PIIAN Md DAU iil/rong phAn nay, luAn an xin npu gian lupc ve m5t s5' vA'n d^ chung ciia de (ai, n h u m u c dich, pham vi do'i tupng, phurrng phap nghien cufu c u n g n h u n g ket fjiia ma luAn an hy vpng se dat tdi - Trong kho tAng van hoc C(S Vi^t Nam, truy()n tho Nom dupc coi la hien tuung dac bi^t, la hien tupng "Thang hoa" cua m5L th^^ hm van hoc, ben canh khuc ngAm Sir ibn Uxi cua th^ loai truyt^n N5m dat hang loat vA'n de eiia thi phap van hoc ma g\d\ nghien ciki phai day cong tlin kiem Khi ti^'p cAn vdj truy^n N5m - loai tac ph^m sang tao bang phurmg thuc tu s u thi nhAn vAt la vA'n d^ 16n, then ch5't Thanh cong cua truye^n N5m la co ban phu thupe vao m/fc thank cong cua nghe thuAt xAy dung nhAn vAt JTien nay, khong doi mc'ti cua viec nghien ei'ru va giang day van hoc CO,la ngii'di true tiep giang day giai doan van hoe d trucmg F)ai hpr, toi nhAn thA'y e'An c6 sU dfii mdi phuong phap luan, i rong npi dung va phirrmg phap giang day LuAn an muon eo mot dong gop nh*) vao viec nghien ci'ni van hpc e6 -Trung dai theo each nhhi mdi Vi ly rA't co ban do, chiing toi chpn de tai ITmh tcan.g nh/in vgl phu nfr truyeti Nam tdi tu giai nhdn, dtheky XIX (^)i dAy la vA'n df^ dang quan (Am cua van hoe the ky XVIII, nua dAu the ky XIX - Muc dich cua liiAn an la nhd/n long kf't fh(>nh fin/ cua c(u' nhd nghif'n ci'ru (f.i fri/'de da tim hien va khdo 9a/ vdn df' nhdn rd' frong fii/yen Nam TrfMi ca sff klnh nghiem ciia cac cong trhih da ro hang each tiop can rieng, luan an f^e phdn tick nhfmg dgc l.naig nghe thugl vice xciy dung nhdn vol phu nu cua Norn tdi tugicd tn/yen nhdn Tu' Jitn hien quan niem (too due, thdni mv r a su van dong cua van hex' the ky XVIII nun ddu theky XIX qua hbih tirxmg nhdn vgl phu nCr De dap iViig muc dich tr&n , luan an dupc chia t h a n h nhu'ng churfng muc cu the sau: Ghi elm: Trn rtht ngiihn fU lien Rtrdimg trou^ Ingn tin: X( m fhi ficii fha?n hhao So rfai/ la thi tai lic^n, sd' sent la frang fai fi(^n -3 PI IAN MO D A U C H l f d N G I : NhAn vAt va thA loai triiyen Nom Lich sii' va'n de nghien eiixi truyen Nom CHUUNG II : SuxuA't hien hinh tupng nhAn vat phu n u varv hpc viet trudc the ky XVIII Nhu'ng dan hieu kh()i dau eho mot su" chuyen Info'ng van hoc CHlfONGIII: Ilinh tupng nhAn vat phu niT va tinh yeu trai tai gai sac truyen Nom tai tu'giai nhAn CHU'ONG IV: Van de phii'cmg phap xay d u n g nhAn vat jihu n u truyen Nom tai tU giai nhAn PIIAN KET LUAN - P h a m vi nghien ciiii chung cua lu(ni an la tlie lean tru3^en th(J Nom the ky XVIII, nua CTAU the ky XIX Tuy vAy,luan an khong eo y dinh bao qimt Umn \)g tac phAm, tac gia truyen Nom giai doan nay, ma thay cAn thiet phai tAp t r u n g vao mot so truyen Nom tieu bieu de eo dfe,u kien viia phAn ti'ch sAu, viia c6 kha nang tong hpp n h u n g ket luan kho;i hpc co gia tri khai (jujit ve van hoc giai do^m nay.Hon t;ie pham dupc chpn: Hoatie.n, Than Trdn, So kfnh ton frang va Truyen Kieu c6 gia