This page intentionally left blank LITERATURE AND UTOPIAN POLITICS IN SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY ENGLAND Hundreds of writers in the English-speaking world of the seventeenth century imagined alternative ideal societies Sometimes they did so by exploring fanciful territories, such as the world in the moon or the nations of the Antipodes; but sometimes they composed serious disquisitions about the here and now, proposing how England or its nascent colonies could be conceived of as an “Oceana,” a New Jerusalem, a “City on a Hill.” Literature and Utopian Politics provides a comprehensive view of the operations of the utopian imagination in England and its nascent colonies from the accession of James VI and I in  to the consolidation of the Restoration under Charles II in the late s Appealing to social theorists, literary critics, and political and cultural historians, this volume revises prevailing notions of the languages of hope and social dreaming in the making of British modernity during a century of political and intellectual upheaval ROBERT APPELBAUM is a post-doctoral Fellow in English at the University of San Diego His articles have appeared in a number of journals, including Shakespeare Quarterly, Modern Philology, Textual Practice, Prose Studies, and Utopian Studies LITERATURE AND UTOPIAN POLITICS IN SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY ENGLAND ROBERT APPELBAUM           The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom    The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK 40 West 20th Street, New York, NY 10011-4211, USA 477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia Ruiz de Alarcón 13, 28014 Madrid, Spain Dock House, The Waterfront, Cape Town 8001, South Africa http://www.cambridge.org © Robert Appelbaum 2004 First published in printed format 2002 ISBN 0-511-02976-4 eBook (Adobe Reader) ISBN 0-521-81082-5 hardback To the memory of Sandy Solomon, a man who tried And to my loving and beloved mother Contents Acknowledgments page ix  Introduction  The look of power     New beginnings,  The Columbus topos: how to hope The look of power Baconian hope  Utopian experimentalism, –       The world in the moon, the news on the ground Varieties of subjective idealism New Plymouth and early Massachusetts A “utopia of mine owne”; or, “all must be as it is” The Man in the Moone New Atlantis              “Reformation” and “Desolation”: the new horizons of the s   Out of the “true nothing,” –   From constitutionalism to aestheticization, –        “That new Utopia .” Babylon’s fall The rhetorical situation of a sitting Parliament Amelioration: Macaria and A Discoverie of Infinite Treasure The war breaks out The Leveller movement: “we are the men of the present age”  Ruining the work of time  Fifth Monarchy economics  Winstanley the Digger  In retrospect,  and beyond vii           List of contents viii       Notes Index After the Rump, the search for “substance” Harrington and the commonwealth of Oceana First principles and the crisis of : “Utopian Ragusa” Restoration and aestheticization Margaret Cavendish and the Blazing World The Tempest redivivus          Notes to pp  –  Thomas Edwards, Gangraena (London, ) :; cited in C Hill, The World Turned Upside Down (Harmondsworth: Penguin, ),  Tyranipocrit Discovered (Rotterdam, ), in British Pamphleteers ed G Orwell and R Reynolds (London, ), :–; cited in Hill, World,   On English Beheminism and the topos of self-abnegation that Hering rehearses see Nigel Smith, Perfection Proclaimed: Language and Literature in English Radical Religion – (Oxford: Oxford University Press, ),   Samuel Hering “To the representative of England, Scotland, and Ireland,”  August , in Originall Letters and Papers of State Addressed to Oliver Cromwell, ed Nickolls,  Little is known about Hering himself  Abiezer Coppe, A Fiery Flying Roll (London, ), in A Collection of Ranter Writings from the th Century, ed Nigel Smith (London: Junction Books, ),  On Coppe and the Ranters, see A L Morton, The World of the Ranters: Religious Radicalism in the English Revolution (London: Lawrence and Wishart, )  Coppe, A Second Fiery Flying Roule (), in Collection, ed Smith,   On Chamberlen’s career and writings see J K Fuz, Welfare Economics in English Utopias (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, ), –; Bernard S Capp, The Fifth Monarchy Men (London: Faber, ), – and passim; and J C Davis, Utopia and the Ideal Society – (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ), – Chamberlen was personal physician to both Charles I and Charles II, but he converted to Baptism in , worked as the pastor of an independent church during the Interregnum, associated with a number of Fifth Monarchy men, and, during the Restoration, still publicly called for religious toleration and apparently identified himself