XXXXXX This page intentionally left blank This book explores Romantic poetry, and the concept of poetry in the Romantic period, as a locus of debate, defense, and discursive reconfiguration Maureen McLane shows how the discourse around poetry involved itself intimately with the problem of the human and thus with contemporary discussions and theorizations of Man proposed by such writers as Malthus, Godwin, and Burke Reading romanticism in relation to moral philosophy, political economy, and anthropology, McLane reveals how Romantic writers explored the possibilities and limits of human being, language, and historicity; she argues further that poetry acquired a new and vexed status as the discourse of both humanization and imagination This book offers extended readings of canonical works, including Lyrical Ballads, Biographia Literaria, Frankenstein, Prometheus Unbound, and The Triumph of Life, together with considerations of Malthus’s Essay on the Principle of Population and Godwin’s Political Justice Each chapter of this book maps a discursive constellation through which these poets and writers linked, re-worked, and re-imagined such categories as poetry, the human, species, population, imagination, and futurity            is a Junior Fellow in Harvard University’s Society of Fellows She has written numerous articles and book reviews for both the Chicago Tribune and the Chicago Review Her article, ‘‘Literate Species: Populations, ‘Humanities,’ and Frankenstein’’ (ELH ), won the Keats-Shelley Association of America Essay Award in  XXXXXX                               R OM A N T I C I S M A ND T H E HUMAN SCIENCES                             General editors Professor Marilyn Butler University of Oxford Professor James Chandler University of Chicago Editorial board John Barrell, University of York Paul Hamilton, University of London Mary Jacobus, Cornell University Kenneth Johnston, Indiana University Alan Liu, University of California, Santa Barbara Jerome McGann, University of Virginia David Simpson, University of California, Davis This series aims to foster the best new work in one of the most challenging fields within English literary studies From the early s to the early s a formidable array of talented men and women took to literary composition, not just in poetry, which some of them famously transformed, but in many modes of writing The expansion of publishing created new opportunities for writers, and the political stakes of what they wrote were raised again by what Wordsworth called those ‘great national events’ that were ‘almost daily taking place’: the French Revolution, the Napoleonic and American wars, urbanization, industrialization, religious revival, an expanded empire abroad and the reform movement at home This was an enormous ambition, even when it pretended otherwise The relations between science, philosophy, religion and literature were reworked in texts such as Frankenstein and Biographia Literaria; gender relation in A Vindication of the Rights of Women and Don Juan; journalism by Cobbett and Hazlitt; poetic form, content and style by the Lake School and the Cockney School Outside Shakespeare studies, probably no body of writing has produced such a wealth of response or done so much to shape the responses of modern criticism This indeed is the period that saw the emergence of those notions of ‘literature’ and of literary history, especially national literary history, on which modern scholarship in English has been founded The categories produced by Romanticism have also been challenged by recent historicist arguments The task of the series is to engage both with a challenging corpus of Romantic writings and with the changing field of criticism they have helped to shape As with other literary series published by Cambridge, this one will represent the work of both younger and more