Đang tải... (xem toàn văn)
A field experiment was conducted during rabi season of 2017 at University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad to evaluate different row ratio of chickpea and mustard intercropping system on growth, yield and economics of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in mustard (Brassica juncea L.) intercropping system. Study had ten treatments including two sole crops (chickpea and mustard) and eight intercrop combinations of chickpea intercropped with mustard in different row ratios.
Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(10): 1909-1916 International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume Number 10 (2019) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2019.810.222 Production and Economic Feasibility of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in Mustard (Brassica juncea) Intercropping System under Different Row Ratio for Northern Dry Zone of Karnataka Ramarao1* and H.T Chandranath2 Department of Agronomy, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad -580 005 Karnataka, India *Corresponding author ABSTRACT Keywords Chickpea, Mustard, Intercropping, Row ratio, Production Article Info Accepted: 15 September 2019 Available Online: 10 October 2019 A field experiment was conducted during rabi season of 2017 at University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad to evaluate different row ratio of chickpea and mustard intercropping system on growth, yield and economics of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in mustard (Brassica juncea L.) intercropping system Study had ten treatments including two sole crops (chickpea and mustard) and eight intercrop combinations of chickpea intercropped with mustard in different row ratios Results revealed that, sole chickpea recorded higher total dry matter production (24.70 g plant-1), leaf area (3.55 dm2 plant-1), leaf area index (1.18), number of primary branches (5.7), higher grain yield (1749 kg -1), haulm yield (1969 kg ha-1) and harvest index (46.5 %) Among the intercropping, 8:2 row ratio of chickpea + mustard recorded higher grain yield (1610 kg -1), haulm yield (1890 kg ha-1), gross returns (₹ 86,091 ha-1), net returns (₹ 53,706 ha-1) and B: C (2.66) Introduction One of the challenging tasks for this century (21st) is to produce the food, fodder, fuel and fiber for every day needs of the human beings Agriculture land is declining day by day as it is used for non-agricultural purposes It is rather predictable to accommodate production in accessible crops/cropping systems It is estimated that India’s population will reach nearly 1350 million by 2020 AD The food requirement of the country by 2020 AD is anticipated to be around 256 million tonnes (Paroda and Kumar, 2000) This supplementary food production has to come from present land of cultivated area (143.2 m ha) and water resources Thus in the absence of possibilities for horizontal expansion of land, vertical growth of these crops through intercropping with suitable crops having higher yield potential offering varying competition in spatial and temporal dimension is the need of time Time and space exploitation in agriculture through intercropping is one of the options available for increasing the production per unit land area (Sankaran and Rangasamy, 1990) 1909 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(10): 1909-1916 India stands first in area and production of both oilseeds and pulses, but still we are finding huge gap between demand and supply of both the crops The total demand for oilseeds is increasing continuously as a result of increasing population growth which might be due to low productivity of these oilseeds In India, pulses are grown annually on an area of about 24.91 million hectares with a production of 16.34 million tonnes with average productivity of 656 kg per hectare (Anon., 2017) By 2030, pulse requirement in the country is projected at 32 million tonnes and as per ICMR recommendations we need to have 80 g of pulses and 38 g of oilseeds in our daily food as against the present intake of only 48 g of pulses and 18.3 g of oilseeds (Anon., 2017a) The shortage of pulse and oilseeds has aggravated the problem of malnutrition So this gap has to be bridged by crop intensification by means of intercropping Intercropping is growing of two or more crops simultaneously on the same piece of land with a definite row proportion (Reddy and Reddy, 2007) Many of the tropical and subtropical countries are well versed with significance of intercropping as it helps in better utilization of resources like soil moisture, nutrients, space and light both above and below ground resources The usual practice consists of growing pulses or oilseeds as a component crop in the mixtures of food grain crops and there