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(BQ) Part 2 book “Imaging anatomy of the human brain” has contents: The cranial nerves, advanced MRI techniques, vascular imaging, neonatal cranial ultrasound, CT imaging.
6 The Cranial Nerves ■ Cadaver Dissections Revealing the Cranial Nerves (CN) (Figures 6.1–6.4) ■ CN in Cavernous Sinus (Figures 6.5–6.7) ■ Cranial Nerves I–XII 191 CN I (1)—Olfactory Nerve (Figures 6.8a–c) 191 CN II (2)—Optic Nerve (Figures 6.9a–j) 192 CN III (3)—Oculomotor Nerve (Figures 6.10a–i) 195 CN IV (4)—Trochlear Nerve (Figures 6.11a–c) 198 CN V (5)—Trigeminal Nerve (Figures 6.12a–z) 199 CN VI (6)—Abducens Nerve (Figures 6.13a–6.14c) 207 CN VII (7)—Facial Nerve (Figures 6.13a,b, 6.14a–n, and 6.14p) 207 CN VIII (8)—Vestibulocochlear Nerve (Figures 6.13a,b, 6.14a–c, and 6.14g–p) CN IX (9)—Glossopharyngeal Nerve (Figures 6.14o, 6.15, and 6.18) 212 CN X (10)—Vagus Nerve (Figures 6.16 and 6.18) 213 CN XI (11)—Accessory Nerve (Figures 6.17, 6.18, and 6.19a) 214 CN XII (12)—Hypoglossal Nerve (Figures 6.19a,b) 214 188 190 207 T he first section of this chapter consists of cadaver dissections with the brain removed from the cranial vault with preservation of the cisternal segments of the CN (cranial nerves) and their relationships to the dural surfaces and skull base foramina These images provide a different perspective and allow one to integrate the imaging appearance to that of a human prosection The images to follow will demonstrate the CN in a multiplanar format, some of which are not done on routine clinical exams but were obtained specifically for this atlas to illustrate the nerves to best advantage These additional views could be used to tailor specific MR protocols if appropriate for the clinical question to be answered The illustrations provided by Dr Moore in Chapter beautifully illustrate the CN from their nuclear origins to their exit through their respective foramina Those illustrations, along with the cadaver specimens and the imaging of the CN to follow should truly enhance your knowledge of this anatomy through this multimodality approach 187 188 IMAGING ANATOMY OF THE HUMAN BRAIN: A COMPREHENSIVE ATLAS INCLUDING ADJACENT STRUCTURES CADAVER DISSECTIONS REVEALING THE CRANIAL NERVES (CN) (FIGURES 6.1–6.4) KEY 6.1 acrf bas cl cn3 cn4 cn5p cn6 cn7 cn8 cn9 cn10 cn11 cn12 eop ftj mcrf olft (cn1) on (cn2) opf opis pcrf pitg ppe ss stsi supss torh v4 anterior cranial fossa basion clivus oculomotor nerve trochlear nerve pre-ganglionic segment trigeminal nerve abducens nerve facial nerve vestibulocochlear nerve glossopharyngeal nerve vagus nerve accessory nerve hypoglossal nerve external occipital protuberance (inion) falco-tentorial junction middle cranial fossa olfactory tract optic nerve orbital plate of frontal bone opisthion posterior cranial fossa pituitary gland perpendicular plate of ethmoid sphenoid sinus straight sinus superior sagittal sinus torcular herophili (confluence of sinuses) v4 intracranial/intradural segment vertebral artery 6.2 FIGURES 6.1–6.4 Lateral (6.1), steep lateral oblique (6.2) and magnified lateral (6.3, 6.4) photographs of a cadaveric specimen of the head sectioned through the mid sagittal plane CHAPTER THE CRANIAL NERVES FIGURES 6.2–6.3 KEY 6.3 acrf bas cl cn3 cn4 cn5 cn6 cn7 cn8 cn9 cn10 cn11 cn12 ds eusto iac jugf mcrf olft (cn1) on (cn2) opis pcrf pitg ptr spal ss tentc anterior cranial fossa basion clivus oculomotor nerve trochlear nerve trigeminal nerve abducens nerve facial nerve vestibulocochlear nerve glossopharyngeal nerve vagus nerve accessory nerve hypoglossal nerve dorsum sellae eustachian tube orifice internal auditory canal jugular foramen middle cranial fossa olfactory tract optic nerve opisthion posterior cranial fossa pituitary gland porus trigeminus soft palate sphenoid sinus tentorium cerebelli 6.4 189 189 190 IMAGING ANATOMY OF THE HUMAN BRAIN: A COMPREHENSIVE ATLAS INCLUDING ADJACENT STRUCTURES CN IN CAVERNOUS SINUS (FIGURES 6.5–6.7) Coronal Plane 6.6 6.5 FIGURES 6.5–6.7 Figure 6.5 (contrast enhanced coronal T1W image) and figure 6.6 (coronal T2W image) are small field of view images targeted to the sella/parasellar region demonstrating normal anatomy Figure 6.7 is a contrast enhanced coronal T1W image just anterior to the cavernous sinus in the region of the superior orbital fissures KEY 6.7 a1 acl aca c4 c6 c7 cn3 cn4 cn6 cnv1 cnv2 cnv3 for fov ica icat inf mcrf naph oncan opch opst pitg ptml ptmm sofi ss ssci vic a1 (precommunicating segment aca) anterior clinoid process anterior cerebral artery c4 (cavernous segment of ica) c6 (ophthalmic segment of ica) c7 (communicating segment of ica) oculomotor nerve trochlear nerve abducens nerve ophthalmic branch (v1) of trigeminal nerve maxillary branch (v2) of trigeminal nerve mandibular division (v3) of trigeminal nerve foramen rotundem foramen ovale internal carotid artery ica terminus/bifurcation infundibulum middle cranial fossa nasopharynx canalicular segment of optic nerve optic chiasm optic strut pituitary gland lateral pterygoid muscle medial pterygoid muscle superior orbital fissure sphenoid sinus suprasellar cistern vidian canal vidian nerve CHAPTER THE CRANIAL NERVES 191 CRANIAL NERVES I–XII ■ CN I (1)—OLFACTORY NERVE (FIGURES 6.8a–c) FIGURES 6.8a–c Figures 6.8a,b and c are heavily T2W axial (6.8a), coronal (6.8b) and sagittal oblique (6.8c) views which demonstrate a normal appearance of the olfactory bulbs and tract KEY 6.8a 6.8b 6.8c acl basi c6 cn3 gr ica inf mog olfb (cn1) olfs olft (cn1) on (cn2) oncan opha pcom pitg ponbp pont potms prpc vib anterior clinoid process basilar artery c6 (ophthalmic segment of ica) oculomotor nerve gyrus rectus internal carotid artery infundibulum medial orbital gyrus olfactory bulb olfactory sulcus olfactory tract optic nerve canalicular segment of optic nerve ophthalmic artery posterior communicating artery pituitary gland basis pontis of pons tegmentum of pons pontomedullary sulcus prepontine cistern vitreous body (chamber) of eye 192 IMAGING ANATOMY OF THE HUMAN BRAIN: A COMPREHENSIVE ATLAS INCLUDING ADJACENT STRUCTURES ■ CN II (2)—OPTIC NERVE (FIGURES 6.9a–j) CN II (2)—Axial Plane 6.9b 6.9a FIGURE 6.9a A sagittal T1W orientation reference image indicating the axial plane of imaging 6.9d 6.9c FIGURES 6.9b–h Normal axial T1W (6.9b–6.9e) and T2W (6.9f–6.9h) images of the optic nerves, chiasm, tract and lateral geniculate nuclei KEY hab hyp icv lgn mb mgn oncan oncis onorb opch opt habenular trigone hypothalamus internal cerebral vein lateral geniculate nucleus mammillary body medial geniculate nucleus canalicular segment of optic nerve cisternal (pre-chiasmatic) segment optic nerve orbital segment optic nerve optic chiasm optic tract (continued) CHAPTER THE CRANIAL NERVES 193 FIGURES 6.9e–6.9g KEY 6.9e achg acl c6 ica inf larm lengl lgn m1 mb mca merm mgn oncan oncis onorb opch opha opt pul rn sn ss v3v vib anterior chamber of eye anterior clinoid process c6 (ophthalmic segment of ica) internal carotid artery infundibulum lateral rectus muscle lens of globe lateral geniculate nucleus m1 (horizontal segment mca) mammillary body middle cerebral artery medial rectus muscle medial geniculate nucleus canalicular segment of optic nerve cisternal (pre-chiasmatic) segment optic nerve orbital segment optic nerve optic chiasm ophthalmic artery optic tract pulvinar is part of lateral thalamic nuclear group red nucleus substantia nigra sphenoid sinus third ventricle vitreous body (chamber) of eye 6.9f 6.9g (continued) 194 IMAGING ANATOMY OF THE HUMAN BRAIN: A COMPREHENSIVE ATLAS INCLUDING ADJACENT STRUCTURES FIGURE 6.9h KEY irv3 lgn mgn oncan oncis onorb opt pitg rn sn sorv3 infindibular recess of third ventricle lateral geniculate nucleus medial geniculate nucleus canalicular segment of optic nerve cisternal (pre-chiasmatic) segment optic nerve orbital segment optic nerve optic tract pituitary gland red nucleus substantia nigra supra-optic recess of third ventricle 6.9h FIGURES 6.9i,j 6.9j demonstrates a normal T2W sagittal oblique image (prescribed from the axial reference image—Figure 6.9i) demonstrating the entire optic nerve from the globe to the optic chiasm 6.9i 6.9j CHAPTER THE CRANIAL NERVES 195 ■ CN III (3)—OCULOMOTOR NERVE (FIGURES 6.10a–i) 6.10a 6.10b FIGURES 6.10a–i Normal heavily T2 weighted axial (6.10a–6.10d), coronal (6.10e–6.10h) and sagittal (6.10i) images demonstrating the oculomotor nerves from the brainstem to the cavernous sinus KEY acl basi c6 cn3 ds gr ica inf inpc mog olfs oncan opha pcom pmol pog set unc anterior clinoid process basilar artery c6 (ophthalmic segment of ica) oculomotor nerve dorsum sellae gyrus rectus internal carotid artery infundibulum interpeduncular cistern medial orbital gyrus olfactory sulcus canalicular segment of optic nerve ophthalmic artery posterior communicating artery posteromedial orbital lobule posterior orbital gyrus sella turcica uncus 6.10c (continued) 196 IMAGING ANATOMY OF THE HUMAN BRAIN: A COMPREHENSIVE ATLAS INCLUDING ADJACENT STRUCTURES 6.10d 6.10e FIGURES 6.10d–f KEY 6.10f basi cn11 cn3 cn5p cped inpc lotg mb pca phg suca tegi tegm tegs basilar artery accessory nerve oculomotor nerve pre-ganglionic segment trigeminal nerve cerebral peduncle interpeduncular cistern lateral occipital temporal gyrus (lotg)/fusiform gyrus mammillary body posterior cerebral artery parahippocampal gyrus superior cerebellar artery inferior temporal gyrus middle temporal gyrus superior temporal gyrus (continued) 428 INDEX anterior spine of maxilla (asm), 279, 280, 282, 283, 295 anterior superior (primary) fissure (aspf), 113–115, 123–128, 139 anterior temporal mca (atmca), 367–369 anterior thalamic radiations (atr), 231–233, 235, 