MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION  HOANG NGOC HUNG STUDY ON THE BIRD FAUNA AND PROPOSALS MANAGEMENT AND CONSERVATION SOLUTIONS IN PU LUONG NATURE RESERVE, THANH HOA PROVINCE Specialized: Zoology Code: 9.42.01.03 SUMMARY OF DOCTORAL THESIS IN BIOLOGY HANOI - 2020 Thesis was completed at: Hanoi National University of Education Advisors: Ass Prof Dr NGUYEN LAN HUNG SON Dr NGUYEN CU Reviewer 1: Ass Prof Dr Nguyen Xuan Huan (VNU University of Sciences) Reviewer 2: Ass Prof Dr Nguyen Quang Truong (Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources) Reviewer 3: Ass Prof Dr Nguyen Thien Tao (Vietnam national museum of nature) The thesis will be reviewed by the council of thesis evaluation at the Department psychology – education, Hanoi National University of Education at on / /2020 The thesis can be found at: - National Library - Hanoi National University of Education Library INTRODUCTION Research rationales Pu Luong Nature Reserve is located in the northwest of Thanh Hoa province, in the territory of Quan Hoa and Ba Thuoc District with a section planning area of 17,171.53 Pu Luong Nature Reserve is the first point of forest ecosystems on Pu Luong limestone mountain - Cuc Phuong - Ngoc Son This natural forest ecosystem has high biodiversity values, with many endemic plant and animal species Pu Luong Nature Reserve, located in the North Central region is in 221 endemic bird regions of the world It is also one of endemic bird areas (EBA) of Vietnam Landscape of the Pu Luong Nature Reserve forms part of the region's endemic bird area Central Vietnam lowland However, Pu Luong Nature Reserve still lacks of systematic and comprehensive research about bird fauna, which is reliable scientific basis for planning, management, conservation and sustainable development of prices Treating bird resources here For the above reasons, we propose to implement the project: "Study on the bird fauna and proposals management and conservation solutions in Pu Luong Nature Reserve, Thanh Hoa province” Research aims Determining the species diversity, composition and distribution of the bird fauna; analyzing relationship in ecology of the bird fauna in Pu Luong Nature Reserve Besides, evaluating the current status and propose solutions for sustainable management, conservation and development of bird resources in the study area Research content - Study on bird species diversity in Pu Luong Nature Reserve - Study on distribution of bird fauna in Pu Luong Nature Reserve; especially determine distribution of rare and precious bird species - Study on the bird fauna status and factors which are affecting bird fauna in Pu Luong Nature Reserve Therefore, propose sustainable management and conservation solutions for bird fauna in the reserve New points of the thesis - For the first time, the thesis has studied more fully and comprehensively on bird composition in Pu Luong Nature Reserve with 252 species, 58 families and 15 orders; added 74 additional new recorded species for bird list in Pu Luong Nature Reserve and 30 new recorded species for bird list in the North Central region compared to the "Vietnam bird list" by Vo Quy and Nguyen Cu (1999) - The thesis has analyzed the ecological relationship of bird communities in major habitats in the nature reserve, including: evergreen forest; secondary forest, secondary grass and shrubs, plantation forest and upland fields, fields and villages; analyzed the relationship of the bird community according to the forest canopy and observing the change of bird species in the Pu Luong Nature Reserve throughout season - Based on research results, the thesis has proposed to build eco-tourism routes, especially bird-watching in Pu Luong Nature Reserve; identify priority areas of high value conservation birds for monitoring programs; provide information on the status of conservation value birds in Pu Luong Nature Reserve CHAPTER LITERATURE REVIEW 1.1 History of bird research in North Central and Study Area - Previous research on bird fauna in North Central Vietnam According to Vo Quy and Nguyen Cu (1995), the North Central region includes Thanh Hoa, Nghe An and Ha Tinh provinces Associated with historical landmarks of Vietnam, history of bird research in the North Central region can be summarized as three main stages: before 1945, from 1945 to 1954, from 1957 until now Before 1945, most of studies on birds in Vietnam and Indochina were carried out by foreign scientists such as Linneus (1758), Gmelin (1788), Oustalet (1899-1903) Especially, from 1924 to 1938, Delacour and his colleagues organized 07 rounds of bird collection