Occupational Safety and Health Simplified for the Industrial Workplace Spellman2_9781598888096.indb 12/8/2015 9:08:54 PM Spellman2_9781598888096.indb 12/8/2015 9:08:54 PM Occupational Safety and Health Simplified for the Industrial Workplace Frank R Spellman BERNAN Lanham • Boulder • New York • London Spellman2_9781598888096.indb 12/8/2015 9:08:54 PM Published by Bernan Press An imprint of The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc 4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200, Lanham, Maryland 20706 www.rowman.com 800-865-3457; info@bernan.com Unit A, Whitacre Mews, 26-34 Stannary Street, London SE11 4AB Copyright © 2016 by Bernan Press All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval systems, without written permission from the publisher, except by a reviewer who may quote passages in a review British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Available ISBN 978-1-59888-809-6 (pbk : alk paper) ∞ ™ The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/ NISO Z39.48-1992 Printed in the United States of America Spellman2_9781598888096.indb 12/8/2015 9:08:54 PM Contents Introductionvii Occupational Safety and Health Practice Safety and Health Terminology and Hispanic Outreach 25 Regulatory Requirements 49 Occupational Safety and Health Management 61 Industrial Hygiene Concepts—Including Ventilation and Noise Controls 85 Worker Right-To-Know 111 Emergency Response and Process Safety 129 Industrial Facility Design 157 Ergonomics and Manual Lifting 193 10 Toxic Substances and Hazardous Wastes 209 11 Noise Control 245 12 Fire, Welding, and Hot-Work Safety 257 13 PPE, First Aid, and Thermal Hazards 277 14 Confined Space Entry 301 15 Lockout/Tagout 333 16 Electrical Safety 339 17 Fall Protection 349 18 Pressure Vessel Safety 357 19 Rigging and Material Handling Safety 367 v Spellman2_9781598888096.indb 12/8/2015 9:08:54 PM vi Contents 20 Radiation Safety 389 21 Machine Guarding 395 22 Worksite Security 411 23 Violence in the Industrial Workplace 421 24 Recordkeeping 435 Appendix: Sample Confined Space Certification Exam 441 Index451 About the Author Spellman2_9781598888096.indb 471 12/8/2015 9:08:54 PM Introduction In the past (and even to a degree in the present), very little discussion took place or was emphasized on industrial worker safety and health—and even less emphasis was placed on developing a consciousness for worker safety and health as an integral part of industrial operations This trend has been changing, however—as it should One of the most significant changes has taken place in colleges and universities Safety and environmental health and other safety-related courses and curriculums have been added to the pertinent fields of study, where occupational safety and health has been approached as a science with well-defined goals and objectives, not as an exercise in lip service and sloganeering With the new demands for maintaining a violence-free workplace and in compliance with Homeland Security requirements, the demand, in many cases, for highly trained occupational safety and health professionals has also increased Still, a problem exists Many of these relatively recent training courses and curriculums have focused on the purely theoretical and scientific aspects of safety, health, and related topics You want proof? Hire a recent graduate from one of these programs Hiring a highly educated safety and health graduate who is well grounded in logic and logic systems such as Boolean algebra, systems analysis, and design for safety is not unusual—however, this same student may be lacking in what is really required: a fundamental grounding in the concepts of real-world safety and health practice In other words, a real gap exists between what our undergraduate and graduate students are typically taught, and in what is really required in the work world—the real world What is really required is a combination of education and common sense delivered in a simplified approach to problem solving Occupational Safety and Health Simplified for the Industrial Workplace is designed to help fill this gap This text is based on more than 50 years of occupational and safety health practice where mistakes were made and proper actions were taken, and learning resulted from both Clearly written in everyday English with an understandable, accessible, and direct and conversational style, this text provides easy access to a wealth of practical and substantial information It emphasizes developing a consciousness for instituting safe work practices and maintenance of good health as an