established scholars, on either side of the Atlantic and elsewhere For a complete list of titles published see end of book ROMANTICISM AND THE HUMAN SCIENCES Poetry, Population, and the Discourse of the Species M A U R EE N N M c L A N E Society of Fellows, Harvard University           The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom    The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK 40 West 20th Street, New York, NY 10011-4211, USA 477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia Ruiz de Alarcón 13, 28014 Madrid, Spain Dock House, The Waterfront, Cape Town 8001, South Africa http://www.cambridge.org © Maureen N McLane 2004 First published in printed format 2000 ISBN 0-511-03469-5 eBook (Adobe Reader) ISBN 0-521-77348-2 hardback Contents Acknowledgments Introduction, or the thing at hand page ix   Toward an anthropologic: poetry, literature, and the discourse of the species Frankenstein and the end of letters ‘‘Poetry’’ is not ‘‘Literature’’ Frankenstein: the mariner as a failed poet Poetry as an object of discourse: definitions and discontents Poetry discoursing: toward an anthropologic of imagination Poetry unbound/rebound: toward a discourse network  Do rustics think?: Wordsworth, Coleridge, and the problem of a ‘‘human diction’’           From human diction to human mind: rustics think? How rustics might think: about masters, for example Personification, impersonation, ventriloquism: the ambiguous work of poetry Discursive negotiations: moral philosophy against poetry against moral philosophy Telling stories about others: ‘‘Ruth’’ as a critique of ethnographic seduction Experiments on the border: ballad mediations    Literate species: populations, ‘‘humanities,’’ and the specific failure of literature in Frankenstein  The rupture in the ‘‘human’’ world Natives of the world The science of education Acquiring human being: humanities as remedy Renouncing human being: species revising Securing the world for human being: toward a Malthusian humanitarianism vii         viii Contents  The ‘‘arithmetic of futurity’’: poetry, population, and the structure of the future Toward a discourse network: poetry, population, and ‘‘reforming the world’’ Experimenting with the future: the moral philosophical impasse of revolution Revolution redux: Shelley’s Revolt of Islam Figuring futurity: the future’s urn The threat of history: futurity as ‘‘knowing not’’ Entombing the past: figuring a way out of the revolutionary impasse Hypothetical histories and futurities: the future of the earth ‘‘Reforming the world’’: realizing the revolutionary fiction Shelley’s Prometheus Unbound: futurity as successive reconstruction New endings: ruining ruin and rehabilitating ‘‘Man’’ Making possible: poetry and the discourse of man Poetic interval, invention, intervention But poetry makes nothing happen: Malthusian rebuttals  Dead poets and other romantic populations: immortality and its discontents Immortality, natality, mortality: preliminaries Immortality in the moral-philosophical field: perfectibility vs ‘‘chastized thinking’’ Immortality and the structure of feeling Mode I: Godwin’s sepulchral mnemotechnics Mode II: Wordsworth and the anthropologic of natality Toward Wordsworthian immortality: natality, nativity, and ‘‘vain perplexity’’ Wordsworthian immortality: the reconstruction of natality The end of Wordsworth and the end of immortality: Wordsworth’s Ode undone Shelley’s grave inquiries: ‘‘populous solitude’’ as a critique of romantic consciousness Other populations: ‘‘hungry generations’’ and Keats’s immortals in pain Critical mortalities: dead poets Epilogue, or Immortality interminable: the use of poetry for life Notes Bibliography Index                               Bibliography  Sexuality and Society in the Nineteenth Century Eds Catherine Gallagher and Thomas