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Nghiên cứu việc sử dụng chuyển mã ngôn ngữ của các giám khảo trong các chương trình giải trí trên truyền hình Việt Nam (Luận văn thạc sĩ)Nghiên cứu việc sử dụng chuyển mã ngôn ngữ của các giám khảo trong các chương trình giải trí trên truyền hình Việt Nam (Luận văn thạc sĩ)Nghiên cứu việc sử dụng chuyển mã ngôn ngữ của các giám khảo trong các chương trình giải trí trên truyền hình Việt Nam (Luận văn thạc sĩ)Nghiên cứu việc sử dụng chuyển mã ngôn ngữ của các giám khảo trong các chương trình giải trí trên truyền hình Việt Nam (Luận văn thạc sĩ)Nghiên cứu việc sử dụng chuyển mã ngôn ngữ của các giám khảo trong các chương trình giải trí trên truyền hình Việt Nam (Luận văn thạc sĩ)Nghiên cứu việc sử dụng chuyển mã ngôn ngữ của các giám khảo trong các chương trình giải trí trên truyền hình Việt Nam (Luận văn thạc sĩ)Nghiên cứu việc sử dụng chuyển mã ngôn ngữ của các giám khảo trong các chương trình giải trí trên truyền hình Việt Nam (Luận văn thạc sĩ)Nghiên cứu việc sử dụng chuyển mã ngôn ngữ của các giám khảo trong các chương trình giải trí trên truyền hình Việt Nam (Luận văn thạc sĩ)Nghiên cứu việc sử dụng chuyển mã ngôn ngữ của các giám khảo trong các chương trình giải trí trên truyền hình Việt Nam (Luận văn thạc sĩ)
THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES NGUYEN THI NGAN A STUDY OF JUDGES’ CODE – SWITCHING ON VIETNAMESE TV GAME SHOWS (Nghiên cứu việc sử dụng chuyển mã ngôn ngữ giám khảo chương trình giải trí truyền hình Việt Nam) M.A THESIS Field: English Linguistics Code: 8220201 THAI NGUYEN - 2019 THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES NGUYEN THI NGAN A STUDY OF JUDGES’ CODE – SWITCHING ON VIETNAMESE TV GAME SHOWS (Nghiên cứu việc sử dụng chuyển mã ngôn ngữ giám khảo chương trình giải trí truyền hình Việt Nam) M.A THESIS (APPLICATION ORIENTATION) Field: English Linguistics Code: 8220201 Supervisor: Dr Nguyen Thi Hang THAI NGUYEN – 2019 DECLARATION I hereby warrant and declare that the thesis entitled “A study of judges’ code – switching on Vietnamese TV game shows” is my own work to the best of my knowledge and belief It contains no material previously published or written by another person (except where explicitly defined in the acknowledgements) and has not been submitted previously, in whole or in part, for the award of any other academic degree or diploma Signature: Name: Nguyen Thi Ngan Supervisor’s signature Dr Nguyen Thi Hang i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This is my first experience for doing a thesis I would like to express my deep indebtedness to my supervisor, Dr Nguyen Thi Hang, for her wholehearted assistance This thesis would not have finished without her suggestions, corrections and encouragements My special thanks also go to my all colleagues in Centre for Human Resource Development for Foreign Language Studies – Thai Nguyen University facilitate in my studying process Furthermore, I am grateful to all authors of books listed in the bibliography, whose ideas are good references for my research to be conducted and developed Last but not least, I am indebted to my little family and my best friends, Phuong and Yen, who always understand, support and motivate me to finish my thesis ii ABSTRACT This study examines the code – switching phenomenon practiced by the judges in the context of Vietnamese TV game shows A mix of quantitative and qualitative approach was applied to obtain the research aims, i.e., the frequency, types and functions of code – switching My analysis of data shows that factors such as the time where the game shows took place, the theme of the game shows, the audiences for each show and the judges’ social background decide the frequency of the judges’ switching] Their switching have been classified into three types namely intra – sentential code – switching, inter – sentential code – switching and tag – switching These switches serve two main functions: discourse and social functions Subfunctions under each category have also been identified in the study iii TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii ABSTRACT iii LIST OF TABLES