CARING FOR THE Vulnerable MARY DE CHESNAY, PHD, RN, PMHCNS-BC, FAAN Retired Professor, WellStar School of Nursing, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, Georgia BARBARA A ANDERSON, DRPH, RN, CNM, FACNM, FAAN Professor Emerita, Frontier Nursing University, Hyden, Kentucky World Headquarters Jones & Bartlett Learning Wall Street Burlington, MA 01803 978-443-5000 info@jblearning.com www.jblearning.com Jones & Bartlett Learning books and products are available through most bookstores and online booksellers To contact Jones & Bartlett Learning directly, call 800-832-0034, fax 978-443-8000, or visit our website, www.jblearning.com Substantial discounts on bulk quantities of Jones & Bartlett Learning publications are available to corporations, professional associations, and other qualified organizations For details and specific discount information, contact the special sales department at Jones & Bartlett Learning via the above contact information or send an email to 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9781284146813 (paperback) Subjects: LCSH: Nursing Social aspects | Transcultural nursing | Nursing Cross-cultural studies | Nursing Philosophy | BISAC: MEDICAL / Nursing / Home & Community Care Classification: LCC RT86.5 C376 2020 | DDC 610.73 dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018036792 6048 Printed in the United States of America 23 22 21 20 19 10 To Donna Chambers, APRN, an exemplary nurse whose commitment to the vulnerable people she cares for and about is an inspiration –MdC To my daughter, Laura, whose life has been characterized by caring for vulnerable youth, and to my son, Rob, who has alleviated the vulnerability of blindness by his superb technical skills –BA Left to right: © RichLegg/ E+/ Getty Images; © Dragana991/ iStock/ Getty Images; © Gustavofrazao/ iStock/ Getty Images Contents Preface viii Foreword ix Acknowledgments x About the Editors xi Afterword xii Contributors xiii UNIT I Concepts and Theories Chapter Vulnerable Populations: Vulnerable People Chapter Advocacy Role of Providers 17 Chapter Intersection of Racial Disparities and Privilege in Women’s Health 29 Mary de Chesnay Mary de Chesnay and Vanessa Robinson-Dooley Jessica Ellis Chapter Social Justice in Nursing: A Review of the Literature 39 Doris M Boutain Chapter Health Literacy: Through the Lens of One Provider 55 Chapter Bullying 63 Chapter Applying Middle-Range Concepts and Theories to the Care of Vulnerable Populations 71 Pamela H Ograbisz Pamela J Evans and Mary de Chesnay Nicole Mareno iv Contents Chapter v Resilience in Health Care and Relevance to Successful Rehabilitation Among Registered Nurses with Substance Use Disorders 91 Sara Rowan and Jason Smith Chapter Afghan Women Refugees: Application of Intersectionality Feminist Theory 97 Brenda Brown Chapter 10 UNIT II A Holistic Approach to Women’s Employment 111 Christie Emerson Research 123 Chapter 11 The Boys on the Porch: Life Among Previously Homeless Men 125 Rosemary Donley Chapter 12 Validation of Fluid Intake Tracking System Designed for Heart Failure Patients 135 Kelly Dunn Chapter 13 A Systematic Review of Cardiomyopathy and Peripartum Mortality in the United States 151 Andrew Youmans Chapter 14 Life Beyond Movement: A Life History of a Male Quadriplegic 161 Amanda P Knowles, Anny Sosebee, and Edwige Goby Konwo Tayo Chapter 15 Overcoming Breastfeeding Challenges: A Case Study 171 Lauren Sillery Oberg Chapter 16 Adult Family Relationships After Childhood Maltreatment and Parental Substance Use or Mental Disorder: Pursuing an Ethics of Care 187 Elise J Matthews Chapter 17 HIV Prevention Education 197 Alexander Giles vi Contents UNIT III Practice and Programs 209 Chapter 18 Obstetric Fistula: The Cost to Child Brides 211 Chapter 19 Caring for the Transgender Community 219 Chapter 20 Developing Population-Based Programs for the Vulnerable 229 Jessica Ellis, Laura Elledge, and Mary de Chesnay Amy P Roach Anne Watson Bongiorno and Mary de Chesnay Chapter 21 The Hepatitis C Epidemic: Outreach and Intervention for Boomers 239 Gregory Grevera and Karen Hande Chapter 22 Trauma-Informed Primary Care: Promoting Change Among Patients with Early Life Adversity 247 Tracey Wiese Chapter 23 Opioid Abuse and Diversion Prevention in Rural Eastern Kentucky 257 Tricia Flake Chapter 24 Culturally Contextualized Community Outreach Program to Promote Breastfeeding Among African American Women 267 Rachel Simmons Chapter 25 Strangulation Related to Intimate Partner Violence: Caring for Vulnerable Women in the Emergency Department 277 Jeanne Parrish Chapter 26 The Effects of Gun Trauma on Rural Montana Healthcare Providers 291 Margaret Anne Bortko UNIT IV Teaching and Learning 303 Chapter 27 Teaching Nurses About Vulnerable Populations 305 Chapter 28 Caring for Vulnerable Populations: Outcomes with the DNP-Prepared Nurse 315 Mary de Chesnay Barbara A Anderson and Gwendolyn Short Contents Chapter 29 vii Vulnerability and Resilience: Teaching Students in Low-Resource and Culturally Unfamiliar Settings 325 Barbara A Anderson and Jennifer Foster Chapter 30 Health Care in Mexico 333 Chapter 31 Honors Capstone: Preparing Grant Content for The Hope Box 341 Camille Payne and Genie E Dorman Elizabeth G Giganti Commentary 350 Mary de Chesnay UNIT V Policy 351 Chapter 32 Public Policy and Vulnerable Populations 353 Chapter 33 Facing the Nursing Workforce Shortage: Policies and Initiatives to Promote a Resilient Healthcare System 363 Jeri A Milstead Barbara A Anderson Chapter 34 The Implementation of the Strong Start for Mothers and Newborns Initiative in Freestanding Birth Centers 373 Jill Alliman and Susan Rutledge Stapleton Chapter 35 Protecting Vulnerable Populations from MosquitoBorne Diseases: The Cases of Yellow Fever and Zika 387 Pauline Herold Tither Chapter 36 The Link Between Animal Abuse and Interpersonal Violence 403 Kathryn Bruno Commentary 426 Mary de Chesnay Chapter 37 Long After Allende and Pinochet: Uncovering Vulnerability in Political History—Method and Agency 427 Ricardo A Ayala, Markus Thulin, and Rocio Elizabeth Núñez Chapter 38 Aging in Place Policy 443 Diane L Keen Index 453 Left to right: © RichLegg/ E+/ Getty Images; © Dragana991/ iStock/ Getty Images; © Gustavofrazao/ iStock/ Getty Images Preface F or the Fifth Edition, we have retained material from previous editions that we consider basic, such as definitions, cultural competence, social justice, and health literacy We have updated chapters on basic concepts and theories, programs, teaching and learning, and health policy Based on feedback from faculty who use the book, we understand that the book is now used extensively in DNP programs, so we have recruited more authors from such programs and included case studies relevant to advanced practice nursing and administration for appropriate chapters The new instructor guide includes material for all levels because the course is still offered for undergraduates viii Left to right: © RichLegg/ E+/ Getty Images; © Dragana991/ iStock/ Getty Images; © Gustavofrazao/ iStock/ Getty Images Foreword Cheryl Tatano Beck, DNSc, CNM, FAAN This is a landmark book that should be read around the world For far too long, vulnerable populations across the globe have not received the attention that they so sorely need Mary de Chesnay and Barbara A Anderson have written a text that clinicians and academics have been waiting for This book will bring visibility to the welfare of vulnerable populations around the world The material in this book is well researched, sensitively delivered, and essential, not