Laqueur Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press,  pp – Godwin, William The Enquirer Reflections on Education, Manners, and Literature in a series of essays London: G G and J Robinson,  Enquiry concerning Political Justice and its Influence on Modern Morals and Happiness rd edn  Intro Isaac Kramnik London and New York: Penguin,  Essay on Sepulchres: or, A Proposal for Erecting some Memorial of the Illustrious Dead in all Ages on the Spot where their remains have been interred London: W Miller,  Of Population: An Inquiry concerning the Power of increase in the Numbers of mankind being an answer to Mr Malthus’ Essay on that Subject  New York: Augustus M Kelley,  St Leon Ed and intro Pamela Clemit Oxford University Press,  Griffin, Robert J Wordsworth’s Pope: A Study in Literary Historiography Cambridge University Press, Habermas, Juărgen The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society Trans Thomas Burger with assist Frederick Lawrence Cambridge: MIT Press,  Hale´vy, Elie The Growth of Philosophical Radicalism Trans Mary Morris Boston: Beacon,  Haraway, Donna J Primate Visions: Gender, Race, and Nature in the World of Modern Science New York: Routledge,  Simians, Cyborgs, and Women: The Reinvention of Nature New York: Routledge,  Hazlitt, William An Essay on the Principles of Human Action and Some Remarks on the Systems of Hartley and Helvetius  Gainesville, Florida: Scholars’ Facsimiles and Reprints,  ‘‘On Poetry in General.’’ Lectures on the English Poets and The Spirit of the Age: or Contemporary Portraits London: Dent,  Political Essays, with Sketches of Public Characters  The Collected Works of William Hazlitt Eds A R Waller and Arnold Glover Intro W E Henley Vol  London: J M Dent; New York: McClure, Phillips,  pp – A Reply to the ‘‘Essay on Population’’ by the Rev T R Malthus in a Series of Letters to which are added extracts from the ‘‘Essay’’ with notes  New York: Augustus M Kelley,  Heffernan, James A W ‘‘Adonais: Shelley’s Consumption of Keats’’ () Romanticism: A Critical Reader Ed Duncan Wu Oxford and Cambridge, Mass: Blackwell,  pp – Heidegger, Martin Basic Writings Ed and introd David Farrell Krell San Francisco: Harper & Row,  Hewitt, Regina 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Moorman Oxford: Clarendon Press,  Wrigley, E A and R S Schofield The Population History of England –: A reconstruction Contrib Ronald Lee and Jim Oeppen Cambridge: Harvard University Press,  Index Abrams, M.H , , , , , ,  Addison, Joseph  alienation –, –, ,  allegory , – Althusser, Louis , , , , , ,  anthropology , , , , , ,  cultural comparison and romantic poetry – domestic , , ,  Enlightenment –, , , ,  ethnographic method –, –, ,  and French Revolution – and category of ‘‘the human’’ – and immortality  literary  and natality – and poetry  and rustics – savage exemplum – and savage mind – see also human being archaism – Arendt, Hannah ,  The Human Condition , , –, , , –, ,  On Revolution , , , , , ,  Aristotle , , ,  art , –, ,  Bachelard, Gaston ,  Bacon, Francis , ,  ballad form – Barthes, Roland  Benjamin, Walter , , ,  Bentham, Jeremy , ,  Benveniste, Emile  Bewell, Alan –, , , , , –, , , –, , , –,  Bhabha, Homi ,  birth –, –, –, , ,  monstrous –, – see also natality Bishop, Elizabeth ‘‘At the Fishhouses’’ , – Blair, Robert ,  Blake, William , , ,  Bloom, Harold , , , ,  body –, –,  Bowra, C.M  Bromwich, David –, ,  Brooks, Peter  Browning, Robert – Burke, Edmund , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,  Butler, Marilyn , , , –, –, ,  Byron, George Gordon, th Baron , , , ,  Don Juan ,  Cage, John Themes and Variations ,  calculation see utilitariansim and calculation Chandler, James K , – Chicago Critics  children , ,  cognitive development – in Frankenstein –,  and population  in Wordsworth , –, , , , ,  Christensen, Jerome  Christianity , , ,  Clark, Timothy  