237 anterior thalamic vein (a-tve), 394 anterior thalamoperforators (a-thp), 352, 371, 372, 374 anterior view, 19 aortic arch (arch), 327, 328, 334, 335, 338 apex of insula (api), 170, 176 apical turn of cochlea (cocat), 308 apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), 326 aqueduct of Sylvius (aqs), 52–55, 74, 89, 91, 92, 113, 114, 123, 132, 133, 183, 198, 262, 268, 272 arachnoid granulations (aracg), 4, 16, 106, 110, 277, 278 CT, 277–278 arachnoid mater, arbor vitae (arbv), 117 arcuate fasciculus (arcf), 234, 239, 242 arterial brain, 344–375 catheter angiography, 365–370 computed tomography angiography, 353–364 magnetic resonance angiography, 344–352 posterior/vertebral basilar circulation, 371–375 arterial neck, 327–343 catheter angiography, 338–343 computed tomography angiography, 328–337 magnetic resonance angiography, 327 arterial spin labeling (ASL), 326 arterial-venous fistula (AVF), 394 arterial venous malformations (AVM), 324, 374 artery of the foramen rotundem (afr), 342 ascending cervical branch of thyrocervical trunk (thyctac), 343 ascending columns of fornix (frxac), 47, 48, 50–52, 72–74, 83–86, 103, 160, 161, 166, 179, 181, 183, 232, 233, 235, 236, 237, 243, 261, 276 ascending pharyngeal artery of eca (ascpha), 332, 336, 339, 341 ASL See arterial spin labeling association tracts, 2, 230, 240, 242 atrial vein (atv), 383, 387, 388 atrium (trigone) of lateral ventricle (lvat), 45–48, 50, 68–70, 92–95, 161, 163, 165, 166, 170–173, 261, 262, 267, 272, 276, 410–411 attenuation coefficient, 258 autonomic nervous system (ANS), autonomic neurons, AVF See arterial-venous fistula AVM See arterial venous malformations basal forebrain, basal ganglia, and deep structures, 26 basal ganglia/internal capsule region, 397–398 basal lamella (balam), 299, 301 basal plate, basal turn of cochlea (cocb), 306–310 basal vein of Rosenthal (bvr), 102, 107–109, 161, 163, 217, 262, 358–359, 376–378, 380–383, 385, 387–392 basilar artery (basi), 56, 60, 101, 115, 117, 119, 122, 157, 159, 162, 184, 185, 191, 195, 196, 198, 199, 207, 213, 263, 264, 268, 271, 273, 322, 327, 335, 344, 347–352, 357, 361, 363, 364, 369, 371–375, 385, 396 basilar artery tip (batp), 197, 347, 350–352, 354, 361, 364, 373 basion (bas), 72, 188, 189, 273, 293, 301 basis pontis of pons (ponbp), 56–61, 71, 88–91, 116–118, 120, 123, 157, 160, 162, 191, 197, 199, 208, 209, 269, 273, 412–413 basisphenoid bone (bsphb), 302 bicommissural plane, 38 bilateral finger tapping, 221, 223 biventral lobule (biven), 121, 122, 125–130, 134–139 blender, 18 Blood Oxygen Level-Dependent (BOLD) contrast, 220 body of corpus callosum (ccb), 43–45, 71, 72, 74, 79–86, 89, 92, 93, 144, 173, 183, 261, 266, 270, 271, 273, 363, 409, 412 body of fornix (frxb), 45, 73, 74, 85–87, 183, 232, 233, 236, 237, 243 body of incus (inb), 305, 309, 310, 313, 314 body of lateral ventricle (lvb), 43–45, 85, 88, 261, 266, 267, 271, 409, 411–412 brachium pontis, 15 brain anatomy of, 17, 220 CNS consists of, gray and white matter of, membranes, midsagittal view of, 27–28 parenchyma of, surface anatomy of, 19–25, 27–28 vesicles, brain, MRI with contrast, 100–110 without contrast, 39–99 brain tissue, 220 brain tumor, 216 brainstem, posterior (dorsal) aspect of, 13–14 Brodmann areas, 4–6 buccinator muscular branches of eca (bucma), 340 C-shaped stria terminalis, 11 CA See Cornus Ammonis cadaver dissections, revealing cranial nerves, 188–189 calcar avis (ca), 47 calcarine branch of pca (calc), 349, 352, 354, 355, 363, 364, 371–375 calcarine sulcus (ccs), 7, 46–48, 72, 73, 97–99, 141, 229, 273, 274, 412–413 Caldwell frontal projections, 340 callosomarginal branch of aca (callo), 80, 81, 349, 351, 363, 365, 367–368 canalicular segment of optic nerve (oncan), 56, 79, 148, 150, 152, 156, 190–195, 317, 320–322 capitellum (head) of stapes (stcap), 312, 313 carotid bulb (carb), 327, 329, 331, 332, 334–337, 339 carotid canal (carc), 284, 302 cartilaginous nasal septum (cns), 286, 287, 293, 295, 296, 298, 299, 301, 302 INDEX catheter angiography, 325 arterial brain, 365–370 arterial neck, 338–343 intracranial venous system, 390–394 caudal medulla, 13 caudal neuropore, caudate nucleus (cn), 3, 9–11, 169, 182, 261, 408, 411–412 caudate nucleus body (cnb), 44, 45, 70, 81, 83–86, 88–90, 261, 409 caudate nucleus head (cnh), 46–50, 70–72, 79–82, 261, 262, 267, 270, 271, 276, 356, 408 caudate nucleus tail (cnt), 45–48, 69, 93, 161, 166 caudato-lenticular bridges (clb), 47, 80, 81 caudo-thalamic groove (notch) (ctg), 71, 182, 267, 411–412 cavernous segment of ica (c4), 71, 81, 82, 101, 146, 147, 153, 190, 197, 201, 321, 334–335, 342, 344–345, 347, 349–351, 354, 357, 363–370, 379–380, 391 cavernous sinus (cavs), 57, 81–83, 101, 107, 146, 147, 150, 197, 201, 263, 269, 376, 379–380, 382, 388, 390–394 cavernous sinus, cranial nerves in, 190 cavum septum pellucidum (csp), 408, 412 CBF See cerebral blood flow CBV See cerebral blood volume CE-MRA See contrast enhanced MRA central lobule of vermis (lobules II and III) (clob), 56, 74, 113–115, 123, 124, 136 central nervous system (CNS), conditions of, 258 embryology/development of, 2–3 central rolandic branches of mca (crmca), 368, 369 central sulcus (ces), 5, 8, 39–45, 64–72, 88, 89, 91–95, 176, 221–225, 227, 260, 265–267, 273–276 central sulcus of insula (csi), 67, 170, 176 central tegmental tract (ctt), 231, 233, 235, 238 centrum semiovale (cso), 41, 42, 69, 79, 82, 85–89, 260, 266, 271 cerebellar cortex, cerebellar hemisphere (che), 58, 60–62, 64, 65, 111, 112, 209, 263, 264, 268, 269, 272–274, 409 cerebellar hemispheric vein (chv), 393, 394 cerebellar peduncles, 13, 15 cerebellar tonsil (cto), 60–63, 71, 74, 119, 121–124, 136–138, 214, 264, 269, 273, 371–372 cerebellar vermis (cver), 60, 61, 111, 112, 263, 264, 268, 269, 272, 273, 409, 412–413 cerebellomedullary cistern (cbomc), 62, 63 cerebellopontine angle, 184 cerebellopontine angle cistern (cpac), 57, 59, 60, 118, 184, 200, 206, 207, 209, 264 cerebellum, 15–16 cerebellum, MRI axial, 113–122 coronal, 132–141 nomenclature used for, 112 sagittal, 123–131 without contrast, 113–141 cerebral angiography, 325 cerebral blood flow (CBF), 325, 395, 397, 400, 402 quantitative measurement of, 326 cerebral blood volume (CBV), 325, 396, 397, 400, 403 quantitative measurement of, 326 cerebral hemispheres, 4–12 basal nuclei, 9–10 cranial nerves I (olfactory), II (optic), and III (oculomotor), 12 diencephalon, 10–12 frontal lobe, insular lobe, limbic lobe, 8–9 occipital lobe, 7–8 parietal lobe, temporal lobe, 6–7 cerebral peduncle (cped), 70, 71, 87–89, 161, 177, 180, 196, 231, 232, 235–237, 244, 245, 271, 377, 392, 409, 413 cerebral spinal fluid (CSF), 3–4 spaces and ventricles, 16 turnover rate, cerebrocerebellum, 15–16 cerebrospinal fluid (csf), 75, 137, 150, 154, 155, 197 cerebrum, gyri and sulci of, 21 cervical segment ica (c1), 105, 327, 330–332, 334–339, 344, 347–351, 353, 362, 365–370, 376, 379 chemical shift imaging (CSI), 248 chiasmatic sulcus (chs), 284, 288, 293, 301, 302 choline (Cho), 248–254 chorda tympani branch facial nerve (cn7ct), 311–313 choroid plexus (cp), 16, 45, 49, 68, 69, 71, 87, 91, 93, 101, 108, 121, 161, 163, 165, 168, 170, 171, 173, 262, 267, 269, 272, 276, 355, 358–360, 362–363, 408–413 choroidal fissure (chf), 161–163, 170, 271, 409 cingulate gyrus (cingulum) (cig), 8–9, 42–49, 71–73, 76–86, 89, 93–95, 161, 183, 231–233, 235–238, 266, 267, 270, 271, 273, 274, 408–413 herniations, cingulate sulcus (cgs), 5, 41–48, 71, 72, 76–86, 89, 93, 183, 266, 267, 270–273, 408–413 cingulum, 239 cingulum (hippocampal part) (cigh), 231–238 cistern of lamina terminalis (clt), 52, 74, 82, 181, 183, 262 cistern of velum interpositum (cvi), 45–48, 72–74, 89–92, 166, 261, 276 cisterna magna (cistm), 4, 62, 63, 74, 97, 122–124, 137, 139, 264, 269, 272, 273, 409, 412 cisternal (pre-chiasmatic) segment optic nerve (oncis), 54, 55, 80, 114, 145, 153, 156, 166, 192–194 cisterns, CSF, 16 claustrum (cla), 9, 10, 48–50, 68, 69, 80–83, 87, 88, 161, 166, 236, 237, 261, 267, 270, 276 clava (clv), 74 clinical ultrasound, 405 clinoid segment of ica (c5), 263, 321, 334–335, 342, 344–345, 347, 349–351, 363, 365–370 clival venous plexus (clvp), 59, 101, 106, 107, 144, 145 clivus (cl), 144, 145, 188, 189, 202, 204, 210, 264, 271, 273, 284–287, 290, 291, 293, 296, 301 closed medulla (cmed), 63 CN See cranial nerve CNS See central nervous system cochlea (coc), 119, 162, 184, 185, 207, 209, 211, 213, 214, 305, 306, 308, 312 429 430 INDEX cochlear aperture (cocap), 207, 212, 305, 306 cochlear aqueduct (coaq), 292, 307, 311, 314 cochlear nerve of cn8 (cn8c), 128, 184, 185, 207, 211–214 cochlear nuclei, 13 cochlear promontory (cocp), 309, 310 cochleariform process (cocpr), 306, 309, 314 collateral sulcus (cls), 6, 9, 51–58, 68, 69, 84–89, 91–98, 160–164, 167, 169, 170, 271, 272, 408–409 collateral white matter (clw), 84, 87–93, 160–164, 169, 170 color directional maps, 230 color Doppler ultrasound, cranial ultrasonography, 413 columella (colu), 298 combined ventral and lateral nuclei of thalamus (L), 46–49, 70, 71, 87–89 commissural tracts, 2, 230 common carotid artery (cca), 327, 332, 334–339 common carotid artery bifurcation (ccab), 327, 329, 331, 332, 334–336, 338, 339 common crus (comcr), 184, 209, 305 communicating segment of ica (c7), 82, 153, 190, 201, 271, 334–335, 342, 345, 347, 349–351, 355, 358, 361, 363–370 computed tomography (CT), 324 advantages of, 258 head, 258–278 orbital, 316–322 paranasal sinuses, 295–315 principles of, 258 skull base, 285–294 3D skull and facial bones, 279–284 computed tomography angiography (CTA), 324–325 computed tomography angiography (CTA), arterial brain, 353–364 axial plane, 353–360 coronal plane, 361 sagittal plane, 