GOVERNING CHINA IN THE 21ST CENTURY Public Service Innovations in China Edited by Yijia Jing & Stephen P Osborne Governing China in the 21st Century Series Editors Zhimin Chen Dean School of International Relations and Public Affairs, Fudan University Shanghai, China  Yijia Jing Chair Professor of Public Management School of International Relations and Public Affairs Fudan University Shanghai, China  Since 1978, China’s political and social systems have transformed significantly to accommodate the world's largest population and second largest economy These changes have grown more complex and challenging as China deals with modernization, globalization, and informatization The unique path of sociopolitical development of China hardly fits within any existing frame of reference The number of scientific explorations of China’s political and social development, as well as contributions to international literature from Chinese scholars living and researching in Mainland China, has been growing fast This series publishes research by Chinese and international scholars on China’s politics, diplomacy, public affairs, and social and economic issues for the international academic community More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/15023 Yijia Jing  •  Stephen P Osborne Editors Public Service Innovations in China Editors Yijia Jing Fudan University Shanghai, China Stephen P Osborne University of Edinburgh Business School Edinburgh, United Kingdom Governing China in the 21st Century ISBN 978-981-10-1761-2    ISBN 978-981-10-1762-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-1762-9 Library of Congress Control Number: 2016961211 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2017 This work is subject to copyright All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made Printed on acid-free paper Cover illustration: © Xinhua / Alamy Stock Photo This Palgrave imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #22-06/08 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore Acknowledgement This book project was supported by the National Science Foundation of China under Grant [71490735] and the National Social Science Foundation of China under Grant [15ZDA031] v Contents Public Service Innovations in China: An Introduction Yijia Jing and Stephen P. Osborne China’s Local Government Innovations in Inter-Local Collaboration Ruowen Shen, Richard C Feiock, and Hongtao Yi 25 Network Structure, Resource Availability, and Innovation: A Study of the Adoption of Innovation in Elderly Services in Shanghai Wei Li and Wai-Fung Lam 43 Providing Rural Public Services Through Land Commodification: Policy Innovations and Rural–Urban Integration in Chengdu Qian Forrest Zhang and Jianling Wu 67 Equalization of Public Services and Good Governance of Society: Revelation from Household Registration Reform in Zhongshan City Tianxiang Chen, Jeffrey J. Guo, Renjie Li, and Qin Zhu 93 vii viii  Contents The Role of ENGOs in Greening Consumer Electronics Supply Chains in China: The Case of Heavy Metal Pollution Yitian Huang111 The Smart City Plan 2011–2013 in Shanghai Olga Gil and Tian-Cheng Zheng 127 Entrepreneurial Leadership and Organizational Innovation: Improving Attitudes and Behaviors of  Chinese Public Employees Min Young Kim, Sung Min Park, and Qing Miao 151 An Investigation of Creative Climate of University R&D Centers and Policy Implications for Innovation in China Chunfang Zhou, Palle Rasmussen, Tatiana Chemi, and Lingling Luo 185 Index207 Bios of Authors Tatiana  Chemi is associate professor at Aalborg University, Chair of Educational Innovation, where she works in the field of artistic learning and creative processes Among others, she is the author of Artbased Approaches: A Practical Handbook to Creativity at Work, 2006, In the Beginning Was the Pun: Comedy and Humour in Samuel Beckett’s Theatre, 2013, and The Art of Arts Integration, 2014 She is co-author of Behind the Scenes of Artistic Creativity, 2015 In 2013, Aalborg University Press named her Author of the Year Tianxiang  Chen  is a professor at School of Government, Sun Yat-sen University, and a professor in the Department of Public Administration, Nanfang College of Sun Yat-sen University He received his bachelor (history) and masters (law) degrees from Peking University and earned a Ph.D in management from Sun Yat-sen University He engaged in advanced studies for public knowledge management at Oxford University, and is a visiting scholar at UIUC, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign His research interests are government reform, governance, governance of grass-roots and non-profit organizations, evaluation of government performance, and so on He has published more than 90 articles and over 10 books, and he has led over 30 projects Richard  C.  