Brief Contents Editing Checklist Revising and Editing Symbols Words Are the verb tenses correct? Do the subjects and verbs agree? Preface  vii Part I The Writing Process   Exploring  4 Developing  12 Revising and Editing   31 Paragraph Patterns  44 Writing the Essay   93 Part II The Editing Handbook  108 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Nouns, Determiners, and Prepositions   110 Pronouns  126 Identifying Subjects and Verbs in Simple Sentences   145 Present and Past Tenses   157 Past Participles  175 Progressive Tenses  192 Other Verb Forms   202 Subject–Verb Agreement  217 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 Adjectives and Adverbs   291 Do the pronouns agree with their antecedents? Mistakes with Modifiers   307 Are the verbs and pronouns consistent, with no unnecessary shifts? Exact Language  317 Is the choice of words appropriate? Spelling  326 Are the words spelled correctly? Commonly Confused Words   338 Commas  348 Sentences The Apostrophe  361 Quotation Marks and Capitalization   371 Are the ideas in the sentences expressed in a parallel way? Part III Reading Strategies and Selections  388 Meaning Chapter Reference ad Adjective or adverb problem 21 agr Agreement problem (subject and verb or pronoun and antecedent not agree) 13 cap Capital letter is missing or is used unnecessarily 28 coh Coherence is lacking 2, cliché Cliché, or overused phrase, should be removed 23 Combine words or sentences 15, 16, 17 dev Development needed 2, 3, � Faulty logic (ideas lacking in logic or clarity) 2, 3, frag Fragment (incomplete sentence) 18 intro Introduction needs to be added or improved 2, m Modifier error (dangling or misplaced modiffer) 22 Standard Symbol Are the sentences complete, with a subject and verb? Are the parts of the sentences correctly connected? Editing Practice  382 Alternate or Your Instructor’s Symbols (please ffll in) Are the modifiers near the words being modified? Punctuation and Mechanics p Punctuation problem 26, 27, 28 Are punctuation marks used correctly? pl Plural form error Are the words capitalized correctly? pro Pronoun error ro Run-on sentence (two complete sentences are incorrectly connected) 19 shi� Tense or pronoun shifts illogically 7, 14 sp Spelling error (misspelled word or look-alike, sound-alike error) 24 supp Support is inadequate (lacks complete supporting details) 2, 3, tense, vt Verb tense error 9, 10, 11, 12 trans Transition needed 2, 3, Appendix 5 Spelling, Grammar, and Vocabulary Logs  447 ts Topic sentence or thesis statement problem 2, Credits  451 unity Unity problem (sentences not relate to the topic sentence or the thesis statement) 2, 3, wc Word choice problem (wrong choice of word) 23 // Parallel structure error (parts of the sentence are not uniform) 20 Remove a word, phrase, or paragraph 2, 3, wo Word order is incorrect 21, 22 ? Unclear meaning 23, 24 30 Reading Strategies and Selections   390 Appendices  440 Appendix 1 Grammar Glossary  440 Appendix 2 Verb Tenses  442 Appendix 3 Combining Ideas in Sentences  443 Appendix 4 Punctuation and Mechanics  444 Tense Consistency  231 Compound Sentences  238 Complex Sentences  249 Sentence Variety  261 Fragments  267 Index  453 Inside Back Cover   Revising and Editing Symbols   Editing Checklist   Revising Checklist for a Paragraph   Revising Checklist for an Essay   Run-Ons  276 Faulty Parallel Structure   282 INSIDE FRONT COVER GAET.5142.S&P Inside cover.indd INSIDE BACK COVER 11/8/13 5:41 PM The Writer’s World Sentences and Paragraphs Fourth Edition Lynne Gaetz Suneeti Phadke Lionel Groulx College St Jerome College Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo Executive Editor: Matthew Wright Editorial Assistant: Laura Marenghi Senior Development Editor: Marion Castellucci Development Editor: Erica Nikolaidis Senior Supplements Editor: Donna Campion Executive Digital Producer: Stefanie Snajder Content Specialist: Erin Jenkins Digital Editor: Sara Gordus Executive Marketing Manager: Roxanne McCarley Production Manager: Denise Phillip Grant Project Coordination, Text Design, and Electronic Page Makeup: Laserwords Private Limited Cover Designer/Manager: Wendy Ann Fredericks Cover Photo: © Shutterstock Text Permissions: Aptara Photo Researcher: Integra Senior Manufacturing Buyer: Dennis Para Printer/Binder: Courier/Kendallville Cover Printer: Lehigh-Phoenix Color Hagerstown Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on the appropriate page within text and on pages 451–452 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Gaetz, Lynne, 