362–363 3D CTA reconstructions, 364 computed tomography angiography (CTA), arterial neck, 328–337 axial plane, 328–330 coronal plane, 331 curved reformatted images, 334 sagittal plane, 332–333 3D CT reconstructions, 335–337 computed tomography perfusion (CTP), 324–325, 395–403 overview of, 325–326 principle of, 326 utilization in acute stroke, 326 computed tomography venography (CTV), 324 computed tomography venography (CTV), intracranial venous system, 379 axial plane, 379–381 coronal plane, 382–384 sagittal plane, 385–386 3D reconstructions from, 387–389 contrast enhanced MRA (CE-MRA), 324 contrast-induced nephropathy, 325 cornu ammonis (coam), 161–163, 170 Cornus Ammonis (CA), corona radiata (cr), 43, 44, 79, 82, 85–87, 244, 245, 261, 267, 271 coronoid process of mandible (cpm), 280–283, 285, 286, 289, 294, 295 corpora quadrigemina, 14 corpus callosum (cc), 4, 8, 9, 231–240, 243–247, 270, 408–410, 412 corpus callosum body (ccb), 232 corpus medullare (cm), 69, 70, 119, 120, 125–128, 138, 139, 264, 272, 274, 409 corpus striatum, 10 cortical bone, 258 cortical branches of aca (a3), 356, 360 cortical branches mca (m4), 346, 350, 356, 359–362, 366–368 cortical surface model, 18 corticopontine tract (cpt), 231–233, 235–238 corticospinal fibers in cerebral peduncle (cs), 235, 236 corticospinal tract (cst), 49, 231–233, 235, 236, 237, 238, 244–245 cranial nerve (CN), 12, 18, 29–36, 187, 191–214 abducens nerve (cn6), 207–209 accessory nerve (cn11), 214 cadaver dissections revealing, 188–189 in cavernous sinus, 190 facial nerve (cn7), 207, 209–213 IV through XII, 14–15 glossopharyngeal nerve (cn9), 214 hypoglossal nerve (cn12), 214 motor nuclei of, oculomotor nerve (cn3), 195–197 olfactory nerve (cn1), 191 optic nerve (cn2), 192–194 sensory nuclei of, trigeminal nerve (cn5), 199–206 trochlear nerve (cn4), 198 vagus nerve (cn10), 213, 214 vestibulocochlear nerve (cn8), 207, 209, 210–213 cranial neuropore, cranial ultrasonography, neonatal, 405 color Doppler ultrasound, 413 coronal plane, 407–410 limitations of, 406 sagittal plane, 410–413 creatine (Cr), 248, 250–254 cribriform plate of ethmoid bone (cpe), 284, 299, 302, 407 crista galli (cg), 149, 262, 263, 273, 284, 287, 288, 293, 297, 299, 301, 302, 364 crura of fornix (frxc), 45, 46, 71, 72, 88–90, 92–94, 161, 163, 166, 168, 171–173, 232, 233, 236–238, 243 crural cistern (cruci), 54, 55, 114, 164, 165 crus cerebri (crc), 52–55, 90, 114, 165, 262 CSF See cerebral spinal fluid csf flow artifact (cfa), 56, 61–63, 71–74, 85, 113–124, 126, 127, 132, 133, 202 CSI See chemical shift imaging CT See computed tomography CTP See computed tomography perfusion CTV See computed tomography venography culmen (lobules IV and V) (cul), 51, 52, 56, 74, 96, 113–116, 123, 124, 137–139, 262, 267, 273 cuneate fasciculus, 13 cuneate tubercle, 13 cuneocerebellar tracts, 15 cuneus (cu), 41–48, 70–72, 98, 99, 227, 229, 261, 266, 267, 273, 274, 412–413 cuneus gyrus, INDEX declive of vermis (lobule VI) (dec), 56, 113–116, 123, 124, 140 decussation of superior cerebellar peduncles (dscp), 53, 54, 90, 115, 233, 237, 238 deep middle cerebral vein (dmcv), 217, 358–359, 377, 380, 388, 392 deep white matter (dwm), 261 dentate gyrus (dg), 9, 161–163, 169–171 dentate nucleus (dent), 15, 125, 137, 139, 235, 269 dentothalamic tracts, 15 deoxygenated blood, 220 deoxyhemoglobin, 220 developmental venous anomaly (dva), 59, 60, 96, 97 diamagnetic substance, 216 diencephalic segment of Liliequist’s membrane (lilimd), 157 diencephalon, 3, 10–12 diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), 230–247 axial plane, 235–236 coronal plane, 237–238 fractional anisotropy maps, 231–232 sagittal plane, 233–234 tractography images, 239–247 diffusion weighted images, 401 diffusion weighted MRI (DWI), 326 digital subtraction angiography (DSA), 325 direct lateral vein (dilv), 381, 387, 388, 390 Dorello’s canal (dorc), 14, 184, 207, 208 dorsal columns nuclei, 13 dorsum sellae (ds), 158, 162, 189, 195, 197, 202, 263, 284, 287, 293, 297, 301, 302, 354, 358 DSA See digital subtraction angiography DSC-MR See dynamic susceptibility contrast MR DTI See diffusion tensor imaging dura (pachymeninges) (dur), 59, 109 dura mater, dural venous sinuses, DWI See diffusion weighted MRI dynamic susceptibility contrast MR (DSC-MR), 326 Edinger–Westphal parasympathetic nuclei, 12 emissary vein (ev), 378 entorhinal cortex (enc), 80–83, 88, 89, 160, 162–164 epithalamus, 3, 14 epitympanic recess (attic) (eptr), 305, 309–311, 313, 314 ethmoid air cells (ethac), 287, 293, 301 ethmoid infundibulum (ethin), 299 ethmoidal bulla (ethbu), 299, 301 ethmomaxillary plate (ethmp), 299 eustachian tube orifice (eusto), 189, 285, 290, 295 external auditory canal (eac), 280, 283, 287, 292, 307, 309–314 external capsule (extc), 48, 50, 68, 80–83, 87, 88, 161, 236, 237, 261, 267, 270, 276 external carotid artery (eca), 327, 329–332, 334–341, 348, 351, 362, 369 branches of, 326 external occipital protuberance (inion) (eop), 59, 73, 74, 188, 281 extra-ocular muscles (eom), 269 extraconal orbital fat (ecf), 148, 150, 316, 317, 321, 322 extreme capsule (emc), 48, 50, 68, 80–83, 87, 88, 161, 236, 237, 261, 267, 270, 276 FA maps See fractional anisotropy maps facial artery (facial), 332, 336, 339–341 facial and vestibulocochlear nerves (cn7/8), 118 facial colliculus (fcol), 58, 59, 94, 118, 184, 199, 207, 264 facial nerve (cn7), 15, 33, 59, 60, 119, 128, 160, 184, 188, 189, 207, 209–214, 306, 311 facial recess (far), 306, 311 facial vein (facv), 377, 378 falciform crest (falcr), 211, 212, 292, 309 falco-tentorial junction (ftj), 4, 188 false venous angle (fvena), 390 falx cerebelli (falci), 57, 98, 117, 141, 269 falx cerebri (falcb), 4, 39, 40, 46, 75, 77–81, 99, 260, 265, 266, 270–272, 408–409 fastigial recess of fourth ventricle (frv4), 74, 123, 137, 273 Federative Committee on Anatomical Terminology (FCAT), FEF See frontal eye field fenestration of basilar artery (fba), 347, 352 ferromagnetic substance, 216 fields of Forel (fof), 178, 180 fifth vertebral segment (c5v), 335 fimbria of hippocampus (hipf), 94, 161–163, 165, 167–173, 231, 235, 237, 238, 243 fimbria to crura of fornix, hippocampal formation, 171–173 first vertebral segment (c1v), 285, 291, 292, 330, 334–335, 337, 343 flocculonodular lobe, 112 flocculonodulus, 15 flocculus (floc), 120, 121, 127, 132–135, 213, 214 floor of middle cranial fossa (fmcf), 284 flow void through aqueduct of Sylvius (flaq), 113 fMRI See functional magnetic resonance imaging folium (lobule VII) (fol), 116, 123, 124, 140 foot motor task, 225 foramen caecum (forca), 301, 302 foramen lacerum (fl), 284, 286, 291, 293, 294, 296 foramen magnum (form), 74, 285, 292, 363–364 foramen of Luschka (folus), 61, 121 foramen of Magendie (fomg), 62, 74, 122–124, 136, 137, 273 foramen of Monro (fom), 46–49, 73, 74, 85–87, 106, 123, 144, 388, 408, 412–413 foramen of Vesalius (fve), 286, 287, 290, 294 foramen ovale (fov), 83, 147, 190, 201–205, 208, 284, 287, 290, 294, 296 foramen rotundem (for), 152, 153, 190, 202, 206, 284, 287, 289, 294, 297, 300, 302, 320 foramen spinosum (fos), 203, 204, 286, 287, 291, 294, 296, 340–342 foramen transversarium (fortr), 334, 337 forceps major (fmj), 247 forceps minor (fmi), 232, 236, 247 forebrain See prosencephalon fornix (frx), 171, 217 fossa for lacrimal sac (fls), 280, 282, 283 fossa of Rosenmüller (fosr), 285, 290, 295 fourth ventricle (v4v), 54–57, 60, 61, 94, 115, 116, 122, 124, 134, 135, 198, 209, 213, 214, 263, 264, 269, 272, 273, 409, 412–413 fourth vertebral segment (c4v), 335 fovea ethmoidales (fove), 299, 301 fractional anisotropy (FA) maps, 230–232 431 432 INDEX Freesurfer software, 18 frontal bone (frb), 294 frontal eye field (FEF), frontal horn of lateral ventricle (lvfh), 46, 48, 79–81, 83, 261, 267, 270, 408, 411 frontal lobe (frl), 50, 104, 106, 261, 410–411 cerebral hemispheres, frontal operculum (fop), 46–48, 64–67, 80–83, 86, 176, 261, 267, 270, 271, 274, 408, 410 frontal process of maxilla (fpm), 279, 280, 282, 283, 285–287, 295, 296, 298 frontal process of zygomatic bone (fpz), 279–283, 294 frontal recess (frr), 287, 299, 301 frontal sinus (frs), 54, 149, 262, 273, 288, 293, 294, 297, 298, 301, 302 frontal white matter (fwm), 75–78, 270, 276 fronto-parietal operculum (fpop), 87, 92 frontomaxillary suture (fms), 279, 282 frontonasal suture (fns), 298 frontopolar branch of aca (fpa), 349, 351, 363, 367, 368 frontopontine fibers in cerebral peduncle (fp), 235, 236, 244 frontozygomatic suture (fzs), 279, 280, 282, 283, 294 functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), 220–229 bilateral finger tapping, 221 lip smacking task, 224 passive listening, 226 right finger stroking, 223 sensory paradigm, 222 toe/foot motor task, 225 visual checkerboard, 229 word generation, 227–228 fusiform gyrus, geniculate ganglion (geng), 184, 209, 305, 308 genu of corpus callosum (ccg), 46–49, 71, 72, 74, 77–79, 144, 183, 267, 273, 276, 346, 363, 412 genu of internal capsule (gic), 10, 46–49, 70, 71, 84–86, 261, 267, 276 globe (gl), 148–150, 154, 316, 317 globus pallidus (gp), 10, 84, 261, 267, 271, 276 globus pallidus externa (gpe), 47–50, 69–71, 82–88, 160, 161, 408 globus pallidus interna (gpi), 49, 50, 69, 70, 84–87, 161 glomus of choroid plexus (cpg), 47, 48, 411–412 glossopharyngeal meatus (glm), 121, 213 glossopharyngeal nerve (cn9), 15, 34, 122, 188, 189, 212–214 glutamate (Glu), 248–249 glutamine (Gln), 248–249 gracile fasciculus, 13 gracile lobule (grac), 121, 122, 125–130, 134–139, 141 gray-scale anatomical imaging, 406 gray-scale ultrasound imaging, 405 great horizontal fissure of cerebellum (horzf), 116–120, 123–131, 134–141 greater palatine artery (grpa), 340–342 greater palatine foramina (palfg), 285, 