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(BQ) Part 1 book “The Washington manual of critical care” has contents: Hypovolemic shock, cardiogenic shock, anaphylactic shock, an approach to respiratory failure, initial ventilator setup, upper airway obstruction, the acute respiratory distress syndrome, status asthmaticus,… and other contents.
THE WASHINGTON MANUAL™ OF CRITICAL CARE 3rd Edition Marin H Kollef, MD Virginia E and Sam J Golman Chair in Respiratory Intensive Care Medicine Professor of Medicine Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine Director, Critical Care Research Director, Respiratory Care Services Washington University School of Medicine Barnes-Jewish Hospital St Louis, Missouri Warren Isakow, MD Associate Professor of Medicine Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Director, Medical Intensive Care Unit Washington University School of Medicine Barnes-Jewish Hospital St Louis, Missouri A Cole Burks, MD Instructor of Medicine Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Washington University School of Medicine Barnes-Jewish Hospital St Louis, Missouri Vladimir N Despotovic, MD Assistant Professor of Medicine Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Washington University School of Medicine Barnes-Jewish Hospital St Louis, Missouri Acquisitions Editor: Keith Donnellan Editorial Coordinator: Dave Murphy Marketing Manager: Dan Dressler Production Project Manager: Bridgett Dougherty Design Coordinator: Joan Wendt Manufacturing Coordinator: Beth Welsh Prepress Vendor: Aptara, Inc Copyright © 2018 Wolters Kluwer All rights reserved This book is protected by copyright No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, including as photocopies or scanned-in or other electronic copies, or utilized by any information storage and retrieval system without written permission from the copyright owner, except for brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews Materials appearing in this book prepared by individuals as part of their official duties as U.S government employees are not covered by the above-mentioned copyright To request permission, please contact Wolters Kluwer at Two Commerce Square, 2001 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103, via email at permissions@lww.com, or via our website at lww.com (products and services) 987654321 Printed in China Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Kollef, Marin H., editor | Isakow, Warren, editor | Washington University (Saint Louis, Mo.) School of Medicine Title: The Washington manual of critical care / [edited by] Marin H Kollef, Warren Isakow Other titles: Manual of critical care Description: Third edition | Philadelphia : Wolters Kluwer, [2018] | Includes bibliographical references and index Identifiers: LCCN 2017042759 | ISBN 9781496398451 Subjects: | MESH: Critical Care–methods | Critical Illness–therapy | Handbooks Classification: LCC RC86.8 | NLM WX 39 | DDC 616.02/8–dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017042759 This work is provided “as is,” and the publisher disclaims any and all warranties, express or implied, including any warranties as to accuracy, comprehensiveness, or currency of the content of this work This work is no substitute for individual patient assessment based upon healthcare professionals’ examination of each patient and consideration of, among other things, age, weight, gender, current or prior medical conditions, medication history, laboratory data and other factors unique to the patient The publisher does not provide medical advice or guidance and this work is merely a reference tool Healthcare professionals, and not the publisher, are solely responsible for the use of this work including all medical judgments and for any resulting diagnosis and treatments Given continuous, rapid advances in medical science and health information, independent professional verification of medical diagnoses, indications, appropriate pharmaceutical selections and dosages, and treatment options should be made and healthcare professionals should consult a variety of sources When prescribing medication, healthcare professionals are advised to consult the product information sheet (the manufacturer’s package insert) accompanying each drug to verify, among other things, conditions of use, warnings and side effects and identify any changes in dosage schedule or contraindications, particularly if the medication to be administered is new, infrequently used or has a narrow therapeutic range To the maximum extent permitted under applicable law, no responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property, as a matter of products liability, negligence law or otherwise, or from any reference to or use by any person of this work To purchase additional copies of this book, call our customer service department at (800) 