on Indochina territory, including the North Central region From 1945 to 1954, due to the war, all bird research activities in Vietnam were interrupted and only started again in 1957 Since 1957, after North Vietnam gained independence, domestic scientists have began to focus on biodiversity, including birds Typical Vietnamese scientists in this period include: Vo Quy, Nguyen Cu, Tran Gia Huan, Le Dien Duc, Do Ngoc Quang, Truong Van La, Le Dinh Thuy In general, the bird research projects in the region North Central in this period has just stopped at building a list of species in the National Parks, Nature Reserve, despite going into the studies on biology, ecology of avifauna as well as analyzing the features about the area in the study area - Pu Luong Nature Reserve: In 1997, Le Trong Trai identified the Pu Luong bird fauna with 169 bird species belonging to 41 families and 13 orders In 2013, the project investigated and listed the flora and fauna of Pu Luong Nature Reserve, which had recorded the presence of 908 animal species, including 117 bird species At the same time, 93 species of birds of conservation value were identified In addition to the survey of bird species, there are a number of surveys and studies for conservation activities such as: investigating the situation of illegal hunting of wild animals and collection of non-timber forest products Hoang Lien Son (2003) belongs to the landscape conservation project of Pu Luong - Cuc Phuong limestone conservation project mountains; - Integrated Community-based management natural and resource management strategy in Pu Luong Nature Reserve of the International Wildlife Conservation Organization 1.2 Overview of the natural conditions of the study area - Geographical location: Pu Luong Nature Reserve has geographical coordinates 20021’- 20034’ Northern latitude, 105002’ 105020’ east longitude, located in the northwest of Thanh Hoa province, in the territory of two districts of Quan Hoa and Ba Thuoc - Topography and geomorphology: Pu Luong Nature Reserve, which is composed of mountain ranges running parallel in the Northwest-Southeast direction, is separated from each other by a large valley The small mountain range in the southwest is made up mainly of eruptive magma and metamorphic rocks The large mountain range is located in the northeast in Co Lung and Lung Cao communes formed from limestone - Flora: Pu Luong Nature Reserve has 1,109 species, 477 genera and 152 families of vascular plants; Vegetation cover includes primary forest, secondary forest, tropical shrub grassland (distributed at elevations below 700 m), subtropical (distributed at elevations above 700 m) Currently, the pristine area in Pu Luong Nature Reserve is strongly reduced to only about 5% of the forest area - Animal system: In 2013, the project "Investigation, listing of fauna and forest flora in Pu Luong Nature Reserve, Thanh Hoa province" identified 908 animal species, of which: 67 species, 21 families and orders; insects have 347 species, 80 families and 17 orders; amphibians have 26 species, families; reptiles have 40 species, 14 families, sets; The bird has 117 species, 43 families and 13 orders; animals have 79 species, 24 families and orders 1.3 Overview of socio-economic conditions in the study area - Population, labor, employment and income: In the Pu Luong Nature Reserve boundary, there are 387 households living with 1,800 people in Co Lung and Lung Cao communes, Ba Thuoc district The inhabitants are mainly Thai and Muong ethnic people; the buffer zone has 4,850 households with 22,500 inhabitants living in communes of districts Quan Hoa and Ba Thuoc; The labor force accounts for about 40% of the total population Income of people is mainly from agriculture (previously relying on forest) The average income per capita is VND 2,500,000/person/year CHAPTER MATERIALS AND METHODS 2.1 Time and study location - Study location: Pu Luong Nature Reserve, Thanh Hoa province with geographical coordinates: 20021” - 20034” North latitude and 105002” - 105020” East longitude Location of research locations is shown in Figure 2.1 Figure 2.1: Diagram of bird research sites in Pu Luong - Study time: The project was implemented in years (from October 2014 to October 2018) with 14 field surveys in 152 days in research areas Each study area has locations for translucent nets and bird observation 2.2 Research Methods - Observation of wild birds: 16 research locations have shown in Figure 2.1 Birds are observed with binoculars, field scope tubes In addition, use of telephoto-mounted cameras, Nikon Coolpix P900 superzoom cameras for remote