289, 294, 295, 300 greater superficial petrosal nerve (gspn), 308 greater wing of the sphenoid bone (gws), 152, 279–284, 287, 288, 297 gyrus ambiens (gya), 54, 55 gyrus/gyri, gyrus rectus (gr), 5, 50, 51, 53–55, 72, 73, 75–79, 155, 174, 175, 183, 191, 195, 262, 268, 270, 273, 297, 407, 412–413 H-shaped orbital frontal sulci, axial plane, 174–175 habenular trigone (hab), 48, 49, 90, 166, 192 hamulus of medial pterygoid plate (hmp), 284, 289, 294 hand motor knob (hmk), 40, 66, 67, 176, 221–223, 265, 275, 276 head CT images without contrast, elderly subject axial plane, 265–269 coronal plane, 270–272 sagittal plane, 273–274 head CT images without contrast, normal young adult, 260–264 head of malleus (mh), 305, 309, 314 head of mandibular condyle (manhc), 204, 280–284, 286, 291, 294, 307, 308 hemispheres, cerebellar, 111, 112 hemispheric branch of pica (pica-h), 371–374 hemispheric branch of suca (sucah), 348, 352, 363, 371–375 Heschl’s gyrus (transverse temporal gyrus) (heg), 7, 47–49, 64–67, 87–91, 170, 176, 224, 226, 227, 271, 274 hiatus semilunaris (hise), 299, 301 hindbrain See rhombencephalon hippocampal body (hipb), 52, 53, 88, 91, 164, 165, 167, 169–171 hippocampal commissure (hipcom), 94, 172, 173 hippocampal fissure (sulcus) (hif), 162, 163, 169, 170 hippocampal formation, axial plane, 164–168 coronal plane, 160–163 fimbria to crura of fornix, 171–173 sagittal oblique plane, 171–173 sagittal plane, 169–170 hippocampal head (hiph), 54–56, 70, 86, 87, 126, 160–162, 164, 165, 167, 169–171, 178, 199, 202 hippocampal sulcal remnants (hsr), 167 hippocampal sulcus, hippocampal tail (hipt), 50, 51, 93, 94, 161, 163, 165, 167–173 hippocampus (hip), 9, 68, 69, 85, 89, 92, 127, 160, 176, 210, 271, 408–409 fornix/fimbria of, 243 horizontal petrous segment of ica (c2b), 107, 203, 204, 287, 291, 294, 297, 307, 308, 312, 357 horizontal plate of palatine bone (hpp), 284, 289, 300–302 horizontal segment mca (m1), 55, 69, 70, 80–82, 101, 102, 153, 193, 199, 201, 210, 262, 268, 270, 335, 345–351, 354–355, 358, 361–362, 364–368, 370, 396, 413 horizontal semicircular canal (ssch), 118, 184, 207, 209, 211, 292, 305, 310, 311 horizontal Sylvian cistern (Sylvian fissure) (hsc), 54, 55, 79–81, 268, 270, 408, 413 Hounsfield units (HU), 258 HU See Hounsfield units INDEX human brain using 3D modeling techniques basal ganglia and deep structures, 26 blender, 18 cranial nerves (CN), 29–36 Freesurfer, 18 process, 18 Sketchfab, 18 surface anatomy of brain, 19–25, 27–28 Hunter’s angle, 248 hydrocephalus, hypoglossal canal (hypc), 100, 108, 285, 292, 294, 307, 311 hypoglossal eminence (h), 213, 214 hypoglossal nerve (cn12), 13, 15, 36, 100, 188, 189, 214 hypoglossal trigone, 13 hypothalamic sulcus (hys), 74, 412–413 hypothalamus (hyp), 9, 10, 53, 73, 84, 85, 87, 162, 166, 192, 201, 262, 271 hypotympanum (hypo), 307–311, 314 IAC See internal auditory canals ica terminus/bifurcation (icat), 81, 153, 190, 347, 350, 361, 364–365, 367–368, 370 ilt See inferolateral trunk immature myelin pattern, 248 incisive fossa (if), 284 incisive/nasopalatine canal (incc), 285, 293, 295, 301, 302 incudo-stapedial articulation (isa), 306, 312, 313 incus (in), 305 indusium griseum, infarction, 326 inferior alveolar artery (iaa), 341 inferior alveolar nerve (branch of cnv3) (ian), 202–204 inferior cerebellar peduncle (restiform body) (icp), 61, 62, 94, 120, 121, 135, 213, 214, 231, 233, 235, 238, 264 inferior colliculus (infc), 14, 52, 53, 93, 114, 133, 134, 198 inferior division of vestibular nerve (cn8iv), 128, 184, 185, 207, 211, 212 inferior frontal gyrus (frgi), 5, 44–47, 64, 65, 67, 75–79, 81–83, 104, 176, 222, 224, 228, 267, 270, 271, 274 inferior frontal sinus (i-frs), 298, 299 inferior frontal sulcus (frsi), 5, 42, 44–49, 64–67, 76–83, 176, 267, 271, 274 inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus (ifo), 231–238, 242 inferior internal parietal branch of aca (iipa), 368 inferior longitudinal fasciculus (ilf), 231, 232, 234–238, 242 inferior meatus (infm), 293, 295, 299–302, 318 inferior nasal turbinate (inft), 285, 289, 295, 299–302, 318 inferior oblique muscle (inob), 153, 154, 316, 318, 322 inferior occipital gyrus (iog), 66–68, 98, 99 inferior olivary complex (infoc), 62, 92, 122, 213, 214, 264 inferior orbital fissure (iofi), 279, 282, 287, 289, 294, 296, 297, 300, 302, 316, 320, 321 inferior parietal lobule (ipl), 7, 261, 274, 275 inferior petrosal sinus (infps), 100, 376–377, 390–392, 394 inferior/posterior medullary velum (imv), 123, 213, 214 inferior rectus muscle (inrm), 148, 149, 151, 152, 154, 155, 316, 319–321 inferior rostral gyrus (rgi), 50, 51, 75–79, 183 inferior rostral sulcus (rgis), 50–52, 71–73, 75–78, 183 inferior sagittal sinus (infss), 106, 109, 376, 385, 389–392 inferior semilunar lobule (Crus II) (infslu), 117–122, 125–131, 135–141 inferior striate vein (instv), 380 inferior temporal gyrus (tegi), 6, 53–55, 57, 58, 64, 66, 80–89, 91–94, 196, 226, 227, 271, 409 inferior temporal polar region (intp), 79 inferior temporal sulcus (tmsi), 53–55, 80–86, 88, 89, 91–93 inferior thyroid artery (inta), 331 inferior tympanic annulus (ityma), 308–310 inferior ventricular vein (ivv), 217 inferior vermian vein (infvv), 363, 385, 393, 394 inferolateral trunk (ilt), 342, 369 infindibular recess of third ventricle (irv3), 74, 84, 123, 157, 166, 183, 194, 198 infra-orbital canal (inforc), 285, 286, 294–296, 299, 321, 322 infraorbital artery (infoa), 340–342 infraorbital foramen (iof), 279, 280, 282, 283, 299 infraorbital margin (iom), 279, 280, 282, 302 infratemporal fossa (itf), 202, 284–287, 296, 333 infratentorial compartment cerebellum, 15–16 cranial nerves IV through XII, 14–15 dorsal aspect of the brainstem, 13–14 ventral aspect of the brainstem, 13 infundibulum (inf), 54, 55, 74, 83, 106, 107, 113, 114, 144, 147, 150, 153, 157–159, 190, 191, 193, 195, 197, 208, 262, 271, 322 innominate artery (inmta), 327, 328, 335, 338 innominate vein (innv), 327, 328 insula, insular anatomy, sagittal plane, 176 insular branches of mca (insmca), 351 insular cortex (ic), 46–52, 68, 79–89, 161, 162, 169, 176, 227, 228, 261, 267, 270, 271, 408–410 insular gyri (ing), 66, 411 insular lobe, cerebral hemispheres, insular vein (insv), 392 intercavernous sinus (itcvs), 376, 392, 394 interhemispheric fissure (ihf), 45, 47, 52, 75–81, 260, 266, 270, 271, 407–410 intermediate olfactory stria, 12 internal auditory canal (iac), 91, 118, 119, 184, 189, 206, 207, 209, 210, 214, 284, 292, 294, 305, 309, 310, 312, 314, 344 axial plane, 184–185 internal carotid artery (ica), 71, 81, 82, 101, 105, 107, 146–148, 150, 153, 166, 190, 191, 193, 195, 197, 201, 203, 204, 263, 271, 286, 287, 291, 293, 294, 297, 307, 308, 312, 316, 317, 321, 322, 327, 330–332, 334–339, 342, 344, 345, 347–351, 353–355, 357, 358, 361–370, 376, 379, 380, 385, 386, 391 internal cerebral vein (icv), 46–49, 73, 74, 88–92, 94, 103, 106–108, 123, 144, 161, 163, 165, 166, 183, 192, 198, 217–219, 261, 262, 271, 273, 359–361, 363, 376–378, 380–383, 385, 387–392, 394 433 434 INDEX internal jugular vein (ijv), 105, 108, 330, 334, 376–379, 382–383, 386, 390–394 internal mammary artery (intm), 327, 331, 338, 343 internal medullary lamina of thalamus (imlt) (*), 46–49, 71, 88 internal occipital protuberance (iop), 59, 269, 286 internasal bone suture (intns), 282, 298 interpeduncular cistern (inpc), 53, 54, 72, 73, 88, 114, 123, 161, 164, 166, 168, 178, 195–197, 262, 271, 273, 394, 408, 412 interpterygoid fossa (inptf), 284–286, 289, 290, 294, 295 interscalar septum (itscs), 306 intersinus septum (frontal) (intfs), 297, 298 intra-occipital sulcus (ios), 42–44, 98, 261, 266, 276 intraconal orbital fat (icf), 148, 150–152, 154, 316, 317, 319–322 intracranial anatomy, MRI H-shaped orbital frontal sulci, 174–175 hippocampal formation, 160–173 insular anatomy, 176 internal auditory canals, 184–185 Liliequist’s membrane, 157–159 pituitary gland, 144–156 subcallosal region, 183 subthalamic nucleus, 177–182 Virchow–Robin spaces, 186 intracranial/intradural segment vertebral artery (v4), 62, 63, 88, 92, 100, 122, 162, 188, 197, 213, 214, 327, 330, 335, 343–344, 347–354, 357, 361, 363–364, 371–375, 385 intracranial optic nerves, 12 intracranial venous system, 376–394 catheter angiography, 390–394 computed tomography venography, 379–389 magnetic resonance venography, 376–378 intraparietal sulcus (ips), 7, 40, 41, 66–69, 94–98, 222, 224, 260, 261, 266, 274–276 iodine atoms, 259 ischemic penumbra, 326, 402–403 Isle of Reil, isotropy, 230 isthmus of cingulate gyrus (cigis), 45–48, 50–52, 70, 71, 95, 161, 165, 169, 272, 274 jugular bulb (jugb), 105, 306, 307, 330, 376–378, 383, 386, 388–394 jugular foramen (jugf), 92, 100, 108, 189, 269, 272, 292, 294, 307, 310, 311, 313–315, 383, 386 jugular spine (jugs), 100, 286, 307 jugular tubercle of occipital bone (jugt), 269, 286, 292 juxtacortical white matter (jcwm), 261 Korner’s septum (kors), 304, 309, 310 labyrinthine segment facial nerve (cn7l), 184, 209, 305, 308 lacerum segment of ica (c3), 147, 293, 294, 327, 334, 335, 347, 349–351, 361, 363, 365–370 lacrimal bone (lacb), 287, 296, 297 lacrimal gland (lac), 56, 150 lacrimal sac fossa (lacf), 298 lactate (Lac), 216, 248 lamina cribrosa, 12 lamina papyracea (lamp), 287, 297, 299 lamina terminalis (lt), 51, 52, 157, 181, 183, 413 lateral cerebellar hemisphere, 15 lateral dorsal nucleus, of thalamus, 11 lateral geniculate nucleus (lgn), 51, 52, 69, 89–91, 161, 166, 181, 192–194 lateral intermuscular septum (lis), 151, 319 lateral lamina of lenticular nucleus (llln), 48, 50, 70, 82–87, 160, 161 lateral lenticulostriate arteries (latl), 82 lateral malleolar ligament (in tympanic cavity) (lml), 309, 314 lateral mesencephalic sulcus (lamss), 