Feiock  is the Jerry Collins Eminent Scholar and Augustus B. Turnbull Professor of Public Administration and Policy in the Askew School of Public Administration at Florida State University He is the founding director of the FSU Local Governance Research Laboratory He ix x  Bios of Authors also serves as Editor of Public Administration Review, the leading professional journal in the discipline Olga  Gil  is full professor at Universidad Camilo José Cela (UCJC) in Madrid, Spain She is a leading researcher of the trans-disciplinary group focusing on smart cities at UCJC.  Gil received her D.Phil in Political and Sociology at the European University Institute in Florence and her Master in Political Science at the University of North Carolina in Chapel Hill She is also profesor asociado at Universidad Complutense de Madrid Dr Gil recent book comparing public policies at the local level in Shanghai, Iskandar, New  York, Amsterdam, Málaga, Santander, and Tarragona has been just released in Spanish in 2016 Her e-mail address is olgagil@olgagil.es Jeffrey  J.  Guo is an associate professor, Department of Public Administration; director of National Research Center for Executive Search, Nanfang College of Sun Yat-sen University He received his Ph.D degree from National Taiwan University His research areas focus on political sociology, comparison of cross culture, democracy and election, and migration and Taiwan studies He was invited as the reviewer for several SSCI (social science citation index) journals; visiting scholar at School of Public Management, Northwest University, Xi’an; lecturer participating in the US 100,000 Strong Initiative Study Program in China Yitian  Huang  is an assistant professor at the School of International Relations and Public Affairs, Fudan University Yitian received his Bachelor of Law from Peking University, Master of Law from the University of Cambridge, and Ph.D in international environmental policy from Yale University His research interests include environmental politics, global climate negotiation, supply-chain environmental policy, and transnational private governance He has published several articles on Climate Policy, East Asia and other journals Yijia Jing  is Seaker Chan Chair Professor of Public Management at the School of International Relations and Public Affairs, Fudan University He is editor-in-­chief of Fudan Public Administration Review, associate editor of Public Administration Review, and co-editor of International Public Management Journal He is the founding co-editor of Palgrave book series, Governing China in the 21 Century He serves as a vice president of International Research Society for Public Management and associate director of foreign affairs of Fudan University He can be reached at jingyj@fudan.edu.cn AN INVESTIGATION OF CREATIVE CLIMATE OF UNIVERSITY R&D CENTERS 203 culture on creativity and innovation is required that contributes to further break traditional cultural barriers to  the creative climate of university R&D centers and to provide references for policy makers As Ferreira et al (2013, 57–79) emphasized, we must recognize that innovation is a complex concept and difficult to grasp in a single indicator Nevertheless, R&D reflects a political and managerial option to initiate the process of innovation, and as it was shown, culture plays an important role in shaping the way different options are considered Such points are appropriate to improve S&T policies in supporting roles of university R&D in the national innovation system in China REFERENCES Adam, Frane 2013 National and Regional Innovation Capacity Through the Lens of Social Capital: A Qualitative Meta-analysis of Recent Empirical Studies In Innovation in Social-cultural Context, ed Frane Adam, and Hans Westlund, 103–125 London: Routledge Al-Beraid, Abdullah, and Tudor Rickards 2003 Creative Team Climate in an International Accounting Office: An Exploratory Study in Saudi Arabia Managerial Auditing Journal 18: 7–18 Brown, Helen 2008 Knowledge and Innovation: A Comparative Study of the USA, the UK, and Japan London: Routledge Burrows, Glen R., Damon L.  Drummond, and Maris G.  Martinsons 2005 Knowledge Management in China Communications of the ACM 48: 73–76 Bush, Tony, and Qiang Haiyan 2000 Leadership and Culture in Chinese Education Asia Pacific Journal of Education 20: 58–67 Cao, Cong, Richard P. Suttmeier, and Denis Fred Simon 2006 China’s 15-year Science and Technology Plan Physics Today: 38–43 doi:10.1063/1.2435680 Clark, Burton R 1998 Creating Entrepreneurial Universities Organizational Pathways of Transformation Bingley: Emerald Cohen, Wesley M., Richard R.  