as a non-conformist  Davis, Utopia and the Ideal Society,   Peter Chamberlen, The Poor Mans Advocate (London, ),   Joan Thirsk notes an anonymous pamphleteer of  who “rejoiced at the idea that ‘the name of state’s land’ should be stamped upon the forests [in parliamentary hands] ‘that the state may stand as the public landlord”; The Agrarian History of England and Wales, ed Joan Thirsk, vol  (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ), :  Capp, Fifth Monarchy Men,   Christopher Hill, The Experience of Defeat: Milton and Some Contemporaries (Harmondsworth: Penguin, ), –; and see Capp, Fifth Monarchy Men, ch   William Aspinwall, Of the Fifth Monarchy, or Kingdome, That Shortly Is To Come into the World (London, ), A  Capp, Fifth Monarchy Men, ; Worden, Rump Parliament, –  Davis, Utopia and the Ideal Society,   See Hill, The Experience of Defeat, ; and Chamberlen’s own more openly militant and millenarian language in a later text, The Declaration and Proclamation of the Army of God (London, ), – Notes to pp –   See Hill, World Turned Upside Down, –; Elaine Hobby, Virtue of Necessity: English Women’s Writing – (London: Virago, ), –; Phyllis Mack, Visionary Women: Ecstatic Prophecy in Seventeenth-Century England (Berkeley: University of California Press, ), –; and Kate Lilley, “Blazing Worlds: Seventeenth-Century Women’s Utopian Writing,” in Women, Texts and Histories –, ed Clare Brant and Diane Purkiss (London and New York: Routledge, ), –  On the relation of nascent feminism to sectarianism and women preachers see Keith Thomas, “Women and the Civil War Sects,” Past and Present  (), –; and Hobby, Virtue of Necessity, –  Mary Cary, A New and More Exact Mappe, or Description of New Jerusalems Glory when Jesus Christ and his Saints with Him Shall Reign on Earth a Thousand Years, and Possess All Kingdoms (London, ; bound with Little Horns Doom),   Joseph Hall, The Revelation Revealed (London, ), in The Works of the Right Reverend Joseph Hall, D D., ed Philip Wynter,  volumes (Oxford: Oxford University Press, ), :–  See Winstanley, A Vindication of Those, Whose Endeavors Is Only to Make the Earth a Common Treasury, Called Diggers (; n.s ) in The Works of Gerrard Winstanley, ed George Sabine (reprinted New York: Russell & Russell, ), –  On the “third stage of analysis” see Albert Saboul, La Civilisation et la R´evolution Fran¸caise,  volumes (Paris: Editions Arthaud, ), :– Early scholarly publications on Winstanley’s work assimilating Winstanley into the socialist tradition of later periods include Lewis Henry Berens, The Digger Movement in the Days of the Commonwealth, as Revealed in the Writings of Gerrard Winstanley (London: Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent, ); Eduard Bernstein, Cromwell & Communism; Socialism and Democracy in the Great English Revolution, trans H J Stenning (London: Allen & Unwin, ); and David W Petegorsky, Left-Wing Democracy in the English Civil War: A Study of the Social Philosophy of Gerrard Winstanley (London: Victor Gollancz, ) It is Petegorsky who remarks in his conclusion that “Babeuf is Winstanley plus a century of historical development” () The connection between Babeuf and Winstanley is still being reiterated in Olivier Lutard, Winstanley: Socialisme et Christianisme sous Cromwell (Paris: Didier, ),  and passim  Modern debate on this issue begins with Lotte Mulligan, John K Graham, and Judith Richards, “Winstanley: A Case for the Man As He Said He Was,” Journal of Ecclesiastical History . (), –, to which the clearest answers are Christopher Hill, “The Religion of Gerrard Winstanley,” The Collected Essays of Christopher Hill,  volumes (Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press, ), :– and G E Aylmer, “The Religion of Gerrard Winstanley,” in Radical Religion in the English Revolution, ed J F McGregor and Barry Reay (Oxford: Oxford University Press, ),  – Also see Andrew Bradstock “Sowing in Hope: The Relevance of Theology to Gerrard Winstanley’s Political Programme,” The Seventeenth               Notes to pp – Century . (), – Two recent book-length studies of Winstanley also incline toward a religious and localized reading of his work: David Mulder, The Alchemy of Revolution: Gerrard Winstanley’s Occultism and SeventeenthCentury English Communism (New York: Peter Lang, ); and George M Shulman, Radicalism and Reverence: The Political Thought of Gerrard Winstanley (Berkeley: University of California Press, ) For a biographical view of these issues, see J D Alsop, “A High Road to Radicalism? Gerrard Winstanley’s Youth,” The Seventeenth Century . (),  – Works, ed Sabine, ; Christopher Hill, The Experience of Defeat,  Works, ed Sabine,  The date appears in the dedication The New Law of Righteousnes, in Works, ed Sabine,  Bernard Yack, The Longing for Total Revolution (Berkeley: University of California Press, ),  