CHUYÊN ĐỀ 9: ĐẢO NGỮ I ĐỊNH NGHĨA Câu đảo ngữ câu trần thuật bình thường đảo trợ động từ động từ lên trước chủ ngữ Eg: Seldom I listen to Rock music ❖ Một số loại câu nhấn mạnh dùng đảo ngữ tiếng Anh thường gặp: • too/so Eg: He is tall → I am, too = So am I • Either/neither: Eg: He isn’t tall→ I am not, either = Neither am I • Nor = neither: Eg: I don’t like him → Nor I = Neither I I don’t like him, nor I hate him II ĐẢO NGỮ VỚI NO/NOT Eg: No + Noun + Auxiliary + S + Verb ( inf) Not any + Noun + Auxiliary + S + Verb (inf) I won’t lend you any money from now on => Not any/No money will I lend you from now on Not a tear did she shed when the story ended in tragedy III ĐẢO NGỮ VỚI CÁC TRẠNG NGỮ PHỦ ĐỊNH Các trạng từ phủ định dùng câu đảo ngữ: never, rarely, seldom, little, hardly ever • Rarely: Eg: I have rarely seen such a beautiful building as Ljubljana, the capital of Slovenia => Rarely have I seen such a beautiful building as Ljubljana, the capital of Slovenia • Seldom: Eg: I seldom go to school late => Seldom I go to school late • Hardly ever: Eg: He hardly ever speaks in the public => Hardly ever does he speak in the public • Never: Eg: She has never seen such a beautiful house in her life => Never in her life has she seen such a beautiful picture This is the first time I have seen such an interesting film => Never before have I seen such an interesting film IV ĐẢO NGỮ VỚI ONLY • Only once: Eg: Only once have I met her • Only later: Eg: Only a week later did we realize what had happened • Only in this/that way: Chỉ cách Ex: Only in this way can we succeed • Only then: Eg: Only then did I realize that I had left my purpose at home • Only when + clause, (inv): Eg: Only when I arrived at the airport, did I realize that I had left my passport at home • Only if + clause: Eg: Only if you practice English at least hours a day can you master it • Only after + Noun/V-ing/clause: Eg: Only after a twelve hour-wait, did my flight leave Only after posting the letter, did I realize that I had forgotten to put on a stamp • Only by + noun/V-ing: Eg: Only by practicing English at least hours a day can you master it • Only with + Noun: Eg: Only with a big sum of money can you buy a house in Hanoi • Only in + adverb of time/place: Eg: Only in April is there this kind of flower V ĐẢO NGỮ VỚI CÁC CỤM TỪ CÓ “NO” • At no time: Eg: The outcome of the election was never in doubt => At no time was the outcome of the election in doubt He never suspected that she was a witch => At no time did he suspect that she was a witch • On no account: Dù lý khơng Eg: You mustn’t touch the switch on any account => On no account must you touch the switch • On no condition: Eg: On no condition shall we accept their proposal • Under/In no circumstances: Eg: The money is not to be paid under any circumstances => Under no circumstances is the money to be paid • For no reason: Eg: For no reason must you play truant • In no way: Khơng Eg: The shop can in no way be held responsible for customers' lost property => In no way can the shop be held responsible for customers' lost property • No longer: Eg: He used to smoke 20 cigarettes a day => No longer does he smoke 20 cigarettes a day • By no means: Hồn tồn khơng => By no means does he intend to criticize your idea VI ĐẢO NGỮ VỚI “NO SOONER…THAN; HARDLY/BARELY/SCARCELY…THAN”: vừa … No sooner + had + S + V3 + than + clause (Vqk) Hardly/ Barely/ Scarcely + had + S + V3 + when + clause (Vqk) Eg: I had no sooner arrived home than the phone rang => No sooner had I arrived home than the phone rang I had hardly arrived home when the phone rang => Hardly had I arrived home when the phone rang She just had time to put up her umbrella before the rain came down in torrents => No sooner had she put up her umbrella than the rain came down in