iv Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Rationale 1.2 Objectives 1.3 Research questions 1.4 Scope of the research 1.5 Research struture Chapter 2: Literature Review 2.0 Introduction 2.1 Bilingualism .4 2.2 Code – switching 2.2.1 Concepts of code – switching 2.2.2 Types of code – switching .6 2.2.3 Functions of code – switching 10 2.3 Summary 13 Chapter 3: Research methodology 14 3.0 Introduction 14 3.1 Research methodology .14 3.2 Data collection 15 3.3 Data analysis .16 3.4 Summary 17 Chapter 4: Findings and Discussion 18 4.0 Introduction 18 4.1 Frequency of the judges’ code – switching .18 4.2 Code – switching types 21 4.2.1 Intra – sentential code – switching (type 1) 22 iv 4.2.2 Inter – sentential code – switching (type2) 24 4.2.3 Tag – switching (type 3) 26 4.3 Functions of code – switching 27 4.3.1 Discourse functions .27 4.3.2 Social functions 31 4.4 Summary 35 Chapter 5: Conclusion 36 5.1 Summary of key findings 36 5.2 Implications, limitations and suggestions for further research 37 References 39 List of tables Table 3.1 Summary of game shows and episodes v Table 4.1 Judges’ switching times in each game show Table 4.2 Types of code – switching Table 4.3 Judges’ intra – sentential code – switching Table 4.4 Judges’ inter – sentential code – switching Table 4.6 Judges’ tag – switching Table 4.7 Functions of the judges’ code – switching Table 4.8 A list of words for the judges’ qualification vi Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Rationale “No nation in the world is completely monolingual” (Miriam, 2006) Vietnam, a multi-ethnic nation with over 50 ethnic groups, is not an exception Besides, many foreign languages, i.e., English, Chinese and Japanese, are utilized in Vietnam Among these foreign languages, English is the most popular one which is used in both educational and non – educational settings The inserting of English to Vietnamese conversations between people, who share their first language, has been known as the phenomenon of code – switching This practice seems to be appropriately popular in social and educational, formal and informal situations Vietnam is in the most brilliant stage of game show development Every year, hundreds of entertainment programs or TV game shows are screened According to Vietnam Television Audience Measurement (Vietnam – TAM) statistic figure, there are over 140 game shows published in Vietnam in 2016 (Vietnam-TAM, 2016) Some well-known programs are The voice; Sing my song; The face Vietnam; Vietnam next top model; The remix new generation They seem to be the one that most Vietnamese audience watch and follow It is rather common to find Vietnamese people speaking both Vietnamese and English as illustrated in the following example: Example 1.1: Tơi thích đoạn (I really like the hát bạn chorus chorus part in your song) (Sing my song 2016, episode 1, 45:56) Studies on the practice of code – switching in Vietnam are mainly found in the language teaching and learning context Examples of these studies are English – Vietnamese code – switching in tertiary educational context in Vietnam (Nguyen, 2012); Vietnamese university EFL teacher’s code – switching in classroom instruction (Nguyen, 2013); Code – switching in English Language Education: Voices from Vietnam (Nguyen, 2016) However, little has been known so far concerning this practice on game shows It is observed that both judges and participants involved code – switching between Vietnamese and English rather frequently in interactions in their shows Vietnamese authors tend to examine code – switching in fields such as education, social network, and so on, in both written and spoken language However, very few of them are interested in the code – switching on Vietnamese television This study, therefore, expects to grasp understanding of judges’ code – switching on Vietnamese TV game shows – a little part of language code – switching between English and Vietnamese 1.2 Objectives As mentioned, this study aims to gain better understanding of code – switching employed by judges in game shows, the specific objectives are as follow - To obtain the frequency of code – switching