1960– The writer’s world : sentences and paragraphs / Lynne Gaetz, Lionel Groulx College ; Suneeti Phadke, St Jerome College — Fourth Edition pages cm ISBN 978-0-321-89514-1 (alk paper) English language—Sentences—Problems, exercises, etc English language—Paragraphs—Problems, exercises, etc I Phadke, Suneeti, 1961– II Title PE1441.G34 2014 808’.042—dc23 2013028567 Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1—CRK—17 16 15 14 Student Edition ISBN-13: Student Edition ISBN-10: 978-0-321-89514-1 0-321-89514-2 A la Carte Edition ISBN-13: 978-0-321-90799-8 A la Carte Edition ISBN-10: 0-321-90799-X Contents Preface  vii The Thesis Statement  97 The Supporting Ideas  100 The Essay Plan  101 The Introduction  102 The Conclusion  103 The First Draft  105 Revising and Editing the Essay  105 The Final Draft  106 Part I The Writing Process  2 Exploring  4 What Is Exploring?  4 Topic  5 Audience  5 Purpose  5 Exploring Strategies  6 Journal and Portfolio Writing  10 Developing  12 What Is Developing?  12 Narrow the Topic  14 The Topic Sentence  15 The Supporting Ideas  20 The Paragraph Plan  27 The First Draft  28 Part II  The Editing Handbook  108 SECTION Some Parts of Speech THEME: Lifestyles Writing the Essay  93 Exploring the Essay  93 Explore Topics  96   126 Pronouns Pronoun–Antecedent Agreement  127 Indefinite Pronouns  128 Vague Pronouns  130 Pronoun Shifts  131 Pronoun Case  133 Problems with Possessive Pronouns  134 Relative Pronouns  138 Reflexive Pronouns (-self, -selves)  140 Paragraph Patterns  44 What Are Paragraph Patterns?  44 A) The Illustration Paragraph  45 B) The Narrative Paragraph  50 C) The Descriptive Paragraph  55 D) The Process Paragraph  61 E) The Definition Paragraph  66 F) The Comparison and Contrast Paragraph  71 G) The Cause and Effect Paragraph  76 H) The Classification Paragraph  81 I) The Argument Paragraph  87    Nouns  111 Count Nouns and Noncount Nouns  115 Determiners  116 Prepositions  120 Revising and Editing  31 What Are Revising and Editing?  31 Revise for Unity  32 Revise for Adequate Support  34 Revise for Coherence  36 Revise for Style  38 Edit for Errors  39 The Final Draft  42 Nouns, Determiners, and Prepositions 110 SECTION Problems with Verbs THEME: Entertainment and Culture Identifying Subjects and Verbs in Simple Sentences   145 Identifying Subjects  146 Identifying Prepositional Phrases  149 Identifying Verbs  150   157 Present and Past Tenses Understanding Verb Tense  158 The Simple Present Tense  158 iii iv    Contents The Simple Past Tense  164 Avoiding Double Negatives  171 10 Past Participles   175 17 Past Participles  176 The Present Perfect Tense: Have/Has + Past Participle  180 The Past Perfect Tense: Had + Past Participle  183 The Past Participle as an Adjective  185 The Passive Voice: Be + Past Participle  186 11 Progressive Tenses   192 Understanding Progressive Tenses  193 Present Progressive  193 Past Progressive  195 Using Complete Verbs  197 Other Progressive Forms  198 12 Other Verb Forms   202 Modals  203 Nonstandard Forms: gonna, gotta, wanna  207 Conditional Forms  208 Gerunds and Infinitives  211 SECTION Verb Agreement and Consistency THEME: Beliefs 13   217 Subject–Verb Agreement Basic Subject–Verb Agreement Rules  218 Verb Before the Subject  221 More Than One Subject  223 Special Subject Forms  224 Interrupting Words and Phrases  226 14 Tense Consistency Using Relative Pronouns  255 Combining Questions  257 Sentence Variety   261 Vary the Opening Words  262 Vary the Length of Sentences  263 SECTION Common Sentence Errors THEME: The Earth and Beyond 18   267 Fragments Understanding Fragments  268 Phrase Fragments  268 Explanatory Fragments  269 Dependent-Clause Fragments  271 19   276 Run-Ons Understanding Run-Ons  277 20 Faulty Parallel Structure   282 Identifying Parallel Structure  283 Correcting Faulty Parallel Structure  284 SECTION Modifiers THEME: Relationships 21   291 Adjectives and Adverbs Adjectives  292 Adverbs  296 Comparative and Superlative Forms  299 22   307 Mistakes with Modifiers Misplaced Modifiers  308 Dangling Modifiers  312   231 Consistent Verb Tense  232 SECTION Effective Sentences THEME: Trades and Technology 15 Compound Sentences  238 Comparing Simple and Compound Sentences  239 Combining Sentences Using Coordinating Conjunctions  239 Combining Sentences Using Semicolons  243 Combining Sentences Using Transitional Expressions  244 16 Complex Sentences   249 Understanding Complex Sentences  250 Using Subordinating Conjunctions  251 SECTION Word Use and Spelling