Hill, “Religion of Gerrard Winstanley,” ; Aylmer, “Religion of Gerrard Winstanley,”  Gerrard Winstanley, A Watch-Word to the City of London and the Armie (August ), in Works, ed Sabine, – On Seeking see Hill, The World Turned Upside Down, –; and J F McGregor, “Seekers and Ranters,” in Radical Religion in the English Revolution, ed McGregor and Reay,  – Hill, “Religion of Gerrard Winstanley,”  See Corns, Uncloistered Virtue, – Sabine, Introduction, Works, – Shulman, Radicalism and Reverence, –; Davis, Utopia and the Ideal Society, – On Peters (or Peter) see Raymond Phineas Stearns, The Strenuous Puritan; Hugh Peter – (Urbana: University of Illinois, ) See Christopher Hill, “A Bourgeois Revolution?” The Collected Essays of Christopher Hill,  volumes (Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press, ), :–  FROM CONSTITUTIONALISM TO AESTHETICIZATION,  –   Robert Burton, Anatomy of Melancholy, ed Thomas C Faulkner, Nicholas K Kiessling, and Rhonda L Blair (Oxford: Clarendon, ), :  Francis Bacon, Works, ed James Spedding, Robert Leslie Ellis, and Douglas Denn Heath,  volumes (London, –), :  Peter Cornelius Plockhoy, A Way Propounded to Make the Poor in These and Other Nations Happy (London, )  Margaret Cavendish, The Description of a New World Called the Blazing World and Other Writings, ed Kate Lilley (New York: New York University Press, ),   See J Martin Evans, Milton’s Imperial Epic: “Paradise Lost” and the Discourse of Colonialism (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, ), ch  Notes to pp –   John Eliot, The Christian Commonwealth: Or, The Civil Policy of the Rising Kingdom of Jesus Christ (London, ; reprinted New York: Arno Press, ), C  Marchamont Nedham, A True State of the Case of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland (London, ),   The Writings and Speeches of Oliver Cromwell, ed Wilbur Cortez Abbott,  volumes, (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, ), : See Derek Hirst, “The Lord Protector, –,” in Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution, ed John Morrill (London: Longman, ), –  Barbra Taft, “That Lusty Puss, The Good Old Cause,” Journal of British Studies  (), –; John H F Hughes, “The Commonwealthmen Divided: Edmund Ludlowe, Sir Henry Vane and the Good Old Cause –,” Seventeenth Century . (), –  Henry Vane, A Healing Question Propounded (), in Somers Tracts, ed Walter Scott,  volumes (London, –), : On Vane and his political thought see J H Adamson and H F Folland, Sir Harry Vane: His Life and Times (–) (Boston: Gambit, ); J G A Pocock, Introduction, The Political Works of James Harrington, ed J G A Pocock (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ), –; Paul Harris, “Young Sir Henry Vane’s Arguments for Freedom of Conscience,” Political Science (New Zealand) . (), –; and Hughes, “The Commonwealthmen Divided.”  J G A Pocock, The Machiavellian Moment: Florentine Political Thought and the Atlantic Republican Tradition (Princeton: Princeton University Press, )  It should be recalled that Vane’s first direct experience with politics was as the elected governor, at the age of , of the Massachusetts Bay Colony  Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan, ed C B Macpherson (Harmondsworth: Penguin, ), ,   Writings and Speeches, ed Abbott, :–  On the theoretical and rhetorical problems involved see Kenneth Burke, A Grammar of Motives (Berkeley: University of California Press, )  –; Jacques Derrida, “Declarations of Independence,” New Political Science  (), –; and B Honig, “Declarations of Independence: Arendt and Derrida on the Problem of Founding a Republic,” American Political Science Review . (), –  The Commonwealth of Oceana, in Political Works of James Harrington, ed Pocock,   See James Holstun, A Rational Millennium: Puritan Utopias of Seventeenth-Century England and America (Oxford: Oxford University Press, ), –  C B Macpherson, The Political Theory of Possessive Individualism, Hobbes to Locke (Oxford: Oxford University Press ), –; Felix Raab, The English Face of Machiavelli: A Changing Interpretation – (London: Routledge, ), ; Christopher Hill, The Experience of Defeat; Milton and Some Contemporaries (Harmondsworth: Penguin, ), –  It is of course significant that Harrington would mention this particular detail, and ignore the sticking point of lower-class discontent For all his                   Notes to pp – advances in political theory, as Macpherson has argued, Harrington’s outlook is always the outlook of the landed gentry Pocock, Introduction, Political Works,  But see the account of Harrington’s persona in Holstun, A Rational Millennium, – See a related account of Harrington’s psychology in Jonathan Scott, “The Rapture of Motion: John Harrington’s Republicanism,” in Political Discourse in Early Modern Britain, ed Nicholas Phillipson and Quentin Skinner (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ), –, esp  Rene Descartes, Discourse on Method and The Meditations, trans F E Sutcliffe (Harmondsworth: Penguin, ),  Scott suggests a Platonic and Hobbesian source for moments in the text like this, with reference both to the Platonic demiourgos and the Hobbesian Leviathan Between Plato and Hobbes, however, comes the decisive influence of Descartes and what amounts to the Cartesian moment of early modern thought Political Works, ed Pocock,  The Art of Lawgiving, in Political Works, ed Pocock,  See Prerogative, in Political Works, ed Pocock,  A System of Politics delineated in short and easy Aphorisms, in Political Works, ed Pocock,  Judith Shklar, “The Political Theory of Utopia: From Melancholy to Nostalgia,” in Utopias and Utopian Thought, ed Frank E Manuel (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, ),  – A Discourse, in Political Works, ed Pocock,  Holstun, A Rational Millennium, – Edward Gee, A Plea for Non-Scribers (London, ), n.p.; quoted in Holstun, A Rational Millennium,  Also see Perez Zagorin, A History of Political Thought in the English Revolution (London: Routledge, ), – My account of the events of  draws on Austin Woolrych, “Last Quests for a Settlement –,” in The Interregnum: The Quest for Settlement – , ed G E Aylmer (London: Archon Books, ); Woolrych, Introduction, Complete Prose Works of John Milton, ed Don M Wolfe,  volumes (New Haven: Yale University Press, –), vol  (); and Ronald Hutton, The Restoration: A Political and Religious History of England and Wales – (Oxford: Clarendon, ) The Humble Desires of a Free Subject (London, ), A William Prynne, The Re-publicans and Others Spurious Good Old Cause, Briefly and Truly Anatomized (London, ), – Chaos (London, ),  I am referring here to the first of two versions of this treatise, dated by Thomason  June  (STC ) A second longer version (STC ) is analyzed at length in J C Davis, Utopia and the Ideal Society – (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ), – Richard Baxter, A Holy Commonwealth, ed William Lamont (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ),  Notes to pp –   Lamont, Introduction, A Holy Commonwealth, ix  Part of Eliot’s credulity, or optimism, may stem from the fact that most of the tract was written in the early s, before the disenchantment of Fifth Monarchist rhetoric, and the disappointments of Barebones Parliament See Holstun, A Rational Millennium,   Mercurius Politicus (April–May ) The letters are reproduced in Making the News: An Anthology of the Newsbooks of Revolutionary England –, ed Joad Raymond (New York: St Martin’s Press, ) –  The Stuart Constitution –: Documents and Commentary, ed J P Kenyon, second edition (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ), –  Baxter, A Holy Commonwealth,   Milton, The Readie and Easie Way to Establish a Free Commonwealth, second edition, in Complete Prose Works, ed Wolfe, : I will here be commenting on the second edition only On the tract itself see Barbara K Lewalski, “Milton: Political Beliefs and Polemical Methods, –,” PMLA: Publications of the Modern Language Association  ()  –; Holstun, A Rational Millennium, –; Laura Lunger Knoppers, “Milton’s The Readie and Easie Way and the English Jeremiad,” in Politics, Poetics, and Hermeneutics in Milton’s Prose, ed David Loewenstein and James Grantham Turner (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ), –; Mary Ann Radzinowicz, “‘In Those Days There Was No King in Israel’: Milton’s Politics and Biblical Narrative,” Yearbook of English Studies  (), –; Amy Boesky, Founding Fictions: Utopias in Early Modern England (Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, ), –  Political Works, ed Pocock,   Pocock, Introduction, Political Works, –; Richard C Greaves and Robert Zaller, Biographical Dictionary of British Radicals in the Seventeenth Century (Brighton: Harvester Press, –), vol ; Nigel Smith, “Popular Republicanism in the s; John Streater’s ‘heroick mechanicks,’ ” in Milton and Republicanism, ed David Armitage, Armand Himy, and Quentin Skinner (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ), – Smith has established that Streater hailed from an artisanal class, and that he went on to a career of more or less underground republican agitation well into the Restoration He has been kind enough to assist me in my own research into Streater’s career, and to comment on my findings See Robert Appelbaum, “Utopian Dubrovnik, : An English Fantasy,” in Utopian Studies . (), – More recent and comprehensive work on Streater’s work as a printer will be found in Adrian Johns, The Nature of the Book: Printing and Knowledge in the Making (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, )  John Streater, A Continuation of This Session of Parliament Justified, and the action of the Army touching that affair defended: and