only for nurses but also for all clinicians caring for vulnerable persons The editors present clinicians with a much needed resource that carefully addresses the unique challenges of advanced practice nurses who are in a position to care for a variety of vulnerable populations As a society, we need to pay much more attention to caring for our vulnerable populations The numbers of persons in vulnerable populations around the world are increasing and not decreasing The fifth edition of Mary de Chesnay and Barbara A Anderson’s Caring for the Vulnerable: Perspectives in Nursing Theory, Practice, and Research addresses the major issues of concepts and theories, research, practice and programs, teaching and learning, and policy in regard to caring for vulnerable populations This latest edition is a must have not just for nurses but for all healthcare providers because it is a scholarly and authoritative book edited by the leading experts in vulnerable populations The scope of issues covered in this book is impressive Chapter topics range from undocumented immigrants to victims of gun violence, intimate partner violence, child maltreatment, hepatitis C, child abuse, transgender patients, abandoned infants, migrant workers, sex trafficking, cardiomyopathy, and pandemics, such as Zika The settings of vulnerable populations addressed in this text are expansive, ranging from rural America to emergency departments to developed and developing countries So many vulnerable persons are in need of our help Some chapters of this book specifically address nursing, such as the ones focusing on social injustice, strangulation related to intimate partner violence, and victims of domestic minor sex trafficking However, this fifth edition of Caring for the Vulnerable enhances the work of practitioners, researchers, educators, theorists, and policy makers in all healthcare professions This book is not just a scholarly text but also a valuable manual that represents a particular pinnacle of achievement within this field I have little doubt this book will be read by many advanced practice nurses and other clinicians who will find the information in it extremely valuable and its message inspirational The book will have an incredible impact on the care delivered by advanced practice nurses to make a significant difference in the lives of vulnerable persons worldwide Thank you to the editors for your enduring passion to improve the lives of these long-forgotten people ix Left to right: © RichLegg/ E+/ Getty Images; © Dragana991/ iStock/ Getty Images; © Gustavofrazao/ iStock/ Getty Images Index Note: Page numbers followed by ‘t’ indicates tables A AABC See American Association of Birth Centers AACN See American Association of Colleges of Nursing AACN Tri-Council for Nursing, 364 AAN See American Academy of Nursing abandoned infant See infant abandonment abuse, forms of, 404 abusive families, ACA See Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act access to healthcare, health insurance and, ACEs See adverse childhood experiences ACHA See American College Health Association ACNM See American College of Nurse-Midwives ACOG See American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists acting on patient’s behalf, 18 ACT UP See AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power ADAPT See Association for Drug Abuse Prevention and Treatment adherence, 75–76 Ad Hoc Committee on Advocacy of NASW, 22 Administrative Procedure Act, 357 adult family relationships, 187–194 adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), 248 advocacy, 358 role of providers, 17–27 activities of, 20 attributes of, 18 behaviors cited by nurses as, 19 case study of Mr Jackson, 26–27 case study of Mrs Smith, 25–26 case study of Ms Kayla, 26–27 class advocacy, 20 communication typology of, 20 compartmentalization, 24 defined, 20–21 implications for practice, 27 institutional review boards (IRBs), 18 interdisciplinary benefits and approach, 24–27 mental illness and, 22–23 nursing literature review, 18–20 overview, 17 paternalism in, 18 patient advocacy concept, 18–19 patient advocate’s role, 19–20 patients’ perception of, 19 political nature of health care, 17 relational ethics and, 20 social justice in, 18, 21 social work literature review, 20–22 studying, 18, 19 Aedes aegypti, 387, 388, 390, 392 Affordable Care Act (ACA) See Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act Afghan women refugees, 97–107 feminist movements, 98–100 first wave, 98–99 immigrant crisis and, 98 intersectionality feminist theory, 101–104 populations, feminist theory and, 104–106 second wave, 99–100 third wave, 100 transitional feminist, 103–104 US and, 106 African Americans clinic services in poor neighborhoods, 308 as high-risk mothers, PPCM and, 152–153 substance abuse in children, 10 African American women, 267–274 and breastfeeding See breastfeeding, African America women and Agape Senior, 450–451 agenda setting policy, 355–356, 358–359 aggravated animal cruelty, 406, 407–411t defined, 412 laws, 411–413 aging, in place policy fieldwork, 447–451 government response, 445–446 453 454 Index aging, in place policy (Continued) historical and global perspectives on social policy and, 446–447 introduction, 443 literature review, 444–445 nursing role, 451 private industry, 446 problem, 444 summary, 451 Aging in Place 2.0, 446 AHA See American Heart Association Aid and Attendance program, 446 AIDS See HIV/AIDS, prevention education of AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power (ACT UP), 359 alcohol, ALDF See Animal Legal Defense Fund ALFs See assisted living facilities alternative-to-discipline (ATD) program, 92 Alzheimer’s disease, amelioration, social justice and, 47–48 America, Zika virus in, 393–394 American Academy of Nursing (AAN), 305 American Association of Birth Centers (AABC) Strong Start initiative, 382–383 on Center for Birth and ­Wellness, 383–384 participants, demographics of, 379, 379t perinatal data on risk for preterm birth, 376–378 American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN), 305 nursing shortage, 364 American College Health Association (ACHA), 11 American College of NurseMidwives (ACNM), 375 American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG), 32, 375 American Heart Association (AHA), 135 American Nurses Association (ANA) Code of Ethics with Interpretive Statements, Nursing’s Social Policy Statement and Nursing: Scope and Standards of Practice, 41 American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA), 411 ANA See American Nurses Association (ANA) anger, caregiving and, 10 Angola, yellow fever in, 389 animal abuse domestic violence childhood behaviors, 405–406 laws, 416–417 organizations, 420, 421–423t screening for, 418–419 forms of, 404 interpersonal violence nursing care of victims of, 419–420 prevention of, 418 laws, 406–411 animal abuse registry, 415–416 animal cruelty and aggravated animal cruelty, 411–413 bestiality, 413–414 cross-reporting, 416 dogfighting, 414–415 marital rape, 417–418 mass violence, 406 psychiatric disorders, 404–405 registry, 415–416 animal cruelty, 406, 407–411t defined, 412 laws, 411–413 Animal Fighting Prohibition Enforcement Act, 414 Animal Legal Defense Fund (ALDF), 406, 412, 414 animal protecting laws, 406–411 Animal Welfare Act (AWA), 411 amendment, 414 antidepressant use by college students, 11 anxiety, in HIV-infected population, 10 apathy, HIV education and, 201–202 ASPCA See American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals assisted living facilities (ALFs), 448 Association for