integral part of industrial work practice, and also addresses industry’s responsibility to curtail workplace violence and to incorporate clear communication with non-English-speaking employees The principles in this book (if conscientiously applied) can prevent the devastating effects of vii Spellman2_9781598888096.indb 12/8/2015 9:08:54 PM viii Introduction improper or unsafe practices in the creation and delivery of work outputs and work activities Before we proceed with discussing the nuts and bolts of the occupational safety and health profession it is important to issue a word of caution to the reader and to anyone who has ambitions to become an occupational safety and health practitioner: although this book can be used as a how-to-do-it guide—a kind of cookbook of recipes on how to mix and blend various regulations, standards, common safety and health work practices, and simply doing the right thing to protect industrial workers from on-the-job hazards and toxic exposures—the success of mixing and blending these ingredients to cook positive results requires the occupational safety and health professional to possess a strong will combined with a great deal of fortitude and persistence Why? You might think that workers (and others) will automatically all that needs to be done to protect their own personal safety and health And to a point this is usually the case However, complying with safety and health rules and regulations is not always easy; it can be very uncomfortable For example, when it comes to wearing clumsy safety shoes, or using uncomfortable safety glasses, or donning a heavy hard hat, or putting on some other type of unwanted and uncomfortable personal protective gear, some workers will simply not use this protective equipment Or, in another example of workers’ failure to abide by established safety and health rules or regulations: a worker may fall back on that natural human tendency—the tendency to always look for the easy way of accomplishing certain work tasks That is, many of us have the tendency to bypass safety rules and/or devices to finish a task quickly and with as little effort as needed Unfortunately, bypassing safety and health rules for convenience has led to many injurious and fatal consequences too lengthy to list in any text Throughout this book, the focus is placed on the need for professionalism, scientific analysis of risks and safety measures, concern for human and environmental needs, and real-world examples of effective occupational safety and health management Materials included within the text include pertinent terminology and information, case studies, and sections on management aspects; Hispanic outreach; indoor air quality; thermal stress; security and vulnerability assessment; preventing workplace violence; and much more Frank R Spellman Norfolk, Virginia Spellman2_9781598888096.indb 12/8/2015 9:08:54 PM Chapter Occupational Safety and Health Practice Fatality Incident (9/22/87): The service technician was “changing out” a pole, that is, securing a cable television line from an old pole to a new pole nearby He was working from the bucket of an uninsulated aerial lift He had attached a “come along” to the cable to hold it in place while he transferred it from the old pole to the new pole The electrical conductor on the old pole was about three and a half inches from the new pole The new pole contacted the 20 KV (phase to ground) power line The employee was apparently in contact with the new pole and the cable TV line He received an electrical shock and fell out of the bucket approximately 23 feet to the ground He suffered no broken bones The cause of death was electrocution He was not wearing a safety belt and was not tied off OSHA Standards Cited During Fatal Incident Investigation: • 1910.67(b)(4)(iii)—the owner of the electric power line or his authorized representative was not notified and provided with all pertinent information before operation of aerial lifts in close proximity to electrical power lines • 1910.268(n)(11)(iv)—insulated gloves were not worn • 1910.67(c)(2)(v)—a body belt was not worn with a lanyard attached to a boom or bucket when working from an aerial lift • 1910.268(b)(6)—inspection of support structure of aerial lift before use • 1910.67(c)(2)(ix)—controls were not marked • 1910.268.