objection to both answered (London, ),   The most succinct recent account in English of the Ragusa’s complex system of government is to be found in David Rheubottom, “The Hierarchy                Notes to pp – of Office in Fifteenth-Century Ragusa,” Bulletin of the John Rylands Society  (), – Also see Frank W Carter, Dubrovnik: The Classic CityState (London: Seminar Press, ), Barisa Krekic, Dubrovnik in the th and th Centuries: A City Between East and West (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, ), and Susan Mosher Stuard, A State of Deference: Ragusa/Dubrovnik in the Medieval Centuries, (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, ) Lilburns Ghost (London, ),  Ragusa’s Liber Statutorum of  in fact confirmed an existing power structure, the power of what Streater himself refers to as “the Gentry,” and excluded any new individuals from participation Not even marriage could add to the stock of the hereditary nobility since, as noted above, the hereditary nobility observed a strict practice of endogamy Krekic, Dubrovnik, – Hartlib to Worthington,  June ; in G H Turnbull, Hartlib, Dury, and Comenius; Gleanings from Hartlib’s Papers (Liverpool and London: Hodder & Stoughton, ),  On The Isle of Pines see Boesky, Founding Fictions, ch  Terry Eagleton, The Ideology of the Aesthetic (Oxford: Blackwell, ) Also see Anthony J Cascardi, The Subject of Modernity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ), – See the related remarks of Thomas Sprat: “The late times of Civil War, and confusion, to make recompense for their infinite calamities, brought this advantage with them, that they stirr’d up mens minds from long ease, and a lazy rest, and made them active, industrious, and inquisitive: it being the usual benefit that follows upon Tempests, and thunders in the State, as well as in the Skie, that they purifie, and cleer the Air, which they disturb,” History of the Royal Society (London, ),  Quoted in Davis, Utopia and the Ideal Society,  Curiously, J C Davis, the one contemporary authority on R.H., has not picked up on the irony of the text, and reads it, like Hartlib, as a literal depiction of a normatively ideal society See Davis, ibid., – Declaration of Breda (), in The Stuart Constitution, ed Kenyon  David Ogg, England in the Reign of Charles II, second edition,  volumes, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, ), esp :– Ronald Hutton, The Restoration: A Political and Religious History of England and Wales – (Oxford: Clarendon Press, ),  Thomas N Corns, Uncloistered Virtue, – On Cavendish’s life see Douglas Grant, Margaret the First: A Biography of Margaret Cavendish Duchess of Newcastle – (London: Rupert HartDavis, ); Sara Heller Mendelson, The Mental World of Stuart Women: Three Studies (Brighton: Harvester Press, ), ch ; Kathleen Jones, A Glorious Fame: The Life of Margaret Cavendish, Duchess of Newcastle – (London: Bloomsbury, ) Notes to pp –   Margaret Cavendish, A True Relation of My Birth, Breeding, and Life, in The Lives of William Cavendishe, Duke of Newcastle, and of His Wife, Margaret Duchess of Newcastle, ed Mark Antony Lower (London: John Russell Smith, )  Peter Newman, The Battle of Marston Moor  (Chichester: Anthony Bird, )  Edward Hyde, Earl of Clarendon, The History of the Rebellion and Civil Wars in England,  volumes (Oxford: Clarendon Press, ), :–  Cavendish, Lives, ed Lower –  See the related remarks in Natures Pictures Drawn by Fancies Pencil to the Life (London, ), C, quoted in Mendelson, Mental World of Stuart Women, : “I confess my Ambition is restless,” she writes, “and not ordinary; because it would have extraordinary fame: And since all heroick Actions, publick Imployments, powerfull Governments, and eloquent pleadings are denyed our Sex in this age, or at least would be condemned for want of custome, is the cause I write so much.”  Cavendish, Lives, ed Lower   While Margaret was still a child, William Cavendish had been a patron of Ben Jonson, and had produced a couple of his own plays During the Restoration he patronized Davenant and Shadwell as well as Dryden, and took credit for writing the successful Martin Mar-All, which was largely Dryden’s creation Margaret herself would of course write a number of closet dramas, which would be published in the early s See Sophie Tomlinson, “‘My Brain the Stage,’ Margaret Cavendish and the Fantasy of Female Performance,” in Women, Texts and Histories –, ed Clare Brant and Diane Purkiss (London and New York: Routledge, ), –; and Susan J Wiseman, “Gender and Status in Dramatic Discourse: Margaret Cavendish, Duchess of Newcastle,” in Women/Writing/History –, ed Isobel Grundy and Susan J Wiseman (Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, ), –  Thomas Randolph, Poems with the Muses Looking-Glasse And Amyntas (London, ), “Envoy,” n.p  Cavendish, Blazing World, ed Lilley,   