Drug Abuse Prevention and Treatment (ADAPT), 359 ATD See alternative-to-discipline program attitudes, as variable in depression, autonomy, safeguarding, 18 AVERT, 202 AWA See Animal Welfare Act awareness, social justice, 47–48 B baby boomers risk, (HCV), 240 Bandura’s Model, FITS and, 140t BARC See Benchmark Animal Rehabilitative Curriculum Beacon Hill Village, 447 behavioral change process, 74 behavior-specific cognitions, 82 Benchmark Animal Rehabilitative Curriculum (BARC), 411 bestiality, 406, 407–411t bias, ethnocentric, 306 bills (potential laws), 356–357 biological view of schizophrenia, birth centers attrition, 379–380 model, 375–376 Strong Start initiative in, 376 blaming the victim, Board of the Nurses Association, 433 failure of, 434 boys on the porch, 125–133 Brazil, yellow fever, 389 Brazilian Ministry of Health, 390 breastfeeding, African America women and, 267–274 barriers, 269 conceptual framework, for curriculum, 270–274 implementation of program, 272–274 mastery experiences, 271 physical and physiological state, 271 social persuasions, 271 vicarious experiences, 271 cultural context support, 268–270 benefits of, explaining, 269 protection of the infant, 269 protection of the mother, 269 education program, communitybased, 270 family support, 270 health benefits of, 269 myths, 269–270 national priority and, 268 Index overview, 267 professional support, 270 breastfeeding challenges, case study, 171–184 agreement and disagreement, areas of, 175 barriers to infant-related factors, 178 lack of knowledge in, 178–179 maternal factors, 178 physical barriers, 178 social stigma, 179 definitions, 172 digital support, 173–174 field of study, importance of, 172–173 future research, recommendations for, 183–184 healthcare providers, influence of, 174 implications for practice, 183 literature review, 173–176 methods design, 176 instrument and data, 176–177 methods, 176–177 procedure, 177 rigor, 177 sample, 176 setting, 176 mother, 172 online forms support, 173–174 overcoming, methods of community support, 180–181 education and expert advice, 179–180 medical interventions, 180 self-efficacy, 181 overview, 171–172 prenatal exposure, importance of, 174–175 purpose, 172 rationale, 172 results, 177–181 participant, 177–178 state-of-the-art, 175–176 theoretical implications, 181 budgets as crucial component, 347 for grant agencies, 346 bully, 64 bullying, 63–68 areas of arrangement, literature and, 66 areas of disarrangement, literature and, 66–67 bully-victims, 64–65 characteristics, 65–66 definitions, 64–65 gaps in, 67–68 literature and, 66–67 overview, 63–64 prevention of, 67 significance of, 65 victim and, 64 bully-victims, 64–65 C Canadian Nurses Association’s (CNA) Revised Code of Ethics, 41 cancer, screening and management, 6 capstone proposal, 345 cardiac transplant, 156 cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) programs, 309 cardiovascular disease (CVD), cardiovascular system, strangulation and, 284 care coordination, 447 CCM See chronic care model CDC See Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CESD-D), 81 Center for International Nursing, 309–310 Center for Medicare and Medicaid Innovation, 375 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 55, 64, 197 Zika virus, 396 Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), 137–138 centres of calculation, 435 certified midwives (CMs), 375 certified nurse-midwives (CNMs), 35, 375 cesarean birth, 380, 381t CESD-D See Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale CFCO See Community First Choice Option 455 Charity Organization Societies (COS), 21 childbirth education, racial disparities and, 35 childhood, yellow fever vaccination in, 391 childhood behaviors animal abuse bedwetting, 404 childhood cruelty, 404 domestic violence, 405–406 fire setting, 404 forms of, 404 mass violence, 406 psychiatric disorders, 404–405 childhood maltreatment and adult mental health, 188–189 case study of Rebecca, 192–194 findings ethics of care, 191 family choices, 190–191 findings, 190–192 forgiveness, 191–192 method, 189–190 practice implications, 194 prevalence of, 188 in women, 189 children, abuse of, Chilean Nurses Association, 430, 434, 438 Christian Democratic Union, 433 chronically ill and disabled persons, as vulnerable population, chronic care model (CCM), 84–85 chronic hypertension, preterm birth and, 378 chronic oppression, racial disparities and, 30 chronic stress, preterm birth and, 378 CINAHL See Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature “class advocacy,” in social work, 20 clinical information systems, 84 CMHC See Community Mental Health Center CMS See Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services CMs See certified midwives CNMs See certified nurse-midwives cognitive processing, 72 Cold War, 438 collaborative historical research, benefit of, 430 456 Index collaborator, capstone experience for, 348 collective research, 428 Columbine High School shooting, 406 combat veterans, as vulnerable population, 11 communication schizophrenic families, difficulties in, typology of roles in advocacy, 20 community and health systems, 84 community-based care, 307 Community First Choice Option (CFCO), 445 community health nurse, 82 Community Mental Health Center (CMHC), 382 community support, breastfeeding, 180–181 compartmentalizing, 24 conceptualization, advocacy, 21 conduct disorder, animal abuse and, 404–405 contemporary nursing care, 71 continental United States, Zika virus in, 394–395 contraception, racial disparities and, 33–34 contraceptives, 397 contractual justice, 43 convulsions, strangulation and, 281 Cook County’s registry, 415–416 coping mechanisms, obstetric fistula and, 215–216 cornerstone, 20 COS See Charity Organization Societies cost-effective care, 307 costs, of healthcare, counseling and support, 20 critical race theory (CRT), 31 critical theory reflection, women’s employment and, 118–120 accessibility, 119–120 clarity, 118–119 generality, 119 importance of, 120 overview, 118 semantic clarity, 118 semantic consistency, 118 simplicity, 119 structural clarity, 119 structural consistency, 119 cross-cultural training, cross-disciplinary methods, 440 cross-reporting, 416 CRT See critical race theory cultural competence immersion programs, 307 overview, 305–306 cultural identity, Cultural Revolution, 447 culture, of vulnerability, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), 40, 353–354 curanderos, Mexico traditional healers, 337 CVD See cardiovascular disease D DAI See deceased abandoned infants deceased abandoned infants (DAI), 342 decision-making ability, 77–78 decision-making process, advocacy and, 21 delivery system design, goal of, 84 Democratic Republic of the Congo, yellow fever in, 389 demographic risk factors, for preterm birth, 377t demographics of families, dengue, 392 Department of Community Health, 343 Department of Defense, 357 Department of Education, 357 Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), 6, 357, 419 Department of the Treasury, 357 depression, 8–9 antidepressant use by college students, 11 DHHS See Department of Health and Human Services digital support, breastfeeding, 173–174 disabled persons and chronically ill, distributive justice, 41, 48 DNP-prepared nurse case study of Britni, 321–322 case study of Michele, 321 development of, 317 leadership in health justice, 316 building knowledge on innovation, 317–318 data collection, 318–319 graduates exit surveys from universities, 318 outcomes evaluation, 318–319 preparing doctoral-level nurses, 317 publications by DNP graduates, 319 workplace