(c)—employer did not assure that employee was not engaged in telecommunication work until employee was properly trained in precautions and safe practices (OSHA, 2014) Safety often is viewed largely as a simple matter of applying specific routines In many cases the routines are repeated regularly despite obvious signs of their inadequacies Greatly needed is an understanding that the sources of harm, which the safety specialty should be able to control, have basic origins although their consequences will differ in character and severity This view furnishes the realization that hazards are not simply the agents most closely identified with injuries Merely regulating them is not the sure way to limit their effect Grimaldi and Simonds, 1994 Spellman2_9781598888096.indb 12/8/2015 9:08:54 PM Index fatalities, 395; confined space entry, 301–2; facility design, 157; industrial hygiene, 85; occupational safety and health practices, 1; PPE, 277; regulatory requirements, 49; safety and health management, 61; safety and health terminology, 25 fault tree analysis, 69, 145 f/cc See fiber per cubic centimeter FDA See Food and Drug Administration Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), 136 feeding and ejection devices, 398, 402 FEMA See Federal Emergency Management Agency fencing, 416 Ferry, Ted, 49–54, 74, 395, 396, 435 FEV1 See forced expiratory volume fiber per cubic centimeter (f/cc), 28 fire: defined, 32; Fire Emergency Plan, 260–61; Fire Prevention Plan, 259–60; fire safety, 258; fire triangle, 258, 259; flammable and combustible liquids, 261–62; hazards, 263; OSHA and fire safety, 258–59; overview, 257; prevention and control, 259–61; prevention and control checklist, 168–69; protection program, 259; temperature, fuel, oxygen for, 258, 259; welding safety, 263–66 See also heat fire extinguishers, 261, 263, 313 fire watch: hot work, 273–74; welding, 263–64 first aid: AED and, 293–94; awareness and training, 293–94; first aid kits, 313; overview, 292; services, 293 fit-testing: defined, 286; facial hair and, 290–91; initial and annual, 290; for leakage, 290; negative pressure check procedure, 290; positive pressure check procedure, 290; pre-use self-testing, 290; in respiratory protection, 289–91 fixed guards, 399 flammable aerosol, 125 flammable gas, 125 flammable liquids, 32, 261–62 flammable solid, 125 flash point, 32, 126 floods, 71, 135 floors, 163–64, 164, 264 Spellman2_9781598888096.indb 457 457 FMEA See failure mode and effect analysis Food Additives Amendment, 221 Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 221 foodborne illnesses, 223 foot-candle, 32 foot rails, 206 footwear, 206, 280 force: parallelogram, 382; resolution of, 371–75; tensile, compression, torsional, bending, 372; vector quantities, 373 forced expiratory volume (FEV1), 286, 291 forced vital capacity (FVC), 286, 291 forklifts checklist, 179–80 Foster, Jodi, 422 frangible discs, 364 frequency, 250, 400–401 friction, 30, 351–52 frostbite, 298 frostnip, 298 full-body harness, 313 fumes, 32, 93, 286 fungi, 223 furans, 220 fuses, 341–42 FVC See forced vital capacity GAO See General Accounting Office gas, 287; Bhopal gas tragedy, 4–5, 111–13, 137; characteristics, 226; combustible gas indicator, 30; defined, 32; flammable gas, 125; industrial health hazard, 93; Institute, West Virginia, gas spill, 5, 113; “Standards of Acceptable Concentrations of Toxic Dusts and Gases,” 90 Gasaway, D C., 245–46 gas welding, 270–71 gate devices, 402 gathering ring, 370 gauge pressure (psig), 360 Geller, E Scott, 75 General Accounting Office (GAO), 193 general ventilation, 99–100 GFCI See ground-fault circuit interrupter The Ghost in the Looking Glass (Walkley), 11 GHS See Globally Harmonized System Giachino, J., 271 Gifford, Kathy Lee, 12 Globally Harmonized System (GHS): HazCom alignment, 113–15; signal 12/8/2015 9:09:32 PM 458 Index words and, 21–22; worker right-to-know communication, 115–17 gloves, 280 Goetsch, D L., 157 goggles, 267, 267–68, 279 gravity, 351–52 grounded system, 33 ground-fault circuit interrupter (GFCI), 33, 311, 346, 346 grounding and bonding: capacitance grounds, 343; electrical safety, 342–47, 343; equipment grounds, 344–45; GFCI, 346, 346; grounding and grounded wire, 343; reactive grounds, 343; requirements, 345; resonant grounds, 343; solid grounds, 343; static electricity, 346; system ground, 343; voltage to ground, 343–44 growth industries, guards: adjustable, 400; fixed, 399; interlocked, 399–400; for machine guarding, 399–400; point-of-operation, 398; self-adjusting, 400; welding, 263 Haddon, W., Jr., 27 Hammer, Willie, 70–72, 159, 339, 342, 359 Hammurabi, 159, 160 handle eye, 369 handles, 369 hand shields, 266–67 hand tools, 403 hantaviruses, 223 harassment, 425 hardhats, 66, 109, 279 See also helmets harm, 1, 418 Hawthorne Effect, 75 Hazard, W G., 98 hazard analysis, 