class, social ,  classifying , , ,  Clifford, James ,   Index Coleridge, Samuel Taylor , ,  disputes with Wordsworth –, –, , –,  Eliot on – on science , ,  on utilitarianism  ‘‘The Ancient Mariner’’ ,  Biographia Literaria , , , –, –, –, –, ,  ‘‘Christabel’’  ‘‘Frost at Midnight’’ ,  Lectures on Poetry ,  On the Principles of Genial Criticism  Condorcet, Marquis de , , , , , , , –, , , , ,  Crane, R.S –, , , ,  Crawford, Robert – Darwin, Erasmus , ,  Zoonomia , , , –, ,  Davy, Humphry , , , , ,  De Certeau, Michael , , ,  de Man, Paul ,  ‘‘Autobiography as De-Facement’’ , –, ,  ‘‘Literary History and Literary Modernity’’ ,  ‘‘Lyric and Modernity’’ ,  ‘‘Shelley Disfigured’’ , , , ,  death , –, , –, –, , –,  conception of – dead poets –, –, , – epitaphs , ,  graveyards –, – in Keats –, – necessity of  urns –, ,  see also immortality Draper, John  Duff, David  Edinburgh Review ,  education , –, , ,  linguistic –, – literary , – elegy  Eliot, T.S –,  on Coleridge and Wordsworth – on Shelley , ,  Enlightenment  anthropology , , , , , ,  attitude to death  epitaphs , ,   ethnographic operation –,  Examiner  fame ,  Ferguson, Frances , , , , , , , –, , , , ,  Forester, Sylvan  Forsyth, Robert , ,  Foucault, Michel , , , , , –, –, –,  Freire, Paulo , – French Revolution  and anthropology – Arendt on  Burke on , , , , ,  and Byron ,  Godwin on , –, , , – impact on poets  Malthus on –, , –, –, , , – and moral philosophy –, , ,  and science of man – and Shelley –, , –, , ,  and Wordsworth , , –, – Freud, Sigmund , , ,  Beyond the Pleasure Principle , ,  futurity  vs historicism – and histories – vs knowledge – moral philosophical discourse of –, , , –, – in Shelley, as reconstruction , –, –, –, –, –, – urn of – in Wordsworth , – German Romanticism , ,  Gifford, William  Godwin, William , , , , , ,  on French Revolution , –, , , – Hazlitt on – on immortality , –, , –, , , , –, ,  on literature ,  and Malthus –, , –, , , , –, , –, ,  and Mary Shelley ,  The Enquirer , ,  Essay on Sepulchres – ‘‘Of an Early Taste for Reading’’ ,  ‘‘Of Avarice and Profusion’’ ,   Index Godwin, William (cont.) Of Population ,  ‘‘Of the Sources of Genius’’  Political Justice , –, , , , , , , , , , –, , –, , , , , ,  graves , –, – graveyard school of poetry , ,  Gray, Thomas Elegy Wrote in a Country Church Yard , , Griffin, Robert J , Habermas, Juărgen ,  Hale´vy, Elie , , –,  Haraway, Donna , , ,  Hartman, Geoffrey ,  Hazlitt, William  and Malthus –, , , –, , – Essay on Human Action , ,  Lectures on the English Poets ,  ‘‘On Poetry in General’’  Reply to the Essay by T.R Malthus , , – The Spirit of the Age –,  Heidegger, Martin , , – Hewitt, Regina  historicism –, , , –, ,  historicity , –, , ,  Homer , , ,  human being/human nature/concept of Man –, –, , –, , , , –,  in Arendt , , –, , , –, ,  crisis –, ,  Enlightenment category  Godwin’s conception –, –,  in Marx  in Prometheus Unbound –,  rehabilitation – Rights of , , ,  rustics in Coleridge and Wordsworth –, – as species –, – Wordsworthian concept of , , , , , ,  see also anthropology human sciences/humanities –, –, , –, , –, –, , –,  defined by Hume  and immortality , – ‘‘sciences of man’’, th-cent –,  see also moral philosophy humanism –, ,  humanitarianism –,  humanization –, –, , ,  Hume, David  ‘‘Of the Populousness of Ancient Nations’’ , ,  ideology , ,  romantic ,  imagination in Coleridge , , – in E Darwin , – definitions – in Hazlitt ,  and idea of human species  Keats – and knowledge –, – and poetry –, – and reification  reimaging  and romanticism , ,  in Shelley –, –, –, – in Wordsworth , ,  immortality –, –, –,  in Condorcet , , –,  end of – and French Revolution ,  in Godwin , –, , –, , , , –, ,  in Keats , –,  in Malthus , , , –, , – modes of – in moral philosophical discourse –, , , ,  vs mortality ,  and natality –, –,  and perfectibility –,  and poetry –, , –, , –, –, , , , –, , , –, ,  in Shelley , , –, –, , – Jacob, Franc¸ois ,  Jena Romantics  Kant, Immanuel , , ,  Keats, John , ,  on immortality , –,  The Fall of Hyperion –, –,  Hyperion –, ,  ‘‘Ode on a Grecian Urn’’  ‘‘Ode to a Nightingale’’ , , –, Index , , –,  Kernan, Alvin  Kittler, Friedrich , , ,  knowledge of the future – and imagination –, – of the poet –, –,  production of  scientific – Lacoue-Labarthe, Philippe , , ,  language and education –, – ends – in Frankenstein –, –, –, – intersubjectivity  orality –, –, – origins and development – of poetry , , , , – human diction –,  and thought – ventriloquism , , – written –, , , ,  Lawrence, William  Levere, Trevor H  Levi-Strauss, Claude , –,  Levine, George  Levinson, Marjorie , , , ,  Levy-Bruhl, Lucien , , , ,  life expectancy ,  see also immortality Linnaeus  literary criticism , – literary ideal –,  literature – circulation – mystification of  vs poetry –, ,  specialization of – Locke, John ,  Lovejoy, Arthur O  Macfarlane, Alan , ,  Macherey, Pierre , – Mahoney, John L – Malthus, Thomas –, –, , , –, , , , ,  on French Revolution –, , –, –, , , – on futurity – and Godwin –, , –, , , , –, –, , –, ,  and Hazlitt –, , , –, , – on immortality , , , –, ,  – and Marx  and Peacock – on perfectibility , –, , – and Shelley , –, –, , , –, , ,  and Wordsworth  An Essay on the Principle of Population , , , –, , –, , , , , –, , –, , , , , , ,  Chapter  , ;   poetic quotations –, ,  Man see anthropology; human being Marshall, David , ,  Marx, Karl  on ideology  on Malthus  on Man  on population  on revolution  McGann, Jerome , , , , , , , , ,  Mellor, Anne K , , ,  Mill, John Stuart  Milton, John , , , ,  quoted by Malthus  Paradise Lost ,  modernism – High Modernism  modernity , , ,  Monthly Magazine, The –,  moral philosophy  Enlightenment discourse of ,  and French Revolution –, , ,  and immortality –, , , ,  impact on poets , – and Peacock, ‘‘moral science’’  and perfectibility – vs poetry , –, , , –,  and population  and primitive mind  Moretti, Franco  mortality , , ,  see also death; immortality Mortality and Immortality  mourning , , ,  myths , ,  Nancy, Jean-Luc , , ,  narcissism –,  natality , ,  and immortality –, –,  and nativity ,   Index natality (cont.) perplexities of –,  reconstruction of – Wordsworth and anthropologic of – see also birth nativity , ,  natural philosophy –, , ,  necessity ,  of death  Nussbaum, Martha – observer, participant ,  Ong, Walter ,  orality –, –, – organic fallacy  pain , , –, , ,  Paine, Thomas , , , , , ,  painting  Paley, William , ,  participation , ,  Peacock, Thomas Love ,  Shelley’s letters to ,  The Four Ages of Poetry , , , , , , ,  Headlong Hall  Melincourt –, – Paper Money Lyrics – Sir Proteus  perfectibility and French Revolution –,  Godwin on –, , –, – and imagination –,  Malthus’ critique of , –, , – vs population , , , – in Shelley  see also immortality Plato , , , ,  pleasure ,  poetry/poets ballad form – vs calculation –, –,  circulation – definitions –, , –,  and discourse network – as discourse of man – failed poet in Frankenstein – and futurity –, –,  vs historicism  vs history –, – and human nature –, , , –,  and humanization – idealization  as discourse of imagination –, – and immortality –, –, –,  and knowledge –, –,  language of –, , , , , – human diction –,  and literature –, –, ,  and Malthus, use of , – and moral philosophy , –, , , –,  need for  as object of discourse – origins – and population –, , – professionalization , , ,  as reification  and revolution ,  romantic , –,  vs science –, , – versification , –,  Poovey, Mary – Pope, Alexander , ,  quoted by Malthus – Wordsworth on ,  Essay on Man –,  population , ,  controversy –,  Enlightenment discourse of , , ,  formulated in Malthus , , , , ,  generations , – Godwin on , –,  Hazlitt on – and immortality –, –, – monstrous, threat