challenges, assessment of, 318 resiliency and health justice, promoting, 320 vulnerable populations, role of, 315–322 doctoral nursing program, online, 310 doctor of nursing practice (DNP) degree, development of, 317 dogfighting, 406, 414–415 domestic violence childhood behaviors, 405–406 laws, 416–417 organizations, 420, 421–423t screening for, 418–419 Domestic Violence Offender Gun Ban, 417 drowning, animal abuse, 404 Duquesne Model, 308–311 Dysfunctional Attitude Scale, E Eastern Kentucky, opioid diversion and See opioid diversion eating disorders, vulnerability to, Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC8), 154 ELBW See extremely low birth weight elderly, vulnerability of, 5, 6–7 electronic event monitoring, 75 Eliminate Yellow Fever Epidemics Strategy (EYE), 390 Embracing Life Adoption Agency, 343 emic approaches to vulnerability, emotional arousal, 73 emotion regulation instruction, empathetic communication, 74 empowerment, of vulnerable persons, 308 enactive attainment, 73 Index Encyclopedia of Social Work, 20 entitlement, 42 epigenetics, racial disparities and, 32 equity in social justice, 42 ethics context of relational, 20 framework and orientations of, 40 social justice and, 40 ethics of care, childhood maltreatment and, 191 ethnocentric bias, 306 etic approaches to vulnerability, evaluation, 358 policy, 358, 360–361 experiential learning models, 308–311 extremely low birth weight (ELBW), 381 EYE See Eliminate Yellow Fever Epidemics Strategy F face validity, FITS and, 142 faculty development, 369 families, vulnerable, family nurse practitioner (FNP), 85 family planning case studies, 36 and racial disparities, 33 Family Violence Prevention and Services Act of 1984, 416 FBI See Federal Bureau of Investigation FDA See Food and Drug Administration Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 412 Federally Qualified Health Center (FQHC), 382 Federal Register, 357 feedback remediation, 20 feminist political history, 429 of nurses, 437–440 feminist theory, populations and, 104–106 See also intersectionality feminist theory fetal demise, 380 FITS See fluid intake tracking system Florida Department of Health, 395 fluid intake tracking system (FITS), 135–149 See also under heart failure (HF), FITS and design constructs, 142 pilot study Six-Item Questionnaire responses, 145t FNP See family nurse practitioner Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Zika virus, 396 food insecurity, forensic nurses, 419 FQHC See Federally Qualified Health Center freestanding birth center, 375 functional health literacy, 75 functional support systems, 79 Funding, 445 G garden communities, 311 gastrointestinal system, strangulation and, 284 gatekeepers, population-based programs, 231 Gavi Alliance, 390 GCS See gender-confirming surgeries GDR See German Democratic Republic gender-confirming surgeries (GCS), 221–222 gender differences, 10 General Motors (GM), 101 German Democratic Republic (GDR), 433 Geschichte und Erinnerung: Das chilenische Gesundheitssystem 1970–1990, 429 GM See General Motors government response, policy, 356–357, 359–360 Grand Amphitheatre of La Sorbonne, 439 grant content, writing, 346 group facilitator role in advocacy, 20 Gun Control Act of 1968, 417 gun trauma, 291–300 case study of Margaret, 296–299 culture of toughness, 294 457 healthcare providers and, 294–295 overview, 291 ownership, effectiveness and regulation of, 293 public safety versus NRA’s agenda, 292–293 versus second amendment rights, 292–294 repeated exposure, 294–295 rural Montana care in, 295–296 culture in, 293–294 description of, 295–296 vicarious trauma among healthcare providers, 296 stoicism, 294 vicarious trauma, 294–295 hallmark signs of, 295 in rural Montana, 295 H hanging, animal abuse, 404 HBM See health belief model HCFA See Health Care Financing Administration HCV See hepatitis C virus healthcare providers and breastfeeding, 174 and gun trauma, 294–295 Health and Human Services (HHS) Department, health belief model (HBM), health care, 437 healthcare disparities maternal and infant health, 373–374 access to providers, 374–375 race and ethnicity, 374 rural isolation, 374 healthcare environment, sustainable, 368–370 Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA), 354 healthcare providers (HCPs) and HCV, 242 Health Care Provider Shortage Areas, 375 healthcare reform, health disparities, 7, 354 transgender and, 222–223 458 Index health disparities framework, racism and, 32–33 healthcare system factors, 32 patient preferences and behaviors, 32 provider factors, 32–33 health insurance immigrants and poor and, in Mexico, 336 health justice, leadership of DNP in, 316 building knowledge on innovation, 317–318 data collection, 318–319 graduates exit surveys from universities, 318 outcomes evaluation, 318–319 preparing doctoral-level nurses, 317 publications by DNP graduates, 319 workplace challenges, assessment of, 318 health literacy, 55–61 case study of Ms Amelia, 59–60 case study of Mr Edgar and Mrs Lilly, 57–58, 60 definition, 55 new trends in, 57 overview, 55 problems, 56–57 smartphones and, 60–61 statistics, 56 Health Plan Employer Data and Information Set (HEDIS), 354 health practitioners, 430 health promotion model (HPM), 81–82 health-related quality of life (HRQOL), 80–81 Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), 365 health vulnerability in America, 316 Healthy People 2020, 272 Healthy People, objectives, heart failure (HF), FITS and, 135–149 approval and participants, 143 areas for improvement, 146 case study of AJ, 149 classifications, 136 conceptualization, 139–140 data collection and analysis, 144 design validity, 142–143 discussions, 144–148 education trends and challenges, self-care, 137–138 implications for practice, 147–148 implications for research, 146–147 instrument design and development, 139–143 limitations of the study, 146 literature review, 139 methods, 143–144 overview, 135–136 racial minorities, 136–137 results, 144 self-care, 137 study design and procedures, 143–144 study of, 138 theoretical perspective, 140 and vulnerable population, 136–137 Heart Failure Society of America (HFSA), 138 HEDIS See Health Plan Employer Data and Information Set hepatitis C virus (HCV), 239–244 case study of Mr Thomas, 243–244 case study of Ms Angelica, 244 intervention, 241 overview, 239 prevention and community outreach, 242–243 community-based research, 242–243 healthcare provider education, 242 trends in hepatitis C outreach, 242 screening, 241 treatment, 241 in United States, 240–241 baby boomers risk, 240 burdens of, 240–241 incidence and prevalence, 240 hermanamiento (sister school relationship), 310 HFSA See Heart Failure Society of America HIV/AIDS, prevention education of, 197–206 apathy, 201–202 association analysis, 205–206 barriers, 202 case study of Mr P.J., 199 case study of Mr S.R., 199–200 case study of Mrs T.L., 199–200 conditions of risk, 200–203 ignorance, 201–202 misconceptions, 201–202 overview, 197–198 parental perceptions, 205 project, 204–206 instrument, 204 procedures and participants, 204 public education, limitations of, 203 results, 204 risk conditions, 200–203 technology, teens and, 203 teens, technology and, 203 theoretical basis of, 198–199 in United States, 202–203 vulnerability to, 9–10 youth’s current trends, 198 Holmes-Rahe Stress Inventory, 378 Home and Community-Based Services Provisions of the Act, 445 homelessness, prevention and early treatment, 132–133 homeless persons social justice and, 48 as vulnerable population, homicide, vulnerability to, Honors Program, 344 nursing program