Frank E Manuel and Fritzie P Manuel, Utopian Thought in the Western World (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, ),  The Manuels’ characterization of Blazing World and their rejection of it from the canon of utopian literature is vigorously attacked by Marina Leslie, Renaissance Utopias and the Problem of History (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, ), –, who finds sexism and homophobia behind their view Leslie avoids discussing, however, the almost dizzying splitting and multiplication of narrative egos that prompted the Manuels’ response  Catherine Gallagher, “Embracing the Absolute: The Politics of the Female Subject in Seventeenth-Century England,” Genders  (), –  Notes to pp  –  Lee Cullen Khanna, “The Subject of Utopia: Margaret Cavendish and Her Blazing World,” in Utopian and Science Fiction by Women: Worlds of Difference, ed Jane L Donawerth and Carol A Komerton (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, ), –  Kate Lilley, “Blazing Worlds: Seventeenth-Century Women’s Utopian Writing,” in Women, Texts and Histories –, ed Brant and Purkiss, –; Lilley, Introduction, The Description of a New World Called the Blazing World and Other Writings  Of recent analyses only that in Amy Boesky, Founding Fictions, ch , tries to come to grips with Cavendish’s imperialistic will to violence  See the Preface to Micrographia (London, ), where Hooke makes comments like the following: “all my ambition is, that I may serve to the great philosophers of this Age, as the makers and grinders of my glasses did to me: that I may prepare and furnish them with some materials, which they may afterwards order and manage with better skill, and to greater advantage ” (Bv) Hooke’s remarks are to be compared with those like the following from Cavendish’s Observations (London, ): “this Age does ruine Palaces, to make Cottages; Churches to make Conventicles; and Universities to make private Colledges; and endeavour not only to wound, but to kill and bury the Fame of such meritorious Persons as the Ancients were ” (Br); “those that invented Microscopes, and such like dioptrical Glasses, at first, did, in my opinion, the world more injury then benefit ” (); “the best optick is a perfect natural Eye ” ()  Ludwig Wittgenstein, Philosophical Investigations, third edition, trans G E M Anscombe (New York: Macmillan, ),   Worthington Chauncey Ford, Isle of Pines, ; an Essay in Bibliography (Boston: The Odd Volume Club, ); Michael McKeon, Politics and Poetry in Restoration England: The Case of Dryden’s “Annus Mirabilis” (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, )  The Works of John Dryden, ed Edward Niles Hooker et al.,  volumes (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, –), :, lines –  Abraham Cowley, “To the Royal Society,” in Sprat, History of the Royal Society, Bv–B  John Wilkins, An Essay Towards a Real Character (London, ) Also see Barbara Shapiro, John Wilkins –; An Intellectual Biography (Berkeley: University of California Press, ); Murray Cohen, Sensible Words: Linguistic Practice in England – (Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins, ); and Robert Stillman, The New Philosophy and Universal Languages in Seventeenth-Century England (Lewisburg: Bucknell University Press, )  Maximillian Novak, Commentary, in Works of John Dryden, ed Hooker, :  Dryden, Works, ed Hooker, : Notes to p    Katherine Eisaman Maus, “Arcadia Lost: Politics and Revision in The Tempest,” Renaissance Drama,  (), –:  Also see George R Guffrey, “Politics, Weather, and the Contemporary Reception of the Dryden-Davenant Tempest,” Restoration: Studies in English Literary Culture, – . (),  –; Michael Dobson, “ ‘Remember First to Possess his Books’: The Appropriation of The Tempest –,” Shakespeare Survey,  (); and Matthew H Wikander, “The Innocence of the Restoration Tempest”, in Shakespeare Survey,  () Index absolutism , , , , , –,  Adorno, Theodor  see dialectic of enlightenment aestheticization – Agreement of the People , –,  Alsted, John Henry  ameliorism, Puritan , , –, , , , –,  anatomies, literary  – Anatomy of Melancholy see Burton, Robert ancient liberties  Andreae, Johann Valentin Christianopolis –, , , , ,  anticipatory consciousness , , , ,  Archer, John The Personall Reign of Christ on Earth , ,  Arendt, Hannah  Aristotle ,  Aspinwall, William – Bacon, Sir Francis , , , , , , , , ,  Advancement of Learning  –, ,  New Atlantis , –, –, –, , –,  New Atlantis Continued see R.H New Organon  n  Valerius Terminus – Baconianism , –, , ,  – Bakhtin, Mikhail  Barlow, William  n  Bastwick, John  Baxter, Richard , –,  Begley, Walter  n  Beheminism  Berwick, town of ,  birth-right ,  Bishops’ War ,  Blake, William  Bloch, Ernst , , , ,  see also anticipatory consciousness Blumenberg, Hans , ,  theoretical curiosity  see also self-assertion Boehme, Jacob  