113, 114, 164 lateral nasal branch of sphenopalatine artery (ln), 340, 341 lateral occipital sulcus, lateral (inferior) occipital sulcus (los), 66–68, 98, 99 lateral occipital temporal gyrus (lotg)/fusiform gyrus (lotg), 51–58, 65–69, 80–89, 91–99, 164, 170, 176, 196, 226, 271, 272, 409 lateral occipital temporal sulcus (lots), 52–58, 65, 82–89, 91–94, 96, 97, 164, 409 lateral occipitotemporal gyrus, 6, lateral occipitotemporal sulcus, lateral orbital gyrus (log), 5, 51–53, 65, 67, 75–78, 174, 175, 270 lateral palpebral ligament (lpl), 148 lateral posterior choroidal artery (lpch), 371–374 lateral pterygoid muscle (ptml), 190, 201, 202, 204 lateral pterygoid plate (lpp), 283–286, 289, 290, 294–296, 302, 361 lateral recess of fourth ventricle (lrv4), 120, 137 lateral rectus muscle (larm), 148–152, 154, 155, 193, 316, 317, 319–321 lateral ventricle (lv), 84, 273, 399–403, 409 left common carotid artery (l-cca), 328, 329, 331, 335, 338 left subclavian artery (l-subcl), 335 lens of globe (lengl), 59, 148, 150, 151, 155, 193, 263, 317, 318, 321, 322 lenticular nucleus (lenn), 261, 267, 271, 276, 356, 408–409 lenticular process of incus (ilen), 306, 310, 312–314 lenticulostriate arteries (lena), 9, 346–348, 350, 361, 363, 365, 366, 368 lenticulostriate artery trunk (lena-t), 370 lentiform nucleus, 11 leptomeninges, lesser palatine foramina (palfl), 285, 289, 295 lesser wing of the sphenoid bone (lws), 152, 279, 280, 282, 284, 289, 300, 407 levator palpebrae superioris (lps), 151, 153, 154, 319, 321, 322 Liliequist’s membrane, 157–159 limbic lobe, cerebral hemispheres, 8–9 limbus sphenoidale (ls), 284, 288, 293, 297, 301, 302 limen insulae (li), 8, 9, 53 lingual artery – branch of eca (linga), 332, 336, 337, 339–341 lingual-facial artery trunk (lfat), 339, 341 lingual gyrus (motg) (lg), 6, 9, 46–48, 50–52, 70–72, 95–99, 161, 169, 229, 272–274, 412–413 lingual nerve (branch of v3) (cnv3lg), 202, 203 lingula of vermis (lobule I) (lingula), 56, 115, 123, 124 INDEX lip smacking task, 224 lipid (Lip), 248, 251, 254 locus (nucleus) ceruleus, 13 long process of incus (ilp), 306, 310, 313, 314 longitudinal caudate vein (lcv), 87 lower frequencies sound waves, 405 magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), 324 arterial neck, 327 magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), arterial brain axial plane, 344–346 frontal views, 347–352 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 324 cerebellum (See cerebellum, MRI) cross-sectional images from, 18 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), brain with contrast axial plane, 100–103 coronal plane, 107–110 sagittal plane, 104–106 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), brain without contrast axial plane, 39–63 coronal plane, 75–99 sagittal plane, 64–74 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques advanced, 216 diffusion tensor imaging, 230–247 functional, 220–229 susceptibility weighted imaging, 216–219 magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), 248–255 magnetic resonance venography (MRV) intracranial venous system, 376–378 overview of, 324 malleo-incudal articulation (minc), 305 malleus (mal), 312, 315 mammillary body (mb), 53, 73, 74, 87, 144, 157, 160, 161, 166, 168, 183, 192, 193, 196, 233, 243, 262, 408 mammilothalamic tract (mtt), 47, 48, 50–52, 72, 73, 87, 166, 179, 181, 183 mandible body (manb), 279–284, 333 mandibular division (v3) of trigeminal nerve (cn5), 83, 107, 147, 190, 201–205, 208 mandibular foramen (manf), 203, 281, 283–285, 290, 295 mandibular nerve, 14 mandibular notch (mann), 280–283, 294, 295 manubrium of malleus (mman), 307, 309, 314 marginal sinus (margs), 100, 108 massa intermedia (mi), 47, 73, 87, 261, 273 masseter muscle (masm), 203 masseteric muscular artery branches of eca (masma), 340, 341 mastoid air cells (mac), 100, 269, 272, 285–287, 292, 294, 304–308, 311–313, 330 mastoid antrum (masta), 305 mastoid emissary vein (masev), 104, 376–378 mastoid fontanel, 405 mastoid notch (mn), 284 mastoid process (mp), 104, 279–284 mastoid segment facial nerve (cn7m), 209, 292, 294, 306, 307, 311–314 mastoid tip (mtp), 292 maxillary artery (maxa), 331–333, 335, 336, 339–342, 349–351, 353, 354, 362, 387 branches of, 326 maxillary bone (mxb), 279, 280, 282, 283 maxillary branch (v2) of trigeminal nerve (cn5), 60, 152, 153, 190, 202, 206, 208, 320 maxillary nerve, 14 maxillary sinus (ms), 203, 205, 264, 286, 287, 289, 293–296, 298–300, 302, 316, 322 maxillary sinus ostium (mso), 299 maxillary tuberosity (maxt), 284, 302 maximum intensity projection (MIP), 328, 349–352 mca bifurcation/trifurcation (mcab), 102, 262, 345–350, 354–355, 358, 361–362, 364–368, 396 mean transit time (MTT), 325, 395, 397, 399, 402 quantitative measurement of, 326 Meckel’s cave (mec), 14, 59, 60, 69, 70, 84–86, 101, 105, 107, 119, 126, 127, 162, 184, 198–202, 206–210, 264 medial atrial vein (m-atv), 217–219, 381, 391 medial branch of aica supplying pica (aica/pica), 347, 349, 352 medial geniculate nucleus (mgn), 50, 51, 70, 90, 91, 161, 165, 166, 181, 192–194 medial lamina of lenticular nucleus (mlln), 70, 84–87, 161 medial lemniscus (ml), 231, 233, 235, 237, 238 medial nuclei of thalamus (M), 46–50, 71, 72, 88, 89 medial occipitotemporal gyrus, medial olfactory stria, 12 medial orbital gyrus (mog), 5, 51–55, 70, 71, 75–79, 174, 175, 191, 195, 262, 268, 270, 413 medial palpebral ligament (mpl), 148, 151, 316, 317 medial posterior choroidal artery (mpch), 371, 372, 374 medial pterygoid muscle (ptmm), 190, 201, 202 medial pterygoid plate (mpp), 284–286, 289, 290, 293–296, 361 medial rectus muscle (merm), 148, 150–155, 193, 316–320, 322 median palatine suture (mps), 284, 299, 300 median pontine sulcus (medps), 117 medulla (med), 72, 74, 93, 123, 132, 133, 157, 208, 214, 264, 269, 272, 273, 408, 412 medullary vein(s) (medvein), 218 meningeal layer, of dura mater, meningeal spaces, 3–4 meninges, 3–4 meningohypophyseal artery trunk (mht), 368, 370 mental foramen (mf), 279, 280, 282, 283 mental protuberance of mandible (mpm), 279, 280, 282–284 mesencephalic segment of Liliequist’s membrane (lilimm ), 157 mesencephalon, 3, 12 anterior surface of, 13 dorsal surface of, 14 metabolite peaks, 249 midbrain (mdb), 74, 89, 123, 157, 197, 198, 214, 237, 263, 271, 273, 274, 412–413 middle cerebellar peduncle (brachium pontis) (mcp), 57–60, 70, 92–94, 119, 125, 126, 132–135, 199, 231–233, 235, 237, 238, 264, 269, 272, 274 middle cerebral artery (mca), 52, 55, 66, 68–70, 80–82, 84, 101, 102, 153, 176, 193, 199, 210, 217, 262, 267, 268, 270, 342, 345–351, 354, 356, 359–362, 364–370, 388 435 436 INDEX middle cranial fossa (mcrf), 57, 188–190, 202, 264, 287–290, 294, 297, 300, 312, 364, 407 middle frontal gyrus (frgm), 5, 39–49, 64–68, 75–84, 176, 221, 222, 224, 225, 228, 260, 261, 265–267, 270, 271, 274, 275 middle frontal sulcus (frsm), 5, 46, 76–79, 82 middle internal frontal branch of aca (mif), 367, 368 middle meatus (mm), 296, 299–301 middle meningeal artery (mma), 203, 331–333, 340–342, 351, 362 middle meningeal artery grooves (mmag), 283 middle nasal turbinate (mnt), 296, 299–301 middle occipital gyrus (mocg), 66–68, 98, 99 middle short insular gyrus (msg), 67, 170, 176 middle temporal branch of mca (mtmca), 367–369 middle temporal gyrus (tegm), 46–48, 50–57, 64–66, 80–89, 91–94, 196, 226, 227, 271, 274, 409 middle turn of cochlea (cocm), 308 MIP See maximum intensity projection modiolus (mod), 207, 306 motor cranial nerve nuclei, motor thalamus, 11 MRA See magnetic resonance angiography MRI See magnetic resonance imaging MRS See magnetic resonance spectroscopy MRV See magnetic resonance venography MTT See mean transit time multi-slice helical scanners, 258 multi-voxel technique, 248 multimodality approach, 187 myelin sheath, myo-inositol (ml), 250 nasal bone (nb), 279, 280, 282, 283, 286, 287, 293, 296–298, 301, 302 nasal septum (nass), 296 nasal vestibule (nv), 295 nasion (ns), 279, 280 nasofrontal suture (nfs), 279, 282, 283, 302 nasolacrimal duct (nalac), 286, 287, 293, 295, 296, 299, 301, 318 nasolacrimal saccule (nsls), 148, 296, 316–318 nasomaxillary suture (nms), 279, 280, 282, 283, 287, 296 nasopharynx (naph), 81, 190, 201, 273, 285, 290, 293, 295, 296, 301 neck of malleus (mne), 306, 314 neck of mandibular condyle (mancn), 280, 282, 283, 285, 291, 294, 295 neocerebellum, 15 neocortex, neonatal cranial ultrasound See cranial ultrasonography, neonatal nervous system classification of, development of, neural crest, neural plate, neural retina, 12 neural tube, cranial portion of, growth and development of, neuroectoderm, neurohypophysis (nh), 144, 145, 147 neurologic disorders, 220 neuronal activation, 220 neuronal clusters, neurons cerebral hemispheres of, telencephalon of, neurosurgical disorders, 220 neurovascular imaging, 324 neurulation, nodulus of vermis (lobule X) (nodu), 58, 59, 118, 119, 123, 124, 136–138, 269 nuclei of trigeminal nerve, 14 nucleus accumbens (nac), 9, 51, 52, 71, 80–82, 169, 237 nucleus cuneatus (nucc), 63 nucleus gracilis (nucg), 63 obex (obx), 62, 74, 123 occipital artery (occa), 332, 333, 335–337, 339–341, 344, 349, 353, 387 occipital condyle (ocpc), 292–294 occipital gyri (ocg), 45–48, 51, 52, 69–71, 97, 267, 268, 274 occipital horn of lateral ventricle (lvoh), 47, 48, 50, 70, 96, 98, 262, 267 occipital lobe (ocl), 110, 261–263, 267, 268, 274, 410 cerebral hemispheres, 7–8 occipital pole (op), 45–48, 50, 52, 53, 69–71, 267, 273 occipital sinus (occs), 106, 384, 389 occipital white matter (owm), 276 occipitomastoid suture (oms), 280–283, 292, 307 oculomotor nerve (cn3), 12, 30, 55, 71, 72, 87, 107, 113–115, 146, 158–161, 165, 167, 169, 188–191, 195–197, 208, 210 odontoid process of c2V (dens), 330 olfactory