bird photography - Catching - dropping mist-nets: Mist nets used to study are 4handed, and 12 m long, 2.6 m high, 15 x 15 mm mesh (net produced by Italy Each research site often uses 10-12 nets) - Interview local people: To get more information for the field survey process, we also interviewed people who are managers of protected areas, forest rangers, commune management and people used to hunt - Identification of bird species: During the field survey as well as interviews with local people, the books with photos or color drawings illustrated to quickly identify birds in Pu Luong NR; To assess the threat level of birds in the study area, a number of documents have been used: IUCN Red List (2018), Vietnam Red Book (2007), Decree No 160/2013/ND-CP, Decree No 06/2019, Circular No 04/2017/TT-BNNPTNT (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development) - Classification system: List of bird species in the Nature Reserve, we sort by the classification system of Richard Howard and Alick Moore, used in the Book of the Bird's List "The Checklist of the Birds of the Word", the 4th edition and refer to the World Bird Catalog, Clement 6th edition - In addition, several methods are used: determining relative richness (Mackinnon List); assessing threats to the bird fauna of Pu Luong Nature Reserve (reference and inheritance of documents, rapid rural assessment with the participation of people ); Determining priority areas for monitoring and conservation of avifauna in Pu Luong Nature Reserve (by using a set of votes, criteria for marking the study areas); Analysis and data processing with Microsoft Excel, Past Statistics (Hammer et al., 2001); Using Sorensen-Dice index is used to compare the composition of birds in Pu Luong Nature Reserve with neighboring Nature Reserves 10 TT III ORDER NAME Family name Genus Quantit y Species % Quantit y % FALCONIFORMES 1,34 0,79 Falconidae 1,34 0,79 IV GALLIFORMES 3,36 1,98 Phasianidae 3,36 1,98 V CHARADRIIFORMES 2,68 2,96 Charadriidae 1,34 0,79 Scolopacidae 1,34 0,79 VI COLUMBIFORMES 3,36 3,57 Columbidae 3,36 3,57 0,67 0,79 0,67 0,79 3,36 3,17 VII PSITTACIFORMES Psittacidae VIII CUCULIFORMES 10 Cuculidae 3,36 3,17 IX STRIGIFORMES 2,68 5,19 11 Tytonidae 0,67 0,40 12 Strigidae 2,01 2,38 X CAPRIMULGIFORMES 0,67 0,40 13 Caprimulgidae 0,67 0,40 XI APODIFORMES 2,01 1,59 14 Apodidae 2,01 1,59 XII TROGONIIFORMES 0,67 0,40 15 0,67 0,40 4,70 11 4,37 Trogonidae XIII CORACIFORMES 16 Alcedinidae 0,67 1,59 17 Meropidae 0,67 0,79 11 TT ORDER NAME Family name Genus Quantit y Species % Quantit y % 18 Coraciidae 1,34 1,59 18 Upupidae 0,67 0,40 20 Bucerotidae 1,34 0,79 4,70 15 5,95 XIV PICIFORMES 21 Ramphastidae 0,67 2,38 22 Picidae 4,03 3,57 XV PASSERIFORMES 89 59,73 177 70,24 23 Eurylaimidae 1,34 0,79 24 Pittidae 0,67 0,40 25 Hirundinidae 1,34 0,79 26 Motacillidae 1,34 1,98 27 Campephagidae 1,34 2,38 28 Tephrodornithidae 0,67 0,40 29 Pycnonotidae 4,03 13 5,16 30 Chloropseidae 0,67 0,79 31 Aegithindae 0,67 1,19 32 Cinclidae 0,67 0,40 33 Turdidae 1,34 1,98 34 Cisticolidae 1,34 1,59 35 Phylloscopidae 1,34 2,78 36 Cettiidae 0,67 0,40 37 Locustelidae 0,74 0,79 38 Sylviidae 0,67 0,79 39 Muscicapidae 13 8,72 24 9,52 40 Rhipiduridae 0,67 0,40 12 TT ORDER NAME Family name Genus Quantit y Species % Quantit y % 41 Monarchidae 1,34 0,79 42 Timaliidae 19 12,75 33 13,10 43 Aegithalidae 0,67 0,40 44 Paridae 1,34 0,79 45 Sittidae 0,67 0,79 46 Nectariniidae 2,01 3,17 47 Dicaeidae 0,67 0,79 48 Zosteropidae 0,67 0,40 49 Oriolidea 0,67 0,40 50 Lanidae 0,67 1,59 51 Irenidae 0,67 0,40 52 Dicruridae 0,67 2,38 53 Artamidae 0,67 0,40 54 Corvidae 4,03 3,17 55 Sturnidae 2,01 1,98 56 Ploceidae 0,67 0,40 57 Estrildidae 0,67 0,79 58 Emberizidae 0,67 0,40 149 252 - The diversity of families in the ministries: Passeriformes is the most diverse with 36 families, accounting for 62.07%; followed by Coraciiformes with families accounting for 8.62%; others order has 1-2 families - Variety of genus in families: Babbler is the most diverse 13 family with 19 genera, accounting for 12.75%; followed by Flycatcher with 13 genera, accounting for 8.72% However, there are 30 families with only genus, accounting for 0.67% The rest have - genera - Species diversity: They are the largest family of 58 families recorded in Pu Luong Nature Reserve with 33 species, accounting for 13.10% Next is the Flycatcher family with 24 species, accounting for 9.52%; There are 17 families with only bird species, accounting for 0.4% The remaining families have - 14 species 3.1.3 New recorded species for Pu Luong Nature Reserve and North Central Region The research results have added to the Pu