Nelson, and John P.  Walsh 2002 Links and Impacts: The Influence of Public Research on Industrial R&D Management Science 48: 1–23 Dawson, Patrick, and Lisa Daniel 2010 Understanding Social Innovation: A Provisional Framework International Journal Technology Management 51: 9–21 Ekvall, Goran 1996 Organizational Climate for Creativity and Innovation European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology 5: 105–123 Ekvall, Goran, and Lars Ryhammar 1999 The Creative Climate: Its Determinants and Effects at a Swedish University Creativity Research Journal 12: 303–310 204 C ZHOU ET AL Etzkowitz, Henry, Andrew Webster, Christiane Gebhardt, and Branca Regina Cantisano Terra 2000 The Future of the University and the University of the Future: Evolution of Ivory Tower to Entrepreneurial Paradigm Research Policy 29: 313–330 Etzkowitz, Henry, and Loet Leydesdorff 2000 The Dynamics of Innovation: From National Systems and “Mode 2” to a Triple Helix of University-IndustryGovernment Relations Research Policy 29: 109–123 Fan, Ying 2000 A Classification of Chinese Culture Cross Cultural Management-An International Journal 7: 3–10 Ferreira, Pedro, Elvira Vieira, and Isabel Neira 2013 Culture Impact on Innovation: Econometric Analysis of European Countries In Innovation in Social-cultural Context, ed Frane Adam, and Hans Westlund, 57–79 London: Routledge Gardner, Howard 1995 Reflections on Multiple Intelligences: Myths and Messages PhiDelta Kappan 77: 200–209 Goncalo, Jack A., and Barry M. Staw 2006 Individualism-collectivism and Group Creativity Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Process 100: 96–109 Heinze, Thomas, Philip Shapira, Juan D. Rogers, and Jacqueline M. Senker 2009 Organizational and Institutional Influences on Creativity in Scientific Research Research Policy 38: 610–623 Howells, Jeremy 1999 Regional Systems of Innovation? In Innovation Policy in a Global Economy, ed D.  Archibugi, J.  Howells, and J.  Michie London: Cambridge University Press Huang, Qian, Robert M. Davison, and Jibao Gu 2008 Impact of Personal and Cultural Factors on Knowledge Sharing in China Asia Pacific Journal Management 25: 451–471 Kaufman, James C., and John Baer 2005 Introduction: How People Think, Work, and Act Creatively in Diverse Domains In Creativity Across Domains, Faces of the Muse, eds James Kaufman, and John Baer, xiii–xvii London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Kim, Kyung Hee 2007 Exploring the Interactions Between Asian Culture (Confucianism) and Creativity Journal of Creative Behavior 41: 28–53 Koh, Winston T.H., and Pohn Kam Wong 2005 Competing at the Frontier: The Changing Roles of Technology Policy in Singapore’s Economic Strategy Technological Forecasting & Social Change 72: 255–285 Kynge, James 2000 Rising Giant ‘Enters the World’ Financial Times, November 13: 25–39 Li, Wuwei 2011 How Creativity Is Changing China Ed M. Keane and Trans H. Li and M. Guo UK: Bloomsbury Academic Lundvall, Bengt-Åke 1992 National Systems of Innovation London: Pinter Publishing AN INVESTIGATION OF CREATIVE CLIMATE OF UNIVERSITY R&D CENTERS 205 Mathisen, Gro Ellen, and Stale Einarsen 2004 A Review of Instruments Assessing Creative and Innovative Environments Within Organizations Creative Research Journal 16: 119–140 Nilsson, Jan-Evert 2006 The Role of Universities in Regional Innovation Systems—A Nordic Perspective Denmark: Copenhagen Business School Press OECD 2008 OECD Reviews of Innovation Policy China OECD Orcutt, Johb L., and Hong Shen 2010 Shaping China’s Innovation Future: University Technology Transfer in Transition Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Sternberg, Robert J., and Todd I.  Lubart 1999 The Concept of Creativity: Prospects and Paradigms In Handbook of Creativity, ed Robert J. Sternberg, 3–15 New York: Cambridge University Press Tang, Ming Feng 2009 Technology Transfer from University to Industry: Insight into University Technology Transfer in the Chinese National Innovation Systems London: Adonis & Abbey Publishers Ltd Tong, Jin, and Amit Mitra 2009 Chinese Cultural Influences on Knowledge Management Practice Journal of Knowledge Management 13: 49–62 Thomposon, Leigh, and Hoon Seok Choi 2006 Creativity and Innovation in Organizational Teams London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Zhou, Chunfang 2012 Group Creativity Development in Engineering Education in Problem and Project-Based Learning (PBL) Environment Ph.D.  