tri tieu hieu thue sU, dong thoi lai c6 nhillig dac diem riong, doc dao khong thp nham Ian Tu'nlifeu nam nay, g\d\ nghien ci'fu van hpc deu thu'a nhan ti'nh chat Wew hipu cua bon tac pham do, coi la (rpng tAm (|ua t r m h nghipn cult, giang day (( cut tru'f^ng t r u n g hpc va dai hpc Mat khac nhieu nam (]ua, bon tac pham da di v/io dc*i song ciia nhieu the he nhu' mot gia tri tinh than tiiAn thiet Chpn bon tac phAm lam pham vi chu yen de nghien ex\\\ , luan an cOng klifing c o y dinh bao quat toan dien cac van de, cac mat khac c6 the phAn ti'cli, ma chi coi doi tupng cO ban de khao sat va danh gia la hinh tu'png nhAn vat phu nU cac tac pham nhAn vat do, va (u gioi ban t o n g cac Hinh tu'png nhAn vat phu luT t r u n g tAm hoac nhAn vat chinh, o tuyen ':hfnh di(;n Neu c6 de cap \d\ nhAn vat phu n u phan dien ciing la tirung (^I'an so sanh de lain noi bat nhAn vAt chinh dien - Khi nghi&n cifu dong van hpc viot tlioi trung dai, thUc tien sang tac cho phep chung ta k h a n g dinh : da c6 nhiTng thanli ron,.,^ noi bAt vA nglie thuAt xay dung nhAn vat, nhUng hien elnra hinh n'luTng ciuan diem, he thong li luan.ve xAy d u n g nhAn vat eho rieng van hpc co trung dai Vi the , dong thdi voi viec nghien ciixi idiAn vat phu niT truyen Nom tai tir giai nhAn chung toi vua phai dua vao ly hum chung ve nhAn vat phu niT nhir t hong le, vua co gang tlm hieu nhan vAt nhunf^icTi xUa da hiAu Nhrmg vA'n de nhix Nhn/i vol van hoc, i^uphcin loai truyen thaNom vd suxuai hien cac nhdn vol tdi tu giai nhdn deu la nhu'ng eO sa ly luan va thuc tien cho nhiem vu dupc dat vdi ban luan an Tren co sd nhUng dac diem chung cua the lofu truyen Nom, luan an se di sAu vao phAn tich dgc thi/ cua b5'n truyen Nom tai tU giai nhAn c6 tinh chA't tieu bieu: Truyen Hoa tien (Nguyen Huy Tu, Ngiiyen Thieu, Vu Dai VA'n), So kfnh tdn trang (Pham Thai), Phan T/'dn va 'Truyen Kicu (NguyAn l)ii) TLT tAp trung phAn tfch su hinh va phat tri^n, vi tri va dac diAm xA hoi, dao due, thAm my ciia cac nhAn vat phu nu tac phAm Ve cU sd ly luAn, de giai (]uy^t v^n de luAn van, chung t6i se dong thfti quan tAm ca hai phuong dien sau dAy: Mot mat, vAn dung nhiTng (jua ly luAn van hpc ve nhAn vAt, mat khac, bdni s(il thue tien sdng fgo eo nhieu dgc thn viec xAy dung cac loai nhAn vat truyen t ho Nom de tu tim nhu'ng d(jc diem mdi- vdcdi m/n eo thuc tien Do la nhUng diem se dupe liiXiy dac biet ve mat phuong phap luan nghien cu\i ban luAn van Phu'Ong phap luan se chi phdi va thA'in sAu (jiia trinh su* dung cac phudng phap nghien cuu cu the TrUdc het la phudng phap bien nhat ciui viec nghien ci'ai van hpc, nhimg biet su dung no mot each hieu qua lai la vA'n de khong dun gian Do la phuung phap Vila mieu ta, vira phan tich vA tong hpp nham hieu biet cu the, sAu sac dac trung ciia tu'ng tac phAm, timg nhAn vat, dong thoi c6 kha nang chi nluTng qui luat dang tiic dong doi v6i tien trinh van hpc Mot phu'Ong phap khac dac biet