Boesky, Amy ,  n  Bradford, William  Brailsford, H N ,  n  Braithwaite, Richard ,  Brewster, William  Brome, Richard The Antipodes , ,  Brooke, Lord, Richard Greville ,  Bruce, Edward – Burke, Kenneth  Burton, Henry ,  Burton, Robert , , , –, , ,  –, , , , , ,  n  “Utopia of mine owne” ,  – various editions of Anatomy of Melancholy  n  Bury, J B  Calvinism –,  Calvinist resistance theory  Campanella, Tomasso Civitas Solis  Carey, Sir Robert and Sir John –, – Cartesianism , ,  Cary, Mary –,  Cause of God, The – Cavaliers  Cavendish, Margaret, Duchess of Newcastle , , – Blazing World – Life of William Cavendishe – Observations on Experimental Philosophy  Cavendish, William, Duke of Newcastle – Cecil, Robert , –  Index Cervantes, Miguel de Don Quixote – Chamberlen, Peter –,  n  The Poor Mans Advocate –,  Chaos  Chapman, George see Jonson, Ben Charles I , , , ,  execution of , ,  Charles II , , –,  and Margaret Cavendish  Cheynell, Francis  Christ, as ruler on earth –,  Chronisticon  Cicero Dream of Scipio  Civil War, English ,  Clarendon, Lord, Edward Hyde ,  Collinson, Patrick – n  Columbus, Christopher , , – Columbus topos –,  –, , –, , , , ,  Comenius, John Amos  –, , , ,  The Labyrinth of the World  – Via Lucis  communism , , , –, – communitarianism , –, , –,  constitutionalism , , , ,  in North America , , – see also Levellers; Vane, Henry; and Harrington, James Coppe, Abezier , , ,  Corns, Thomas  – Council of State , –,  Cowley, Abraham  Cromwell, Sir Oliver , , ,  n  death of  and Harrington’s Oceana  – and Putney debates –,  and Winstanley’s Law of Freedom –,  Cromwell, Richard ,  Cushman, Robert ,  Daniel, Samuel ,  Dante  Davenant, William – Davis, J C , , ,  n  Declaration of Breda  de facto authority –, , ,  and Marchamont Nedham  Defoe, Daniel  Robinson Crusoe  Dekker, Thomas ,  Delbanco, Andrew  n  Dell, William –  Descartes, Ren´e –, ,  dialectic of enlightenment , – Diggers see Winstanley, Gerrard Don Quixote , – Donne, John  Drayton, Michael  Dryden, John  –, –,  n  Annus Mirabilis – The Tempest (with William Davenant) – Dury, John , –, , , , , ,  Eagleton, Terry  Edwards, Thomas Gangreana  Eliot, John ,  The Christian Commonwealth – Elizabeth I –,  Ellesmere, Lord Chancellor, Thomas Egerton – Elton, G R  n  enthusiasm, religious –, ,  eschatology ,  Essex Rebellion  false consciousness  feudalism ,  Fifth Monarchy movement –,  Filmer, Robert Patriarcha  Fish, Stanley  n ,  n  Fletcher, Anthony  Foucault, Michel –, , – n  foundationalism, political see constitutionalism Fran¸cois I  Frank, Joseph  n  Frederick, Elector of the Palatinate  Freud, Sigmund  Gallagher, Catherine  Gardiner, Samuel R ,  n  Gee, Edward  Giddens, Anthony  Glimpse of Sion’s Glory see Goodwin, Thomas globalization – Godwin, Francis  The Man in the Moone , – Gonzalo’s Paradox –, ,  –, ,  Good Old Cause –, –, , – Goodwin, John ,  Goodwin, Thomas  n  Glimpse of Sion’s Glory –,  Gott, Samuel ,  Nova Solyma – Gottin, Jacques  n   Index Grand Remonstrance, the  Great Migration, the , Grossman, Marshall Habermas, Jăurgen , –, , ,  Hakewill, George ,  Hall, Joseph –, –, , –, , , ,  Heaven on Earth  n  Mundus Alter et Idem –, – Hanson, Elizabeth – n  Harington, Sir John ,  Harrington, Sir James , , , –, , , – Art of Lawgiving  Oceana , , –,  Harrison, Thomas  Hartlib, Samuel –, , , ,  Hartlib circle –, – Healey, John The Discovery of a New World  n  hegemony  Heidelberg  Helgerson, Richard  Herbert, George  The Country Parson  Hering, Samuel  Hesiod  Hickman, William  Hill, Christopher , , , ,  n  Hirst, Derek  historicization  Hobbes, Thomas ,  Holstun, James  Hooke, Robert ,  n  hope –, , , , ,  n  Horkheimer, Max  Howard, Edward The Six Days Adventure – Humble Petition and Advice  Hutchinson, Lucy ,  Hutton, Ronald  ideal politics  –, , –, , –, ,  ideology , –,  ideology of the aesthetic  imaginary of the state  Independents , ,  Instrument of Government ,  instrumental reason , , ,  in New Atlantis  among New England Puritans – in The Man in the Moone – Ireton, Henry , –,  Heads of the Proposals – James VI and I, King of Scotland and England , –, –, , –, –, , , , –, ,  n  Jameson, Frederic  Joachim of Fiore  Jonson, Ben , , , , ,  n  The Alchemist  Eastward Ho! (with George Chapman and John Marston)  The Fortunate Isles  Masque of Blackness – News from the New World Discovered in the Moon –, – Kant, Immanuel  Khanna, Lee Cullen  Kishlansky, Mark  Konvitz, Josef W  n  Kosseleck, Reinhart  Laclau, Ernest, and Chantal Mouffe  Lamont, William  Lenthal, Sir William  Leslie, Marina ,  n ,  n  Levellers , , –, –, ,  Levin, Harry  Lewalski, Barbara  Lilburne, John ,  Lilley, Kate  Locke, John  look of power, the –, –, , , , –,  Lucian , ,  Lycurgus , , ,  Machiavelli, Niccol`o , ,  Machiavellian moment, the , ,  MacLean, Gerald  n  Macpherson, C B  Magna Charta ,  Manley, Thomas  n  Mannheim, Karl ,  