69; in analytical approach to hazard avoidance, 68–69; defined, 33; fault tree analysis, 69; FMEA, 69; what-if checklist, 68–69; what-if questions, 68 hazard assessment: in analytical approach to hazard avoidance, 70; defined, 33; PPE and, 281–82; RMP and, 146–47 hazard avoidance: analytical approach, 68–75; behavior-based models for, 75–77; benchmarking, 77–79, 78, 79; collective leadership style, 65; controlling, 63; dealing with unknown, 66; directing, 63; enforcement approach, 65–66; engineering approach, 66–67; Spellman2_9781598888096.indb 458 management aspects, 62–65; organizing, 63; participative management, 64; planning, 63; PPE for, 67; psychological approach, 66; right way of, 62–65; TQM and, 79–80 hazard communication program, 123, 124–25 Hazard Communication Standard (HazCom), 35; audit items, 127–28; changes and worker right-to-know, 117–20; classification under, 117–18; defined, 33; definition of terms, 125–27; GHS alignment, 113–15; labels, 118, 119, 120, 124, 126; occupational safety and health professionals and, 120–25; OSHA mandate, 113–14; phase-in period, 116, 116–17; SDS requirement, 12, 114 hazard control, 33 hazard-free work places, hazard identification, 33 Hazard Operability Analysis (HAZOP), 69; defined, 33; PSM and, 144–45 hazardous atmosphere, 305 hazardous chemical inventory list, 126 hazardous chemicals, 113, 126 hazardous material (HazMat): checklist, 185–86; defined, 33; DOT on, 232–33; hazardous waste, 232–33; release of, 133; responders, 130–31; teams, 136 Hazardous Material Identification System (HMIS), 120 hazardous substances: defined, 33; EPA and OSHA on, 233; hazardous waste, 233, 234 hazardous waste: America as throwaway society, 231–32; awareness of, 209; commercial chemical products, 235–36; defined, 33; EPA list, 235–36; EPA on, 230, 233–34; extremely hazardous substances, 233; handling, 230–31; hazardous chemicals, 233; hazardous material, 232–33; hazardous substances, 233, 234; ignitability, corrosive, reactive, toxicity, 234; legislation, 236–38; nonspecific source wastes, 235; origins, 236; OSHA’s hazardous waste standard, 238–39; overview, 233–35; RCRA on, 237–38; safety program, 239–41, 240; specific source wastes, 235 12/8/2015 9:09:32 PM Index Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response (HAZWOPER), 133 hazards, 219; action, 398–99; chemical, 30, 286; cold, 298; defined, 33; engineeringout, 341; fire, 263; health, 126; industrial health, 92–93; PPE and, 277; workplace violence checklist, 432–33 See also thermal hazards hazard statement, 118 hazard warning, 126 HazCom See Hazard Communication Standard HazMat See hazardous material HAZOP See Hazard Operability Analysis HAZWOPER See Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response HCN See hydrogen cyanide health, 51; Department of Health and Human Services, U.S., 210; hazards, 126; IDLH, 283, 287, 306, 308; industrial hazards, 92–93; New Employee Safety and Health Orientation Training, 13–14; ventilation and health protection, 268–69; workplace, 157–59 See also National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; Occupational Safety and Health Act; Occupational Safety and Health Administration; occupational safety and health practices; occupational safety and health professional; safety and health management; safety and health terminology hearing acuity tests, 202 hearing conservation: defined, 33; Hearing Conservation Record, 250; OSHA Hearing Conservation Standard, 247–51; program, 246 hearing loss, 245 hearing protection, 252–53 heat: body’s response to, 295–96; cramps, 297; defined, 296; disorders, 296–97; environmental, 295; exhaustion, 297; fatigue, 297; metabolic, 35, 294–95, 296; radiant, 36, 295; rashes, 297; stress, 295; terms and definitions, 296 heatstroke, 33 heavy metals, 220 HEHS, 193–94 Heinrich, H W., 66–67 helmets, 266–67, 279 Spellman2_9781598888096.indb 459 459 hematoxic effects, 227 Henry, K., 411 hepatotoxic effects, 227 hertz (Hz), 250 high-radiation area, 391 Hinckley, John, Jr., 422 Hispanic outreach: English to Spanish dictionary, 40–47; examples, 40; OSHA priority, 38; OSHA Workplace Poster, 39; tools, 38 hitch, 369 HMIS See Hazardous Material Identification System Homeland Security, 34 Hood, Thomas, 12 hot tap, 336 hot work: checklist, 175–77; in confined spaces, 272; defined, 34; fire watch requirements, 273–74; overview, 257, 271–72; permit procedure, 271–73, 273, 305; permits, 140, 142 See also fire; welding human factor engineering, 34 hurricanes, 71 hydrogen cyanide (HCN), 223 hypothermia, 298 Hz See hertz Iacocca, Lee, 79 IAQ See Indoor