bulb (cn1) (olfb), 73–75, 154, 157, 183, 191 olfactory nerve, 12, 191 olfactory recess of nasal cavity (olfr), 287, 297, 299, 300 olfactory sulcus (olfs), 53, 54, 75, 76, 79, 155, 191, 195, 270, 407, 413 olfactory tract (cn1) (olft), 76, 188, 189, 191 olfactory tubercle, 12 olfactory vein (olfv), 217, 359 open medulla (omed), 62, 122 opercular branches mca (m3), 346–348, 350, 354–356, 359, 361, 362, 364–368, 370 ophthalmic artery (opha), 191, 193, 195, 316, 317, 319–321, 335, 342, 344–345, 347, 349, 351, 365–370 ophthalmic branch (v1) of trigeminal nerve (cnv1), 146, 190, 208 ophthalmic nerve, 14 ophthalmic segment of ica (c6), 71, 81, 82, 148, 150, 190, 191, 193, 195, 316, 317, 322, 334–335, 342, 345, 347, 349–351, 363–370, 380 opisthion (opis), 72, 188, 189, 273, 293 optic canal (oc), 282, 288, 289, 293, 297, 300, 302 optic chiasm (opch), 54, 73, 81, 82, 107, 113, 144, 146, 147, 153, 156, 162, 166, 190, 192, 193, 197, 198, 201, 262, 268 optic cranial nerve, 12 optic nerve (cn2) (on), 72, 75, 166, 188, 189, 191, 192–194, 210, 262, 319 optic nerve/sheath complex (onsc), 148, 150, 152, 154, 317, 319–322 optic radiations (opr), 45, 46, 68, 95, 97 INDEX optic strut (opst), 152, 190, 289, 293, 300 optic tract (opt), 52, 53, 69–71, 83–88, 147, 156, 160–162, 166, 169, 181, 192–194, 201, 232, 237 orbicularis oculi/eyelid (elid), 148, 316, 317 orbicularis oculi muscle (oro), 148, 316, 317 orbital apex (orba), 77, 78, 322 orbital CT axial plane, 316–317 coronal plane, 318–320 sagittal oblique plane, 321–322 orbital-frontal gyri (ofg), 262, 267, 270, 274, 407 orbital gyrus, orbital plate of ethmoid bone (ope), 282, 283 orbital plate of frontal bone (opf), 188, 280, 282, 284, 298, 299, 407 orbital portion of lacrimal gland (laco), 148–151, 153, 154, 317–319, 321 orbital segment optic nerve (onorb), 148, 150–152, 154, 192–194, 263, 316, 317 orbital septum (ors), 316, 317, 322 orbitofrontal branch of aca (orbfa), 349, 351, 355, 363, 367, 368, 370 orbitofrontal branch of mca (orbfm), 347, 350, 354, 364–366, 368–370 oval window (ow), 306, 309, 310, 312–314 oxygenated blood, 220 oxyhemoglobin, 220 pacchionian granulations, 16 pachymeninx, palatine process of maxilla (ppofm), 284, 293, 299–302 palpebral portion of lacrimal gland (lacp), 148, 150, 154, 317, 318 para-brachial recess (pbr), 56, 57, 93, 116, 133, 134 paracentral lobule (pcl), 5, 39, 40, 71, 72, 273, 274, 412 paracentral lobule artery branch of aca (pcla), 367, 368 paracentral sulcus (pcs), 5, 39, 71, 72, 273, 412 parahippocampal gyrus (phg), 6, 9, 53–59, 68, 69, 84–94, 160–164, 169, 170, 176, 196, 226, 262, 263, 268, 271, 408–409, 412 of temporal lobe, paramagnetic substance, 216 paranasal sinuses CT axial plane, 295–297 coronal plane, 298–300 sagittal plane, 301–302 temporal bone CT (See temporal bone CT) paraolfactory gyrus See subcallosal area paraterminal gyrus (ptg), 9, 74, 81, 82, 183 paravermis projects, 15 parenchyma, of brain, parietal branch of mca (pmca), 367 parietal foramina (pf), 281 parietal lobe (prl), 410 cerebral hemispheres, parietal operculum (pop), 45, 64–67, 176, 274, 410 parieto-occipital branch of pca (poa), 346, 349, 351, 352, 355, 356, 363, 364, 371–375 parieto-occipital sulcus (pos), 7, 41–45, 69–73, 97–99, 229, 261, 266, 267, 273, 274, 276, 412–413 parietomastoid suture (pms), 280–283 Parinaud’s syndrome, 14 parotid gland (parg), 203, 209 pars compacta of substantia nigra (snpc), 52, 53, 114 pars marginalis (ascending ramus of cingulate sulcus) (pmarg), 39, 40, 71, 72, 94–96, 221–223, 225, 260, 265, 273–276, 412 pars nervosa-jugular foramen (jgfpn), 100, 286, 307, 330, 379 pars opercularis, pars opercularis of inferior frontal gyrus (frgiop), 46–49, 64–66, 80, 81, 83, 176, 227, 274 pars orbitalis, pars orbitalis of inferior frontal gyrus (frgio), 51, 52, 64–66, 77–79, 176, 227, 267, 274 pars reticulata of substantia nigra (snpr), 52, 53 pars triangularis, pars triangularis of inferior frontal gyrus (frgit), 48, 49, 64–66, 77–79, 176, 227, 274 pars vascularis-jugular foramen (jgfpv), 100, 286, 307, 330, 379 partial volume effect, 258 passive listening, 226 peduncular vein (pedv), 217, 380, 388 peri-insular (circular) sulcus (pis), 46–52, 66–68, 79, 81–87, 169, 170, 176, 267, 270, 271, 274, 408–409, 411 periaqueductal gray matter (pag), 52, 53, 55, 92, 93, 132, 165, 235 pericallosal branch of aca (peric), 79–81, 346, 349, 351, 356, 360, 363, 365, 367–368 pericallosal cistern (sulcus) (pecs), 43, 45, 46, 77–80, 82, 83, 85, 94, 183, 271, 273, 408–410 perimesencephalic (ambient) cistern (pemsc), 54, 55, 89, 163, 164, 262, 409, 413 perinidal aneurysm, 374 periosteal layer, of dura mater, peripheral nervous system (PNS), periventricular white matter (pevwm), 261 perpendicular plate of ethmoid (ppe), 188, 279, 280, 282, 286, 287, 293, 296–302 persistent trigeminal artery, 369 petro-occipital fissure (pof), 284, 286, 287, 291, 292, 307–310 petrosal vein (petv), 57, 101, 184, 379, 388, 393–394 petrous apex (pa), 59, 60, 209, 264, 269, 284, 287, 305, 307, 308, 312 petrous ridge (pri), 284, 364 petrous segment of ica (c2), 327, 334, 335, 344, 347–351, 365–370, 376, 386 petrous temporal bone (ptb), 59, 60, 184, 264, 281, 284, 364 phase contrast, 324 pia mater, pineal gland (pg), 14, 49, 50, 73, 74, 91, 92, 123, 132, 166, 262, 267 piriform cortex (pir), 81 piriform cortex, frontal part (pirf), 82–84, 271 piriform cortex, temporal part (pirt), 82–84, 271 pituitary gland (pitg), 72–74, 81, 83, 84, 106, 150, 153, 157, 183, 188–191, 194, 197, 201, 208, 210, 271, 273, 322 axial plane, 148–151 coronal plane, 146–147, 151–156 sagittal plane, 144–145 planum polare (ppo), 7, 65, 66, 79, 82–87, 271, 274 planum sphenoidale (pls), 145, 152, 156, 270, 289, 293, 300–302, 320 planum temporale (pte), 7, 64, 65, 67, 91, 92, 274 437 438 INDEX PNS See peripheral nervous system pons (pon), 72, 74, 184, 185, 200, 207, 210, 212, 214, 264, 272, 274, 408 ventral surface of, 13 pontine crossing tract (pct), 231, 233, 235, 237, 238 pontine perforators (poperf), 363, 373 pontine triangle, 13 ponto-medullary junction (pmdj), 13, 61, 72, 120, 208, 212 ponto-mesencephalic junction (pmesj), 115, 198, 208, 263, 268 pontocerebellum, 15 pontomedullary sulcus (potms), 61, 120, 191 porus acousticus (porus), 91, 184, 207, 209, 210, 305, 310 porus trigeminus (ptr), 58, 70, 101, 126, 184, 189, 199–201, 210 Poschl view, 315 Poschl’s plane, 185 post-central gyrus (pocg), 39–45, 64–72, 88, 89, 91–96, 176, 221–225, 227, 260, 265–267, 274–276 post-central sulcus (pocs), 39–42, 64–66, 68–72, 92–96, 176, 224, 227, 260, 265–267, 274, 276 post-olivary sulcus (polis), 62, 122, 213, 214, 264 post-processed images, 326 postcommunicating segment aca (a2), 44, 46, 47, 51, 52, 73, 74, 77, 79, 102, 270, 273, 335, 345–351, 355–356, 358–361, 363–365, 367–368, 370, 388, 396 posterior ampullary nerve (pamp), 184, 185, 207 posterior ascending ramus of Sylvian fissure (par), 41–44, 64–66, 94, 176, 266, 267, 274 posterior auricular artery (paur), 332, 333, 339–341, 353 posterior basilar circulation, arterial brain, 371–375 posterior body corpus callosum (ccbp), 261 posterior cerebral artery (pca), 88, 101, 102, 114, 167, 168, 196, 197, 217, 345–352, 354–356, 358, 361, 363–364, 369, 371–375, 388, 396, 413 posterior choana (poch), 289, 296 posterior clinoid process (pocl), 288 posterior commissure (pc), 50, 73, 74, 90, 91, 123, 166, 183 posterior communicating artery (pcom), 168, 191, 195, 345, 349–352, 354, 358, 363–365, 368, 370–372, 374 posterior condylar foramen (pocf), 285, 292 posterior condylar vein (pocv), 100, 379 posterior corona radiata (pcr), 233, 234, 236–238 posterior cranial fossa (pcrf), 188, 189, 287, 292, 364, 408, 410, 412 posterior crus of stapes (stcp), 306, 310, 312 posterior ethmoid air cells (ethacp), 297, 299, 301, 302 posterior ethmoidal canal (pethc), 288, 297 posterior fontanel, 405 posterior fossa venous phase DSA images, 393–394 posterior inferior cerebellar artery (pica), 330, 343, 344, 347–349, 352–354, 357, 361, 363, 364, 371–375 posterior internal frontal branch of aca (pif), 367, 368 posterior limb of internal capsule (plic), 10, 46–50, 69, 70, 87–89, 232–234, 236–238, 245, 261, 267, 271, 276, 356, 408, 412 posterior lobe of cerebellar vermis, 112 posterior lobule of insula (pli), 170, 176 posterior long insular gyrus (plg), 67, 170, 176 posterior mesencephalic vein (pmv), 394 posterior nasal spine (pns), 284 posterior neuropore, posterior orbital gyrus (pog), 52–55, 67–69, 76–79, 174–176, 195, 262, 268, 270, 410 posterior parietal branch of mca (ppmca), 366, 368, 369 posterior parolfactory sulcus (pps), 51, 82, 183 posterior pericallosal/splenial branches pca (popc), 371, 372, 374 posterior semicircular canal (sscp), 184, 185, 207, 209, 305, 306, 311 posterior short insular gyrus (psg), 67, 170, 176 posterior superior alveolar artery (psaa), 340, 341 posterior superior fissure of cerebellum (psf), 116–119, 123–130, 134–140 posterior superior recess of fourth ventricle (psrv4), 71 posterior temporal branch of mca (ptmca), 367–369 posterior temporal branch of pca (pta), 345, 349, 352, 354, 355, 363, 371–375 posterior thalamic radiations (pthr), 238 posterior thalamoperforators (p-thp), 371–374 posterolateral nucleus of thalamus (PLN), 69 posteromedial orbital lobule (pmol), 53–55, 70, 80, 166, 174, 175, 195, 262, 268 postpyramidal fissure (pospf), 124 pre-central branch(es) of mca (prcmca), 368, 369 pre-central cerebellar vein (precv), 74, 106, 383, 385, 394 pre-central gyrus (precg), 5, 39–45, 64–71, 83–89, 91–93, 176, 221–225, 227, 260, 265–267, 274–276 pre-central sulcus (precs), 5, 39–45, 64–70, 84–89, 176, 221–225, 227, 260, 261, 265–267, 274, 275 pre-ganglionic segment trigeminal nerve (cn5p), 58, 