fiuan trpng la phu'Ong phap so sanh ve licli su va loai hinh Nhin tung su" kien van hoc va toan bo tien trinh van hpc su van dong ve mat lich sU, vira ke thiia, vUa phu dinh va phat trif>n la the manh cua phirong phap so sanh lich su iSo sanh nhung su kiAn va bk phAin van hoc cung xuA't hien mot giai doan lich sU, eo sU tUcJng dong ve chue nang, lojn the, dac diem cjuat, nhung lai c6 nhung dac thu sAu sac la lOi the noi trpi cua su so sanh loai hinh dang dupc van dung nhieu nhu'ng nam gAn dAy Luan an se c6 gang van dung cac phu'itng phap tren theo y nghia t6ng hpp de CO dieu kien di sAii tim nhung ket luan khoa hpc can thiet - (Jua viec nghien ciixi, phAn tich nhAn vat phu nU truyen Nom tai tu giai nhan, luan an niong dat den nhung ket qua nhu sau : De tai luan an dudc chpn vdi dfii tuang nghien ci'm rieng ve nhdn vgl - Nhdn vat phu nu truyen Nom tdi tugiai nhdn (khong phai truyen Nom noi chung) Quaphdn tich se thdy nhAn vAt phu nu' truyen Nf)m tai tu giai nhAn Id hxa nhdn vgi ducfc the hien cong nhat cua the Ujgi tusu'ndi chung i)d eua truye Nom noi rieng), Thanh cong xud't ph(it ti): tu: (h/y nghe thugt cua nhd nho, tf quan niem vdn hoc Id gido due dgo due, la, tn/yen dai su hdi hod cua trot tu xd hoi theo dgo dii-c cU(Pig thirdfig, tu' hinh kicu: "fir phdn logi" ngh thugt xdy dung nhdn vat, tao nen net doe dao phiftfng phap sang tac cua truyAn Nom thdi ki - NhAn vAt phu mJ truyAn Nom tai t if giai nhAn chinh Id kfU (jud mo td theophuetng phdp van hoc eod.irn ve thxin phdn, le (p/.ycn sfmg, kheii V(mg eua h xd hoi ]'>hong kien khung hexing vd su t()e (fgng eua sinh luKit fhi d(n) phat trien - Luan an phAn tich va lAm sang to nhifngf/ar diem vdbu'dc phdl trien eua tu van hoc thdi ky nay, gop pKAn nho tim hieu nhi'mg qui luat van dong cua van hoc Viet nam qua khii' -6- Chiforng I LOAI TRL^YEN NOM LICH Sir VAN DE NGHIEN CUU TRUYEN NOM N I I A N V A T VA T H E 'a CO sang tac van hpc, ke tu buoi khdi dAu ngAy tho va rAt dep de cua tU sang tao Ay - van hpc dAn gian - thi ta da c6 va phai c6 ?ihdn vgl van hoe, du la cac thAn hay cac vAt dupc "ngudi hoa", du la ngUcJi cu the c6 ten hay la m5t su phiem chi nao Luan an se di sAu tlm hieu va nghien ciiii van de nhAn vat cua truyen Nom, nen tru'dc het, chung toi muon trinh bay doi net ve nhan vat van hpc I KHAI NIEM N I I A N VAT vA N I I A N VAT TRONG TRUYEN THO NOM Neu coi hien thuc la doi tupng chung ciia van hpc bao gom toan bp the gif'n khach quan, tir thien nhien, xa hoi den eon nguoi, thi hien thue thiet yen nhat doi vdi sang tao van hoc chinh la ngu'Oi vdi tat ca ngoai hinh va noi tiim, tAm ly va so phan tren mpi sac thai da dang va phiic tap Ve mat ly luan van hoc, thuAt ngiT nhan vAt van hpc dung de chi eon ngudi dupc mieu ta van hpc ThuAt ngiT nhAn vat, thu'(*ng di lien vd\ thuat ngU tinh each de chi nhu'ng "dgc diem tdni li f.umig doi on dinh hieu hien phdni chat, ca tinh, thdi song cua nhdn vat" (29 trang 