used by judges on some popular Vietnamese TV game shows - To identify their kinds of code – switching - To determine the functions of their switches 1.3 Research questions The overarching research question has been formulated to achieve the objectives: How judges code – switch between Vietnamese and English in interactions on Vietnamese TV game shows? Sub-questions are: (1) How frequently is code – switching taken by judges on Vietnamese TV game shows? (2) What kinds of code – switching are used by the judges on Vietnamese TV game shows? (3) What functions their switches take? Music - Ribeye - Dessert - Filo pastry - Foie gras - Parmesan cheese - Risotto - Thyme - Westen dishes - Lobster - etc - Blue jazz - Producer - Pop rock - Verse - Baritone - Head voice - Pre-chorus - Beat - Reggae - Tempo - Rock band - Rock ballad - Epic - etc These words/phrases are academic in other fields although they are not easy for everyone to understand The code – switching in these situations has strong impact in showing off the judges’ qualification, extremely their wide knowledge However, the audiences in some cases maybe feel difficult to reach the speech purpose Hesitance I found out many situations in which the judges switch when they feel difficult to express ideas in only their first language This is extremly clear in game show “Master Chef Vietnam 2015” when Ms Christine who lives in America, using Vietnamese a little less influently than English, usually switched between two languages Example 4.12: Cái khơng có… (pause)…It’s salty but not enough mam tom flavour (This is not … (pause)… It’s salty but not enough mam tom flavour) (Master Chef Vietnam 2015, Episode 4, 44:18) In example 4.12, there is the pause of two second in Ms Ha’s utterance between two phases She was talking Vietnamese, pause, and them switched to 30 English The pause here expressed her hesitance in using Vietnamese In this sentence, her second phases (after the pause) was correct in English grammar So, the English phrase here was inserted when speaker had trouble with Vietnamese This shift occurs when speaker lacks of idiolect or because of his/her language usage habit In my collected data, this judge switched many other times because of such reason 4.3.2 Social function As stated in chapter 2, Auer (1998), Baker (2006) and Hoffmann (1991) found that social functions of code – switching could be understood as the functions that code – switching performs in social relations between interlocutors, in establishing and maintaining social identity Code – switching may also be used to mark a change of attitudes or relationships among the speakers However, the judges’ code – witching in the present study is not evident to serve as building a good rapport with the candidates Rather, their switches match with what Baker’s (2006) found, to some extent Specifically, the judges’ switches were to show their attitudes Example 4.14: Người ta cảm nhận được, wow, tơi thích (People feel that, wow, I like this girl) (Vietnam’s next top model 2016, episode 11, 33:16) In example 4.14, after watching a perfect performance of a contestant in Vietnam’s next top model 2016, the judge Thanh Hang inserted an English interjection “wow” in her utterance Ms Hang was extremely surprised to the performance It was even better than her expectation because of profession and charisma It includes the admiration and excitement Other judges also expressed their attitude by an English interjection “wow” in different game shows with the same purpose This is also observed to be frequently used by speakers of Vietnamese in their daily life Another aspect of the judge’s attitude was showing agreement Signals of their switches include “yeah”; “okay”; “yes”, etc Example 4.15: 31 Judge Khai: + Các bạn có biết bao nhiêu…? (Do you know how long you have…?) Contestants: + 30 phút (30 minutes) Judge Khai: + 30 phút (30 minutes Okay Bắt đầu Okay Start) (Master Chef Vietnam 2015, episode 2, 01:50) In example 4.15, judge Khai asked contestants about the time for the challenge, they answered “30 minutes” Then, judge Khai reaffirmed that information The English interjection “okay” was