69, 70, 88–90, 101, 105, 117, 126, 160, 184, 188, 196, 199–201, 206 pre-occipital notch (poc), 64, 65 pre-olivary sulcus (prols), 62, 122, 213, 214, 264 precommissural branch of fornix (fxp), 233, 235–237, 243 precommunicating/mesencephalic segment pca (p1), 168, 345, 347–350, 352, 354, 358, 364, 371, 373–375 precommunicating segment aca (a1), 81, 102, 153, 190, 201, 271, 335, 345, 347–351, 354–355, 358, 361, 364–365, 367–368, 370, 396, 413 preculminate fissure (preculf), 114 precuneus (prcu), 7, 39–45, 71, 72, 95–98, 227, 261, 266, 267, 273, 274, 412–413 prefrontal branch of mca (prfmca), 368, 369 prefrontal cortex, preganglionic neurons, premedullary cistern (premc), 62, 63, 122, 269 prepontine cistern (prpc), 57–60, 72, 118, 191, 197, 199, 207, 208, 263, 273 prepyramidal fissure of cerebellum (prepf), 118, 121–129, 139 primary intermediate sulcus (pits), 64, 65, 274 projection tracts, 230 prosencephalon, Prussak’s space (prus), 306, 309, 310 pterion (pt), 280–283 INDEX pterygoid plates (pp), 289 pterygoid venous plexus (ptvpl), 330, 361–363, 376, 390, 391 pterygopalatine canal (ptpc), 289, 294, 300, 302 pterygopalatine fossa (ptfos), 206, 285–287, 289, 293, 294, 296, 300, 302, 320, 321, 340–341 pterygovaginal (palatovaginal or pharyngeal canal) (ptvc), 284, 286, 290 pulvinar of thalamus (pul), 46–50, 70–72, 92, 93, 166, 169, 193, 236–238 putamen (pu), 10, 46–50, 68–70, 80–89, 160, 161, 166, 169, 180, 261, 267, 270, 271, 276, 408 pyramid of vermis (lobule VIII) (pymd), 58, 59, 118–124, 139 pyramidal eminence (pyem), 62, 63, 122, 160, 162, 213, 214, 264 pyramidal process (pyp), 306 quadrangular lobule (anterior quadrangular lobule) (quad), 113–117, 125–128, 132–139 quadrigeminal plate cistern (qdpc), 16, 53, 93, 94, 165, 262, 267, 273, 413 quadrigeminal segment of pca (p3), 349, 350, 352, 354, 355, 358, 364, 371, 372 ramus of mandible (manr), 202–204, 279–285, 289–291, 295, 330, 333, 337, 361 recurrent artery of Huebner (rah), 361, 365 red nucleus (rn), 51, 52, 72, 88, 89, 165, 166, 168, 177–179, 181, 183, 193, 194, 235–237 resistive index (RI), 406 reticular nuclear group, 11 retro-pulvinar (thalamic) cistern (wings of ambient cistern) (rpc), 47, 166, 267 retrolenticular internal capsule (reic) (rlic), 46–50, 68, 90, 91, 232, 236–238, 261, 267, 276 retrolenticular part of internal capsule, 10 rhinal sulcus (rhs), 80–83, 164 rhombencephalon, rhomboid fossa, 13 RI See resistive index right common carotid artery (r-cca), 328, 329, 331, 335, 337 right finger stroking, 223 ring artifact, 258 root entry zone of trigeminal nerve (rez), 58, 200 rostral gyrus (rg), 49 rostral medulla, 13 rostrum of corpus callosum (ccr), 50, 72–74, 79, 80, 183, 273 rostrum of sphenoid bone (rosb), 202, 285–287, 289, 290, 293, 296, 297, 300–302 round window (rw), 306, 310, 311 sagittal oblique plane hippocampal formation, 171–173 orbital CT, 321–322 sagittal stratum (ss), 234–236, 238 saturation band/pulse, 324 scalp vein (s) (scalpv), 377, 378 scutum (scu), 309, 310, 313, 314 second vertebral segment (c2v), 292, 295, 330–331, 334–337, 343 sella turcica (set), 56, 147, 153, 165, 195, 263, 269, 284, 287, 293, 297, 301, 302, 322, 357 sellar segment of Liliequist’s membrane (lilims), 157–159 sensory cranial nerve nuclei, sensory paradigm, 222 septal area See paraterminal gyrus septal branch of sphenopalatine artery (sb), 340, 341 septal nuclei, septal vein (sepv), 74, 80, 82, 103, 106, 107, 144, 183, 217–219, 359–360, 363, 378, 380–382, 385, 390–392 septum pellucidum (spe), 45–48, 80, 82–84, 261, 267, 270 seventh vertebral segment (c7v), 335 short process of incus (ins), 305, 310, 311 sigmoid groove (sgg), 286, 287, 305 sigmoid sinus (sgs), 60, 95, 100, 101, 104–106, 109, 131, 269, 277, 278, 286, 287, 305, 306, 330, 357, 362, 376–380, 383, 386–394 simple lobule (posterior quadrangular lobule) (simp), 113–119, 125–130, 133–140 single voxel technique, 248 sinus tympani (sity), 306, 311 sixth vertebral segment (c6v), 331, 334–337 Sketchfab online solution, 18 skull base CT axial plane, 285–288 coronal plane, 289–292 sagittal plane, 293–294 soft palate (spal), 189, 203, 295, 301, 302 somatic nervous system (SNS), sonic qualities, 405 sound wave, 405 spectroscopy, 249 spheno-occipital synchondrosis (sos), 302 sphenoethmoidal recess (sphere), 297, 301 sphenofrontal suture (sfs), 280, 283 sphenoid bone (sph), 206, 284, 294, 407–408 sphenoid sinus (ss), 59, 74, 79, 80, 82–84, 144–147, 150, 156, 157, 164–166, 184, 185, 188–190, 193, 197, 201, 202, 208, 269–271, 273, 287–291, 293, 297, 300–302, 316, 317, 320–322, 344, 363 sphenoid sinus ostia (sphso), 297, 301 sphenoid sinus septum (sphs), 287, 289, 290, 297, 300, 301 sphenopalatine artery (sphpa), 340–342 sphenopalatine foramen (spfo), 286, 287, 289, 296, 300, 302, 320 sphenoparietal sinus (spps), 101, 102, 105, 358, 362, 379–380, 382, 387–388, 390–391 sphenoparietal suture (sps), 280–283 sphenopetrosal vein (sphpv), 391 sphenosquamosal suture (sss), 279–283 spina bifida occulta, spinal cord, 13 CNS consists of, spinocerebellum, 15 splenium of corpus callosum (ccsp), 45–47, 71, 72, 74, 93–95, 109, 144, 161, 163, 166, 169, 172, 173, 261, 267, 272, 273, 276, 356, 363, 383, 410, 412 stapedius muscle (stpm), 306 stapes footplate (stf), 309, 312 static 2D images, 17 static tissues, 324 stem of temporal lobe (stl), 68, 81–89, 91, 166, 271, 408–409 439 440 INDEX steno-occlusive vascular changes, 326 stenosis, detection and evaluation, 324 straight sinus (stsi), 74, 96–98, 102, 103, 106, 109, 110, 114, 123, 188, 217, 219, 262, 263, 273, 276, 358–359, 363, 376–378, 380–381, 383–385, 387–394 streak artifact, 258 stria medullaris thalami (smt), 47, 73, 89 striae medullares, 13 striate vessels (stv), 361 striatum, 10 stroke, risk of, 324 styloid process (sty), 280, 283–285, 291, 308 stylomastoid foramen (stymf), 209, 285, 292, 294, 303, 307, 311, 313 subarachnoid space, 3–4 cisterna magna of, subarcuate canal (subac), 304, 310, 311 subcallosal area (sca), 9, 50–52, 73, 74, 80, 81, 181, 183, 270, 273, 412 subcallosal region, sagittal plane, 183 subcentral gyrus (sbcg), 5, 64, 65, 176, 274 subclavian artery (subcl), 327–329, 331, 338, 343 subcortical white matter (scwm), 261 subependymal veins (sbepv), 44, 45, 84, 218 subfalcine herniations of brain, subiculum (sub), 161–164, 169, 170 sublenticular internal capsule (sublic), 80, 89, 271 sublenticular part of internal capsule, 10 suboccipital veins (subov), 104, 376–378, 389–390, 392–393 subparietal sulcus (sbps), 7, 42, 43, 71, 72, 94–96, 224, 273, 276, 412 substantia innominata (sino), 70, 80, 82, 83, 271, 408 substantia nigra (sn), 53, 54, 71, 72, 88–90, 165, 166, 168, 169, 177, 178, 180, 182, 193, 194, 235, 236 subthalamic nucleus (sth), 10, 51, 52, 71, 88, 166, 178–182 axial plane, 179, 181 coronal plane, 177–178 sagittal plane, 180, 182 sulcus limitans (sli), 2, 86 superficial cortical vein(s) (sucv), 79, 82, 85, 103, 105–108, 128, 260, 376–378, 381–382, 385, 387, 389–392 superficial middle cerebral vein (sumcv), 102–108, 380–382, 387–388, 390–391 superficial temporal artery (sta), 331, 339–342, 347–349, 361 superior/anterior medullary velum (smv), 56, 113–115, 123, 135, 136, 198 superior cerebellar artery (suca), 196, 197, 344, 347–352, 354–355, 357, 361, 363–364, 371–375, 377–378 superior cerebellar peduncle (brachium conjunctivum) (scp), 56, 57, 72, 94, 116, 124, 134, 135, 231, 233, 235, 238, 263, 268 superior choroid vein (schv), 394 superior colliculus (supc), 14, 51, 92, 133, 134, 165, 166, 267 superior corona radiata (scr), 232–234, 236–238 superior division of vestibular nerve (cn8sv), 128, 184, 207, 209, 211, 212 superior frontal gyrus (frgs), 39–48, 69–72, 75–88, 221–225, 228, 260, 261, 265–267, 270, 271, 273–275, 407, 411–413 superior frontal sulcus (frss), 5, 39–42, 44–47, 68, 69, 76–87, 89, 221–225, 260, 265, 266, 271, 275 superior fronto-occipital fasciculus (sfo), 44, 69, 80, 82, 83, 86, 232–234, 236, 237, 241 superior internal parietal branch of aca (sipa), 367, 368 superior longitudinal fasciculus (slf), 232, 234, 236–239, 242 superior meatus (supm), 300, 301 superior nasal turbinate (snt), 296, 300 superior oblique muscle (supob), 148–155, 317–320, 322 superior occipital gyrus, superior ophthalmic vein (sov), 149–151, 153, 154, 317–320, 376, 391 superior orbital fissure (sofi), 148, 150, 152, 190, 279, 280, 282, 284, 287, 289, 294, 297, 300, 302, 316, 317, 320 superior parietal lobule (spl), 7, 39, 40, 66–70, 95–98, 221–224, 260, 261, 265, 266, 275, 276 superior petrosal sinus (supts), 376, 379, 380, 387, 388, 390–394 superior rectus/levator palpebrae muscle (surlp), 149–152, 154, 155, 317, 319–321 superior rectus muscle (surm), 151, 154, 317, 319, 321, 322 superior rostral gyrus (rgsu), 75, 183 superior rostral sulcus (rgss), 72, 73, 75–78, 183 superior sagittal sinus (supss), 39, 40, 45–47, 51, 53, 75–79, 81, 85, 86, 94–99, 102, 103, 106–110, 188, 260, 262, 263, 266, 267, 271–273, 359, 363, 376–378, 380–385, 387–394, 407–408, 410, 413 superior semicircular canal (sscs), 184, 185, 211, 292, 304, 309–311, 315 superior semilunar lobule (Crus I) (supslu), 116–120, 125–131, 135–141 superior temporal gyrus (tegs), 8, 46–48, 50–57, 64–66, 79–89, 91–94, 104, 106, 176, 196, 226, 227, 261, 271, 274, 409–410 superior temporal sulcus (tmss), 47, 48, 50–53, 64, 65, 80–86, 88, 89, 91, 92, 226, 274, 410 superior thalamic radiations (str), 233 superior thalamic vein (s-tve), 394 superior thyroid artery branch of eca (supthy), 329, 332, 334, 336, 337, 339, 341 superior vena cava (svc), 327 superior vermian vein (spvv), 74, 106, 109, 385, 394 supplemental cranial acoustic windows, 405 supplementary motor area (sma), 221–225 supra-optic recess of third ventricle (sorv3), 74, 