is little scope to bring additional area under these crops (pulses and oilseeds) due to stiff competition from cereals, shrinkage of land holding and use of land for urbanization etc Thus, in the absence of possibilities for horizontal expansion, the vertical growth of these crops through intercropping with suitable crops having higher yield potential offering varying competition in spatial and temporal dimension is the need of time Chickpea is traditionally grown as a mixed crop with several crops like sorghum, mustard, linseed, barley, spices etc without taking into consideration of spatial row arrangement Consequently, crop suffers to a great extent and hence yields are reduced Spatial arrangements in intercropping have important effect on the balance of competition between the component crops and their productivity (Pandhi and Panigarahi, 2006) Mustard is taller plant with broader crop canopy shows the greater competing ability than chickpea accommodating more rows of mustard in between the chickpea cause shading effect which affect the photosynthesis ultimately hamper growth and yield of chickpea (Lal et al., 2000) Therefore judging appropriate row arrangement in such a way that, a tall plant for high light intensities at top and a compact chickpea for lower intensities at bottom without much shading effect can lead to efficient use of light as in multi-storey cropping for higher yields In Northern Dry Zone (zone-3) of Karnataka, chickpea, wheat and safflower are the predominant crops during rabi season Research information is available on cereal + legume intercropping but not on legume + oilseed system viz., chickpea and mustard intercropping is lacking in this zone In order to increase the diversity and also to introduce a new cropping system in this region, mustard as a component crop in chickpea based intercropping system looks to be advantageous Keeping these facts in view, a field experiment was conducted at Main Agricultural Research Station, Dharwad, during rabi 2017 Materials and Methods The experiment was conducted at Main Agricultural Research Station, UAS, Dharwad during the rabi season of 2017 The soil was clayey having initial soil pH of 7.3 and organic carbon 0.53 % and available N, P and K of 253, 30 and 320 kg ha-1 respectively The field was prepared by employing one deep ploughing and harrowing The average rainfall of area was 722.7 mm but during 2017 a 1910 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(10): 1909-1916 rainfall of 582.8 mm was received The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with replications There were ten treatments consisting of sole crops of chickpea and mustard & chickpea + mustard intercropping in different row ratios 2:1, 3:1, 3:3, 4:2, 4:4, 5:1, 6:2 and 8:2 A row spacing of 30 cm was adopted to both the crops with plant to plant spacing of 10 cm Common fertilizer dose of 25:50:0 (N: P2O5:K2O kg ha-1) and 60:50:0 (N: P2O5:K2O kg ha-1) for mustard was applied based on population in each treatment The cultivar used were Jaki-9218 (chickpea) and NRCHB101 (mustard) with seed rate of 62.5 kg ha-1 (chickpea) and 5.0 kg ha-1 (mustard) The crops were sown on 19 th cotober 2017 and harevsted on 2nd february 2018 Crops were raised under protective irrigation Chickpea was protected with chlorantrainiprole against pod borer (Helicoverpa armigera) during floweing and pod formation stage and mustard was sheltered aginst white rust with spray of ridomil gold during flowering stage For recording of biometrical observations randomly five plants were taken from net plots excluding border rows These samples were dried at 70 °C to attain constant dry weight The dry matter production per plant was expressed as gram per plant The data recorded on various parameters subjected to Fisher’s method of analysis of variance and interpretation of the data as given by Gomez and Gomez (1984) The level of significance used in ‘F’ and ‘t’ test was P = 0.05 Critical difference (CD) values were calculated where the ‘F’ test was found significant treatments, 8:2 row ratio recorded higher plant height at 30, 60 DAS and at harvest The increase in plant height was up to an extent of 9.51 and 11.43 per cent at 60 DAS and at harvest respectively Yadav et al., (2013) also reported the similar results in chickpea + mustard intercropping system Higher leaf area and leaf area index were recorded with sole chickpea at 30, 60 DAS and at harvest (Table 1) This might be due to higher population per unit area and vegetative growth of sole chickpea The increase in leaf area index was to an extent 5.49, 10.93 and 10.28 per cent at 30, 60 DAS and at harvest, respectively over 8:2 row ratio of chickpea + mustard This might be due to maximum plant population, sunlight was used more efficiently than other intercropping