inserted in his Vietnamese utterance to the agreement He said the word “okay” in the normal intonation, which is only a simple answer mean “I agree” Some different words such as “yeah”; “yes”; “alright” play the same role in the judges’ utterances However, in some utterances, with the same word as “okay”, the judges raised their voice, meaning that they want to confirm what the candidates thought or did Example 4.16: Sandwich em nhiều mayonnaise, okay? (Your sandwich is too much mayonnaise, okay?) (Master Chef Vietnam 2015, episode 2, 39:38) When Chef Hai was explaining for a contestant that his dish has many mistakes, he want to make sure the contestant understand all “Okay” at the end of the sentence with raising intonation is a special question like his hesitance Reconsidering the examples in sections and of this chapter, for readers’ benefit, I recopied here Example 4.1: Các bạn catwalk cát (You will go catwlk on the sand) 32 (Vietnam’s next top model 2016, episode 8, 8:30) Example 4.2: Ăn thấy mát chút So I like it (Eating feel a little cool So I like it.) (Master Chef Vietnam 2015, Episode 10, 16:40) Example 4.3: Wow, em có tốt (Wow, you have great instinct.) (Sing my song 2016, episode 4, 20:50) Example 4.4: Tơi thích đoạn (I really like the hát bạn chorus chorus part in your song) (Sing my song 2016, episode 1, 45:56) Example 4.5: Em nấu very good textual (You cooked very good textual) (Master Chef Vietnam 2015, episode 2, 41:12) Example 4.6: Chị usually chị khơng thích sả (I am usually I not like citronella) (Master Chef Vietnam 2015, episode 3, 34:24) Example 4.7: Chào mừng bạn đến với thử thách cuối chương trình người mẫu Việt Nam – Vietnam next top model 2015 33 (Welcome final challenge of Vietnam Next Top Model – Vietnam next top model 2015) (Vietnam’s next top model 2015, episode 10, 21:46) Example 4.8: Anh thử hả? - Bởi người khơng thử tơi phải thử - No, I will try (You try? Because both of you not try, I have to try – No, I will try) (Master Chef Vietnam 2015, episode 2, 06:49) Example 4.9: Cái It is too tough for me Tơi khơng có thích (This is It is too tough for me I not like) (Master Chef Vietnam 2015, episode 1, 36:44) Example 4.10: Phí Phương Anh, Wow, (Phi Phuong Anh, Wow, cô bé thật thông minh this girl is really intelligent) (The face Vietnam 2016, episode 9, 44:34) In Example 4.7, the phrase “Vietnam next top model” was repeated in all English and Vietnamese This aims to obtain the best communication purpose between the judge and contestants Moreover, this game show was bought copyright from The West, the name were repeated in English to remind audience of the origin of the show Similarity, the judges were repeated the name of other game shows many times, i.e., Master chef Vietnam, Miss Universe, Sing my song, and The face Vietnam It would be less effect to the audience if all the proper names of these shows are translated into Vietnamese This confirms Nguyen (2013) that proper names of, for example, brands, names of songs, or music bands sounds odd if they are translated into the source language 34 The second group is examples 4.2, 4.5, 4.6, 4.8 and 4.9 These serve as the speaker’s hesitance and might be because the judges were lack of Vietnamese words/phrases to express her ideas As I stated, these game shows were bought copyright from The West There are many English words or phrases that people used more familiar than Vietnamese The next function – expressing attitude – was shown by example 4.3 and 4.10 by a word “wow” In example 4.4, the code – switching here indicated the qualification of the judge when he utilized a musical major word – chorus Ten examples above shown all functions of code – switching which researcher stated in this section 4.4 Summary Overall, three main issues have been discussed in this chapter: the frequency of code – switching in some Vietnamese popular game shows; the types of switching used, and functions of their switches took Three types of code – switching were determined, including intra – sentential, inter – sentential, and tag – switching The most popular switching is inter – sentential code – switching These switching played an important role in the judges and contestants’ interaction, which I have categorised as discourse functions and social functions 35 Chapter 5: Conclusion This chapter closes the thesis, with a summary of the key findings and implications of them Limitations of what I have done may set the idea or even the way for other researchers of interest to explore the topic in the future I attempted to be committed to the approach as the methodology adopted to the design of the study This is evident in the way I formulated the research questions and how to deal with such questions by following procedures to collect data, analyse the obtained information and interpret the findings to readers Such findings are summarized as follows 5.1 Summary of key findings As presented in Chapter 4, the findings from the study were presented under categories related to the frequency, types, and functions of judges’ code – switching on Vietnamese TV game shows First, it is found that the main reasons for judges’ difference in switching frequency, from my perspective, are the time where the game shows took place, the theme of the game shows, the audiences for each show and the judges’ social background As evident from my analysis, there is a tendency of the judges’ use of English in their comments on the contestants’ performance That is, they tend to code-switch between their first language and English in such game shows The judges usually use the words/phrases which are relevant to the theme of the game shows This decides the number of switches made Besides, their social background, i.e., where they live, what language they used, also affects how often they switched Another issue, i.e., the audience of game shows, decided the judges’ switching They switched less in the mass game shows, i.e., Miss Universe Vietnam 2017, but it occurred more in the game shows, which only mentioned one context, i.e., fashion, music, or cuisine Second, concerning the types in which the judges’ code – switching took, the study found that judges’ code – switching including intra – sentential code – switching, inter – sentential code – switching and tag – switching They were 36 satisfactory to Poplack’s perspective In which, intra – sentential code – switching was the switching occurred within an utterance, i.e., speaker inserted English words/phrases to a Vietnamese utterance; inter – sentential code – switching was shifting between two or more sentences in an utterance from one language to another language; tag – switching was the inserting of some senseless words in speakers’ speeches As my analysed data, the first type, i.e., intra – sentential code – switching was most occurred in the judges’ utterances with 863 instances in total That is similar to what Nguyen’s (2013) found, that is, the switch within an utterance occurred most Third, judges’ code – switching served two main functions, i.e., discourse and social functions The discourse function of code – switching in the present study contained three sub – functions which are termed reiteration, qualification and hesitance, however, judges’ code – switching served only one function, i.e., expressing speakers’ attitude 5.2 Implications, limitations and suggestions for further research The finding from present study can be useful for the judges in using language on TV game shows They can become more aware of what they need to so that their code – switching, instead of being a signal of deficiency in using one language, becomes a valuable tool for their communication They should determine the situation in which they should or should not, even limit their switch Besides, the research result can be a reference for program producers in building language policy for game shows For other researchers who are interested in the same context in examining code – switching phenomenon, this study can be seen as a reference I found that this study phenomenon, i.e., the judges’ code – switching on Vietnamese TV game shows, have not yet evident so far in Vietnam Because of time limitation, the present research could not examine a greater data source The results may be more convincing if