638-3030 or fax orders to (301) 223-2320 International customers should call (301) 223-2300 Visit Lippincott Williams & Wilkins on the Internet: at LWW.com Lippincott Williams & Wilkins customer service representatives are available from 8:30 am to pm, EST We dedicate this manual to all health care providers involved in the care of critically ill patients and their families We acknowledge their efforts and sacrifices and hope this manual can assist them in some meaningful way We also acknowledge our families for their support and to the critical care community of Washington University and BarnesJewish Hospital for their commitment to the education and well-being of trainees Contributors Luigi Adamo, MD Fellow Cardiovascular Division Washington University School of Medicine Barnes-Jewish Hospital St Louis, Missouri Patrick R Aguilar, MD Assistant Professor of Medicine Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Washington University School of Medicine Barnes-Jewish Hospital St Louis, Missouri Jennifer Alexander-Brett, MD, PhD Assistant Professor of Medicine Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Washington University School of Medicine Barnes-Jewish Hospital St Louis, Missouri Adam Anderson, MD Assistant Professor of Medicine Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Washington University School of Medicine Barnes-Jewish Hospital St Louis, Missouri Baback Arshi, MD Assistant Professor of Neurology and Neurosurgery Division of Neurocritical Care University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago, Illinois Jason G Bill, MD Fellow Division of Gastroenterology Washington University School of Medicine Barnes-Jewish Hospital St Louis, Missouri Pierre Blais, MD Fellow Division of Gastroenterology Washington University School of Medicine Barnes-Jewish Hospital St Louis, Missouri Morey A Blinder, MD Professor of Medicine, Pathology and Immunology Division of Hematology Washington University School of Medicine Barnes-Jewish Hospital St Louis, Missouri Alan C Braverman, MD Alumni Endowed Professor in Cardiovascular Diseases Director, Marfan Syndrome Clinic Director, Inpatient Cardiology Firm Washington University School of Medicine Barnes-Jewish Hospital St Louis, Missouri Steven L Brody, MD Dorothy R and Hubert C Moog Professor Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Washington University School of Medicine Barnes-Jewish Hospital St Louis, Missouri A Cole Burks, MD Assistant Professor of Medicine Division of Pulmonary Diseases & Critical Care Medicine University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill, North Carolina Jason P Burnham, MD Instructor of Medicine Division of Infectious Diseases Washington University School of Medicine Barnes-Jewish Hospital St Louis, Missouri Derek E Byers, MD, PhD, FCCP Associate Professor of Medicine Chair, Washington University IRB Director, Pulmonary Morphology Core Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Washington University School of Medicine Barnes-Jewish Hospital St Louis, Missouri Mirnela Byku, MD, PhD Assistant Professor of Medicine Advanced Heart Failure and Transplant Cardiology University of North Carolina in Chapel Hill Chapel Hill, North Carolina Amy Cacace, MD Fellow Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Washington University School of Medicine Barnes-Jewish Hospital St Louis, Missouri Mario Castro, MD, MPH Alan A and Edith L Wolff Professor of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Professor of Medicine, Pediatrics, and Radiology Washington University School of Medicine Barnes-Jewish Hospital St Louis, Missouri Murali M Chakinala, MD, FCCP Professor of Medicine Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Washington University School of Medicine Barnes-Jewish Hospital St Louis, Missouri Stephanie H Chang, MD Medical Resident Department of Surgery Washington University School of Medicine Barnes-Jewish Hospital St Louis, Missouri Alexander C Chen, MD Associate Professor of Medicine Director of Interventional Pulmonology Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Washington University School of Medicine Barnes-Jewish Hospital St Louis, Missouri Steven Cheng, MD Associate Professor of Medicine Division of Nephrology Washington University School of Medicine Barnes-Jewish Hospital St Louis, Missouri Matthew J Chung, MD Interventional Cardiology Fellow Cardiovascular Division Washington University School of Medicine Barnes-Jewish Hospital St Louis, Missouri William E Clutter, MD Associate Professor of Medicine Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research Washington University School of Medicine Barnes-Jewish Hospital St Louis, Missouri Shayna N Conner, MD, MSCI Assistant Professor Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine Washington University School of Medicine Barnes-Jewish Hospital St Louis, Missouri