Thesis, Aalborg, akprint Index1 NUMBERS & SYMBOLS 12th Five-Year Master Plan, 138 A ability-oriented approach, 194 “About Notice of Further Improvement and Implementation of the Household Registration System Reform Policy”, 97 “About Notice of the Reform of Household Registration Management System”, 97 “About Opinions on Overall Reform of Rural Household Registration System”, 98 “About Reform Opinions for Management the Household Registration System in Small Towns”, 95 “About the Opinion on Whole Chengdu Urban and Rural Residents to Achieve a Unified Household Registration to Freedom of Migration”, 98 Academy of Telecommunications Research of the Ministry of Industry in China, 132–3 accountability, 10, 29, 68, 155, 174 adaptive network structure, 55–8 administrative organizations, discretion and welfare of, 17 affective and cognitive trust, 158–60, 164, 166, 176–7 agency control, 76–86 ‘aging in place’ services, 50 Agranoff, R., 44, 47 agricultural tax, 68 air pollutions, 35 Allwinkle, S., 130 altruistic incentives, 19 Al Waer, H., 130 Analytical Report on Internet-Based Public Opinion, 115 Annual Land Use Plan, 72, 73 anti-corruption movement, 17  Note: Page number followed by ‘n’ refers to notes © The Author(s) 2017 Y Jing, S.P Osborne (eds.), Public Service Innovations in China, DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-1762-9 207 208   INDEX anti-waste movement, 17 Apple, 116 architectural innovation, Asian Infrastructure Invest Bank, 16 B balanced learning, 16 Baldock, J., Barbuto, J. E., 157 Beck, C. D., 157 behavioral approach to institutions, 46 Beijing, 31, 38, 112, 138, 197 Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei Collaborative Development Plan, 38 Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region, 31–3, 38 “blueprint registered permanent” system, 96, 97 Borins, S., 5, Bouchard, M. J., 153 Bray, D., 88 Brown, L., 3, Bryson, J. M., ‘Building a New Socialist Countryside’, 69, 88 Burns, T. E., Bush, T., 193–4 C Capaldo, A., 48 Caragliu, A., 130 cash-strapped local government, 68 Castells, M., 127 category management, 101 CCQ Survey See Creative Climate Questionnaire (CCQ) Survey CEC networks See community elderly care (CEC) networks central concessions, 75–6 Central Government, 2, 9, 21, 27–9, 31–3, 68–74, 76, 77, 88, 90, 128, 133, 138, 142, 143, 145 centralized network, 52–5 Chengdu city, 98 case of, 75–6 government, 88 Chengdu model, 20, 70 Chengdu Municipality, 76 Chengdu Plain, 26, 31, 33, 35, 36, 38, 83 Chen, G. H., 28 Cheng-Yu economic zone, 33 China, 72, 94, 124, 128, 129, 131, 132, 135, 144, 145, 157, 158, 187 ICA framework, 30–4 industry in, 133 inter-local collaboration in, 27–9 international and domestic developments, 16 LDR trading in, 73 policies of supporting University R&D in, 192–3 PSIs in, 3, 8–12, 17–18 public administration in, 15 public policies in, 15 public sector, 177 territorial administrative system, 89n3 urbanization process and welfare, 20 Chinese central government, 38 Chinese Characteristics, 11 Chinese Confucianism, 175 Chinese culture, 156, 173–4, 193–4, 201, 203 Chinese economy, 1–2, 15 Chinese educational context, 193–4 Chinese ENGOs, 113 Chinese government, 8–10, 27–8 Chinese household registration system reforms, 95–9 Chinese media, 119 Chinese organizations, 156 Chinese political system, 16 Chinese public sector, 160, 161 development, 11 organizational culture, 178 INDEX   Chinese Public Sector Survey Datasets, 152 Chinese universities, 21, 186, 187, 192, 194, 197, 198, 201 Chongqing city, 98 Chourabi, H., 130–2, 139, 141, 142 cities, 25, 26, 28, 31–9, 96, 101, 106, 107, 127–30, 134, 139, 142, 145, 197, 202 Chengdu city (see (Chengdu city)) Chongqing city, 98 Shanghai (see (Shanghai)) smart cities (see (smart cities)) citizen rights, legal protection of, 10 citizen satisfaction, 2–3, 10 City Human Resources and Social Security Bureau, 105 civil servants influence on, 13–14 perceptions, 13 civil service reform, 16 CLF See common latent factors (CLF) Clifton, J., 146 climate, 188–90 CMB See common method bias (CMB) cognitive trust, 158–60, 164, 166, 176–7 collaborative innovations, 26 collected collaborative agreements, 35 collective action, 28, 29, 31 common latent factors (CLF), 180 common method bias (CMB), 180 Communist Party of China, communities, 8, 29, 52, 54, 84, 117, 120, 128, 139, 143, 202 mobilization, 61–2n24 people and, 145–6 in Shanghai, 49 stakeholders, 46 Community-Based Elderly Care Service Standard, 51 209 community-based elderly service networks, 44, 58 community-based networks, 46 community elderly care (CEC) networks, 49, 52, 61n23 community mobilization, 61–2n24 community stakeholders, 46 complex service systems, comprehensive administrative legitimacy, 15 comprehensive measurement