Air Quality IARC See International Agency for Research on Cancer ICRP See International Commission on Radiological Protection IDLH See Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health ignitability, 234 ignition temperature, 34 IH See industrial hygienist illumination, 32, 34, 161 Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH), 283, 287, 306, 308 immediate use, 126 immune system, 227 impulse noise, 34 inclined plane, 380, 380–82, 381 individual susceptibility, 218 Indoor Air Quality (IAQ), 34 industrial engineering exposure, industrial health hazards, 92–93 12/8/2015 9:09:32 PM 460 Index industrial hygiene: control methods, 93–108; defined, 34; fatality incident, 85; industrial health hazards and, 92–93; industrial toxicology and, 90–92; organization size and type, 87; overview, 85–89; PPE, 108–9; workplace stressors and, 88–89 industrial hygienist (IH), 66, 86–88, 90 industrial noise control: as control method, 100–105; daily noise dose, 103; determining noise levels, 100–103; engineering controls, 103–4; permissible noise exposures, 101, 102; vibration control, 104–5 industrial toxicology: exposure and, 91; industrial hygiene and, 90–92; ingestion, injection, absorption, inhalation, 91; overexposure effects, 92; short- and longterm effects, 92; threshold levels and, 90; toxicity and, 90 Industrial Ventilation: A Manual of Recommended Practice, 94 inerting, 306, 309 infrared radiation, 390–91 ingestion, 34, 91, 126, 165, 216 injuries, 34; Census for Fatal Occupation Injury Statistics, 421; cumulative, 31; definition, 26; Injuries Resulting From Falls on Stairs, 353; Log and Summary of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses, 35; machine-related, 397; maiming, 395; RSI, 197 See also back injuries; back injury prevention insecticides, 219, 224 inspections: contractor training and, 20; facility design, 166–90; machine guarding, 404–5; pressure vessel safety, 365; recordkeeping, 439; regulatory requirements, 51–53; respirators, 288–89; rigging safety, 385–86 Institute, West Virginia, gas spill, 5, 113 interlocked guards, 399–400 interlocks, 34, 342 International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 113, 228 International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP), 230 ionizing radiation, 34, 391–92, 393 irritants, 34, 224 Spellman2_9781598888096.indb 460 irritant smoke, 287, 290 See also stannic oxychloride isolation, 88, 94, 254, 306, 333 JHA See Job Hazard Analysis jigs, 403 job hazard analysis, 34 Job Hazard Analysis (JHA), 75 John Wayne syndrome, 302 Kaliokin, Alex, 202 KCN See potassium cyanide Kelleher, M D., 421–25 KE See kinetic energy Keyserling, W M., 205 kinetic energy (KE), 32, 35 kneeling pads, 280 Kohr, R L., 349 labels: defined, 126; HazCom, 118, 119, 120, 124, 126; NFPA Hazardous Chemical Label, 126 Laboratory Safety Standard, 35 ladders, 165, 311–12; checklist, 172–73 LD50/LC50 See Lethal Dose 50/Lethal Concentration 50 lead toxicity, 92, 211–12 Lee, R H., 345 Legionnaires’ disease, 223 LEL See lower explosive limit LEPCs See Local Emergency Planning Committees Lethal Dose 50/Lethal Concentration 50 (LD50/LC50), 218 LFL See Lower Flammable Limit lighting, 161, 161, 310–11 light radiation, 390–91 lightsticks, 311 line breaking, 306 links, 369, 370 load-bearing components: beams, 162–63, 163; columns, 164–65; distribution of stress, 162; in facility design, 162–65; floors, 163–64, 164 Local Emergency Planning Committees (LEPCs), 136 local exhaust ventilation, 98–99, 99 lockout, 336 lockout device, 336 12/8/2015 9:09:32 PM Index lockout/tagout procedure: checklist, 169–70; defined, 35; electrical safety, 342; elements, 335; informing outside contractors, 338; machine guarding, 409; overview, 333–34; sample, 336–38; terms and definitions, 334–36; when authorized employee is absent, 337–38 Log and Summary of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses, 35 loss, 35, 245 lower back pain, 206 lower explosive limit (LEL), 35 Lower Flammable Limit (LFL), 259 low-voltage systems installation, 341 machine guarding: accessories, 403; awareness barriers, 403; basics of, 396–99; checklist, 174–75, 405–7; clothing and jewelry and, 409; common methods, 399–403; devices, 400–402; feeding and ejection devices, 398, 402; guards, 399–400; hand tools, 403; by location and distance, 402–3; lockout/ tagout, 409; machine hazard warnings, 407–8, 408; machine-related injuries, 397; mechanical motion and action hazards, 398–99; overview, 395; pointof-operation devices, 398; point-ofoperation guards, 398; program elements, 397; purpose of, 396; push