of – vs perfectibility , , , – and poetry –, , – principle of –, , –, , , , ,  Shelley on , –, – primitives –, , , , ,  thinking – see also rustics Quarterly Review ,  reason , , ,  reification –,  religion  Christianity , , ,  revolution and reconstruction Arendt on , , , , , , ,  Index and Blake ,  German ideas of  and immortality –,  monster as natural – in moral philosophy , –,  in poetry ,  in Shelley , –, –, –, ,  in Wordsworth  see also French Revolution rights of man , , ,  romance discourses of – romanticism and Romantics –, , , , , , ,  definition ,  English , , , , –, –, , , , , , , ,  German , ,  ideology ,  and imagination , ,  Jena Romantics  Scottish – Rousseau, Jean-Jacques , , , , –,  rustics –, – thinking processes – Sartre, Jean-Paul , –, ,  savages , –, , , ,  in ‘‘Ruth’’ – savage mind – savage poetry – see also primitives Schiller, Friedrich von ,  Schlegel, Friedrich , , ,  Schor, Esther –,  science , , , , –,  of education – of language –, – of man, th-cent –,  natural , –, – vs poetry –, , –, –,  romantic  see also human sciences Scotland and the Scottish , –,  Scottish Romantics – Scott, Walter , , , ,  ‘‘Introductory remarks on Popular Poetry’’ – Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border ,  sensibility , –, , ,  Shakespeare, William  Shelley, Mary  education   and Godwin ,  and Percy Shelley – Frankenstein , , , –, , – dedication  and the end of letters – failed poet in – human world – monster , , –, , ,  birth –, – education , –, –, , –,  and language –, – natality and mortality – nativity and alienation – species – Shelley, Percy  death – Eliot on , ,  and French Revolution –, , –, , ,  and futurity , –, –, –, –, –, – and Godwin , , ,  on immortality , , –, –, , – and Malthus , –, –, , , –, , ,  on population , –, – on revolution , –, –, –, ,  on utilitarianism –, , – and Wordsworth –, –,  A Defence of Poetry , –, , , –, , , , , , , , , –, , , –, , , , , ,  Adonais , , ,  ‘‘Alastor’’ –, , –, –, –, , , – ‘‘Hymn to Intellectual Beauty’’ –,  Julian and Maddalo  letters to Peacock ,  ‘‘Ode to Liberty’’ –,  ‘‘On Death’’ , –, ,  A Philosophical View of Reform –, ,  Prometheus Unbound  futurity in –, – lyricism –, – Preface , , – ruin and rehabilitation in –, –,  The Revolt of Islam dedication – futurity in –  Index Shelley, Percy (cont.) publishing history  reconstruction and reform in –, –, ,  revolution in , –, , ,  rhythm –,  The Triumph of Life , – ‘‘To Wordsworth’’ , ,  Sidney, Sir Philip Defence of Poetry ,  Smith, Adam , , , , , ,  Smith, Barbara H  Socrates  Sollors, Werner  Southey, Robert ,  Thalaba  species , , , –, ,  classifying , , ,  see also human being Spenser, Edmund The Fairie Queene  Spivak, Gayatri  Stewart, Susan , , –, , ,  Swift, Jonathan  sympathy , –, –, ,  and species , , –,  thinking processes – participation , ,  primitive – savage – Trumpener, Katie  Bardic Nationalism  urns –, ,  utilitarianism and calculation , , – emergence –, – Hale´vy on –,  Hazlitt on – Peacock on –, –,  Shelley on –, , – ventriloquism , , , – versification , –,  Vygotsky, Lev S –, ,  Wallace, Robert ,  Weever, Funeral Monuments  Wellbery, David E  Williams, Raymond , –, , , , , , , , ,  Wimsatt, W K  Wittgenstein, Ludwig  Wollstonecraft, Mary , –,  Wordsworth, William seen as apostate –, – career – dispute with Coleridge –, , –,  diction, human and poetic , , –,  experimental poetry  quoted in Frankenstein , – and Godwin , –, , ,  on immortality –, –, –,  concept of Man , , ,  parodied by Peacock –,  on Pope , – and Shelley –, –,  in ‘‘Alastor’’ –, , –, –, –, , , – ‘‘To Wordsworth’’ , ,  ‘‘Anecdote for Fathers’’  ‘‘The Complaint of a Forsaken Indian Woman’’ –, ,  ‘‘Essay on Morals’’ – Essays upon Epitaphs , , , –, , , –, , ,  ‘‘Expostulation and Reply’’ – Lyrical Ballads , , –,   edition  Advertisement , –,  ‘‘Appendix on Poetic Diction’’ , ,  Preface (/) –, , , –, –, –, , , , , , , , ,  Preface of   ‘‘Essay Supplementary to the Preface of ’’ – ‘‘Ode: Intimations of Immortality’’ –, –, , , , , , –, , , , –, , ,  criticism of , ,  Preface,   The Prelude , , –, , , –,  ‘‘Ruth’’ –, , , , – ‘‘The Tables Turned’’ ,  ‘‘Tintern Abbey’’  ‘‘We are Seven’’ , –, , , ,  ‘‘The World is Too Much With Us’’  Young, Edward ,  ‘‘Night Thoughts’’ ,  CAMBRIDGE STUDIES IN ROMANTICISM General editors   University of Oxford            University of Chicago  Romantic Correspondence: Women, Politics and the Fiction of Letters           British Romantic Writers and the East: Anxieties of Empire           Edmund Burke’s Aesthetic Ideology Language, Gender and Political Economy in Revolution           Poetry as an Occupation and an Art in Britain, –           In the Theatre of Romanticism: Coleridge, Nationalism, Women              Keats, Narrative and Audience    Romance and Revolution: Shelley and the Politics of a Genre          Literature, Education, and Romanticism Reading as Social Practice, –            Women Writing about Money: Women’s Fiction in England, –             Shelley and the Revolution in Taste: The Body and the Natural World           William Cobbett: The Politics of Style              The Rise of Supernatural Fiction, –        Women Travel Writers and the Language of Aesthetics, –               Napoleon and English Romanticism              Romantic Vagrancy: Wordsworth and the Simulation of Freedom      Wordsworth and the Geologists          Wordsworth’s Pope: A Study in Literary Historiography            The Politics of Sensibility Race, Gender and Commerce in the Sentimental Novel             Reading Daughters’ Fictions – Novels and Society from Manley to Edgeworth             Romantic Identities: Varieties of Subjectivity, –              Print Politics The Press and Radical Opposition in Early Nineteenth-Century England               Reinventing Allegory              British Satire and the Politics of Style, –       The Romantic Reformation Religious Politics in English Literature, –          De Quincey’s Romanticism Canonical Minority and the Forms of Transmission             Coleridge on Dreaming Romanticism, Dreams and the Medical Imagination            Romantic Imperialism Universal Empire and the Culture of Modernity            Ideology and Utopia in the Poetry of William Blake                Sexual Politics and the Romantic Author          Lyric and Labour in the Romantic Tradition            Poetry and Politics in the Cockney School Keats, Shelley, Hunt and their Circle            Rousseau, Robespierre and English Romanticism           Contesting the Gothic Fiction, Genre and Cultural Conflict, –          Romanticism, Aesthetics, and Nationalism              Romantic Poets and the Culture of Posterity    The Crisis of Literature in the s Print Culture and the Public Sphere        Romantic Atheism: Poetry and Freethought, –           Romanticism and Slave Narratives Transatlantic Testimonies         Imagination Under Pressure, – Aesthetics, Politics and Utility         Romanticism and the Gothic Genre, Reception, and Canon Formation, –           Romanticism and the Human Sciences Poetry, Population, and the Discourse of the Species             ... scholars, on either side of the Atlantic and elsewhere For a complete list of titles published see end of book ROMANTICISM AND THE HUMAN SCIENCES Poetry, Population, and the Discourse of the Species. .. passage in the revised Preface to the Lyrical Ballads of , Wordsworth distinguished between ‘ the knowledge of the Poet and the Man of Science’’: The knowledge both of the Poet and the Man of Science... Contents  The ‘‘arithmetic of futurity’’: poetry, population, and the structure of the future Toward a discourse network: poetry, population, and ‘‘reforming the world’’ Experimenting with the future: