CHUYÊN ĐỀ 12: LIÊN TỪ VÀ CÁC DẠNG MỆNH ĐỀ PHẦN 1: MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ I CÁC LOẠI MỆNH ĐỀ TRONG TIẾNG ANH Có loại mệnh đề: Mệnh đề danh từ (Noun clauses): Eg: I don't understand what the teacher said That I dislike him is clear Whether she loves me or not is unknown Mệnh đề trạng ngữ (adverbial clauses): Eg: I won't leave until he answers my question I will call him once I have finished my job Mệnh đề quan hệ (relative clauses): Mệnh đề quan hệ gọi mệnh đề tính ngữ (adjective clause) bổ nghĩa cho danh từ đứng sau danh từ mà bổ nghĩa cho Eg: The man who lent me this book is my father's friend She is talking to the man who lent me this book II ĐẠI TỪ QUAN HỆ Đại từ quan hệ người ➢ who - thay cho chủ ngữ, ➢ whom - thay cho tân ngữ, ➢ whose + N - thay cho sở hữu cách Eg: The girl who loves me is a teacher The girl whom I love is a teacher The girl whose sister loves me is a teacher That is the girl whose sister I love Đại từ quan hệ vật ➢ which - thay cho chủ ngữ tân ngữ, ➢ whose/of which – thay cho sở hữu cách Eg: The language which we are learning is the most popular in the world (which tân ngữ) We are learning the language which is the most popular in the world (which chủ ngữ) The house is now in bad condition Its roof was blown off by the hurricane is now in bad condition => The house whose roof/the roof of which was blown off by the hurricane is now in bad condition ➢ That: Dùng cho người vật, thay cho chủ ngữ tân ngữ ❖ Các trường hợp dùng “that” : • Để thay cho cụm danh từ bao gồm người vật Eg: He told me about the places and people that he had seen in London • Dùng với so sánh nhất, “the first”, “the last” Eg: She was the first that broke the silence • Dùng “that” sau đại từ bất định: anything, everything, nothing… Eg: He just said anything that came into his head • Sau từ “all, little, none, only” dùng “that” Eg: All that I can for you is to leave you alone ❖ Các trường hợp khơng dùng “that” : • “That” không thay cho sở hữu cách: whose, of which • Khi đưa giới từ lên trước đại từ quan hệ khơng dùng “that” Eg: The man whom/that we are talking about is my teacher Nhưng: The man about whom we are talking is my teacher ❖ Mệnh đề quan hệ giới hạn & Mệnh đề quan hệ khơng giới hạn: • Mệnh đề quan hệ giới hạn: Đây loại mệnh đề cần thiết tiền ngữ chưa xác định, khơng có câu khơng đủ nghĩa Eg: The man who/that invented the steam engine was a Scottish scientist • Mệnh đề quan hệ khơng giới hạn: Đây loại mệnh đề không cần thiết tiền ngữ xác định, khơng có câu đủ nghĩa Eg: James Watt, who invented the steam engine, was a Scottish scientist • Dùng mệnh đề quan hệ không giới hạn trường hợp sau: - Danh từ riêng (Proper noun) - Tính từ sở hữu + N (Ex: my teacher, my friends ) - Tính từ định: this, that, these, those • Lưu ý: - Không dùng THAT mệnh đề quan hệ không giới hạn - Mệnh đề quan hệ khơng giới hạn ngăn với mệnh đề dấu phẩy ❖ Mệnh đề nối tiếp: đứng sau dấu phẩy, thay cho mệnh đề phía trước trước Eg: He always tells lie, which makes her sad = That he always tells lies makes her sad ❖ Các cụm từ số lượng: Eg: I tried on three pairs of shoes None of the shoes fitted me => I try on three pairs of shoes, none of which fitted me Mary has three brothers All of them are married => Mary has three brothers, all of whom are married They asked me a lot of questions I couldn’t answer most of them => They asked me a lot of questions, most of which I couldn’t answer III TRẠNG TỪ QUAN HỆ Trạng từ nơi chốn: where Where = in/on/at + which: thay cho danh từ nơi chốn, địa điểm Eg 1: This is the house We used to live in the house => This is the house which we used to live in => This is the house in which we used to live => This is the house where we used to live Eg 