and, 348–349 Hope Box, 341–342 activities capstone proposal, 345 meeting the agency, 344 budget, 346 evaluation collaborator, benefits for, 348 external challenges, 347 internal challenges, 347 solutions, 348 student, benefits for, 349 and infant abandonment, 342 awareness of, 343–344 barriers, 343–344 boarder babies, 343 legislation, 343 outcome common themes, 345–346 grant content writing, 346 Index Hope Meadows, 447 hormone replacement therapy (HRT), 220–221 Housing and Urban Development (HUD) Department, 308 HPM, health promotion model HRQOL See health-related quality of life HRSA See Health Resources and Services Administration HRT See hormone replacement therapy Hughes Helicopters, Inc., 101 hypertension disorders, treatment of, 154 I ICG See International Coordinating Group ignorance, HIV education and, 201–202 immersion, 307 immigrants/refugees as vulnerable population, immune system, strangulation and, 283 immunization, See also vaccination implementation policy, 357–358, 360 incontinence, strangulation and, 281 indigenous people, research and, indirect top-down relationships, women’s employment and, 116 individual-level middle-range theories, 72–79 inequality, health status and, 46 infant abandonment, 342 awareness of, 343–344 barriers, 343–344 boarder babies, 343 legislation, 343 information-motivation-behavior model, 201 Institute of Medicine (IOM) landmark document, 316 on racial and ethnic differences in health, institutional review boards (IRBs), 18, 143 integrative middle-range concepts and theories, 80–81 integumentary system, strangulation and, 283 interdisciplinary benefits and approach, 24–27 internal conflict, back-and-forth processes of, 438 International Coordinating Group (ICG), 390 International Labour Organization, 433 international recruitment, 365–366 Internet, patient use of, 19 interpersonal violence nursing care of victims of, 419–420 prevention of, 418 intersectionality feminist theory, 101–104 applications to populations, 104–106 See also populations, feminist theory intimate partner violence (IPV), 278–280 See also domestic violence; strangulation dynamics of, 278 power and control, 278–280 blaming, 279 children, 279 coercion, 279–280 denying, 279 economic abuse, 279 emotional abuse, 279 intimidation, 279 isolation, 279 male privilege, using, 279 minimizing abuse, 279 threats, 279–280 strangulation See strangulation introversion, schizophrenia and, investigator role in advocacy, 20 IPV See intimate partner violence IRBs See institutional review boards J JNC8 See Eighth Joint National Committee justice contractual, 43 distributive and market, 41–42 distributive justice, 48 459 K Kennesaw State University (KSU), 344–345 Model, 311 Konrad Adenauer Foundation, 429 L labeling, 4, 12 La Clinica de Roberto Clemente, 310 landmark document, IOM, 316 Lautenberg Amendment See Domestic Violence Offender Gun Ban LBW See low birth weight leadership building resilience, 367–368 influencing nursing shortage, 365 left ventricular assist device (LVAD), 156–157 lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ), 417 LGBTQ See lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer liaison role in advocacy, 20 literature review, 345 lived experiences, narrations of, 436 loss of consciousness, strangulation and, 281 low birth weight (LBW), 381 rates of, 382t low-resource and culturally unfamiliar settings, teaching students in, 325–331 case study, 329–331 engagement, educational principles of, 326–327 clear goals and curriculum, 326 community development principles, 326–327 inequity, issues of, 326 overview, 325–327 resilience, strategies, 328–329 debriefing, 329 mentoring, 328–329 preparation, 328 vulnerability, 327–328 moral distress, 327–328 LVAD See left ventricular assist device 460 Index M Macdonald triad, 404 majority groups, 46 maldistribution of nursing workforce, 366, 369 male quadriplegics, 161–170 agreement and disagreement, areas of, 163 counseling, 168 finances, 163 implications, 169–170 literature gap, 163–164 methodology data analysis, 165 design and sample, 164 instrumentation, 165 IRB statement, 164 procedures, 165–166 setting, 164 state-of-the-art, 164 overview, 161–162 physical therapy, 167 quality of life, 163 recommendations, 170 rehabilitation, 162–163, 167–169 resilience, 162, 166–167 results related to theory, 169 resilience, 166–167 sample, discussion of, 166 social support, 168 personal support systems, 168 professional support systems, 168 spirituality, 168–169 marginalization distributive justice and, 48 as factor in resource allocation, labeling and, as nursing research focus, 44 of vulnerable populations, 4–5 women and, 103–107 marijuana use, 10 marital rape, 417–418 Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School shooting, 406 market justice, 41, 42 mass violence, 406 maternal and infant health, 373–374 AABC Strong Start initiative, 382–383 Center for Birth and Wellness, 383–384 birth center attrition, 379–380 birth location, 380 cesarean and/or operative birth, 380, 381t fetal demise, 380 healthcare disparities access to providers, 374–375 race and ethnicity, 374 rural isolation, 374 preterm birth, 380–381 for very high risk women, 381, 381t Strong Start for Mothers and Newborns initiative AABC perinatal data on risk for preterm birth, 376–378, 377t AABC Strong Start participants, demographics of, 379, 379t birth center model, 375–376 in birth centers, 376 maternal and infant mortality statistics, racial disparities and, 30–31 maternal mortality defined, 152 in U.S., PPCM and, 152 Meals on Wheels, 446 Medicaid, 445 minimal services provided by, 42 medical risk factors, for preterm birth, 377t Medicare, 444, 445 drug benefit for, Medicare Prescription Drug Improvement and Modernization Act of 2003 (MMA), men on the Porch, 128 mental health advocacy, success and shortcomings of, 22–23 mental illness, advocacy and, 22–23 mental illness, and disabled persons, 6 MetLife, 446 Mexico, 311, 333–340 death, common cause of, 339 health and health care, 335–336 health insurance and coverage, types of, 336 health policy development and expenditures, 336 history, 334–335 land and geography, 334 overview, 333–334 people of, 334 Seguro Popular, 337 significant health problems, 339 traditional healers, 337–338 curanderos, 337 parteras, 338 regulation and education of, 338–339 yerberos, 338 MFP See Money Follows the Person microcephaly, 393 middle-range concepts and theories, 72–74 adherence, 75–76 change, 76–79 chronic care model (CCM), 84–85 Health Promotion Model (HPM), 81–82 individual-level middle-range theories, 72–79 integrative, 80–81 resilience, 83–84 social middle-range theories, 79–80 Middleton, Scott, 450 minimal health care, 42 minorities disparity of cultural groups, health disparity reduction and, misconceptions, HIV education and, 201–202 MMA See Medicare Prescription Drug Improvement and Modernization Act of 2003 Money Follows the Person (MFP), 446 moral distress, 327–328 mosquito-borne diseases, 392 See also specific diseases preventing and controlling outbreaks of, 398 mothers, as vulnerable population, motivational approaches to substance abuse, 10 multifinality, 306 muscular system, 283 strangulation and, 283 N NASW See National Association of Social Workers national agenda, 355–356 National Association of Social Workers (NASW) Index Ad Hoc Committee on Advocacy, 22 Code of Ethics, 22 Task Force on the Urban Crisis and Public Welfare Problems, 22 National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), 56 National Center for Health Statistics, National Committee for Quality Assurance, 