Luong Nature Reserve 74 new recorded species compared to the previous study by Le Trong Trai, Do Tuoc (1997) and the project "Investigation and listing of forest fauna and flora in Pu Luong Nature Reserve” (2013) Besides, 30 species of bird were new recorded in the North Central region according to the document "List of Vietnamese birds" by Vo Quy and Nguyen Cu (1999) 3.1.4 Birds are important for conservation Pu Luong Nature Reserve has 44 bird species of conservation value, including: 10 species were listed in IUCN/2019 World Red List, 06 species were listed in Vietnam Red Book (2007), 31 species were listed in Circular 04/2017/TT-BNNPTNT (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development), 35 species were listed in Decree 06/2019, 01 species were listed in Decree No 160/2013 of 14 the Prime Minister 3.1.5 Status of some bird species has conservation significance The survey also identified the current status of 14 species of conservation value in Pu Luong Nature Reserve: Lophura nycthemera, Anastomus oscitans, Spilornis cheela, Aquila clanga, Aquila heliaca, Psittacula himalayana, Rhyticeros undulatus, Picus rabieri, Sitta solangaiae, Tyto alba, ALcedo hercules, Gracula religiosa, Chloropsis cochinchinensis, Aegithina viridissima 3.1.6 Diversity and abundance of avifauna Field bird surveys have recorded 205 bird species, located in 77 Mackinnon lists, each with bird species From the lists Mackinnon has drawn a graph of bird detection curves in Pu Luong Nature Reserve Species accumulation curve increases slowly and tends to move sideways at the end of the chart Thus, if further investigation is conducted, the possibility of adding more species components in Pu Luong Nature Reserve is not much The diversity of avifauna in Pu Luong Nature Reserve according to Mackinnon is shown in Figure 3.4 15 Figure 3.4: Curve of bird species in Pu Luong Nature Reserve Common species include: Pycnonotus jocosus most popular in 10 lists Mackinnon (accounting for 12,99%); Hypsipetes leucocephalus followed in lists (accounting for 11,69%); species are present in lists, accounting for 10.39% including: Phaenicophaeus tristis, Alophoixus pallidus, Pericrocotus flammeus, Pycnonotus melanicterus 3.1.7 Relationship of bird fauna in Pu Luong Nature Reserve with avifauna in the North Central region Use PAST Statistics software (Hammer et al., 2001), analysis of homology coefficients and geographic animal relationships between regions (number of repetitions 1000), resulting in: Bird composition in Pu Luong Nature Reserve is closest to Pu Hu Nature Reserve with the similarity coefficient of 0.7397; The furthest difference is between Pu Luong Nature Reserve and Xuan Lien Nature Reserve, the similarity 16 coefficient is 0.6073, detailed in Figure 3.5 Figure 3.5: Diagram of bird species similarity between the studied area and some national parks and the North Central region 3.2 Distribution characteristics of birds in Pu Luong Nature Reserve 3.2.1 Characteristics of bird distribution according to habitat types Based on the findings of wild birds, random synthesis of their presence in each habitat has generalized the distribution of birds according to the habitat types in Pu Luong Nature Reserve in Figure 3.6 17 Figure 3.6 Diagram of distribution of families and bird species according to the main habitats in Pu Luong Nature Reserve Diversity of them according to forest habitats: the most diverse secondary forest with 40 families (accounting for 71.43%), followed by the habitat of plantation forest with 39 families (accounting for 69.64%); 35 grassland and shrub habitats (62.50%); upland fields, fields, villages have 31 families (accounting for 55.36%); The most diverse is the habitat of primeval forest with only 26 families (accounting for 46%) The diversity of bird species composition according to habitat, the most diverse is secondary forest with 162 species (accounting for 79.02%); the second is the shrub grassland habitat with 100 species (accounting for 48.78%); primeval forest has 95 species (accounting for 46.34%); planted forest has 87 species (accounting for 42.44%); 18 Habitat recorded at least species is upland field, field, village with 56 species (accounting for 27.32%) 3.2.2 Distribution of birds along the forest canopy The distribution of birds according to forest canopy in Pu Luong Nature Reserve in Figure 3.7 Figure 3.7: The distribution of birds along the forest canopy The most diverse forest roof is 125 species (accounting for 60.98%), followed by forest carpet with 115 species (accounting for 56.10%), the most diverse is the middle layer with 97 species of birds (accounting for 47.32 %) The forest floor is the distribution of species belonging to the group of raptors, birds eating plants or eating insects on the tops of trees, groups of birds catching insects when flying; in the middle of the forest, a group of people who eat food along the trunk, a group that feeds on foliage at an altitude of 10 - 20m, some species of the Cat Owl nest in niches in the trunk Forest floor layer is the distribution of species with life (nesting, feeding ) 19 related to the ground and shrub layer 3.2.3 Variation of seasonal birds in the year The variation in composition and number of birds according to seasons in the year is shown in Figure 3.9 Figure 3.9: Fluctuation of birds according to seasons Winter and spring are the most recorded times of the year The number of birds in the winter has 140 species (accounting for 68.29%) The number of bird species recorded in this season is the highest in the year with 163 species (accounting for 79.51%) These two seasons are also the time of recorded migratory birds In Pu Luong Nature Reserve, 28 species of migratory birds have been identified, some of the most easily observed migratory birds in the Nature Reserve such as Apus pacificus, Merops viridis, Anthus hodgsoni, Motacilla cinerea There are 112 bird species in the summer (occupying 54.63%), autumn recorded at least 78 bird species 20 (accounting for 38.05%) 3.3 Causes and threats affecting the bird fauna of Pu Luong Nature Reserve - Threats to bird fauna in Pu Luong Nature Reserve: Exploiting timber and non-timber forest products, hunting and trading illegal birds, illegally exploiting gold, free grazing, making roads information - Causes of threats: customs and practices of local people, poverty status of living communities adversely affecting forest resources, legal validity and limited policies processing 3.4 Proposing solutions to manage, conserve and sustainably develop bird resources in Pu Luong Nature Reserve - Proposing areas to prioritize monitoring and conservation: by eliminating areas of investigation and research Areas with a general average score greater than or equal to points are determined to be prioritized for conservation The results have identified areas to prioritize monitoring and conservation: Eo Đieu village, Kit Village, Eo Ken village, Pa Kha village - Some bird species need to be prioritized for monitoring and conservation: precious and valuable bird species with reduced number of birds, some of which are being trapped by many for farming or for food These subjects need to prioritize protection to maintain and restore populations of species: Lophura nycthemera, Aquila clanga Aquila heliaca, Rhyticeros undulatus - Other solutions: Well implementing forest management and protection; raising community awareness about biodiversity 21 conservation and law; creating livelihoods to improve the life of the local community (developing ecotourism, replicating the farming model of the duck farm, raising freshwater fish, developing cassava growing areas, growing medicinal plants) CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS I CONCLUSION About avifauna - Avifauna of Pu Luong Nature Reserve has a total of 252 species belonging to 58 families, 15 orders In addition, 74 species were new recorded to Pu Luong Nature Reserve and 30 species were new recorded to North Central Passeriformes is the most diverse order with 36 families, 89 genera and 177 species Babbler is most diverse family with 19 genera and 33 species - Pu Luong Nature Reserve has 44 bird species of conservation value, including: 10 species were listed in IUCN Red List (2019), 06 species were listed in Vietnam Red Book (2007), 01 species was listed in Decree No 160/2013, 35 species were listed in Decree 06/2019, 31 species were listed in Circular No 04/2017/TT-BNNPTNT (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development) - Similar relationship of Pu Luong Nature Reserve with other areas in the North Central region: The composition of birds in Pu Luong Nature Reserve is closest to Pu Hu Nature Reserve with the similarity coefficient of 0.7397, the most distant is Xuan Lien Nature Reserve Contact with a similar coefficient of 0.6073 Distribution characteristics of birds in Pu Luong Nature Reserve 22 - Distribution of birds in the form of habitat: Birds are unevenly distributed in main habitats in Pu Luong Nature Reserve In particular, the most diverse secondary forest habitat has 162 species; Habitat for upland fields, fields and the least diverse village has 56 species - Distribution of birds according to forest