2: I'm calling from the bar The bar is very noisy => The bar which I'm calling from is very noisy => The bar from which I'm calling is very noisy => The bar where I'm calling is very noisy Trạng từ thời gian: when When = in/on/at + which: thay cho danh từ thời gian Eg: He was born on the day His father was away on that day => He was born on the day when his father was away The days on which/when I lived far from home were the saddest ones Trạng từ nguyên nhân: why why = for which: thay cho danh từ nguyên nhân ( the reason, the cause ) Eg: Please tell me the reason why you are so sad The reason why I came late this morning was that my alarm clock didn't go off IV GIẢN LƯỢC MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ Dùng cụm Ving: Dùng cho mệnh đề chủ động Eg: The man who is standing there is my brother =>The man standing there is my brother The girl who bought this cat is beautiful => The girl buying this cat is beautiful The students who don't their homework will be punished => The students not doing their homework will be punished Lưu ý: Khi đại từ quan hệ thay cho tân ngữ, không giản mệnh đề quan hệ được, lược bỏ đại từ quan hệ Eg: The man whom I am talking about is handsome => The man I am talking about is handsome Dùng P2: cho mệnh đề bị động Eg: I like books which were written by Nguyen Du => I like books written by Nguyen Du Dùng cụm to - inf: Dùng danh từ đứng trước có chữ sau bổ nghĩa: • The + so sánh nhất, the first, the second , the only, the next, the last Eg: This is the only student who can the problem => This is the only student to the problem • Động từ “have/had’’ Eg: I have many homework that I must => I have many homework to • Đầu câu có HERE ,THERE Eg: There are six letters which have to be written today => There are six letters to be written today Lưu ý: • Nếu trước đại từ quan hệ có giới từ phải đem xuống cuối câu Ex: We have a rack which we hang our coat on => We have a rack to hang our coat on • Nếu chủ ngữ mệnh đề khác thêm cụm “ for sb’’ trước “ to inf’’: Eg: We have some picture books that children can read => We have some picture books for children to read Dùng cụm danh từ - noun phrase ( đồng chủ ngữ ) Dùng mệnh đề tính từ có dạng: Who/which + BE + Danh từ/Tính từ/Cụm danh từ/Cụm trạng từ Eg: Football, which is a popular sport, is very good for health => Football, a popular sport, is very good for health Do you like the book which is on the table? => Do you like the book on the table? PHẦN 2: CÁC DẠNG MỆNH ĐỀ MỆNH ĐỀ DANH TỪ I ĐỊNH NGHĨA Mệnh đề danh từ mệnh đề đóng vai trò danh từ câu Eg: I don't understand what the teacher said → Đặc điểm mệnh đề danh từ: Mệnh đề thường bắt đầu if, whether từ để hỏi what, why, when, where, …và từ that II CHỨC NĂNG CỦA MỆNH ĐỀ DANH TỪ ➢ Mệnh đề danh ngữ làm chủ ngữ câu Eg: Where/when/why/what/that…+ S + V + V (số ít) That she comes late surprises me Why she is absent is nothing to me When he leaves is up to me ➢ Mệnh đề danh ngữ làm tân ngữ sau động từ S + V + what/ where/ when/why/ that……+ S + V Eg: I don’t know what she wants They think that they are wrong Can you show me where they are now? ➢ Mệnh đề danh ngữ làm tân ngữ sau giới từ Eg: S + V/be adj+ prep+ where/what/ when/why/that….+ S + V Their decision depends on what they think He is interested in how we could that ➢ Mệnh đề danh ngữ làm bổ ngữ cho chủ ngữ S + tobe + what/ where/when/why/that….