354 National Health Service, 11 National Health Service Corps (NHSC), 375 National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS), 412 National Institutes of Health (NIH), 6, 346 National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey (NIPSVS), 417 National Network to End Domestic Violence (NNEDV), 416 National Rifle Association (NRA), 292 National Socialist dictatorship, 433 National Violence Against Women (NVAW) Survey, 417–418 Naturally Occurring Retirement Community with Supportive Services (NORC-SSP), 444 NCES See National Center for Education Statistics Neal, Reverend, 449 neurological system, strangulation and, 284–285 NHSC See National Health Service Corps NIBRS See National Incident-Based Reporting System Nicaragua, nursing immersion programs in, 309–310 NIH See National Institutes of Health NIPSVS See National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey NNEDV See National Network to End Domestic Violence NORC-SSP See Naturally Occurring Retirement Community with Supportive Services NRA See National Rifle Association nurse-managed wellness centers, 308–309 nurse practitioner (NP) SCI and, 162 substance abuse and, rehabilitation, 94–95 nurses and obstetric fistula, 213, 216–217 social justice and, 46 Nurses Association Board, 434 nursing feminism and, 107 institutional chronology of, 428 role of, 451 nursing education articles, views of justice in, 42–44 building resilience, 366–367 funding, 368–369 influencing nursing shortage, 364–365 Nursing Education Loan Repayment Program, 369 nursing home, 447 nursing interventions, 74 nursing literature, definitional limitations in, 46–47 nursing pipeline, developing, 368 nursing practice articles, views of justice in, 45 nursing research articles, views of justice in, 44–45 nursing shortage building resilience leadership, 367–368 nursing education, 366–367 sustainable healthcare environment, planning for, 368–370 and distribution, factors influencing leadership, 365 nursing education, 364–365 practice environment, 365–366 workforce maldistribution, 366 NVAW Survey See National Violence Against Women (NVAW) Survey O Oak Grove, 448 Obamacare See Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act 461 obesity, preterm birth and, 378 OB-GYN See obstetrician-gynecologist obstetrical risk factors, preterm birth and, 378 obstetric fistula, 211–218 case study of Ms Aisha, 214 case study of Ms Fatima, 214 case study of Ms Nathi, 214 coping mechanisms, providing, 215–216 expressive therapies, 216 family therapy or counseling, 216 and nurse, 213, 216–217 overview, 211–212 psychoeducation, 215 psychosocial considerations, 215–216 repair procedures, 217 social support, 215 statistics, 212–213 surgical repairs, 216–217 traumatic fistula, 212 treatment, 214 types and causes of vaginal fistula, 212 obstetrician-gynecologist (OB-GYN), 375 ocular findings, strangulation and, 280 Office of Management and Budget (OMB), 360 Older Americans Act, 446 old iron bowl, 447 Oman, women’s employment and, 111–112 Omani renaissance, 112 OMB See Office of Management and Budget online forms support, breastfeeding and, 173–174 operative vaginal birth, 380, 381t opioid diversion background, 258 case study, 263–264 overview, 257–258 prevention, 260–262 prescription drug monitoring systems, 262 risk assessment, 260–261 treatment agreements, 262 urine drug testing, 261–262 in United States cultural implications, 259–260 financial implications, 259 health implications, 258–259 462 Index oppression, 99–107 “opt-in” method, 376 “opt-out” method, 376 P PACE See Program for All-Inclusive Care for the Elderly palliative care, 448 parental substance use or mental disorder, child maltreatment and See childhood maltreatment Parent Talk, 450 paresthesias, strangulation and, 280–281 parteras, Mexico traditional healers, 338 participant observation and interviewing, 309 Pasteur, Louis, 439 paternalism, advocacy and, 18 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA), 359, 419, 445 PCPs See primary care providers PDMS See prescription drug monitoring systems PDR See Perinatal Data Registry Peake, Gladys, 433 Pearl High School shooting, 406 perceptions of privilege, racial disparities and, 31 Perinatal Data Registry (PDR), 376 periodontal disease, preterm birth and, 378 peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM), 151–158 African American mothers and, 152–153 cardiac transplant, 156 case study of Ms Debra, 157 diagnosis, 155 hypertension disorders, treatment of, 154 incidence, 152 left ventricular assist device, 156–157 management of, 156–157 maternal mortality in U.S., 152 overview, 151–152 pregnancy, racial differences in HT management, 154 prevention of, 154 race and ethnicity, treatment by, 154 screening, 154 signs and symptoms, 155 social impact of, 153 personality, schizophrenia and, personal mastery experiences, opportunities for, 74 Peru clean water project in, 310 Pew Charitable Trusts, 360 PHEIC See Public Health Emergency of International Concern physical therapy, male quadriplegics, 167 physiological feedback, 73 PIACC See Program for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies PIVOT, 344 policy process, 355 and vulnerable populations agenda setting, 358–359 evaluation, 360–361 government response, 359–360 implementation, 360 political history conclusion, 440 dealing with each other’s personal views, 431 bringing researchers’ identities to interaction, 433–435 contributing own version of history to single writing process, 435–437 researchers’ identity formation, 432–433 method and agency, 427–431 of nurses, life of feminist, 437–439 political process, 356 population-based programs, vulnerable people and, 229–236 balancing efficiency with need and effectiveness, 230 business plan, 233–235 costs and budget, 234 definition and role in seeking funding, 233–234 sources of funding, 234–235 design process, 232–233 data capturing, 232–233 feasibility study, 232 team recruitment, 232 evaluation, 235 focus of, 230–231 gatekeepers, 231 mission, 231 problem statement, 230 stakeholders, 230–231 values, 231 The Hope Box, 236 overview, 229–230 participant observation, 309 Prescott House, 235–236 senior to senior program, 235 populations, feminist theory and, 104–106 financial status, 104–105 gender, 105 language, 105 refugee status, 104 religion, 105–106 research and, 106 positivist vs constructionist divide, 430 postpartum contraceptive care, racial disparities, 33 poverty, PPCM See peripartum cardiomyopathy practice environment influencing nursing shortage international recruitment, 365–366 retention, 365 staffing ratio and attrition, 365 predisposition, genetic, pre-gestational diabetes, preterm birth and, 378 pregnancy heart changes in, 155 racial differences in HT management, 154 pregnancy, Zika virus infections during See under Zika virus prenatal care, prenatal exposure, breastfeeding and, 174–175 Prescott House, population-based programs, 235–236 prescription drug monitoring systems (PDMS), 262 preterm birth, 380–381 AABC perinatal data on risk for, 376–378, 377t rates of, 382t Index for very high risk women, 381, 381t primary care providers (PCPs), 247–248 privilege, 47, 48 professional communication skills, 74 Program for All-Inclusive Care for the Elderly (PACE), 444 Program for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIACC), 56 psychiatric disorders, animal abuse and, 404–405 psychosocial factors, preterm birth and, 378 public health concept of vulnerability, Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC), 393 Q quadriplegics See male quadriplegics quality of