Manning, Brian ,  Manuel, Frank and Fritzie ,  n ,  n  Mar, Earl of – Marin, Louis  n  Marshall, John , – Marston, John see Jonson, Ben Marston Moor, Battle of – Marvell, Andrew  Marx, Karl –, , ,  Index Marxism , ,  n  Mathew, David  n  Maus, Katherine Eisaman  Mayflower Compact ,  Mede, Joseph  Millenary Petition  millennium and millenarianism, the , ,  and Fifth Monarchists – and Rosicrucians – see also Archer, John Miller, Perry  Milton, John , –, –, ,  Areopagitica –, –,  Paradise Lost  Prolusion VII –,  Readie and Easie Way  – modernity , , , ,  modernization –, , – monarchy abolished  figurehead monarchy –,  “free” monarchy  mixed  rejected  see also absolutism Monck, General  moon, the world of the –, –,  see also Godwin, Francis The Man in the Moone More, Thomas, Utopia , , , , , , , ,  and Robert Burton –,  and Gabriel Plattes – Morris, William News from Nowhere  – Mumford, Lewis  natural law , ,  Nedham, Marchamont –, ,  letters from Utopia  Neville, Sir Henry ,  New England –,  New Jerusalem , –, , ,  Nova Solyma see Gott, Samuel news as commodity – as onslaught of events – as wind and noise  Norbrook, David  Norman Yoke  objective idealism – Overton, Richard , ,  n  Parker, Henry , , ,  n  Parliament –, , , –  Apology of the Commons  Barebones Parliament ,  Long Parliament , , – nature of –,  as owner or trustee of public property – parliamentary authority –, , – Rump Parliament –,,  Triennial Act –,  Parliamentarians (as advocates of Parliament or members of Parliamentarian party) , , , , , ,  periodization: uniqueness of the seventeenth century – Peters, Hugh  Petgorsky, David  n  Petition of Right  Pilgrims, New Plymouth – Pitkin, Hannah  Platina, Bartolomeo  Plato –, , –, , ,  The Republic  Plattes, Gabriel –, ,  A Discoverie of Infinite Treasure – Macaria , –,  Plockhoy, Peter Cornelius  Plutarch  Pocock, J G A ,  politicization  Popper, Karl  possessive individualism , –,  n  Pride’s Purge ,  private property  Privy Council  progress, idea of –, ,  Providence and providentialism , , , , , , ,  Prynne, William , – Puritan separatists and Puritan separatism , , –, , – Puritans and puritanism , , –,  Putney Debates , –,  Pym, Sir John ,  Quakers  R.H New Atlantis Continued –, ,  radical obedience – Ragusa (Dubrovnik) – Ralegh, Sir Walter  Randolph, Thomas  Ranters  see also Coppe, Abezier Rawls, John   Index reason of state – Reformation –, –, , ,  republic, England declared  republicanism , , –, , , –, , – see also Agreement of the People; constitutionalism; Levellers; salus populi Restoration, Stuart –, –, , –,  revisionism –,  revolution, theory of –, , –, , , ,  bourgeois revolution  total revolution ,  Rich, Nathaniel  Robinson, John , – Rosicrucians , –, ,  Confessio Fraternitas  existence of ,  n  Royal Society , , , , – Rubens, Peter Paul  Saboul, Albert  n  salus populi, doctrine of –, , , ,  Sartre, Jean-Paul – Scots’ War see Bishops’ War Sedgwick, William ,  self-assertion , , , –,  sermons, fast day  Shakespeare, William King Lear  Richard II  The Tempest , –, , , ; compared to Dryden and Davenant’s The Tempest – Sharpe, Kevin  n  Shuger, Deborah  Smith, Nigel ,  n ,  n  Smuts, Malcolm  social drama ,  social voluntarism  sociology of knowledge  Solon , ,  Sommerville, J P  n  Spinoza, Baruch  spirit (spiritus) , ,  –,  Sprat, Thomas ,  n  Stone, Laurence – n  Strachey, William  Streater, John – Strong, Roy  subjective idealism , – Swift, Jonathan  Terra Australis – Thirsk, Joan  n  Tillich, Paul  time, modern consciousness or sense of ,  Toland, John  n  Toulmin, Stephen  Trevor-Roper, Hugh , ,  n  Triennial Act, see Parliament Turner, Victor  n  uchronia  utopian fiction  utopian mastery  –, , , –, , , , , , , ,  utopian witnessing  –,  utopias blueprint ,  realistic  Vane, Sir Henry  A Healing Question Propounded – Virgil Georgics ,  Virginia –, ,  Virginia Company , ,  n  Walwyn, William –, –, – Walzer, Michael ,  Wands, John Millar  n  Weber, Max , ,  n  Wildman, John  Wilkins, John –,  Wilkinson, Henry ,  Williams, Raymond  Winslow, Edward  n  Winstanley, Gerrard –, , , – Law of Freedom in a Platform – New Law of Righteousness – Winter, Michael – n  Winthrop, John –, – A Modell of Christian Charity – Wittgenstein, Ludwig  Worden, Blair  Yack, Bernard  ...This page intentionally left blank LITERATURE AND UTOPIAN POLITICS IN SEVENTEENTH- CENTURY ENGLAND Hundreds of writers in the English-speaking world of the seventeenth century imagined alternative... loves and twin pillars of my life Introduction Literature and Utopian Politics. ” Or is that Politics and Utopian Literature ? Either one would do; for utopian politics as exercised in seventeenth- century. .. appeared in a number of journals, including Shakespeare Quarterly, Modern Philology, Textual Practice, Prose Studies, and Utopian Studies LITERATURE AND UTOPIAN POLITICS IN SEVENTEENTH- CENTURY ENGLAND