express emotion with motion verbs Especially, in Vietnamese, motion verbs often go with function words of directions or degree: lên and The verb of motion in an emotion metaphor in English and their Vietnamese may place the subject inside an emotion, place an emotion inside a subject or visualize a movement associated with a certain emotion In this study, the majority of the studied verbs visualize a movement associated to an emotion Only two verbs place the subject inside an emotion and only one place an emotion inside a subject This is to say that a teacher must have a profound knowledge of the target language and the 52 source language so that the teaching of the motion verbs expressing emotion can be exactly and effectively 4.4 Chapter summary In this chapter, the metaphorical meanings of some motion verbs to express for JOY/ HAPPINESS, ANGRY/ FURY, FEAR and SADNESS are identified and described in details The comparison between metaphorical meanings of these verbs in English were made to point out the similarities and differences between them Finally, the implications for teaching and learning metaphorical meanings of these verbs in English are given to help teachers and learners master this kind of verbs effectively Chapter CONCLUSION In the final part of the thesis, the results of the study will be reviewed, then some conclusions from the detailed analysis of the previous chapter and some limitations and suggestions for future researches will be given 5.1 Summary of findings In conclusion, based on the theoretical background and the analysis of sixteen verbs, the study has discussed verbs of motion in English motion metaphors in English, pointed out the similarities and differences between verbs of motion in emotion metaphors in English and their Vietnamese equivalents The study has five chapters Chapter one is the Introduction, Chapter two presents Literature Review Chapter three includes the Method and Procedures, Chapter four deals with the Findings and Discussions, as well as Implications The last chapter, Chapter Five, consists of the Conclusion, limitations and gives some suggestions for a further study The matters studied are verbs of motion in emotion metaphors in English Also, the study provides their Vietnamese equivalents From these, the thesis has given some comments on the similarities as well as the differences between English motion verbs expressing emotion and their Vietnamese equivalents After collecting the data and examining the motion verbs expressing emotion in English and their Vietnamese equivalent, I have the conclusion that despite a number of parallels between the verbs investigated, each of the verb perspectives the linguistic scene in different ways Consequently, it was interesting to investigate both the similarities and differences between the sixteen verbs Of course, an exhaustive 53 summary of all the results would be too extensive in this section, which is why what follows is a synthesis of selected and most important findings Last but not least, in the last chapter of the paper, the research tries to give some implications with the aim to help learners to know how to use motion verbs expressing emotion in English correctly 5.2 Concluding remarks This study has studied emotion metaphors containing verbs of motion and has come to the conclusion that these verbs of motion are essential for the construal of the emotion One of the major functions of metaphors is to express abstract concepts, for instance emotions Following the human tradition of expressing the abstract in terms of the concrete, verbs of motion become a tool for understanding emotions One explanation for using these verbs of motion in emotion metaphors is found in the tradition of constructing emotion metaphors by letting the behavioural response to emotional impact be the source model from which the structure is mapped onto the target model of emotion There are several kinds of verbs of motion and they can be sorted according to their semantic features Only those verbs of motion representing a movement which transports the subject to another place, with no other help than her/his own body, have been chosen for this study The sixteen verbs studied in this study are; climb, crawl, dive, float, fly, go, hop, jump, leap, plunge, roll, run, stagger, swim, tiptoe and walk Three verbs, dive, plunge and swim not appear in emotion metaphors which have been conventionalized Six verbs: climb, fly, go, hop, jump & run appear in metaphors for ANGER/FURY Six verbs: crawl, leap, run, stagger, tiptoe & walk appear in metaphors for FEAR Five verbs: float, jump, leap, roll & walk on air appear in metaphors for JOY/HAPPINESS Finally, two verbs: go & walk appear in metaphors for SADNESS and no verbs appear in metaphors for DESIRE/LOVE or DISGUST/HATE Five verbs: go, leap, jump, run and walk appear in metaphors for more than one emotion However, the majority of these verbs only represent one emotion and their connections with specific emotions seem to arise out of the semantic parameters of each verb The emotions expressed in the emotion metaphors found in this study are most often easily interpreted as basic emotions Only in five out of twenty-six emotion metaphors is the emotion a subordinate emotion and only six emotion metaphors out of twenty-six are metaphors for positive feelings, i.e the majority of the emotions expressed by the motion verbs of this study are basic negative emotions 54 In making a comparison between motion verbs in English expressing emotion with their Vietnamese equivalents, it is concluded that (i) firstly, the most difference between verbs of motion in emotion metaphors in English and in Vietnamese is that the subjects of the motion verbs expressing emotion is often a person, but in Vietnamese, the subject or something related to subject are usually internal organs, for example: tim, ruột, gan, mề, phổi…; (ii) secondly, in Vietnamese, people are usually used parts of body to express emotion with motion verbs; (iii) thirdly, especially, in Vietnamese, motion verbs often go with function words of directions or degree: lên and The verb of motion in an emotion metaphor