treatments due to dense leaf foliage of single crop, absence of inter pace competition and limited disturbance of habitat These results corroborate the results of Vinaykant (2005) Among the intercropping, higher leaf area was recorded with 8:2 row ratio of chickpea + mustard 30 (3.50 dm2 plant-1) at 60 DAS (8.80 dm2 plant1 ) and at harvest (9.18 dm2 plant-1) Higher leaf area index was recorded with 8:2 row ratio at 30 (0.91), 60 DAS (1.10) and at harvest (1.07) over 6:2 row ratio of chickpea + mustard The increase in leaf area index was up to an extent 15.18, 14 and 15.05 per cent at 30, 60 DAS and at harvest respectively, over 6:2 row ratio of chickpea + mustard This might be due to less intra crop competition for light, moisture and nutrients These results are similar with the findings of Singh and Rathi (2006) Results and Discussion Chickpea growth, yield attributes Higher plant height was recorded with sole chickpea at 30, 60 DAS and at harvest (Table 1) This was due to higher vegetative growth of sole chickpea Among the intercropping Higher numbers of primary branches were recorded with sole chickpea (5.7) (Table 1) The increase in number of primary branches to the tune of 2.8, 3.6 and 10.94 per cent at 30, 60 DAS and at harvest respectively over 8:2 row ratio of chickpea + mustard This might be due to higher vegetative growth of the sole 1911 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(10): 1909-1916 chickpea which resulted in higher primary branches in sole chickpea Among the intercropping treatments, 8:2 row ratio of chickpea + mustard recorded higher number of primary branches at 30, 60 DAS and at harvest (Table 1) Total dry matter production was found higher with sole chickpea at 30, 60 DAS and at harvest (3.80, 15.14 and 24.70 g plant-1, respectively) (Table 2; Fig 1) This might be due to higher plant height which was due to increased population, leaf area, leaf area index, number of branches, higher photosynthesis and higher intercepted radiation Vyas et al., (1991) reported the similar results with chickpea + mustard intercropping system With respect to different row ratios of chickpea and mustard, 8:2 row ratio of chickpea + mustard recorded higher dry matter production at 30 (3.60 g plant-1), 60 DAS (13.91 g plant-1) and at harvest (22.70 g plant-1) The increase in the dry matter was up to an extent of 16.12, 3.42 and 3.60 per cent at 30, 60 DAS at harvest respectively, over 6:2 row ratio of chickpea + mustard This was due to more number of branches, less cropcompetition for space, nutrient and moisture and higher quantity of solar radiation consequently produced more dry matter These results are similar with the findings of Tigga et al., (2004), Varshney and Arya (2004) who also stated that higher dry matter production was due to higher plant height, higher dry weight of nodules in chickpea + mustard intercropping system Yield attributes and yield of chickpea Sole chickpea (Table 2) recorded significantly higher grain and haulm yield (1,749 and 1,969 kg ha-1, respectively) over all other intercropping treatments The higher grain yield with sole chickpea was mainly attributed to higher plant population per unit area, better nodule formation, no competition from intercrop, less disturbance of habitat, less inter space competition of chickpea and also due to higher yield attributes viz., pods per plant, seeds per pod and test weight These results are in conformity with findings of Tripathi et al., (2005), Manjithkumar (2009), Alam (2015) who also stated that higher yield with sole chickpea was mainly due to the higher population per unit area and less disturbance to the microclimate of the chickpea Among the intercropping treatments, higher grain and haulm yield of chickpea was recorded with 8:2 row ratio of chickpea + mustard (1,610 kg ha-1 and 1,890 kg ha-1 respectively) (Table 2) The increase with grain and straw yield of sole chickpea to an extent of 9.74 and 5.40 per cent, respectively over 6:2 row ratio of chickpea + mustard This was mainly due to higher population of chickpea per unit area, lesser competition of mustard on chickpea, higher pods per plant, seeds per pod and test weight The higher haulm yield at 8:2 row ratio of chickpea + mustard was mainly due to increase in plant height, leaf area, leaf area index which led to efficient transformation of photosynthates from source to sink, total number of branches and total dry matter production These results are similar with the findings of Alam (2015) and Thakur et al., (2000) who also stated that higher haulm yield was due to higher population and total dry matter production per unit area of chickpea There was no much difference with respect to harvest index of sole chickpea However, numerically higher harvest index was recorded with sole chickpea (46.6 %) This