sticks, blocks, jigs, 403; required types, 398; safeguarding defined, 396, 398; safe work practices, 403–4; shields, 403; spreaders, 403; training, enforcement, inspections, 404–5 machine hazard warnings, 407–8, 408 maiming injuries, 395 Management Information Systems (MIS), 417–18 manometer, 97 Mansdorf, S Z., 277, 357 manual lifting, 198; AL and MPL, 204–95; occasional and continuous, 204; recommended procedures, 203; Work Practices Guide for Manual Lifting, 201, 204–5 Manuele, F A., 74 master link, 370 Material Data Safety Sheet (MDSS), 325 Spellman2_9781598888096.indb 461 461 material handling: biomechanical approaches, 199–201, 200; checklist, 189–90; NIOSH, 199; physiological approach, 201; Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS), 35 Mathis, T., 75 maximum acceptable weight of load (MAWL), 201 maximum permissible lift (MPL), 204–5 McElroy, F E., 262 McSween T., 75, 77 means of retrieval, 313 mechanical coupling link, 370 mechanical state, 333 medical emergencies, 132 medical monitoring, 35 medical pathology, 250 medical records, 439–40 medical surveillance, 291 mercuric nitrate, 223 mesothelioma, 92, 222 metabolic heat, 35, 294–95, 296 metabolism, 225–26, 295, 297 metal mesh, 369 methyl alcohol, 223 methylene chloride, 223 methyl isocyanate (MIC), 223 Meyer, Eugene, 389 microwave radiation, 390–91 MIC See methyl isocyanate Minter, J G., 145 MIS See Management Information Systems mists, 35, 93, 287 Mital, A., 201 mixture, 31, 121, 126 molds, 35, 223 momentum, 351–52 monitoring: equipment testing and, 309–10; medical, 35; noise levels, 247, 251–52; personal monitoring devices, 391 Moretz, S., 238 MPL See maximum permissible lift MSDs See musculoskeletal disorders MSDS See Material Data Safety Sheet; Material Safety Data Sheet musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs), 40, 193, 195 mutagens, 219, 228–29 mycotoxins, 35 12/8/2015 9:09:32 PM 462 Index NaCN See sodium cyanide National Coalition on Ergonomics (NCE), 195–96 National Electric Code (NEC), 150, 269–70, 340 National Fire Prevention Code, 159 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 120, 160, 258 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), 28, 113; on carcinogens, 228; material handling and, 199; Occupational Health Guidelines for Health Hazards, 92; Work Practices Guide for Manual Lifting, 201, 204–5 National Priorities List (NPL), 238 National Safety Council (NSC), 199, 258, 302, 333, 349, 367 natural disasters, 34, 71, 135 NCE See National Coalition on Ergonomics NEC See National Electric Code negative consequences/punishment, 76 negative pressure check procedure, 290 negative reinforcement, 76 NEL See no effect level nephrotoxic effects, 227 Nero, 211 Newton’s second law of motion, 372 NFPA Hazardous Chemical Label, 126 NFPA See National Fire Protection Association NIOSH See National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health NOAEL See no observed adverse effect level no effect level (NEL), 218 noise control: administrative and engineering controls, 254; audiometric testing, 252; checklist, 188–89; hearing conservation program, 246; hearing protection, 252–53; monitoring program, 251; occupational noise exposure, 248; overview, 245–47; permissible noise exposures, 249; recordkeeping, 253–54; safe work practices, 253; sound level survey, 251–52; training, 253; written program, 248–51 See also OSHA Hearing Conservation Standard noise dose, 250 noise dosimeter, 250 noise hazard area, 250 Spellman2_9781598888096.indb 462 noise hazard work practice, 250 noise level measurement, 250 noise reduction ratio, 250 nonionizing radiation, 35, 390–92, 393 non-permit confined space, 306, 308 nonspecific source wastes, 235 no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL), 217–18 normal production operation, 336 NPL See National Priorities List NSC See National Safety Council OCA See offsite consequence analysis occasional lifting, 204 Occupational Health magazine, 238 occupational noise exposure, 248 Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSH Act), 35; employer requirements, 6; enforcement, 59; General Duty Clause, 8; for occupational safety and health professionals, 5–8; passage, 85; raising awareness, 86; workers’ rights, 6, Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA): on accidents, 70; action level use, 28; atmospheric testing and, 328–29; Bloodborne Pathogens and Needlestick Prevention, 222; compliance and contractor training, 16–17; confined space entry audit items, 329–31; Confined Space Entry Program, 302–7, 303; Confined Space Entry Standard, 