system of innovation, 202 conflict-ridden process, 81 congestion, environmental pollution and, 139 consumer electronics supply chains, 121 contemporary innovation theory, contextual factor, 44 contingency theory, 156, 157, 176 conventional community-construction model, 52 core of integrating system management, 102–3 corporate social responsibility (CSR), 121, 122, 124 county governments, 70, 78, 81, 86 co-worker and organizational support, 157–8, 175–6 creative behavior, 159–60, 162, 164, 166, 168, 176, 177, 179n1, 186 creative climate, 186, 190, 195 in university R&D centers, 197–203 Creative Climate Questionnaire (CCQ) Survey, 195–7 creative destruction, 10 creative R&D community, 202 creativity, 188–90 Crosby, B., Cruickshank, P., 130 CSR See corporate social responsibility (CSR) 210   INDEX D Davison, R. M., 201 Deakin, M., 130 decentralization reform, 10 decentralized innovation process, 58 decentralized-mandated subnetwork, 55 decentralized network structure, 48, 60 decentralized PSIs, 11 del Bo, C., 130 demand surveys, 54 Democratic Deliberation Council, 86 democratic public administration, 15 Deng Xiaoping Theory, 133 ‘developmental’ innovation, 45 diagonal agreement, 34 Ding, Z., 162 divergent production, 189 drafting policies, top-down model of, 146 Drucker, P. F., E Economic Development Zone in Longquanyi county, 87 economic liberalization policies, 32 economy, 2, 3, 20, 33, 84, 87, 89, 96, 128, 130, 132, 138, 141, 142, 144 Edelenbos, J., 47 Edwards-Schachter, M. E., 153 effective innovation policy, effective PSIs, 10 Ekvall, G., 200 elderly care in Shanghai, 50–1 Elderly Day Care Centers (EDCCs), 51, 52, 55 Elderly Home Care Agencies (EHCAs), 51, 52, 55, 56 electronic wastes, life-cycle of, 123 EM method See Expectation-­ Maximization (EM) method ENGOs See environmental NGOs (ENGOs) entrepreneurial leaders, 154, 155 entrepreneurial leadership, 152–4, 166, 170, 171, 175–9 antecedents of, 156–8 concepts and roles, 154–6 effects of, 158–60 five dimensions of, 161–3 items, 163 second-order reflective five-factor model of, 165 environmental NGOs (ENGOs), 20, 111–13, 116–18 initial engagement of, 113–15 limits of, 121–4 environmental pollution, 120, 139 environmental protection agencies of local governments, 117 Environmental Protection Integration Plan of the Pearl River Delta, 35–6 Environmental Protection Law, 124 environmental sustainability, 28 EPR theory See extended producer responsibility (EPR) theory equalization of public services, 93–108 Chinese household registration system reforms, 95–9 integrating system management, 101–8 mobile population, integrating system for, 99–101 Equator Principle, development of, 124 era of globalization, 111 European tradition, 129 European Union PUBLIN programme, 3–4 Evers, A., ‘evolutionary’ innovation, 45 INDEX   evolutionary process, 191 ‘expansionary’ innovation, 45 Expectation-Maximization (EM) method, 161 extended producer responsibility (EPR) theory, 123 F farmland preservation, 71 favorable leadership, 159–60 Feiock, R. C., 29 Feller, I., Ferlie, E. B., Ferreira, P., 203 FGIs See focus group interviews (FGIs) fifth national census in 2000, 94 financial resources for local public authorities, 67 fiscal recentralization reform in 1994, 68 fiscal revenues, 10 five-factor measurement model, 164 Florida, R., 130 focus group interviews (FGIs), 164 formal agreement case, 35–6 formal collaborative innovation, case study of, 34–6 formal collaborative mechanism, 34 FoxCom Technology Group, 32 full structural equation model, 164, 168 funding public services provision, 82 G Garcia-Goni, M., Gardner, H., 189 GCA See Green Choice Alliance (GCA) GEDI See Global Entrepreneurship and Development Index (GEDI) 211 generic leadership theories, 152 German Agency for Technical Cooperation, 124 Glenn, R. W., 157 Global Entrepreneurship and Development Index (GEDI), 151 global financial crisis, 75, 95 globalization, 16, 111 global open systems of innovation, 128 GONGOs, good governance of society, integrating system management for, 106–8 governance model in Shanghai, 145 government agencies, 17, 120, 124 government decentralization, 27 government research institutes (GRIs), 187 government resource availability, 54–8, 60 grassroots governments, 70, 85–6 grassroots-level agents, 69 Green Choice Alliance (GCA), 20, 112–15, 118–19, 121, 122, 124 green market establishment, 36 grid-based management system, 135 GRIs See government research institutes (GRIs) Gross Domestic Product (GDP), 2, 3, 15, 31–3, 120, 192 Guanxi, 171–2, 201 Gu, J., 201 Gupta, V., 155, 177 H Haiyan, Q., 193–4 Halvorsen, T., hard resource hegemony, 193 Harman’s single factor test, 180 ‘healthy’ R&D community, 203 212   INDEX heavy metal pollution case, 120, 121, 124 bargaining and compromise, 115–18 current status of cooperation, 118–19 ENGOs, initial engagement of, 113–15 Hebei, 31, 38 HECAC See Home-Based Elderly Care Advising Center (HECAC) Heinze, T., 189, 200, 201 ‘hero innovator’ model, higher degree of resource availability, 48 hinterland counties, 77 Hochwarter, W. A., 162 Hollands, R., 129, 145 Home-Based Elderly Care Advising Center (HECAC), 51, 52 Hong Kong, 99, 133 industrialists from, 32 and Macau, collaboration with, 36 horizontal agreement, 34 horizontal axis, ICA framework, 30 household registration system, 94–9 Howard, E., 84 Howard-Grabman, L., 62n24 Howells, J., 190 HTC, 115–18 Huang, Q., 201 Hu Jintao, 75 I ICA framework See Institutional Collective Action (ICA) framework immovability of land, 77 imposed collaborative innovation, case study of, 38 incremental innovation, 4–5 incubation management, 55 individual incentives of innovation, 19 influence organizational processes, 189–90 informal collaborative innovations, case studies of, 36–7 informal inter-local collaboration mechanism, 33 Information Security Protection grounds, 137 information service, 137 innovation-oriented nation, innovation system, 2, 10–14, 45, 146, 187, 202, 203 capability, 191 capacity to, 18–19 complex and dynamic natures of, 190–1 comprehensive measurement system of, 202 culture, 17 formal collaboration, 34–6 global open systems of, 128 imposed collaboration, 38 incentives of, 19 informal collaboration, 36–7 in inter-local collaboration, 27–8 local policy, 76–86 management approach, 49 in organizations, 188–90 in public services, 3–8 social innovation, 153–4 typology of, 45 University R&D in, 191–2 innovative governance arrangement, 35 innovative nation, 187 innovative program, 78 Institute of Public & Environmental Affairs (IPE), 112, 113, 116 institutional arrangements, 51 Institutional Collective Action (ICA) framework, 19, 26, 29–34, 39 institutional innovation, 35, 36 integral to residence permit, 103, 105–7 integral to school enrollment, 103–5, 107 INDEX   integrated political–administrative system, Integrated Tourism Development in Yangtze River Delta, 37 integrated transportation, 37 integrating system for mobile population, in Zhongshan city, 99–101 integrating system management core of, 102–3 for improving good governance of society, 106–8 in Zhongshan city, 101–6 “Interim Provisions of Mobile Population Integrating System Management in Zhongshan City”, 100 inter-jurisdictional collaboration, 18 inter-local collaboration, 19, 26–9, 34–7, 39 internal political processes of public service organizations, International Finance Corporation, 124 Internet of Things, 130, 132, 135, 136, 144 Internet of Vehicles, 136 inter-organizational collaboration, 18, 48 inter-sectoral collaboration, 18 investment-led Chinese model, 133, 138, 144 “involution” of social identity, 94 IPE See Institute of Public & Environmental Affairs (IPE) J Jiangsu province, 88 Jiang Ze Min, 133 Jing-Jin-Ji collaboration, 38 Joint Meeting of Integrating Service Management, 104–6 213 K Kenis, P., 47 Kim, K. H., 194 King, P. J., Klijn, E.-H., 47 knowledge transfer process, 187 Komninos, N., 128, 130 Kynge, J., 191 L land commodification of, 71–86 immovability of, 77 Land and Resource Bureau, 78 Land Management Law, 71, 73 Land Reserve, 79, 81, 83–5, 89n6 Land Use Master Plan, 72, 89n1 land-use regulations, 71 land use, regulatory system of, 71 Langya Mountain, 37 LaSalle, J. L., 32 LDR commodification, 87 quota, 77, 78, 81, 84, 86–8, 89n6 trading, 72–5, 78–83, 88 leadership, 14, 139, 140, 144, 152–5, 157, 158, 160, 161, 178, 179, 194, 200, 201 learning economy, 186 legal protection of citizen rights, 10 Lei, X. L., 28 Lewis, J., liberalized Chinese society, 15 life-cycle of electronic wastes, 123 Li, G. Z., 28 limited government resource availability, 55–8 Lin, G., 127, 129, 134 linpan landscape, 83 Liu, P., 133, 138, 139 Liu, X., 129, 141 214   INDEX Li, W., 186, 200 local governments, 2, 8–11, 19, 25–39, 32, 34, 35, 37, 39, 44, 68, 69, 73, 76–8, 80, 84, 86, 88, 107, 120, 122, 128, 138 environmental protection agencies of, 117 innovations, local innovations, 8–9 local policy innovations, 71, 76–86 local public authorities, financial resources for, 67 local state–society relationship, 68 Longfeng Village of Qionglai county, 82 Loorbach, D., lower degree of resource availability, 48–9 Lubart, T. I., 188 Lundvall, B.