123, 144, 157, 183, 194, 197 supra-orbital foramen (sof), 279, 280, 282, 283 supra-pineal recess of third ventricle (v3sup), 91 supracallosal gyrus, supracerebellar cistern (supcc), 48–50, 73, 95, 123, 164, 262, 273 supramarginal gyrus (smg), 7, 40–44, 64–67, 93–96, 104, 106, 222, 224, 227, 260, 261, 266, 267, 274–276 supraorbital margin (som), 279, 280, 282, 302 suprasellar cistern (ssci), 54, 55, 73, 81–86, 145, 147, 157, 160, 166, 190, 197, 201, 202, 208, 262, 268, 408, 412–413 surface anatomy of brain, 19–25, 27–28 susceptibility, 216 INDEX susceptibility weighted imaging (SWI), 216–219 Sylvian fissure (lateral sulcus) (sf), 5–7, 45–53, 64, 68, 69, 79–89, 91, 93, 176, 199, 210, 222, 224, 226, 261, 262, 267, 268, 270, 271, 274, 362, 408–410 Sylvian/insular branches mca (m2), 52, 66, 82, 84, 102, 176, 262, 267, 335, 346–351, 355–356, 358–362, 364–370, 396 Sylvian point (sypt), 348, 350, 362, 365–370 Sylvian triangle, angiographic, 349, 368 sypt See Sylvian point t1 vertebral segment (t1v), 335 tapetum (tp), 236, 238 tectum (tct), 72, 74, 123, 183, 262, 272, 273, 409, 412 tegmen mastoideum (tgm), 309–311 tegmen tympani (tgt), 308–311, 313 tegmentum of midbrain (mdbtg), 91, 93, 133 tegmentum of pons (pont), 56–59, 71, 92, 93, 116, 117, 123, 133, 157, 191, 197, 209, 269, 273, 412–413 telencephalon, 9, 10 of neurons, temporal bone (tb), CT, 281 axial plane, 304–307 coronal plane, 308–311 imaging planes for orientation, 303 off axis axial image, 312 off axis coronal plane, 313–315 temporal horn of lateral ventricle (lvth), 53, 54, 85–87, 89, 165–168, 170, 176, 202, 262, 263, 268, 271, 409 temporal lobe (tlo), 67, 176, 184, 199, 207, 210, 262–264, 267–270, 361, 407–411 cerebral hemispheres, 6–7 parahippocampal gyrus of, temporal mandibular joint (tmj), 280, 281, 283, 287, 291, 294, 303, 307, 308, 312, 315, 333 temporal-occipital branch of mca (tomca), 366–369 temporal occipital junction (tojx), 6, 50, 64, 65, 95, 96, 261, 268, 272, 274 temporal operculum (top), 64–66, 82, 83, 86, 87, 91, 92, 271, 274, 408, 410 temporal parietal junction (tpj), 45 temporal polar branch of mca (tpa), 349, 350, 354, 355, 365, 369, 370 temporal pole (tpo), 60, 67, 78, 263, 268–270, 410 temporal process of zygomatic bone (tpz), 279–284, 287 temporal squamosal bone (tsb), 279, 280, 282, 283 temporal squamosal suture (tss), 279–283 temporal windows, 405 temporoparieto-occipital fibers in cerebral peduncle (tpo), 235, 236, 244 tendon of stapedius muscle (stpt), 306 tendon of superior oblique muscle (supot), 317, 318 tensor tympani muscle (ttm), 291, 306–309, 312 tensor tympani tendon (ttt), 306, 309, 312, 314 tentorial incisura (tenc), 113, 164, 262, 263 tentorial vein (tentv) (tntv), 110, 380, 388 tentorium cerebelli (tentc), 4, 12, 13, 52, 57, 69, 73, 88, 90–92, 95, 96, 105, 110, 141, 163, 164, 189, 198–200, 210, 214, 267, 268, 271, 272, 274, 408–409 terminal vein (terv), 103, 217–219, 360, 381, 385, 387, 390–391 thalamic reticular nucleus, 11 thalamic vein(s) (thv), 219 thalamoperforators (thp), 348, 363 thalamostriate vein (thsv), 103, 106, 107, 217–219, 359–361, 363, 377–378, 381–382, 385, 387–392 thalamus (th), 46, 47, 49, 73, 74, 87–91, 123, 144, 171, 180, 182, 233, 234, 261, 267, 271, 273, 274, 276, 356, 363, 385, 408–409, 411–413 basal nuclei and, 10 internal medullary lamina of, 11 third ventricle (v3v), 46, 52, 53, 74, 83–90, 123, 147, 157, 160, 166, 178, 193, 198, 262, 267, 271, 273, 408–409, 412–413 third vertebral segment (c3v), 335, 337 ocular coats of eye (sclera, choroid, retina) (scr), 148, 150, 153, 154, 317, 319, 322 3D CT reconstructions, 279–284 3D facial bones, 279–284 3D mesh data, 18 3D rotational angiography (3DRA) arterial brain, 365–370 goal of imaging with, 325 intracranial venous system, 390–394 overview of, 325 posterior/vertebral basilar circulation, 371–375 technique of, 325 3D skull, 279–284 thyrocervical trunk (thyct), 338, 343 time-of-flight (TOF) for vascular imaging, 324 time to peak (TTP), 325 quantitative measurement of, 326 tissue vascularity, 325–326 toe motor task, 225 TOF See time-of-flight torcular herophili (confluence of sinuses) (torh), 102, 106, 110, 115, 123, 141, 188, 359, 376–378, 380, 384–385, 387–390, 392–394 torus tubarius (tort), 290, 295 tractography images, 230, 239–247 arcuate fasciculus, 239 cingulum, 239 corona radiata, 244 corpus callosum, 246 corticospinal tracts, 245 forceps major, 247 forceps minor, 247 fornix/fimbria of hippocampus, 243 inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus, 242 inferior longitudinal fasciculus, 242 superior fronto-occipital fasciculus, 241 superior longitudinal fasciculus, 239, 242 uncinate fasciculus, 240 transcranial Doppler ultrasound, 405, 406 transducer crystals, array of, 405 transverse facial artery (trvfa), 340 transverse occipital sulcus (tos), 66–68, 98, 99 transverse palatine suture (tps), 284, 302 transverse sinus (trs), 55, 56, 95–99, 101, 102, 104, 105, 109, 110, 115, 116, 139, 268, 272, 277, 278, 358, 362, 376–378, 380, 383–384, 386–394 transverse temporal gyrus, trigeminal (Gasserian) ganglion, 14 trigeminal nerve (cn5), 14, 31, 32, 189, 199–206, 210 441 442 INDEX trigeminal nerve entering Meckel’s cave (cn5), 197 trigeminal tubercle, 13 trochlear nerve (cn4), 14, 146, 188–190, 198, 208 trochlear sling of superior oblique muscle (tsso), 149, 151, 317 true venous angle (tvena), 390 TTP See time to peak tuber (lobule VII) (tub), 118, 123, 124, 140 tuber cinereum (tc), 74, 85, 86, 144, 157, 162, 166, 201, 412 tuber of vermis (lobule VII) (tub), 57 tuberculum cinereum See trigeminal tubercle tuberculum sellae (ts), 263, 284, 287, 293, 301, 302 tumors, 216 2D digital subtraction angiography (2D DSA) arterial brain, 365–370 intracranial venous system, 390–394 overview of, 325 posterior/vertebral basilar circulation, 371–375 tympanic cavity (tymc), 269, 287, 292 tympanic membrane (tm), 307–313, 315 tympanic membrane pars flaccida (tmpf), 309, 314 tympanic membrane pars tensa (tmpt), 309, 314 tympanic segment of facial nerve (cn7t), 119, 184, 209, 305, 308–311, 314, 315 ultrasonography, 405 umbo of malleus (umbo), 307, 309, 314 uncinate fasciculus (uf), 231, 233–237, 240 uncinate process (unp), 299, 301 uncus (unc), 6, 9, 54, 55, 71, 84, 86, 87, 114, 160, 162, 165–169, 195, 197, 198, 262, 268, 271, 358, 377, 392 uvula of the vermis (lobule IX) (uvu), 58, 59, 118–121, 123, 124, 136–138 vagal eminence (ve), 213, 214 vagal meatus (vg), 122, 213 vagal trigone, 13 vagus nerve (cn10), 15, 34, 122, 188, 189, 213–214 vallecula space (val), 62, 122, 137, 214, 272 vascular imaging, overview of, 324 vein of Galen (vog), 46–48, 73, 74, 95, 103, 106, 109, 165, 217, 262, 272, 273, 276, 359–360, 363, 376–378, 381, 383, 385, 387–391, 394 vein of Labbe (vol), 101, 102, 106, 108, 109, 376–378, 380, 382–383, 386–392 vein of Trolard (vot), 103–105, 109, 110, 378, 383, 389–391 velocity-induced phase shifts, 324 venography computed tomography (See computed tomography venography) magnetic resonance (See magnetic resonance venography) venous angle (vena), 106, 363, 385, 389, 391 venous phase, 325 ventral striatum, ventral tegmental area (vta), 235, 236 ventricular system, 4, 16 ventroposterior medialis/ventroposterior lateralis thalamus (vpm/vpl), 236 vermian branch of pica (pica-v), 371–374 vermin branch of suca (sucav), 350, 352, 371–375 vermis, cerebellar, 111, 112 vertebral artery V1 (pre-foraminal), 327, 329, 331, 334–338, 343 V2 (foraminal) (v2), 327, 329–332, 334–338, 343, 362, 372, 374 V3 (C1 to dura), 327, 330, 332, 334–337, 343, 350, 351, 353, 362, 363, 371, 372, 374, 375 V4 (intracranial/intradural segment vertebral artery), 62, 63, 88, 92, 100, 122, 162, 188, 197, 213, 214, 327, 330, 335, 343–344, 347–354, 357, 361, 363–364, 371–375, 385 vertebral basilar circulation, arterial brain, 371–375 vertebral basilar junction (vbj), 100, 108, 327, 348, 350, 352, 354, 357, 363, 371, 373–375 vertical petrous segment ica (c2a), 286, 287, 291, 294, 308, 379 vertical strut/insertion middle nasal turbinate (mntvs), 299 vestibular aqueduct (vesa), 287, 305, 312 vestibular area (vesar), 61 vestibule (vest), 118, 119, 184, 185, 207, 209, 305, 310, 311, 313 vestibulocerebellum, 15 vestibulocochlear nerve (cn8), 15, 33, 59–61, 92, 119, 160, 188, 189, 207, 209–213 vidian canal (vic), 190, 286, 287, 289, 290, 293, 294, 296, 302 vidian nerve (vn), 190 Virchow–Robin spaces (vrs), 4, 9, 42, 43, 51, 67, 82, 85, 113, 179, 186 vitreous body (chamber) of eye (vib), 56, 59, 148–150, 153, 154, 191, 193, 205, 263, 269, 316–319, 321, 322 vomer (v), 279, 280, 282, 284, 286, 289, 293, 295, 296, 299–302 white matter of brain, fibers, X-rays beam, 258 source, 258 tube, 258 zygomatic arch (za), 279, 281, 282, 284, 289, 296, 303 zygomatic bone (zyb), 279–283, 295, 297 zygomatic process of frontal bone (zpf), 279–283, 294 zygomatic process of maxilla (zpm), 279, 280, 283 zygomatic process of temporal bone (zpt), 279–284, 287 zygomaticomaxillary suture (zmms), 279, 280, 282, 283 zygomaticosphenoid suture (zsps), 279, 280, 282, 283, 297 zygomaticotemporal suture (zts), 279–284, 287, 296 ... 7.10a–7.13i) 23 1 Tractography Images (Figures 7.14a–7 .25 d) 23 9 MR Spectroscopy: Introduction 24 8 MR Spectroscopy Images (Figures 7 .26 a–7.30) 25 0 ■ ■ ■ 21 6 21 6 21 5 21 6 IMAGING ANATOMY OF THE HUMAN BRAIN:. .. 6.12k 6.12m 6.12l FIGURES 6.12l–m l,m are normal magnified T1W coronal images of the cavernous sinus region and proximal third divisions (V3) of CN V (continued) 20 2 IMAGING ANATOMY OF THE HUMAN. .. (FIGURES 6.12a–z) 6.12b 6.12a 6.12d FIGURES 6.12a–k Normal sagittal T2W (6.12a,b), and T1W (6.12c) images, normal axial T2W (6.12d) and T1W (6.12e–g), and normal coronal T1W (6.12h–k) images of the trigeminal