18; electrical safety and, 340; emergency response and, 131–36; employee training and, 12; English markings and, 22; ergonomics and, 193–95; exposure limits, 106; fire safety and, 258–59; General Duty Clause, 194; on hazardous substances, 233; hazardous waste standard, 238–39; HazCom mandated, 113–14; Hispanic outreach as priority, 38; job safety health poster, 7; lockout/ tagout procedure, 35, 333–38; machine hazard warnings, 408; Occupational Health Guidelines for Health Hazards, 92; Occupational Safety and Health Standards for General Industry, 304; OSHA Subpart Q, 262–63; OSHA200/300 logs, 17; PPE requirements, 281–82; PPE standard, 279–82, 280; pressure vessel safety requirements, 359; 12/8/2015 9:09:32 PM Index radiation safety requirements, 391–93; recordkeeping requirements, 437; regulating worker health and safety, 158; respiratory protection standard, 284–85, 285; rigging safety standard, 367 occupational safety and health practices: contractor training, 15–21; employee training, 12–15; fatality incident, 1; organization’s safety policy, 9–12; signal words, 21–22 occupational safety and health professionals: bottom line in industry, 21; chemical engineering exposure, 4; civil engineering exposure, 3; electrical engineering exposure, 4; environmental engineering exposure, 4; HazCom and, 120–25; industrial engineering exposure, 3; knowledge and expertise, 2; mechanical engineering exposure, 3–4; OSH Act for, 5–9; OSHA Standards and, 8–9; overview, 2–3; preventing major accidents and disasters, 3–5; regulatory influence, 5–8 Occupational Safety Management and Engineering (Hammer), 70–72, 342 Office of the Federal Register, 315–16 offsite, 152 offsite consequence analysis (OCA), 146–47, 151 Olishifski, J B., 85 organic peroxide, 126 organochlorine insecticides, 224 organophosphate insecticides, 224 OSHA auditor, 19, 51, 127–28, 324, 328–29, 436 OSHA Form 300, 36 OSHA Hearing Conservation Standard: audiometric testing, 152; education and training, 248, 253; hearing protection, 252–53; medical surveillance, 247; monitoring noise levels, 247, 251–52; for noise control, 247–48; personal protection and, 247–48; recordkeeping, 253–54; safe work practices, 253; written program, 248–51 OSHA See Occupational Safety and Health Administration OSHA Standards: occupational safety and health professionals and, 8–9; recordkeeping, 440 Spellman2_9781598888096.indb 463 463 OSHA-200/300 Log, 17, 35, 437–39 otolaryngologist, 250 otoscopic examination, 250 outside contractor safety briefing roster, 19, 20 overcurrent devices, 341 oxidation, 36 oxidizer, 36, 126 oxyacetylene equipment, 271 oxygen bottles, 313 oxygen deficiency, 287 oxygen deficient atmospheres, 36, 306 oxygen enriched atmosphere, 306 paradichlorobenzene, 224 parallelogram law, 374–75 participative management, 64 particulate matter, 32, 36, 287 particulates, 93, 287 PCBs, 224 Peirce, D., 89 PEL See permissible exposure limit permanent threshold shift (PTS), 250 permissible exposure limit (PEL), 36, 106–7, 287 permit-required confined space, 306, 308 permit space program, 306 personal and sanitation facilities, 165–66 personal monitoring devices, 391 personal protective device, 250 personal protective equipment (PPE), 5, 35, 241; case study, 278–79; checklist, 170; classifications, 279–82; clothing, 108, 268; confined space entry, 310; confined spaces, 268; defined, 36; drawbacks and problems, 108–9; fatality incident, 277; goggles, 267, 267–68; hand shields, 266–67; hazard assessment and, 281–82; for hazard avoidance, 67; hazards and, 277; head, eye, hand, foot protection, 108; helmets, 266–67; industrial hygiene and, 108–9; need for, 277; OSHA requirements, 281–82; OSHA standard, 279–82, 280; overview, 277–78; providing barrier, 278; railing and welding cable, 266; respiratory protection, 108; role of, 157–58; training, 282; welding, 266–68 See also respiratory protection; specific equipment Personnel Qualification Standard (PSQ), 14 12/8/2015 9:09:33 PM 464 Index PE See potential energy pesticides, 21, 209–12, 219–23, 232, 236 pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), 213–15 PHA See Process Hazard Analysis Phillips Petroleum Company explosion, 137 photoelectric sensing devices, 400 physical hazard, 126 physical stressors, 89 physiological approach to material handling, 201 pictogram, 118 pilot tube, 98 pipes, 189, 265 plague, 224 plant layout, 160 plant toxins, 220 Plog, B A., 85 PM See preventive maintenance point-of-operation devices, 398 point-of-operation guards, 398 Poisson processes, 67 pollutants, 35, 210, 213, 230 polyvinyl chloride (PVC), 