-Å., 192 M major consumer electronics brand, 20, 113, 114, 117–20, 123, 124 managerial accountability, 21, 159–60, 162, 164, 166, 168, 176, 177, 179n1 marketization process, mass media, 120 Master Plan, 72, 132 Mcguire, M., 44, 47 Medicare, 97 Medium and Long-term strategic Plan, 192 Medium-to-Long-Term Plan for the Development of Science and Technology, 186 Meeuwisse, A., Membretti, A., mentoring systems, 171 Mianyang for Scientific Technology Exhibitions, 37 Miao, Q., 160 Ministry of Environmental Protection of China, 124 Ministry of Land and Resources (MLR), 74, 75 Milward, B., 46 Mitra, A., 201 MLR See Ministry of Land and Resources (MLR) MNEs See multinational enterprises (MNEs) mobile population management office (MPMO), 99–101, 103 Morlino, L., 145 motivated civil servants, 14 Mount Langya, 37 MPMO See mobile population management office (MPMO) multinational enterprises (MNEs), 111, 112, 122, 124 Municipal Development and Reform Bureau, 105 Municipal Education and Sports Bureau, 104 municipal government, 80, 84 Municipal Land Reserve, 79, 81 municipal leading group, 140 Municipal Police Station, 105 N Nanjing Tourism Resource Exhibition, 37 National Development and Reform Commission, 98 national innovation system, 190–1 University R&D in, 191–2 national innovative capacity, 190 national policy context of land rights, 71 “The National Urban and Rural Synthetically Reform Testing Districts”, 98 natural environment, 145 INDEX   Natural Resource Defense Council (NRDC), 116 network effectiveness, 46, 49 network management literature, 47 network model of service delivery, 43 network of organizations, 52 network structure, 19, 43–61 Neubert, M. J., 162 new leadership paradigm, 152 New Normal, 1–3, 15–21 New Rural Communities (NRCs), 78, 80, 83–5, 87 new service programs, 54 Next Generation Network, 136 Ng, F., 162 Nijkamp, P., 130 ‘no net loss’ policy, 73 non-policy-mandated community service subnetwork, 56 Nonprofit Incubator in Shanghai, non-profit organizations (NPOs), 52, 55, 56, 58, 60 “Notice of the State Council on the Settled Issue of Farmers Entering Towns”, 95 NPOs See non-profit organizations (NPOs) NRCs See New Rural Communities (NRCs) NRDC See Natural Resource Defense Council (NRDC) O Oi, J. C., 140 Oliver, P. H., 157 Orcutt, J. L., 200 organizational climate, 193–7 organizational-environmental configuration, organizational learning, original entrepreneurial leadership scale, 177–8 Osborne, S. P., 3, 5, 6, 48, 58 215 P Park, S. M., 160, 177 Pearl River Delta Region, 32–3, 35 Peng, Y., 28 Peng, Z., 133, 138, 139 people-oriented approach, 194 People’s Daily Online, 115 performance gap, Peters, T. J., pilot zones, 86 policy context, 50–1, 71, 88, 128, 130, 132, 142, 143, 145 policy-mandated home-based elderly care services, 56 policy-mandated network, 51, 55 policy options, 121–4 policy process, policy sciences, 16 policy transformation, 15–16 post-1978 China highlights, 11 post-Mao Reform era, 68 PPM See production and process methods (PPM) Prieto, L. C., 157 product development, production and process methods (PPM), 123 Project 211, 192 Project 985, 192–3 Provan, K. G., 47 PSOs See public sector organizations (PSOs) psychological processes, 190 public administration in China, 14 public entrepreneur model, public policy, 7, 15, 45, 128, 129, 131, 142 public rental housing, integral to, 106 public sector modernization, 17–18 public sector organizations (PSOs), public service innovations (PSIs), 1–21, 26, 44–6 public service organizations, 7, 54 PUBLIN Programme on PSI, 216   INDEX Q Qian, Y., 27 Qionglai County, 83 quality-centered growth, quasi-market for government funds, 201 questionnaire surveys, 197–8 R radical innovation, 4, Rasmussen, P., 21 R&D center, 193, 194, 197–9 in Chinese universities, 187, 200–3 collaboration, 191 groups, 195 investments, 12 organizational climate of, 195, 197 roles of, 186 ‘red line’ for farmland preservation, 72 “Reform Plan of Household Registration System in Small Towns”, 95 reforms in China, 11, 20 regulatory system of land use, 71 reliability tests, 163 reliance of public services provision on public authorities, 68 “residence permit” system, 97 integral to, 103, 105–7 residential reconstruction, 76–86 resident registered permanent, 99 resource availability, 47 resource constraints, 18 Riffkin, J., 144 Roberts, N. C., Robinson, J., 129, 141 Rogers, E. M., RPRE See Rural Property Rights Exchange (RPRE) rural mobile population, 94 Rural Property Rights Exchange (RPRE), 81 rural tax reform, 68, 69 Ryhammar, L., 200 S Scholz, J., 29 school enrollment indicators, 104 science and technology (S&T) developments, 190 policies, 186, 187, 192, 195, 197–203 R&D centers climate, 197, 200 scientific community, 189 second largest sovereign economy in 2010, second-order CFA model of entrepreneurial leadership, 163 second-order reflective five-factor model of