THEME: Creatures Large and Small 23   317 Exact Language Using a Dictionary and Thesaurus  318 Using Specific Vocabulary  320 Avoiding Clichés  322 Slang versus Standard American English  323 24 Spelling   326 Improving Your Spelling  327 Writing ie or ei  327 Adding Prefixes and Suffixes  328 Writing Two-Part Words  333 120 Commonly Misspelled Words  334 Contents   v 25   338 Commonly Confused Words Commonly Confused Words  339  “Skydiving” by Touré   402 980L/1114 words Entertainment, Culture, and Beliefs SECTION Punctuation and Mechanics  “What’s Your Humor Style?” by Louise Dobson   405 THEME: The Business World 1160L/894 words 26 1150L/854 words  “A Cultural Minefield” by William Ecenbarger   408   348 Commas  “Celanthropists” by Katrina Onstad   411 Understanding Commas  349 Commas in a Series  349 Commas After Introductory Words and Phrases  350 Commas Around Interrupting Words and Phrases  351 Commas in Compound Sentences  353 Commas in Complex Sentences  354 Commas in Business Letters  357 27 1310L/813 words  “The Cult of Emaciation” by Ben Barry   414 990L/1283 words  “Shopping for Religion” by Ellen Goodman   417 1080L/760 words The Earth and Its Creatures  “The Reverend Evans’s Universe” by Bill Bryson   421 1240L/819 words  “Saving Animals” by Tom Spears   423   361 1180L/601 words The Apostrophe Understanding Apostrophes  362 Using Apostrophes in Contractions  362 Using Apostrophes to Show Ownership  365 Using Apostrophes in Expressions of Time  367 28 Trades, Technology, and the Business World  “The Allure of Apple” by Juan Rodriguez   429 1190L/807 words 1000L/657 words     “How to Remember Names” by Roger Seip   434 1100L/801 words  “The Rewards of Dirty Work” by Linda L Lindsey and Stephen Beach  436 1180L/531 words SECTION Editing Editing Practice 1050L/849 words  “How to Handle Conflict” by P Gregory Smith   432 Quotation Marks and Capitalization 371 Direct and Indirect Quotations  372 Quotation Marks  372 Capitalization  376 Titles  378 29  “Is It Love or a Trick?” by Jon Katz   425 Appendices  440   382 Appendix 1 Grammar Glossary  440 Part III  Reading Strategies and Selections  388 30 Reading Strategies and Selections Reading Strategies  390 Reading Selections  393 Lifestyles and Relationships  “Fish Cheeks” by Amy Tan   393 910L/504 words  “Birth” by Maya Angelou   395 880L/751 words  “Your World’s a Stage” by Josh Freed   397 1290L/698 words  “Fat Chance” by Dorothy Nixon   399 1100L/750 words Appendix 2 Verb Tenses  442 Appendix 3 Combining Ideas in Sentences  443   390 Appendix 4 Punctuation and Mechanics  444 Appendix 5 Spelling, Grammar, and Vocabulary Logs  447 Credits  451 Index  453 Inside Back Cover   Revising and Editing Symbols   Editing Checklist   Revising Checklist for a Paragraph   Revising Checklist for an Essay   This page intentionally left blank Preface Thank you for making the third edition of The Writer’s World a resounding success; we are delighted that the book has been able to help so many students across the country This fourth edition, too, can help your students produce writing that is technically correct and richly detailed whether your classes are filled with students who have varying skill levels, whether students are native or nonnative speakers of English, or whether they learn better through the use of visuals When we started the first edition, we set out to develop practical and pedagogically sound approaches to these challenges, and we are pleased to hear that the book has been helping students succeed in their writing courses We began with the idea that this project should be a collaboration with other developmental writing teachers So we met with more than forty-five instructors from around the country, asking for their opinions and insights regarding (1) the challenges posed by the course, (2) the needs of today’s ever-changing student population, and (3) the ideas and features we were proposing to provide them and you with a more effective teaching and learning tool Pearson also commissioned dozens of detailed manuscript reviews from instructors, asking them to analyze and evaluate each draft of the manuscript These reviewers identified numerous ways in which we could refine and enhance our key features Their invaluable feedback was incorporated throughout The Writer’s World The text you are seeing is truly the product of a successful partnership between the authors, publisher, and well over one hundred developmental writing instructors What’s New in the Fourth Edition? Deeper MyWritingLab Integration