was mainly due to higher grain and haulm yield of chickpea possibly due to better growth, increased number of pods per plant, seeds per pods and increased plant density per unit area as compared to other intercropping treatments Similar results were found by Manjitkumar (2009), Kumar and Nandan (2007), Tripathi et al., (2005) and Ahlawat et al., (2005) in chickpea and mustard intercropping system 1912 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(10): 1909-1916 Table.1 Growth, yield attribute and yield of chickpea as influenced by different row ratio of chickpea and mustard intercropping Treatments T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 Chickpea + mustard (2:1) Chickpea + mustard (3:1) Chickpea + mustard (3:3) Chickpea + mustard (4:2) Chickpea + mustard (4:4) Chickpea + mustard (5:1) Chickpea + mustard (6:2) Chickpea + mustard (8:2) Sole chickpea S.Em± CD (P=0.05) Plant height (cm) 30 DAS 60 DAS At harvest 19.1 19.4 18.3 19.8 18.8 20.1 20.8 21.2 22.0 0.85 NS 31.2 32.0 29.4 33.3 29.8 34.9 35.2 38.5 43.3 1.52 4.56 33.5 33.7 31.8 35.7 32.6 35.4 35.6 39.6 44.5 1.40 4.20 Leaf area (dm2 plant-1) 30 60 90 DAS DAS DAS 1.43 2.50 2.45 1.50 2.65 2.50 1.30 2.36 2.24 1.81 2.90 2.55 1.40 2.43 2.40 1.93 3.0 2.62 2.36 3.12 2.90 2.74 3.43 3.21 2.89 3.83 3.55 0.07 0.12 0.20 0.21 0.36 0.60 Leaf area index 30 60 90 DAS DAS DAS 0.48 0.83 0.82 0.50 0.88 0.83 0.43 0.79 0.75 0.60 0.90 0.85 0.47 0.81 0.80 0.64 0.92 0.87 0.79 0.96 0.93 0.91 1.10 1.07 0.96 1.28 1.18 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.12 0.18 No of primary branches per plant 30 DAS 60 DAS At harvest 2.7 2.8 2.2 2.5 2.6 2.9 3.1 3.2 3.2 0.24 NS 4.1 4.2 3.9 4.3 4.0 4.4 4.8 5.0 5.3 0.18 0.54 4.2 4.4 4.1 4.3 4.2 4.5 4.9 5.2 5.7 0.19 0.57 Table.2 Dry matter production, yield and economics of chickpea as influenced by different row ratios of chickpea and mustard intercropping system Treatments T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 Chickpea + mustard (2:1) Chickpea + mustard (3:1) Chickpea + mustard (3:3) Chickpea + mustard (4:2) Chickpea + mustard (4:4) Chickpea + mustard (5:1) Chickpea + mustard (6:2) Chickpea + mustard (8:2) Sole chickpea S.Em± CD (P=0.05) TDMP (g plant-1) 30 DAS 2.55 2.80 2.28 2.90 2.43 3.00 3.10 3.60 3.80 0.18 0.54 60 DAS 11.95 12.14 11.46 12.38 11.65 13.36 13.45 13.91 15.14 0.48 1.44 Yield (kg ha-1) AH 19.50 19.80 18.72 20.20 19.0 21.80 21.94 22.70 24.70 0.77 2.33 Grain 452 611 384 684 418 961 1,467 1,610 1,749 37 113 Note: DAS- days after sowing, TDMP- total dry matter production, AH- after harvest, HI-Harvest index 1913 Haulm 650 810 552 944 627 1,223 1,793 1,890 1,969 51.8 155.4 HI (%) Gross returns (₹ ha-1) Net returns ( ha-1) B: C ratio 41.2 43.0 41.1 42.3 40.0 44.4 45.0 46.0 46.5 2.1 NS 53,491 58,293 58,801 61,744 62,528 67,617 82,697 86,091 77,291 76171 2292 21,373 25,942 27,205 29,629 30,933 35,053 51,346 53,706 44,154 39,887 2227 1.67 1.80 1.86 1.92 1.98 2.08 2.64 2.66 2.33 2.10 0.06 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(10): 1909-1916 Economics of the intercropping system Chickpea + mustard with 8:2 row ratio gave higher gross returns ( 86,091 ha-1) and was on par with chickpea + mustard with 6:2 row ratio ( 82,697 ha-1), followed by chickpea + mustard with 5:1, 4:4 and 4:2 row ratios ( 67,617, 62,528 and 61,744 ha-1 respectively) The lowest gross returns were recorded with 2:1 row ratio of chickpea + mustard ( 53,491ha-1) (Fig 2) The increased gross returns in intercropping system were mainly due to higher chickpea equivalent yield Net returns ( 53,706 ha-1) were found higher with chickpea + mustard at 8:2 row proportion and was found on par with 6:2 row ratio of chickpea + mustard ( 51,346 ha-1) followed by sole chickpea ( 44,154 ha-1) and sole mustard ( 39,887 ha-1) The lowest net returns ( 21,373 ha-1) were recorded with 2:1 row ratio of chickpea + mustard The higher gross and net returns with chickpea + mustard intercropping system was mainly due to higher economic yield and better price structure for chickpea and mustard 1914 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(10): 1909-1916 Guruvindersingh (2005) also observed higher gross returns ( 43,248 ha-1) and net returns ( 10,092 ha-1) with 6:2 row ratio of chickpea + mustard intercropping system Among the intercropping treatments, higher benefit cost ratio was observed with chickpea + mustard with 8:2 row ratio (2.66) and was on par with 6:2 row ratio of chickpea + mustard (2.64) and followed by sole chickpea (2.33), sole mustard (2.10) and 5:1 row ratio of chickpea + mustard (2.08), which might be attributed to higher returns in these treatments and lower cost of cultivation The lowest B: C ratio was recorded with 2:1 row ratio of chickpea + mustard (1.67) From the above study it can be concluded that, intercropping of chickpea + mustard at 8:2 row ratio was found to be more productive and profitable chickpea intercropping system as it recorded yield, higher net returns and benefit cost ratio compared to other intercropping treatments and 6:2 row ratio of chickpea + mustard also recorded all economic parameters over other intercropping treatments Acknowledgments The study was funded Department of Agronomy, UAS, Dharwad for their valuable input and contributions to the research References Ahlawat I P S, Gangaiah B and Singh O 2005 Production potential of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) based intercropping systems under irrigated conditions Indian J Agron., 50 (1): 27-30 Alam M I 2015 Intercropping efficiency of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) based intercropping system under rainfed condition of Bihar Ann Agric Res., 36 (4): 370-376 Anonymous 2017a Area, production and productivity of chickpea and mustard in India and Karnataka www Indiastat.com Anonymous 2017b, Annu Rep 2016-17 Department of Agriculture, Cooperation & Farmers Welfare, p 137 Gomez K A and Gomez A A 1984 Statistical procedures for agricultural research edn 2, John Willey, New York, p 693 Gurvindersingh 2005, Intercropping of mustard with chickpea M.Sc Thesis G.B Pant Univ Agric Tech Pantnagar (India) Kumar G and Nandan R 2007 Effect of date and pattern of planning on productivity and economics of chickpea + mustard intercropping system J Food Leg., 20 92): 184-186 Lal R B, Verma A K, and Ahuja K N 2000 Intercropping of oilseed and pulses crops in wheat (Triticum aestivum) under fertilizer and water constraint situations Indian J Agron., 43(2): 253255 Manjithkumar 2009 Influence of different row proportions on yield components and yield of rabi crops under different intercropping systems M Sc Thesis, Univ Agric Sci Dhawad (India) Pandhi A K and Panigarahi R K 2006 Effect of inter cropping and crop geometry on productivity, economics, energetic and soil fertility status of Maize based intercropping system Indian J Agron., 51 (3): 174-177 Paroda R S and Kumar P 2000 Food production and demand in South Asia Agril Econ Res Rev 13 (1):1-24 Reddy R T and Reddy S G H 2007 Principles of Agronomy, Kalyani Publishers, Ludhiana (India) Sankaran S and Rangasamy A 1999 Farming system research in agronomic research towards sustainable 1915 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(10): 1909-1916 agriculture, Indian Society of Agronomy, Division of Agronomy, IARI, New Delhi, pp 69-80 Singh K K and Rathi K S 2003 Dry matter production and productivity as influenced by staggered sowing of mustard intercropped at different row ratios with chickpea J Agron Crop Sci., 189 (1): 169-175 Thakur N S, Pannase S K and Sharma R S 1998 Production potential of gram based intercropping systems under rainfed condition Indian J Agron., 45 (3): 534-39 Tripathi H N Chand S and Tripathi A K 2005 Biological and economical feasibility of chickpea and Indian mustard cropping system under varying levels of phosphorous Indian J Agron., 50 (1): 31-34 Varshney J G and Arya R L 2004 Effect of integrated nutrients use and weed control methods on sole gram and gram + Indian mustard inter cropping system Indian J Agric Sci., 74(3): 121-125 Vinaykant, 2005 Effect of different row ratios of chickpea and mustard on productivity and economics in intercropping system under dry land conditions M Sc Thesis CCSAU &T, Haryana (India) Vyas A K and Rai R K 1993 Effect of planting patterns and phosphorus levels on phosphorus uptake and yield of mustard and chickpea under rainfed conditions Fertilizer News., 38 (2): 4349 Yadav P K., Singh A P and Ram R 2013 Effect of row ratio and phosphorus fertilizer in chickpea and mustard intercropping system Indian J Agronomy, 58(2): 198-202 How to cite this article: Ramarao and Chandranath, H.T 2019 Production and Economic Feasibility of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in Mustard (Brassica juncea) Intercropping System under Different Row Ratio for Northern Dry Zone of Karnataka Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci 8(10): 1909-1916 doi: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2019.810.222 1916 ... Table.2 Dry matter production, yield and economics of chickpea as influenced by different row ratios of chickpea and mustard intercropping system Treatments T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 Chickpea + mustard. .. treatments consisting of sole crops of chickpea and mustard & chickpea + mustard intercropping in different row ratios 2:1, 3:1, 3:3, 4:2, 4:4, 5:1, 6:2 and 8:2 A row spacing of 30 cm was adopted... legume intercropping but not on legume + oilseed system viz., chickpea and mustard intercropping is lacking in this zone In order to increase the diversity and also to introduce a new cropping system