Daniel H Cooper, MD Associate Professor of Medicine Cardiovascular Division Washington University School of Medicine Barnes-Jewish Hospital St Louis, Missouri Jeffrey S Crippin, MD Bornefeld Chair in Gastrointestinal Research and Treatment Professor of Medicine Division of Gastroenterology Washington University School of Medicine Barnes-Jewish Hospital St Louis, Missouri Paulina Cruz Bravo, MD Instructor of Medicine Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research Washington University School of Medicine Barnes-Jewish Hospital St Louis, Missouri Julianne S Dean, DO Critical Care Fellow BC-Emergency Medicine Washington University School of Medicine Barnes-Jewish Hospital St Louis, Missouri Jessica M Despotovic, MD Instructor in Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Washington University School of Medicine Barnes-Jewish Hospital St Louis, Missouri Vladimir N Despotovic, MD Assistant Professor of Medicine Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Washington University School of Medicine Barnes-Jewish Hospital St Louis, Missouri Rajat Dhar, MD Associate Professor Division of Neurocritical Care Department of Neurology Washington University School of Medicine Barnes-Jewish Hospital St Louis, Missouri Erik R Dubberke, MD, MSPH Associate Professor of Medicine Director, Section of Transplant Infectious Diseases Washington University School of Medicine Barnes-Jewish Hospital St Louis, Missouri Fahad Edrees, MD Fellow Division of Nephrology Washington University School of Medicine Barnes-Jewish Hospital St Louis, Missouri Gregory A Ewald, MD Associate Professor of Medicine Medical Director, Cardiac Transplant Program Cardiovascular Division Washington University School of Medicine Barnes-Jewish Hospital St Louis, Missouri Kristen Fisher, MD Fellow Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Washington University School of Medicine Barnes-Jewish Hospital St Louis, Missouri Yuka Furuya, MD Fellow Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Washington University School of Medicine Barnes-Jewish Hospital St Louis, Missouri Seth Goldberg, MD Assistant Professor of Medicine Division of Nephrology Washington University School of Medicine Barnes-Jewish Hospital St Louis, Missouri Mollie Gowan, PharmD Clinical Pharmacist Medical Intensive Care Unit Washington University School of Medicine Barnes-Jewish Hospital St Louis, Missouri Jonathan M Green, MD, MBA Professor of Medicine, Pathology and Immunology Associate Dean for Human Studies and Executive Chair of the IRB Washington University School of Medicine Barnes-Jewish Hospital St Louis, Missouri C Prakash Gyawali, MD Professor of Medicine Division of Gastroenterology Washington University School of Medicine Barnes-Jewish Hospital St Louis, Missouri Kevin Haas, MD Associate Program Director for Interventional Pulmonology University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago, Illinois Chase Hall, MD Fellow Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Washington University School of Medicine Barnes-Jewish Hospital St Louis, Missouri Theresa Human, PharmD Clinical Pharmacist Neurology Intensive Care Unit Washington University School of Medicine Barnes-Jewish Hospital St Louis, Missouri Amy M Hunter, RN, BSN, MHS, CIC Director, Patient Safety and Quality Washington University School of Medicine Barnes-Jewish Hospital St Louis, Missouri Warren Isakow, MD Associate Professor of Medicine Director, Medical Intensive Care Unit Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Washington University School of Medicine Barnes-Jewish Hospital St Louis, Missouri Tracy L Ivy, MD Assistant Professor of Pediatrics Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Pulmonary Medicine Washington University School of Medicine Barnes-Jewish Hospital St Louis, Missouri Ronald Jackups, Jr., MD, PhD Assistant Professor Assistant Medical Director, BJH Blood Bank and Hematology Laboratory Division of Pathology and Immunology Washington University School of Medicine Barnes-Jewish Hospital St Louis, Missouri Paul Juang, PharmD, BCPS, BCCCP, FASHP, FCCM Clinical Specialist, MICU Washington University School of Medicine Barnes-Jewish Hospital Professor of Pharmacy Practice St Louis College of Pharmacy St Louis, Missouri Andrew M Kates, MD Professor of Medicine Cardiovascular Division Washington University School of Medicine Barnes-Jewish Hospital St Louis, Missouri Salah G Keyrouz, MD, FAHA Associate Professor of Neurology Medical Director, Neurology/Neurosurgery ICU Washington University School of Medicine Barnes-Jewish Hospital St Louis, Missouri Eric Knoche, MD Assistant Professor of Medicine Division of Medical Oncology Washington University School of Medicine Barnes-Jewish Hospital St Louis, Missouri Marin H Kollef, MD Virginia E and Sam J Golman Chair in Respiratory Intensive Care Medicine Professor of