canopy: forest roof layer is the distribution of raptors, fruit, insects on canopy or nectar; the middle layer is the distribution of foraging species along the trunk, the foliage of the trees growing or nesting on the tree holes The forest floor has live birds related to the ground and shrubs - Variation of seasonal birds in the year: spring is the most recorded time of the year with 163 species, followed by 140 species of winter, 112 species of summer Autumn has the lowest number of species in the year with 78 species Causes, major threats to the avifauna of Pu Luong Nature Reserve and proposed some conservation solutions - Threats: (1) illegal logging of timber and non-timber forest products, (2) bird hunting, (3) deforestation for roads Hunting is the main cause of serious decline in bird resources here - Causes of threats: backward customs, poverty, limited awareness, weak enforcement of the law In addition, it is due to ineffective management of functional agencies and Management Board of Pu Luong Nature Reserve - Proposed measures for management, conservation and development of bird resources in Pu Luong Nature Reserve: To well implement education to raise community awareness about 23 conservation and creating living conditions to improve the lives of local people By afforestation, ecotourism development, focusing on developing a market-oriented agricultural economy, strengthening forest protection and regional construction, the program prioritizes monitoring and conservation of bird resources II RECOMMENDATIONS Continue study food composition of birds according to seasons to develop conservation and bird-watching tours sustainably Suggest the authority of Pu Luong nature reserve and relevant management entities conduct the solutions in terms of bird fauna management and conservation suggest in PhD thesis It is necessary to develop ecotourism development plan including the construction of tourist routes to see birds in Pu Luong Nature Reserve in combination with other forms of tourism (such as community tourism, homestay etc.), good use benefit sharing mechanism is especially for tourism activities 24 PUBLISHED ARTICLES RELATED TO THESIS Hoang Ngoc Hung, Nguyen Cu, Nguyen Lan Hung Son (2016) Initial data on bird composition in the limestone mountains of Ho - Kac area, Lung Cao commune in Pu Luong Nature Reserve, Thanh Hoa province Scientific report on Biological Research and Teaching in Vietnam, Second National Scientific Conference, Hanoi National University Publishing House, p.365-372 Hoang Ngoc Hung, Nguyen Cu, Nguyen Lan Hung Son (2017) Stuydy of curent status and orientations development of bird watching in Pu Luong nature reserve, Thanh Hoa province Scientific conference Tropical ecology - Some scientific and practical issues, Vietnam - Russia tropical center, p.155-161 Nguyen Lan Hung Son, Vu Thi Tham, Hoang Ngoc Hung, Ly Ngoc Tu (2018) Diversification of bird species in planted forest ecosystem in Pu Luong Nature Reserve, Thanh Hoa province Scientific report on Biological Research and Teaching in Vietnam, 3rd National Scientific Conference, Natural Science Publishing House and Technology, ISBN: 978-604-913-695-5, p 58-65 Hoang Ngoc Hung, Nguyen Lan Hung Son, Nguyen Cu, Ly Ngoc Tu (2018) Study the effect of human factors on human fauna and propose conservation solutions at Pu Luong Nature Reserve, Thanh Hoa province Scientific report on Biological Research and Teaching in Vietnam, 3rd National Scientific Conference, Natural Science Publishing House and Technology, ISBN: 978-604-913-695-5, p 382-390 Hoang Ngoc Hung, Nguyen Lan Hung Son, Nguyen Cu, Ha Thi Huong, (2019) Characteristics of bird distribution according to the main habitats in Pu Luong Nature Reserve, Thanh Hoa province Journal of Agriculture & Rural Development, No 2/2019, p.122-129 Hung Ngoc Hoang, Son Hung Lan Nguyen, Cu Nguyen, (2020) Birds from Pu Luong Nature Reserve, Thanh Hoa Province, North Viet Nam: an update on biodiversity and cheklist J Adv Biotechnol Exp Ther 2020; (1): 29-42 ... Reserve, Thanh Hoa province Journal of Agriculture & Rural Development, No 2/2019, p.122-129 Hung Ngoc Hoang, Son Hung Lan Nguyen, Cu Nguyen, (2020) Birds from Pu Luong Nature Reserve, Thanh Hoa... the bird fauna and proposals management and conservation solutions in Pu Luong Nature Reserve, Thanh Hoa province” Research aims Determining the species diversity, composition and distribution... North Central Vietnam According to Vo Quy and Nguyen Cu (1995), the North Central region includes Thanh Hoa, Nghe An and Ha Tinh provinces Associated with historical landmarks of Vietnam, history