the data consists of more game shows Furthermore, this study just focuses on three aspects of the judges switching (the frequency, the types and functions of the switches) There may be other matters that attract researchers to examine this phenomenon, bridging the gap for further research, for example, future researchers of interest could look into the relationship between judges and contestants through their switching I found that all judges and contestants in game shows 37 switched in their utterances that express their relationship Others might confirm what was found in this study by analysing richer sources of information 38 REFERENCES Amuda, A (1989) Attitudes to Code-switching: The Case of Yoruba and English Odu,New Series, No 35 Anderson, J., and Poole, M.E (1994) Thesis and Assignment Writing ISBN: 0471335274, 9780471335276 Atoye, R.O (1994) Code-mixing, Code-switching, Borrowing and Linguistic Competence: Some Conceptual Fallacies In: B Adediran (ed.), Cultural Studies in Ife Ile-Ife: The Institute of Cultural Studies Auer, P (1995) The Pragmatics of code-switching: a sequential approach In L Milroy & P Muysken (Eds.), One Speaker, two Languages: Cross Disciplinary Perspectives on Code Switching (pp 115-135) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Baetens Beardsmore, H (1982) Bilingualism: Basic principles Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters Baker, C (2006) Foundations of bilingual education and bilingualism (4th ed.) 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Oxford, UK: Blackwell Weinreich, U (1953) Languages in Contact: findings and problems Linguistic Circle of New York, New York 42 APPENDIX Sample for transcript of the judge’s speech Tuấn Hải – Giám khảo: em lại thiếu tự tin có em bảo vệ kiến Ngọc Anh – Thí sinh: tất nhiên bảo vệ kiến khơng sai mà biết thân đâu thứ bày lên đĩa điều nên Em muốn nghe nhận xét từ giám khảo Christine Hà – Giám khảo: I disappointed I really like foie gras and I want to try it Tuấn Hải – Giám khảo: okay? Okay Hoàng Khải – Giám khảo: No It’s raw You cannot Ngọc Anh – Thí sinh: miếng sống nguyên, chẳng đủ can đảm để ăn gan sống Quốc Việt – Thí sinh: hôm khâm phục chị Hà Chị hà biết sống chị muốn cảm nhận Như tơi nghĩ rang chị an ủi thí sinh nhiều Christine Hà – Giám khảo: okay, no more Tuấn Hải – Giám khảo: chị Hà thấy sao? Christine Hà – Giám khảo: xin lỗi em This is the first time I eat foie gras but I didn’t like it Tuấn Hải – Giám khảo: okay Em nhìn đĩa foie gras cua Em nhìn thấy nước màu vàng nhiều không? Vấn đề em sử dụng nhiệt không Lửa q lớn, chín bên ngồi thơi, bên chưa chin Nhưng lấy cáp phần mỡ chảy Khi em chiên foie gras em phải tẩm qua bột khơ em chiên, lớp bột khơ ngồi chin, khơng chảy mỡ Em nhớ nhá Anh Khải sao? 43 Hồng Khải – Giám khảo: No, khơng có nhận xét Tuấn Hải – Giám khảo: Cám ơn em, mời em Christine Hà – Giám khảo: mời Tuyết Tuyết Phạm – Thí sinh: Món em gọi tôm mũ ni hợp xướng loại gia vị em loại xốt Xốt từ gừng, ớt, tỏi nước mắm truyền thống Việt Nam Xốt thứ em làm muối tiêu chanh Xốt thứ em biến tấu chút em dùng tương ớt pha chút tabasco để tạo độ chua độ cay Christine Hà – Giám khảo: I think your shirm cook well So it has a right amount of textual So not too tough or too soft Hồng Khải – Giám khảo: trình bày đẹp chili sauce q bình thường chili sauce giống lấy bình ra, khơng cần phải kỹ Nhưng ngược lại sauce em làm Tuấn Hải – Giám khảo: tơm bạn nên chế biến có khác biệt đi, khơng đơn giản tơm luộc Chúng tơi chưa nhìn thấy sáng tạo tốt bạn nguyên liệu (Vua đầu bếp 2015, tập 9, 41:20 - 45:30) 44 ... STUDY OF JUDGES’ CODE – SWITCHING ON VIETNAMESE TV GAME SHOWS (Nghiên cứu việc sử dụng chuyển mã ngôn ngữ giám khảo chương trình giải trí truyền hình Việt Nam) M.A THESIS (APPLICATION ORIENTATION)... đến với thử thách cuối chương trình người mẫu Việt Nam – Vietnam next top model 2015 (Welcome final challenge of Vietnam Next Top Model – Vietnam next top model 2015) (Vietnam’s next top model... game shows, i.e., Vietnam’s next top model, The face Vietnam, sing my song, or Master Chef Vietnam As the shows’ titles, The Vietnam’s next top model 2015, 2016 or The face Vietnam 2016 target in