74) Thiu)t ngu' nhAn vat, de chi mot dac trung chung cua van hoc, thuat ngiT tinh each chinh la ket fjua cu the cua su phat hien va tim kiem ve ngu'Ui ciui tung nhA van, tii'ng th(ii ky van hoc Vi the, trai cjiui cac thdi dai, cung v(i\ su phat trien cu;i tu van hpc , nhan vat van hpc dupc cac nha van the hien cang phong phu, da dang va sAu sac Gai cot loi cua van chuong tu sU la nhAn vat vd\ nhung quan he xa hoi va ca nhAn phii'c tap, nhinig bien thai da dang eiui no tao nen dong cot truyen vd\ mot chuoi vdi nhu'ng su kien va bien eo tac dong Ian (} dAy, dau an cua chu the sang tao nhu liii ve phia sau (khac vd\ thu trir tinh), nhung thuc sU lai luon luon nhu mot mach ngam xuyen dong cot truyen, dan dat cot truyen va tao nen cac tinh each nhAn vat, tif tao nen mot hue tranh xa hoi Tac phAm tu su nhan thiVc va kham pha hien thuc thong qua viec xAy dimg bue tranh cu the va nhAn vat bao giil cung di'mgU vi tri trung tAm buc tranh Ay Trong do, tac phAm tru" tinh hu6ng ve bieu hien mot each true tiep nhu'ng rung dong va suy tu cua ban than tac gia (nhAn vAt tru" tinh) Phuung thii'c phan anh dang tac phAm triT tinh la nhAn to chii qmrn (ngivdi sang tao) dupe bieu hien - tir bieu hien de tai hien cuoc song va tai hien eiipc song hang each tU bieu hien chfnh minh, la mot dac diem noi bAt cua th§ loai tru" tinh N h u vAy, hai dang tdc pham tu su, tru: tinh frong van hoc deu eo mot dgc diem, ehung : phan dnh hien thue bang hinh tugng Dieu khc'ic biet Id d eho, doi vdi the logi, tu su hien thue ay, eugc ddi tiy dirac trif't tu thdnh mot Ini'e tranh theo to cliuc, ket can tu than cua k.hdch the, cUn v(')'i the Uxii In? tinh, hien thuc vd cage song dudc khuc xg true tiep qua the gidi tinh than, ccwi xue cua nguM sdng tdc vd tap hop Igi nhu'ng hinh fiixtng tho I)dng ffnh tu/mg tuang, sdng fgo eua chu the Do chinh la mot nhung dac diem " o tinh fjui luat ve each thuc dac t h u cua van hpc viec phan anh cuoc song" (9r) trang 281) Vai tro quan trpng ciia nhan vat tac pham van hpc chinh la, ban thAn ciia moi nhAn vAt la su ham ehiia toan ho n h u n g vA'n de', hoac mot van de nao dupe tac gia phat hien drti song xa hoi, hofic dac diem mot tang Idp ngiioi, so phan eua eon ngu'di ea nhan xa hoi, dong th('fi "moi nhAn vat bao gio cung m a n g minh no s u e a m nhan, danh gia ciia nha van doi v6i cuoc song khach quan "(29 t r a n g 76) Vi vay , thn hieu, phAn tfch nhAn vat tac pham la tim hieu mii'e dp, trinh dp nhan thiie va kham pha hieu thue cua van hoc, la tim hieu thai dp, quan diem thAm mi, tAi nang, ca tinh sang tao cua nha van va (|iia phAn tich, danh gia sU phat trien ciia tir nghe thua* cac giai doan, cac thfti ky van hpc "Nhi'mg nhAn vat tac pham co la nhiTng dai bieu eho ly tuong eua nha van, co chin s u p h e phan, huoe toi dirdi anh sang ciia ly tu'dng Ay " (89 t rang 121) T r o n g tong so da dang cac nhAn vat cua tac phAm tu sU, theo vi Iri cua timg nhAn vat, li luan