entrepreneurial leadership, 165 self-reporting data, 178 SEM, 161, 164, 166, 168, 175, 179n2 service-delivering agencies, services delivery networks, 43, 51–8 development, innovation process, 58 networks, 19 types of, 60n6 Shandong province, 86 Shanghai, 44, 96–7, 128–31, 135–6, 138–40, 142, 146 case of, 12–14, 132 communities in, 49 elderly care in, 44, 50–1 governance model in, 145 grand design in, 132–4 residence permit system, 96 smart city plan, 128, 143 Shanghai GPS comprehensive information network, 135 INDEX   Shanghai Municipal Government, 12, 14, 140 Shanghai People’s Congress, 12 Shanghai Pilot Free Trade Zone, 134 Shanghai State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission, 140 Shanghai World Expo, 135 Shapiro, J., 129 Shen, H., 130, 200 Shoemaker, F. F., Sichuan Province, 33 smart cities, 138, 140–1, 145 concept, 128–9 human capital and technology, 128–32 initiatives framework, 131 plans, 139 Smart City Expert Committee, 140, 145 Smart City Promotion Center, 145 smart grids, 134 Smart Shanghai 2011–2013 Construction Plan, 133 Snetro, G., 62n24 Sobel’s test, 164, 168, 169 social exchange theory, 152, 153, 175 social innovation, 128, 153–4, 188 social organizations, south gate of China, 32 spontaneous inter-jurisdictional collaboration, 18 Stalker, G. M., state-sponsored urban planning regimes, 88 “Statistical Communiqué of Zhongshan City on the 2009 National Economic and Social Development”, 99 Steijn, B., 47 Sternberg, R. J., 188 street-office governments, 60n1 strong-government tradition of China, 11 supplier, 113–20, 123, 124 217 of MNEs, 111 tiers of, 112 supply chains, 112, 118, 121, 122, 124 T Tang, M. F., 194 tax-for-fee reform, 68 TDR transaction, 78 technological discovery process, 189 Third Industrial Revolution, 144 ‘three concentrations’ program, 83 three-year Action Plan, 141 Tianjin, 31 Tiebout model, 27 tier-one suppliers, 112, 113, 119–20 tier-two suppliers, 112 Tong, J., 201 top-down model of drafting policies, 146 ‘total’ innovation, 45 township government, 80 traditional agricultural country, 93 traditional authorities, 175 traditional Chinese Confucianism, 194 traditional mechanism, 107 traditional model of innovation, trait theory, 156, 157 transaction costs, 28, 30 “transferring from residence permit to urban permanent residence” system, 97 transformational and charismatic leadership styles, 159 trustworthiness, 171–2 U university R&D centers, 192–3 creative climate in, 197–203 in National Innovation System, 191–2 roles of, 202–3 urbanization in China, rapid pace of, 72 urban-planning regime, 84 218   INDEX V “vacuum” management, 100 validity tests, 163, 166 valuable TDR quota, 86 valuation process, 80 Van Buuren, A., vertical agreement, 34 vertical axis, ICA framework, 30 “veto power” in Zhongshan integrating system management, 105 W Walker, R. M., Weberian bureaucracy, 27 Weingast, B., 27 White Paper on Internet of Things, 132 Williamson, O. E., 30 Windrum, P., Winters, J. V., 129 World Investment Report 2014, 125n1 World Trade Organization (WTO), 123 World Wildlife Fund, 121 written agreement, 37 WTO See World Trade Organization (WTO) X Xiangshan, 99 Xi JinPing, 2, 38, 70, 156 Y Yang, A., 34 Yang, L., 28 Yangtze River Delta region, 33–4 Integrated Tourism Development in, 37 Yat-sen, S., 99 Ye, L., 28, 38 Yijia Jing, 144 Youth League of China, Yunhai Program, 136 Z ZBPH See zhan bu ping heng (ZBPH) zero-order correlations, 167 zero-sum game, 10 zhan bu ping heng (ZBPH), 73 Zhengzhou city, 97 Zhongshan city household registration integrating system, 108 integral system management, 100 integrating system management, 100–108 mobile population integrating management system, 101, 102 mobile population management office (MPMO), 99–100 municipal government, 106 Zhongshan Housing Security Management Department, 106 Zhongyong, 156 Zhou, C., 21 Zhu, E., 31, 38 Ziegler, R., 153 ZJGG experiment, 75 policy, 73, 74, 76, 87, 89 projects, 78–82, 85 quotas, 76, 90n7 scheme, 75–9, 85 Zpryme report, 134–5 ... Mechanisms Services to rural left-home children Equalization of basic public services Public interest litigation, Public hearing PUBLIC SERVICE INNOVATIONS IN CHINA: AN INTRODUCTION   Who Are the Innovators?... the innovation itself (Brown and Osborne 2013) Basics of PSIs in China What Are PSIs in China? The answer to this question is contingent on the nature of public services in China With an integrated... Shanghai, People’s Republic of China S.P Osborne University of Edinburgh Business School, Edinburgh, UK © The Author(s) 2017 Y Jing, S.P Osborne (eds.), Public Service Innovations in China, DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-1762-9_1