health care, question sociale, 428 R race and ethnicity, 360 maternal and infant health, 374 racial disparities, women’s health and, 29–36 background, 30–31 case studies, 36 certified nurse-midwives, 35 childbirth education, 35 chronic oppression, 30 contraception, 33–34 critical race theory and, 31 family planning, 33 framework, health disparities, 32–33 improvement, strategies for, 33–35 maternal and infant mortality statistics, 30–31 overview, 29 perceptions of privilege, 31 postpartum contraceptive care, 33 theories, 31–33 weathering, 31–32 white privilege, 31 Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO), 414 refugees Afghan See Afghan women refugees description of, 104 registered nurses (RNs) shortage, 364 substance abuse and, 91–96 rehabilitation, male quadriplegics and, 162–163, 167–169 relationship building activities, examples of, 445 researchers’ identity formation of, 432–433 to interaction, 433–435 own version of history to single writing process, 435–437 research with vulnerable populations, 11 range of conditions addressed, resilience, 91–96 concept of, 93–94 and health justice, promoting, 320 importance of, 308 and male quadriplegics, 162, 166–167 strategies for students teaching, 328–329 resource availability, 5, 10 respiratory system, strangulation and, 284 retention of nursing workforce, 365, 370 RHC See Rural Health Clinic RICO See Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act right to healthcare, 42 RN See registered nurse Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, 360 Rotary of East Cobb, The, 348 Rural Health Clinic (RHC), 382 rural isolation maternal and infant health, 374 rural Montana, gun trauma and See also gun trauma care in, 295–296 culture in, 293–294 description of, 295–296 vicarious trauma among healthcare providers, 296 463 S safe-haven law, barriers to, 343–344 Safe Place for Newborns Act of 2002, 343 SAI See surviving abandoned infants same-sex relationships, 417 marital rape, 417–418 SANE See sexual assault nurse examiners San Francisco community, 445 schizophrenia, biological view of, SCI See spinal cord injury Seattle University College of Nursing (SUCN), 310 Seattle University Model, 310–311 Seguro Popular, Mexico, 337 Select Practice Recommendations (SPR), 34 self-advocacy, 358 self-awareness, 306, 311, 312 self-efficacy breastfeeding and, 181, 269–272 self-efficacy theory, 72–73, 77 of skin self-examination, 74 sources, 73 self-serving approach, 439 semantic clarity, critical theory reflection, 118 semantic consistency, critical theory reflection, 118 senior to senior program, population-based programs, 235 serial killers, animal abuse and, 406 settlement house movement, 21 sexual abuse, sexual assault nurse examiners (SANE), 419 sexually transmitted infections, preterm birth and, 378 short interpregnancy interval, 378 simplicity, critical theory reflection, 119 Sinclair School of Nursing, 451 single writing process, 435–437 situational factors, in depression, Six Sigma, 230 skeletal system, strangulation and, 282 skilled nursing facility (SNF), 445 smartphones, and health literacy, 60–61 smoking, schizophrenia and, 464 Index SNF See skilled nursing facility social cognitive theory, 72 social injustice, 46 social justice in nursing, 39–49, 47 advocacy and, 18, 21 awareness, amelioration, and transformation, 47–48 championing, 18 contractual justice, 43 costs and, critique, 47 defining justice in nursing, 40–41 definitional limitations in literature, 46–47 distribution of wealth and, 46 distributive justice, 41–42, 48 education articles, views, 42–44 ethics and, 40 literature search methodology, 40–41 majority groups and, 46 market justice, 41–42 overview, 39–40 points of intervention for, 47 practice articles’ views, 45 research articles’ views, 44–45 social justice, 41–42 view of vulnerable persons, 5, 47 social middle-range theories, 79–80 social policy, historical and global perspectives on, 446–447 social risk factors, for preterm birth, 377t Social Security, 444 social support systems, 79, 168 social work advocacy, 21–22 Social Work Dictionary, 20 socioeconomic inequalities, yellow fever and, 392 special populations, 353 spinal cord injury (SCI) See also male quadriplegics defined, 161 spirituality, male quadriplegics, 168–169 SPR See Select Practice Recommendations spree killings, 11 spurious multilevel relationships, women’s employment and, 116 St Joe’s See St Joseph House of Hospitality St Joseph House of Hospitality (St. Joe’s), 125–133 human capital, 130–132 men on the Porch, 128 overview, 125–126 prevention and early treatment, homelessness, 132–133 residents of, 126–128 social capital, 129–130 veterans at, 126 vulnerability, 128–129 staffing ratio and attrition, 365 stakeholders, population-based programs, 230–231 Steps to Respect (STR) program, 67 stereotyping, Stewart B McKinney Homeless Assistance Act of 1987, 360 STR See Steps to Respect program strangling, animal abuse, 404 strangulation, 280–287 See also intimate partner violence amount of pressure, 282 case study of Caroline, 286–287 duration of pressure, 282 effects of, 282–285 cardiovascular system, 284 gastrointestinal system, 284 immune system, 283 integumentary system, 283 muscular system, 283 neurological system, 284–285 respiratory system, 284 skeletal system, 282 examination, 285–286 lethality, factors of, 281 research, 280–281 convulsions, 281 incontinence, 281 loss of consciousness, 281 ocular findings, 280 paresthesias, 280–281 surface area, 282 The Working Group on Human Asphyxia, 281–282 Strauss, Franz Josef, 437 street-level bureaucrats, 357 stress, chronic, preterm birth and, 378 Strong Start for Mothers and Newborns initiative AABC See American Association of Birth Centers birth center model, 375–376 in birth centers, 376 structural clarity, critical theory reflection, 119 structural consistency, critical theory reflection, 119 student, capstone experience for, 349 students depression and, familial types and alcoholism, 10 violence and alcohol use in college, 11 as vulnerable population, 11 substance abuse in African American children, 10 healthcare theory, nurses and, 94 motivational approaches to, 10 overview, 91–92 registered nurses and, 91–96 rehabilitation, nurse practitioner practice and, 94–95 violence and alcohol abuse in college students, 11 vulnerability to, 10 SUCN, Seattle University College of Nursing suffocating, animal abuse, 404 Suffolk County Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, 415 suicide by college students, 11 vulnerability to, surviving abandoned infants (SAI), 342 susceptibility to health problems, sustainable healthcare environment, planning for, 368–370 system context view of vulnerability, 5 system monitoring, 20 T teaching nurses about vulnerable populations, 305–312 chart audit system, 309 cost-effective care, 307 CPR programs, 309 cultural competence overview, 305–306 Duquesne Model, 308–311 ethnocentric bias, 306 garden communities, 311 hermanamiento (sister school relationship), 310 Kennesaw State University Model, 311 key components of educational experience, 311–318 Index models of experiential learning, 308–311 multifinality, 306 nurse-managed wellness centers, 308–309 online doctoral program, 310 participant observation and interviewing, 309 Seattle University Model, 310–311 self-awareness, 306, 312 teaching students in low-resource and culturally unfamiliar settings, 325–331 case study, 329–331 engagement, educational principles of, 326–327 clear goals and curriculum, 326 community development principles, 326–327 inequity, issues of, 326 overview, 