van hpc thutfng chia nhung nhAn vat cbinli, nhAn vat phu va nhu'ng nliAn vat chinh, ngiftM phAn t I'ch bao giu cung quan tam dac biet den nhAn vat t r u n g tAin ciia tac phAm Khac vdi each phAn kwi hien Ay, \a(i hpc V i e t n a m thdi t r u n g co dai, dac biet van chirffng tu su the ky XVIII mra dau the' ky XIX, nhung ngu.yen nhdn thugc ve truyen thong lich su, ve quan niem thdni mi vd dcio due nf^n khong chi co suphdn biet vf' vi tri chinh phu dgfx' sdng fgo cua tdc gi(i md lufm h/dn CO su phdn biet rcw.h roi ve mat quan niem dgo due, thdni mi dfn v('h ccie nhdn vat van hpc, nhat thiet phdi eo suphxin locn giu'a hai tu.yen nhdn vgl: chinh vdphdn (lien dien Nhdn vat chinh dien la loai nhan vat thA hien sir thong nhat, hoh nhap cua ly tudng thAm my, dao diVc eiia tac gia, dupc tac gia khAng djnb la eai dep, cai cao ca, cai hoan thien, cai ly tudng Do la loai nhAn vAl nhif Song Tinh, Kim Trpiig, Mai Sinh, Mai Ba Cao, Nhiiy Chan, Hanh Nguyen vv Nhdn vat phdn dien lA nhAn vat doi lap vdi ly tuvtng tham my, dao due cua tac gia, loi.ii nhAn vAt eo fpian he doi lap luon luon la luc tAn pha doi nhan vfit chinh dien Do la \m\ nhAn vat n h u T i i Ra, Sd Khanh, IfoTon Hien, Lu Ky, H o a n g T u n g vv Theo ehiing tdi, van hpc ("o trung dai, nliAn vat co nhUng net rit'Mig ma cluing toi xin manh dan t rinh bay nhu'ng suy nf,dn ve net, riAng ay Con ngirdi da the hien van chuttng thdi cb t rung dai co hai loai I/Kii t InV nhat, ngu'di dupe'mo ta, khac hoa d "cap nhAn vat van hoe " dupc the hi(Mi tac phAm co tinh each va so phan rieug Do 'A nhi'mg truyen fluf vd ngt'un khuc \jm thii" hai, ngirdi khong dirpe khac IKU vdi eliAn dung va t.i'nh each cu thA, khong du'pc the hien d "Cap dp nhAn vat van hoc" la tho vinh su Doi \'n Du da danh cho Thiic Sinh ft nhfeu thien cjun "nghi t i n h chAng Thiic mA thiftfng" Quan he tinh yeu vdi Kfeu, xet ve mot mat Thuc Sinh cungchAn say dam, da ciiii Kieu thoj'it khoi lAu xanh (/hAng phai ngAu nhien, sau cho mdi Thuc Sinh den de tra on, Kieu da hoc Ip tinh c;im thAn thie't cua nang "lAm tri ngirdi cu chang eon UIKV khong "hdi" chfnh Kieu cung thay CO cai gi chung giua minh va Thuc Sinh" (57 trang 258) Nguyrm Du da viet nhu'ng cAu th(t vp thiAn nhien dep nhat dA khac hop nhAn vat Thuc Sinh bufii chia tfiy vdi Kieu, cd vang trang xe mra,cd dong sdng xanh canh lieu ru : I "Sf>ng lYin mot (h'li xonh xanh Loi thoi Inr Id^'u mdy canh duo'ng quon" VA Thiic Sinh tir biet Ilotm T h u dA ve tham Kieu vdi tAm tiaiig hao hiVc, rao rue yeu difttng, khao khat du'pc g(ip Kieu ciia chang, da dupe Nguyen I )u ta hinh tu'png thien nhien treo: ' "Long lanh ddy nude in frdi Thdnh voy kh(')i biee no/i plufi hong vdng'^ Hinh tu'png thien nhien gan vdi nhung gi thu'e nliAt a nhAn vAt Thuc Sinh VA vi v^y,phdi chang nhdn vgl Thiic Sinh Idnwf ng(xii le, khcmg nam khufvi nu)// thien - de nhu von co Do Id mot nhdn vat thuc y nghia khd fron V('n cua nr') khong duac ly