torrents She had hardly begun to speak before people started interrupting her => Hardly had she begun to speak when people started interrupting her VII ĐẢO NGỮ VỚI “NOT UNTIL”: khi, Not until/till (then/later) Not until/till Eg: He couldn’t speak until he was => Not until he was 8, could he speak + Clause + Au + S + V = It was not until he was that he could speak VIII ĐẢO NGỮ VỚI “NOT ONLY…BUT ALSO”: … mà Not only + Au + S+ V, but….also… Not only + tobe + S + N/adj, but…also Eg: He is not only good at English but he can also draw very well => Not only is he good at English but he can also draw very well IX ĐẢO NGỮ VỚI “NOWHERE”: không đâu Nowhere + Auxi + S + V Eg: You won’t find a more dedicated worker anywhere than Mrs Jones => Nowhere will you find a more dedicated worker than Mrs Jones - Nowhere I feel as comfortable as I at home X ĐẢO NGỮ VỚI SO/SUCH Đảo ngữ với So So + adj/adv + Au + S + that + clause Eg: He worked so hard that he forgot his lunch => So hard did he work that he forgot his lunch The play is so popular that the theatre is likely to be full every night => So popular is the play that the theatre is likely to be full every night Đảo ngữ với Such: Such + Be + Noun + that + clause Eg: She is so beautiful that I can’t take my eyes off her => Such is her beauty that I can’t take my eyes off her.Her grief is so great that she almost fainted => Such is her grief that she almost fainted XI ĐẢO NGỮ TRONG CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN Đảo ngữ câu điều kiện loại I Ifc+ S + (should)+ V, S + will + V.inf => Should + S + V.inf, S + will + V.inf Eg: If he comes, I’ll call the police => Should he come, I’ll call the police Đảo ngữ câu điều kiện loại II • Câu có động từ tobe: If S + were + …, S + would + V.inf => Were + S + …, S+ would + V.inf Eg: If I were you, I wouldn't that => Were I you, I wouldn't that • Câu dùng động từ thường: If S + V.ed, S + would + V.inf => Were + S + to V.inf, S+ would + V.inf Eg: If I knew Portuguese, I’d speak to Ronando => Were I to know Portuguese, I’d speak to Ronando Đảo ngữ câu điều kiện loại III If + S + had P2, S + would have V3 => Had + S + P2, S + would have V3 Eg: If he had trained hard, he would have won the match => Had he trained hard, he would have won the match Lưu ý: Với câu điều kiện phủ định, đảo ngữ ta để NOT sau chủ ngữ Eg: If I hadn’t seen it with my own eyes, I wouldn't have believed it => Had I not seen it with my own eyes, I wouldn't have believed it XI ĐẢO NGỮ SAU CÁC CỤM TRẠNG TỪ CHỈ PHƯƠNG HƯỚNG VÀ VỊ TRI Khi câu bắt đầu cụm trạng từ, đặc biệt trạng từ phương hướng vị trí nội động từ thường đảo lên trước chủ ngữ Cách đảo ngữ sử dụng đặc biệt văn phong trang trọng văn chương (Place) + V + S Eg: Here comes the train Above the fireplace was a portrait of Lenin On the table sat the cat Up went the price In an armchair sat his mother Lưu ý: • Động từ TOBE thường sử dụng dạng đảo ngữ này, ngồi ta dùng động từ chuyển động “climb, come, fly, go, hang, lie, run, sit, stand ” • Thường dùng dạng đảo ngữ động từ khứ đơn giản • Trong trường hợp đảo ngữ này, khơng sử dụng trợ động từ câu hỏi mà dùng trực tiếp động từ đặt trước chủ ngữ • Khơng thực đảo ngữ chủ ngữ đại từ  ... sử dụng dạng đảo ngữ này, ngồi ta dùng động từ chuyển động “climb, come, fly, go, hang, lie, run, sit, stand ” • Thường dùng dạng đảo ngữ động từ khứ đơn giản • Trong trường hợp đảo ngữ này, không... phủ định, đảo ngữ ta để NOT sau chủ ngữ Eg: If I hadn’t seen it with my own eyes, I wouldn't have believed it => Had I not seen it with my own eyes, I wouldn't have believed it XI ĐẢO NGỮ SAU CÁC... câu bắt đầu cụm trạng từ, đặc biệt trạng từ phương hướng vị trí nội động từ thường đảo lên trước chủ ngữ Cách đảo ngữ sử dụng đặc biệt văn phong trang trọng văn chương (Place) + V + S Eg: Here comes