325–327 resilience, strategies, 328–329 debriefing, 329 mentoring, 328–329 preparation, 328 vulnerability, 327–328 moral distress, 327–328 teens, HIV education and, 203 Tennessee Animal Abuser Registration Act, 415 terrorism, in schools, 11 Texas Department of State Health Services (TXDSHS), 395 The Essentials of Baccalaureate Education for Professional Nursing Practice (AACN), 305 The Future of Nursing: Leading Change, Advancing Health (IOM), 316 The Future of Nursing Campaign for Action, 316–317 The Hope Box, population-based programs, 236 The U.S Surgeon General’s Call to Action to Support Breastfeeding, 270, 272 The Working Group on Human Asphyxia, 281–282 TigerPlace, 447 toxic stress, 248–250 See also trauma-informed primary care, implementation of adverse childhood experiences, 248 effects of, 248 fiscal impact of, 250 responses, 248–249 healthy, 248–249 unhealthy, 249 transformation, social justice and, 47–48 transfusion-transmitted infection, 396 transgender community, caring for, 219–228 case study of Britney, 227–228 case study of Liam, 226–227 case study of Tanya, 226 gender-confirming surgeries, 221–222 healthcare needs for, 220–222 health disparities, 222–223 hormone replacement therapy, 220–221 implications for nurse practice, 224–225 overview, 219–220 preventive care, 222 websites, 225 transgender persons, as vulnerable population, 11 Transtheoretical Model of Change (TTM), 76, 77 central constructs of, 77–78 trauma-informed primary care, implementation of, 250–253 See also toxic stress case study, 253 child maltreatment, reporting of, 251 early invention programs, 253t intervention, 251 preparation of PCPs, 250 primary prevention, 250 screening, 251, 252t toxic stress, assessing, 250–251 traumatic fistula, 212 troubleshooting, 20 TTM See Transtheoretical Model of Change TXDSHS See Texas Department of State Health Services U UDT See urine drug testing UNICEF See United Nations Children’s Fund 465 uninsured, 354 United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), 272, 390 United States health vulnerability in, 316 and hepatitis C virus (HCV), 240–241 HIV/AIDS, prevention education of, 202–203 and opioid diversion, 258–260 Universidad Politecnica de Nicaragua (UPOLI), 309 UPOLI See Universidad Politecnica de Nicaragua urinary tract infections, preterm birth and, 378 urine drug testing (UDT), 261–262 U.S Census Bureau, 444 U.S Medical Eligibility Criteria (US MEC), 34 U.S Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF), 241, 418–419 U.S territory, Zika virus in, 394–395 U.S travelers, yellow fever and, 391–392 U.S Zika Pregnancy and Infant Registry, 396 US MEC See U.S Medical Eligibility Criteria USPSTF See U.S Preventive Services Task Force V vaccination yellow fever childhood, 391 fractional doses, 391 global stockpile, 390–391 prevention, 388–389 Zika virus, 397 vaginal fistula, types and causes of, 212 VAWA See Violence Against Women Act verbal persuasion, 73 very low birth weight (VLBW), 381 vicarious experience, 73 vicarious trauma (VT), 294–295 hallmark signs of, 295 in rural Montana, 295 victim, 64 Village to Village Network, 444 vindication movements, 432 466 Index violence, 5, 11 Violence Against Women Act (VAWA), 416 violence graduation hypothesis, 406 Violence Risk Assessment tool, 11 Visiting Nurse Association, 308 VLBW See very low birth weight VT See vicarious trauma vulnerability, 3–12 Aday’s framework of, aggregate vs individual, blaming the victim, caregiver, 10 concepts and theories, contextual, cost issues in, defined, to depression, 8–9 disparities in health, 6–7 to eating disorders, ecological approach to, emic vs etic approaches, of ethnic minorities, in families, health insurance and, to HIV/AIDS, 9–10 infants and, Institute of Medicine study, 7–12 labeling process and, 4, 11 marginalization and, 4–5, 5, 44, 48 as nursing research focus, 44–45 of populations, 4–5 public health concept of, 4, 12 resource availability and, to schizophrenia, social justice view of, 5, 47 to specific conditions or diseases, 8 stereotyping, of students, 11 to substance abuse, 10 “susceptibility” and, WHO’s dimensions of health, vulnerability, defined, 354 vulnerable populations adherence, 75 caring for, 315–322 caring for health, 315–316 change, 78 chronic care model (CCM), 84 defined, 353–355 and DNP-prepared nurse See DNP-prepared nurse health promotion, 81–82 individual-level middle-range theories, 74 integrative middle-range concepts and theories, 80–81 policy process agenda setting, 358–359 evaluation, 360–361 government response, 359–360 implementation, 360 resilience, 83 social middle-range theories, 79 W wealth, theory of inequality of distribution of, 5, 46 weathering, racial disparities and, 31–32 wellness centers, 308–309 WellStar School of Nursing, 311 White Americans, inappropriately used for comparison, 46 white privilege, racial disparities and, 31 WHO See World Health Organization women and childhood maltreatment, 189 domestic violence and, to eating disorders, employment, holistic approach to See under women’s employment, holistic approach to health and social issues of, mothers as vulnerable population, in Oman, 111–112 racial disparities See racial disparities, women’s health and specific vulnerability issues of, women’s employment, holistic approach to, 111–120 assumptions, 113 attributes, 115 community, 115 concepts and definitions, 114–117 conceptual levels, 115 conditions, 116–117 country, 115 critical theory reflection, 118–120 defined, 114–115 globe, 115–116 household, 115 indirect top-down relationships, 116 in Oman, 111–112 overview, 111 purpose of theory, 113 relationships among levels, 116 spurious multilevel relationships, 116 structure of, 114 theoretical framework, 112–113 work, defined, 113 World Health Organization (WHO), 5, 23, 152 dimensions of health and, nursing shortage, 363 yellow fever, 390 Zika virus, 396–397 writing process, 435–437 Y yellow fever epidemics Angola and Democratic Republic of the Congo, 389 Brazil, 389 worldwide strategy to prevent, 390 epidemiology, 388 prevention through vaccination, 388–389 unmet needs for protecting vulnerable individuals and communities, 392 U.S travelers protection from, 391–392 vaccine childhood, routine immunization in, 391 fractional doses of, 391 global stockpile of, 390–391 yerberos, Mexico traditional healers, 338 youth, HIV education and, 198 Index Z Z-CAN See Zika Contraception Access Network Zika Contraception Access Network (Z-CAN), 397 Zika virus clinical manifestations, 393 epidemic in U.S territory, 394–395 epidemiology, 392–393 outbreaks in continental United States, 394–395 pandemic in Americas, 393–394 strategies, policies, and actions by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 396 by Food and Drug Administration, 396 467 by state health departments, 395 by World Health Organization, 396–397 transmission, 393, 395 unmet needs for protecting vulnerable individuals and communities, 397 vaccine development, 397 ... populations around the world are increasing and not decreasing The fifth edition of Mary de Chesnay and Barbara A Anderson’s Caring for the Vulnerable: Perspectives in Nursing Theory, Practice, and Research... healthcare needs? Caring for the Vulnerable: Perspectives in Nursing Theory, Practice, and Research by Dr Mary de Chesnay and Barbara A Anderson addresses these questions and resourcefully introduces... about the vulnerable and to prepare a future nursing workforce about caring for the vulnerable using experiential learning activities in study abroad programs and regional fieldwork In summary, Caring