New to this edition, resources and assessments designed specifically for The Writer’s World are in MyWritingLab along with the eText and all the diagnostic, practice, and assessment resources of MyWritingLab Students can use MyWritingLab to access media resources, practice, and assessment for each chapter of The Writer’s World When they see in the text, students have the option of completing the practice online right in MyWritingLab Most practice assessments will flow to your instructor gradebook in MyWritingLab, reducing grading time and allowing you to focus attention on those students who may need extra help and practice  All Writer’s Room activities can be completed in MyWritingLab, giving students access to a wide range of customizable instruction, practice, and assessment  Students can now answer additional reading comprehension questions for readings in Chapter 30 in MyWritingLab, offering extra practice and assessment and helping students strengthen their grasp of the readings A New Look  A new clean and modern design streamlines instruction and increases usability, allowing students to more effectively find and retain the information covered vii viii    Preface New Grammar Practices  Most of the grammar practices in Part II: The Editing Handbook are new, providing updated grammar instruction through the lens of topical and culturally relevant content New and More Images  This edition presents new dynamic and vibrant images—photos of colorful ethnic celebrations, pop culture icons, and a Banksy mural—that will engage students and prompt critical thinking New Readings  In Chapter 30, five new readings relate to the grammar themes Thought-provoking essays from Touré, Josh Freed, Katrina Onstad, Bill Bryson, and Tom Spears discuss Internet privacy, modern notions of multiculturalism, and celebrity philanthropy Updated Film Writing Prompts  The film writing prompts in Chapter 30 have been updated to include newer and more recent movies, as well as a range of independent and mainstream selections, such as The Hunger Games, Silver Linings Playbook, and Dredd How The Writer’s World Meets Students’ Diverse Needs We created The Writer’s World to meet your students’ diverse needs To accomplish this goal, we asked both the instructors in our focus groups and the reviewers at every stage not only to critique our ideas but also to offer their suggestions and recommendations for features that would enhance the learning process of their students The result has been the integration of many elements that are not found in other textbooks, including our visual program, coverage of nonnative speaker material, and strategies for addressing the varying skill levels students bring to the course The Visual Program  A stimulating full-color book, The Writer’s World recognizes that today’s world is a visual one, and it encourages students to become better communicators by responding to images Chapter-opening visuals in Part I help students think about the chapters’ key concepts in new ways For example, in the Chapter opener, a photograph of a skyscraper sets the stage for essay writing Both the skyscraper and an essay need specific types of support to make them sturdy structures Each chapter in Part II opens with a photo to help illustrate the theme of the examples and exercises in that chapter and section The visuals in Part III provide students with further opportunities to write in response to images Students get additional writing practice through different activities such as looking at photos and watching films These visual aids inspire students and give them varied and engaging topics for writing Seamless Coverage for Nonnative Speakers  Instructors in our focus groups noted the growing number of nonnative/ESL speakers enrolling in their developmental writing courses Although some of these students have special needs relating to the writing process, many of you still have a large ... Preface  vii The Thesis Statement  97 The Supporting Ideas  100 The Essay Plan  101 The Introduction  102 The Conclusion  103 The First Draft  105 Revising and Editing the Essay  105 The Final Draft  106... around a common theme These themes include Lifestyles, Entertainment and Culture, Beliefs, Trades and Technology, The Earth and Beyond, Relationships, Creatures Large and Small, and The Business... around the country, asking for their opinions and insights regarding (1) the challenges posed by the course, (2) the needs of today’s ever-changing student population, and (3) the ideas and features