Medicine Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine Director, Critical Care Research Director, Respiratory Care Services Washington University School of Medicine Barnes-Jewish Hospital St Louis, Missouri Kevin M Korenblat, MD Professor of Medicine Division of Gastroenterology Washington University School of Medicine Barnes-Jewish Hospital St Louis, Missouri Tobias B Kulik, MD Assistant Professor of Neurology and Neurological Surgery Department of Neurology University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center Albuquerque, New Mexico Terrance T Kummer, MD, PhD Assistant Professor of Neurology Division of Neurocritical Care Washington University School of Medicine Barnes-Jewish Hospital St Louis, Missouri Gabriel D Lang, MD Assistant Professor of Medicine Division of Gastroenterology Washington University School of Medicine Barnes-Jewish Hospital St Louis, Missouri Shane J LaRue, MD Assistant Professor of Medicine Cardiovascular Division Washington University School of Medicine Barnes-Jewish Hospital St Louis, Missouri Stephen Y Liang, MD, MPHS Assistant Professor of Medicine Divisions of Infectious Diseases and Emergency Medicine Washington University School of Medicine Barnes-Jewish Hospital St Louis, Missouri Caline S Mattar, MD Instructor in Medicine Director, Global Health Track for Infectious Diseases Director, Global Health Scholars Pathway in Internal Medicine Washington University School of Medicine Barnes-Jewish Hospital St Louis, Missouri Rachel McDonald, MD Critical Care Fellow Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Washington University School of Medicine Barnes-Jewish Hospital St Louis, Missouri Jesse L Mecham, MD Attending Physician Department of Emergency Medicine Missouri Baptist Medical Center St Louis, Missouri Claire Meyer, MD Assistant Professor of Medicine Division of Gastroenterology Washington University School of Medicine Barnes-Jewish Hospital St Louis, Missouri Scott T Micek, PharmD Associate Professor Division of Pharmacy Practice St Louis College of Pharmacy St Louis, Missouri Daniel K Mullady, MD, FASGE Associate Professor of Medicine Director of Interventional Endoscopy Washington University School of Medicine Barnes-Jewish Hospital St Louis, Missouri Lemuel R Non, MD Instructor of Medicine Division of Infectious Diseases Washington University School of Medicine Barnes-Jewish Hospital St Louis, Missouri Nadia M Obeid, MD Instructor Department of Surgery Washington University School of Medicine Barnes-Jewish Hospital St Louis, Missouri Zaher K Otrock, MD Clinical Pathologist Department of Pathology Henry Ford Hospital Detroit, Michigan Rupa R Patel, MD, MPH, DTM&H Assistant Professor of Medicine Division of Infectious Diseases Washington University School of Medicine Barnes-Jewish Hospital St Louis, Missouri Varun Puri, MD, MSCI Associate Professor of Surgery Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery Washington University School of Medicine Barnes-Jewish Hospital St Louis, Missouri Nandini Raghuraman, MD Clinical Fellow Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine Washington University School of Medicine Barnes-Jewish Hospital St Louis, Missouri Britney M Ramgopal, MD Fellow Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Washington University School of Medicine 43 Acute Kidney Injury Fahad Edrees and Anitha Vijayan Acute kidney injury (AKI), previously known as acute renal failure, is manifested by a rapid decline in renal function, usually with decreased urine output, and resultant accumulation of end products of nitrogen metabolism It is a common clinical problem encountered in critically ill patients, frequently in the setting of multiple organ failure, and is an independent risk factor for increased in-hospital and long-term mortality In a recent multicenter study, the incidence of AKI in the intensive care unit (ICU) was noted to be 57%, with sepsis being attributed as the etiology in 41% of the cases DEFINITION The lack of consensus definition for AKI confounds the comparisons between studies of prevention, therapy, and outcome The RIFLE (risk, injury, failure, loss of kidney function, and end-stage kidney disease) criteria and the Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN) criteria have been replaced now by the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) staging of AKI Table ( 43.1), which provides a single definition for practice, research, and public health purposes The KDIGO clinical practice guidelines for AKI included a revision to the definition of AKI while retaining the AKIN staging criteria The timeframe for an increase in serum creatinine of ≥0.3 mg/dL is retained, while the timeframe for a ≥1.5 times increase in serum creatinine is changed to days Patients with AKI are frequently classified as being nonoliguric (urine output >400 mL/day), oliguric (urine output