+ S + V Eg: The problem is where you are now The main point of the speech is why people should the morning exercise III MỆNH ĐỀ DANH TỪ RÚT GỌN Mệnh đề danh ngữ rút gọn khi: – Mệnh đề danh ngữ đứng vị trí tân ngữ – Mệnh đề danh ngữ mệnh đề có chung chủ ngữ Khi đó, mệnh đề danh ngữ rút gọn thành dạng: S + V + Wh…+ to V Eg: She didn’t know how much coffee she had to make for the meeting → She didn’t know how much coffee to make for the meeting MỆNH ĐỀ TRẠNG NGƯ Các dạng mệnh đề trạng ngữ: ➢ Mệnh đề trạng ngữ thời gian ➢ Mệnh đề trạng ngữ mục đích ➢ Mệnh đề trạng ngữ kết ➢ Mệnh đề trạng ngữ nguyên nhân ➢ Mệnh đề trạng ngữ quan hệ tương phản/nhượng ➢ Mệnh đề trạng ngữ thể cách ➢ Mệnh đề trạng ngữ điều kiện ➢ Mệnh đề trạng ngữ so sánh I MỆNH ĐỀ TRẠNG NGƯ CHỈ THỜI GIAN Mệnh đề trạng ngữ thời gian thường bắt đầu bằng: • Before, after: trước, sau • as soon as: sau khi, • while: khi, • when, as: khi, • until/till: khi, • once: mà, khi, • by, by the time: ✓ Before/by/by the time: Eg: I'll have finished my work by the time/before you come back I had finished my work before/by/by the time I went home = After I had finished my work, I went home ✓ As soon as: Eg: I'll leave as soon as I finish my work ✓ When/As/While ❑ Cách dùng “when/as”: • When + QKĐ, QKĐ: Eg: When I was young, I liked to eat ice-cream • When + QKĐ, QKTD: Eg: I was reading when he came • QKĐ + when + QKHT Eg: He came when everyone had left • When + HTĐ, TLĐ Eg: When you become an adult, you will know the truth ❑ Cách dùng while: • while + HTTD, HTTD (while + QKTD, QKTD) Eg: While we are studying, they are hanging out I was learning while my father was watching TV • While + QKTD, QKĐ Eg: While they were having lunch, she said nothing to him ➢ Lưu ý: Phân biệt while during • While (Conjunction) + Clause • During (Preposition) + Noun/V-ing Eg: During lunch, she said nothing to him ✓ Until/till + clause: Eg: I'll wait here until you come back ✓ Once + clause = when : Eg: Once I have finished my exercises, I'll go out ✓ Not until/Only when/Only after + clause, inversion Eg: Only when he came into light, did I recognize him II MỆNH ĐỀ TRẠNG NGƯ CHỈ MỤC ĐÍCH Mệnh đề trạng ngữ mục đích mệnh đề xác định mục đích mà hành động mệnh đề xảy Mệnh đề trạng ngữ mục đích thường bắt đầu bằng: • so that; in order that (để mà); • lest (kẻo mà); • for fear that ( sợ rằng) • so that; in order that: Eg: She is studing hard so that/in order that she can pass the upcoming exam ✓ Lest: Eg: We left the house early lest we would miss the train ✓ for fear that: Eg: I closed the window for fear that the baby should catch cold ➢ Lưu ý: Để diễn tả mục đích sử dụng từ cụm từ sau: ✓ in order to/so as to+ V.inf Eg: She is studing hard in order to pass the upcoming exam ✓ in order for sb/sth to sth: Eg: We prepare everything in order for them to finish the job quickly ✓ With a view to V - ing/not V – ing Eg: With a view to passing the upcoming exam, she is studying hard III MỆNH ĐỀ TRẠNG NGƯ CHỈ KẾT QUẢ Mệnh đề kết mệnh đề bổ nghĩa cho mệnh đề cách xác định kết Mệnh đề trạng ngữ kết bắt đầu bằng: ✓ so (vì vậy), ✓ so that, such that (quá đến nỗi) Eg: She had studied hard so she pass the exam successfully ❖ Các cấu trúc “so that” “such that” • S + tobe/verb + so + adj/adv + that + clause Eg: The coffee is so hot that we can't drink it He swam so strongly that he won the first prize • S + tobe + such + (a/an) + adj + N + that + clause Eg: It is such hot coffee that we can’t drink it He was such a strong swimmer that he won the first prize ➢ Lưu ý: Với cấu trúc “so … that” chuyển thành “such that” , ta biến động từ thành danh từ, chuyển trạng từ thành tính từ Eg: He drives so carelessly that he has many accidents →He is such a carless driver that he has many accidents • S + tobe + so + adj + a/an + singular noun + that + clause Eg: It is so nice a dog that she always take it out for a walk Vận dụng: Eg: She types so careful that she never makes any mistakes → She is such a careful typist that she never make any mistakes → She is so careful a typist that she never make any mistakes • S +V+ so +many/few +plural noun +that +clause Eg: She has so many friends that she can't remember their birthdays So few students registered for the class that it was cancelled • S + V + so + much/little + uncountable noun + that + clause Eg: My mother has so little free time that she never watches TV at night They spent so much money that they got broken IV MỆNH ĐỀ TRẠNG NGƯ CHỈ NGUYÊN NHÂN Mệnh đề trạng ngữ ngun nhân thường bắt đầu bằng: • Because: Bởi • Since: Bởi • As: Bởi • For: Bởi ✓ Since: • Since + QKĐ, HTHT: Kể từ • Since + HTĐ/HTTD, clause: Bởi Eg: Since you’re in a hurry, we’d better start now ✓ As: • As + Clause = Like + N: giống • As = when: • As = because: Eg: As we’ve been married for years, it’s time to think about having a baby • Because = For + clause: Eg: Because it rained heavily, the flight was delayed ➢ Lưu ý: Due to (nguyên nhân xấu) = on account of = Owing to = by virtue of = because of (prep) + Noun/ V-ing: Eg: Because of the heavy rain, the flight was delayed Due to the fact that it rained heavily, the flight was delayed Thanks to (nguyên nhân tốt) = By dint of (nguyên nhân tốt) + sb/st/ V-ing: Eg: The baby is awake thanks to you and your shouting Khi thêm THE FACT THAT vào sau giới từ due to = on account of = owing to = by virtue of = because of = thanks to = By dint of, chúng dùng liên từ, kèm phía sau mệnh đề Eg: Because of the fact that she is a daughter of a rich man, he wants to marry her Seeing that/Now that: thấy rằng, Eg: Seeing that/Now that it rained heavily, she stayed at home V MỆNH ĐỀ TRẠNG NGƯ CHỈ THỂ CÁCH ✓ As & Like: Như • As + Mệnh đề: Eg: When in Rome, as Roman • Like + tân ngữ: Eg: Do like me (= Do as I do) ✓ Phân biệt Alike Unlike: • Alike: giống Eg: The twins look/are alike • Unlike + noun: Eg: Unlike other classmates, I chose to study French ✓ As if/As though: Câu giả định (như thể là) Eg: He talks/is talking as if he were my father VI MỆNH ĐỀ TRẠNG NGƯ CHỈ SỰ NHƯỢNG BỢ/TƯƠNG PHẢN • While/Whereas + Mệnh đề 1, Mệnh đề Eg: He learns hard whereas his friends don't • Although/Though/Even though + Mệnh đề/PII (giảm mệnh đề) Eg: Although published late, the book received great feedback Though it rained heavily, we came to class on time • Despite/In spite of + Noun/V-ing, clause Eg: Despite coming late, he wasn't punished Though it rained heavily, we came to class on time → Despite the heavy rain, we came to class on time Lưu ý: Chỉ dùng V - ing V - ing mệnh đề có chủ ngữ VII CẤU TRÚC ĐỚI LẬP ✓ However + adj/adv + S + verb Eg: However hard he tried, he failed the exam ✓ Adj/adv + as + S + verb Eg: However hard he tried, he failed the exam → Hard as he tried, he failed the exam ✓ No matter • No matter how = however : dù Eg: No matter how hard he tried, he failed the exam • No matter who = whoever: cho dù Eg: No matter who you are, I still believe in you = Whoever you are, I still believe in you • No matter what = whatever : dù điều Eg: No matter what happens, smile and pass it = Whatever happens, smile and pass it • No matter where = wherever: nơi đâu Eg: No matter where/wherever you go, your family is still in your heart PHẦN 3: LIÊN TỪ VÀ TRẠNG TỪ LIÊN KẾT LIÊN TỪ I ĐỊNH NGHĨA Liên từ từ dùng để nối hai phần, hai mệnh đề câu lại với Eg: This shop opens at a.m and (it) closes at p.m II PHÂN LOẠI LIÊN TỪ Liên từ kết hợp Dùng loại liên từ để nối từ loại cụm từ/nhóm từ loại mệnh đề ngang hàng (tính từ với tính từ, danh từ với danh từ ) Liên từ kết hợp gồm: • but = yet: Eg: He is intelligent but very lazy She says she does not love me, yet I still love her • and: Eg: She is a good and loyal wife • or: Eg: We have to work hard, or we will fail the exam • nor: Eg: That is not what I meant to say, nor should you interpret my statement as an admission of guilt • for: Eg: He will surely succeed, for he works hard • so: Eg: I want to work as an interpreter in the future, so I am studying Russian at university Liên từ tương hơ • both and… Eg: She is both beautiful and intelligent Both my brother and my friend like English • not only but also… Eg: He did the exercise not only quickly but also correctly I like playing not only tennis but also football • either or Eg: Either I or he is wrong I have either houses or cars • neither nor Eg: He drinks neither wine nor beer Neither I nor he likes watching movies • whether or Eg: I wonder whether he loves me or not Liên từ phụ thuộc Loại liên từ phụ thuộc nối kết nhóm từ, cụm từ mệnh đề có chức khác mệnh đề phụ với mệnh đề câu • after: sau Eg: After the train left, we went home • before: trước Eg: I tried to finish my homework before my father came home • as soon as: Eg: Write to me as soon as you can • As = when: Eg: When/As you visit Berlin, send me a postcard • Since: từ Eg: I haven't seen him since he left his hometown to pursue his dream • As = since = because: Eg: As/Since/Because you couldn't see the film, we'll tell you something about it • Until: Eg: He didn't notice anything strange until he heard a noise from upstairs • While: Eg: Don't talk while you eat • Whereas: (trái ngược) Eg: He learns hard whereas his friends don't • Athough/though/even though: Eg: Although it was after midnight, we did not feel tired • Even if: kể Eg: Even if you are confident in your ability, never ever underestimate your opponents • If/unless: nếu/nếu khơng Eg: Her baby cannot fall asleep unless she stays in the room • as long as: miễn Eg: I will lend you my car as long as you promise to drive carefully • in case: phòng Eg: In case it will rain, please take an umbrella when you go out • so that/in order that: để Eg: We left early so that we wouldn’t be caught in the traffic jam TRẠNG TỪ LIÊN KẾT Trạng từ liên kết trạng từ dùng để nối ý tưởng, mệnh đề đoạn văn Từ nối dùng để thêm thơng tin • In addition: Thêm vào • Furthermore: Hơn nữa, thêm • Moreover: Hơn • Additionally: Thêm vào • Also: Hơn • Again: Lại • Besides: ngồi • What’s more: Hơn Lưu ý: Phân biệt “Besides” & “Beside”: • Besides: Ngồi • Beside = next to = close to = by: bên cạnh Eg: I really want to go to the party Besides, it is close to/beside my house Từ nối nguyên nhân, kết • As a result: Kết • As a consequence: Kết • Accordingly: Theo • resultedly: Kết • consequentl: Do • therefore: Do • hence/thus: Do Từ nối sự đối lập • However: nhiên • Nevertheless: nhiên • Nonetheless: nhiên • in contrast: Trái lại • on the contrary: Trái lại • Notwithstanding: nhiên, • still/yet: mà, • on the other hand: mặt khác • Otherwise: khơng Eg: My teacher helped me a lot Otherwise, I wouldn't have passed the exam Từ nối mang nghĩa nhấn mạnh: • In fact: thực • In practice: thực tế • In theory: theo lý thuyết • Indeed: thực Eg: He is a hard-working employee Indeed, he works ten hours a day Từ nối đưa kết luận • after all: sau tất • at last, finally: cuối • in brief: nói chung • in conclusion: kết luận lại • on the whole: nói chung • to conclude: để kết luận • to summarize: Tóm lại ... exercise III MỆNH ĐỀ DANH TỪ RÚT GỌN Mệnh đề danh ngữ rút gọn khi: – Mệnh đề danh ngữ đứng vị trí tân ngữ – Mệnh đề danh ngữ mệnh đề có chung chủ ngữ Khi đó, mệnh đề danh ngữ rút gọn thành dạng:... PHẦN 2: CÁC DẠNG MỆNH ĐỀ MỆNH ĐỀ DANH TỪ I ĐỊNH NGHĨA Mệnh đề danh từ mệnh đề đóng vai trò danh từ câu Eg: I don't understand what the teacher said → Đặc điểm mệnh đề danh từ: Mệnh đề thường... meeting MỆNH ĐỀ TRẠNG NGƯ Các dạng mệnh đề trạng ngữ: ➢ Mệnh đề trạng ngữ thời gian ➢ Mệnh đề trạng ngữ mục đích ➢ Mệnh đề trạng ngữ kết ➢ Mệnh đề trạng ngữ nguyên nhân ➢ Mệnh đề trạng ngữ quan