in English and their Vietnamese may place the subject inside an emotion, place an emotion inside a subject or visualize a movement associated with a certain emotion In this study, the majority of the studied verbs visualize a movement associated to an emotion Only two verbs place the subject inside an emotion and only one place an emotion inside a subject 5.3 Limitations of the study and suggestions for further study 5.3.1 Limitations of the study The delimitation of this study needs consideration; the above is the case for the verbs of motion included in this study, but I know that there are also other categories of verbs of motion which appear in emotion metaphors, e.g fall as in fall in love If all verbs of motion could be examined we would be able to learn more about the relation between MOTION and EMOTION Mankind has a long tradition of expressing the abstract in terms of the concrete The essential thing when studying the verbs of motion is to realize their role for the construal of the emotion metaphor Firstly, the verb has to be recognized and singled out from among the multiple choices of meaning that many verbs carry Secondly, its cognitive meaning has to be clarified Lastly, the function of the verb in the metaphor must be distinguished All these operations have not been thoroughly carried out in this thesis, as is would require more extensive research to perform this scientifically However, creating cognitive models, as for example Langacker‟s schemata, for each verb would help clarify the indication of this study that no emotion metaphor works for the entire semantic scope of a verb Each metaphor only works for one specific meaning of the verb What we must realize then, is the fact that we perform these quite complicated processes of recognition and singling out instinctively when understanding a metaphor Considering what it would take to construct a cognitive model for each verb 55 in each of the emotion metaphors collected possibly makes us realize the advanced cognitive process which takes place in the human brain Every time a human being understands a metaphor it requires some pre-understanding It also requires the capability of thinking in abstract terms and the ability to make the right choice for the meaning of each word in the metaphor to make the puzzle come together This means that the human mind is able to perform complicated processes in a few seconds based on experience, intelligence and language understanding, processes which would take several weeks to explain with scientific methods In sum, the human brain, with all its skills, is as we all know a master piece In this study English is considered as source language and it has been presented relatively adequately but in terms of Vietnamese equivalents, Vietnamese is considered as target language and it has not been completely studied yet Though great efforts have been made in this thesis to work out the best results, mistakes and limitations are un-avoidable Therefore any your comments or corrections for our better work would be highly appreciated 5.3.2 Suggestions for further study Based on these limitations, the writer would like to suggest some recommendations for further research as follows The motion verbs expressing emotion in English and their Vietnamese equivalents from cultural and pragmatic perspectives The further should shed more light on the semantic categories of a wider range of the motion verbs expressing emotion, if not say all motion verbs expressing emotion in English and Vietnamese, and go on with the examination of more literary works or narratives from which analyze in more details the lexicalization patterns of motion verbs expressing emotion in the two languages Moreover, it is suggested that the researchers in the future extend these lexicalization patterns to other verb types such as verbs of vision, verbs denoting signs or gestures, or other domains such as aspect and state of change Or else, he/she may come up with an experimental research, to investigate 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http://www.sil.org/lingualinks/lexicon/metaphorsinenglish/ (2005-05-16) 24 Talmy, L 1975 Semantics and Syntax of Motion In Syntax and semantics (vol 4), ed by John P Kimball New York: Academic Press 25 Talmy, L 2000 Toward A Cognitive Semantics Volume I: Concept Structuring Systems Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England: The MIT Press 26 Ungerer, F and H J Schmid 1999 An Introduction to Cognitive Linguistics New York: Pearson Education Inc 27 Wildgen, W 2003 Time, Motion, Force, and the Semantics of Natural Languages University of Bremen: www.fb10.unibremen.de/homepages/wildgen/pdf/antwerpen_time.pdf (2005-03-02) 28 WT: Wilkinson, P.R 1993 Thesaurus of Traditional English Metaphors London & New York: Routledge In Vietnamese 29 Cadiere, L 1958.Cú pháp tiếng Việt Paris, 30 Nguyễn Tài Cẩn 1975 Ngữ pháp tiếng Việt Hà Nội 31 Nguyễn Đức Dân 1980 Từ điển tần số tiếng Việt Paris 32 33 34 35 36 Nguyễn Đình Hoà (1979), Vietnamese verbs, New York: Barron‟s Educational Series Available at http://www google.com.vn/search?hl=vi&source=hp&q= Lê Khả Kế 1991 English-Vietnamese Dictionary Nhà Xuất Bản: Thành Phố Hồ Chí Minh Nguyễn Lai 2001 Nhóm từ hướng vận động Tiếng Việt đại Hà Nội Lê Văn Lý 1948 Le parler vietnamien Paris Hồng Tuyết Minh 2014 Bƣớc đầu xác định mơ hình từ vựng h a nghĩa tố phƣơng hƣớng tình chuyển động tiếng Việt dƣới g c nhìn ngữ nghĩa 58 học tri nhận, T/c Ngơn ngữ, số 10, trang 20-27 37 Nguyễn Kim Thản 2000 Động từ tiếng Việt Hà Nội 59 ... meanings of motion verbs expressing emotion in English and Vietnamese • To find out the differences and similarities between metaphorical meanings of motion verbs expressing emotion in English and. .. researches studying on motion verbs in English and in Vietnamese This section is an overview of works dealing with motion verbs and motion verbs expressing emotion in English and in Vietnamese R.M.W.Dixon... their Vietnamese equivalents and comparison verbs of motion in emotion metaphors in English and the Vietnamese equivalents is made Implications for teaching and learning English motion verbs expressing