twang hod md cung khong phdi nhdn vgl "phdn ly tuwig" nhu hoi tuyen nhdn vat quen thugc ciia truyen tho Nfvn Doi vdi the loai ngAm khuc uhuCung (x)n ng{)ni k.hiic va Chinh phu ngdm khuc chi CO nigt locii nhdn v(il, nhu'ng vAn chin sir chi phdi eua each " tu' phan loai" cac nhAn vAt cung dupe qui vAf) mot Irai xac djnh NhAn vat cac khuc ngAm chu yen gan lien vdi the gidi thien nhien Ban chat nhAn vAt dupe the hien the gidi day inau sac cua thien nhien Ay N h u vay, nhin nhan van'hpc trung dai,.can thay ro n h u n g net rieng biet cua he thong nhan vat xuAt phat tu quan niem sang tac doc dao cua cac nha nho, n h u da phAn tich tren NhAn vat co vi tri quan trpng tac phAm van hpc Nhu'ng nhAn vat du'pc xay dung thAnh cong van hpc moi thdi dai bao gid cung ehiia dung mot kham pha to Idn Bang su kham pha ay, nhA van khang djnh ly tudng thAm my cua m i n h va lam phong phii them nen van hoc dAn tpc V,d le vi the, de d(fn gian hoii nhiTng van de ly luan kha rac rdi, ngirdi ta cd mot nhan dinh that, de hieu va day sii'c thuyet phuc: doi vdi nbu'ng nha van Idn, ngu'di dpc ddi cd the (juen ten tac gia nhu'ng se khong thA" quen n h u n g nhAn vat ma nha van xay dung nen ; -10- Viec thn hieu nhAn vAt truyen thu Ndm co lien quan de'n viAc phAn loai truyAn N6m Phai tir timg loai truyAn N6m vdi nhiuig dac diem rieng ciia no mdi tim dA'n dupc nhiJng t h a n h tim mdi ciia nghA thuat xAy dulig nhAn vat Sir phAn loai truyen N5m se la cd sd dA luAn an thuc hien muc dich ciia minh I I V a n c " 1/1, U B S IbiKyTii'iH II.H Le.?ii!iaiii BLeTiiaMoiaiii HOST ITYEW [JY uL libf) G IhmjJivm II.H BLeTHaMCicayi 7iiiTepaTy])a OT cpe/rmix BGKOB Han HLO TXHH PC no BO ivy Bper/eHH i/l l i / / liTJlill oY n KOH'TyiuiancKaji KoimemmH jinqHocra 1.1 " Ilayra " It^Bb 122 NHIING BAI VIET CUA NGHIEN ClTu SINH I - NHU'NG B A I VIET D A D U O C D A N G (J TAP CHI NGHIEN CUU CHUYEN N G A N H Mdy nlicin xet ve vice xdy dung nhim viit frong truyen Ninn Innh ddn Tap chi khoji hoc - DHTII So 4/1988 Tinh bi kick xci hdi ei/a hinh tuyng ngudi phu nfr t./'ong llu/ ca the ky XVIII nira cfxm XIX Tap chi Van hpc So 2/1992 tS Hinh trgng nhdn vgt phu nfr vdn /?rx* the ky XVIII Tap chi Khoa hoc Dai hoc Tong hcJp So 3/19913 (dang in) II - cAc BAI NGHIEN cull KIIOA HOC Miiy suy nghi tie vdn de giimg dciy vdn h(ic co t.rong truimg Dgi hpc Vdn hod Doc tai Hoi nghi KII truoug DIIVH Da dang (ky you) cua trUfJng (1981) Tlm hieu thien nhien tha Nguyen Trdi Doc tai hoi thi khoa hoe i.d ho mon Ngi'f van - Trudng DIIVH (1982) Hinh tucmg ngudi phu nfr vd ehii nghia nhdn dgo vdn hpc theky XVIII nira ddu XIX Doe tai Hoi nghi khoa hpc ift ho mon NgiJ van Tmong DIIVH (1983) Nguyen Du vd chi/ nghia nhim dcio Tn/yen Kieu Dgc tai Hoi nghi khoa hoe id ho mon NgiT van-TruVnig DHVH (1984) Van hpc vd sir hinh thdnh nhdn cdch sinh vien tnmg Trudng DIIVH Bao cao Iloi nghi khoa hoc truVJng DI IVII (1 985) Nhung qucvi diem ciia Ddng ta lie di ,