224 portable container, 126 positive pressure check procedure, 290 positive reinforcement, 75–76 potassium cyanide (KCN), 223 potential energy (PE), 32 pounds per square inch (psi), 28 PPCPs See pharmaceuticals and personal care products PPE See personal protective equipment precautionary statement, 118 preliminary assessment, 36 presbycusis, 250 presence sensing devices, 400 pressure, 36; Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, 362, 363; Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures, 31; dynamic, 360; negative pressure check procedure, 290; positive pressure check procedure, 290; psia, 360; psig, 360; SP, 96–98, 360; standard atmospheric, 360; standard water pressure, 360; stored pressure energy, 360; ventilation total, 96–98; VP, 96–98; water, 360 pressure regulator, 360 pressure relief systems: depressurizing valve, 363; discharge, 364; frangible discs, 364; Spellman2_9781598888096.indb 464 in pressure vessel safety, 362–64; relief valves, 363; safety valve, 363; shut-off valves, 363; temperature limit devices, 364; water draws, 364 pressure relief valve, 360 pressure vessel safety: checklist, 177–79; controls, 361; dangers of high and low pressure, 357–58; OSHA requirements, 359; overview, 357–58; pressure definitions, 359–61; pressure relief systems, 362–64; pressure vessel defined, 358–59; program elements, 358, 361–65; proof testing, 362; required inspections, 365; training, 361–62; written safe work practices, 361 preventive maintenance (PM), 166 primary routes of entry, 126, 219 Process Hazard Analysis (PHA), 139, 141, 147; checklist, 144; what-if checklist, 144; what-if questions, 143–44 process safety management (PSM): application, 138–40; compliance audits, 143; contractors, 142; definition of terms, 138; emergency response and, 137–45; employee participation, 141; fault tree analysis, 145; final word on, 143–45; FMEA and, 145; HAZOP and, 144–45; hot work permits, 140, 142; incident investigation, 142; management of change, 142; mechanical integrity, 142; operating procedures, 141–42; PHA, 139, 141, 143–44; planning and response, 142; pre-startup safety review, 142; process safety information, 141; RMP similarities and differences, 150–52; SDS, 139; SOPs, 140; trade secrets, 143; training, 142 Profiling the Lethal Employee: Case Studies of Violence in the Workplace (Kelleher), 421–25 prohibited condition, 306 proof load, 370 proof test, 370 protection from harm, 418 psia See absolute pressure psig See gauge pressure psi See pounds per square inch PSM See process safety management PSQ See Personnel Qualification Standard psychological approach hazard avoidance, 66 12/8/2015 9:09:33 PM Index psychological approach to material handling, 201 PTS See permanent threshold shift pullback devices, 401 pulmonary effects, 227 pulmonary function, 202 purging, 265 The Purple Book, 115 push sticks, 403 Putnam, A., 197–98 PVC See polyvinyl chloride pyrophoric, 126 rad, 391 radiant heat, 36, 295 radiation: defined, 36, 220, 391; ionizing, 34, 391–92, 393; nonionizing, 35, 390–91, 393; ultraviolet, light, infrared, and microwave, 390–91 radiation area, 391 radiation safety: controls, 392, 393; ionization and, 390; nonionizing radiation and, 390–91; OSHA requirements, 391–93; overview, 389; program elements, 390; terms and definitions, 391; training, 392 radioactive materials, 220, 389, 391 radiofrequency sensing devices, 400–401 radios, 313 rated capacity, 370 RCRA See Resource Conservation and Recovery Act reactive, 36, 234 reactive grounds, 343 reactivity hazard, 36 recordkeeping: bottom line, 440; CYA file, 436; medical records, 439–40; OSHA requirements, 437; OSHA Standards, 440; OSHA-200/300 Log, 437–39; overview, 435–37; training and inspection records, 439 regulatory requirements: costly modifications and, 51; fatality incident, 49; inspections, fines, legal hearings, 51–53; network of confusing and constraining rules and standards, 51; OSH Act enforcement, 59; overview, 49–54; record keeping and paperwork burden, 53; Title 29, 58; workers’ compensation, 54–57 relief valves, 363 Spellman2_9781598888096.indb 465 465 rem, 391 repetitive strain injury (RSI), 197 reportable quantity (RQ), 36 representative exposure, 250 reproductive system, 228 rescue and retrieval line, 313 rescue equipment, 312–13 rescue service, 306 resonant grounds, 343 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), 36, 233–34; on hazardous waste, 237–38; tracking, permitting, disposal control systems, 237 respirators, 279; airline, 287–88; airpurifying, 283; air-supplying, 283; chemical cartridge, 287; cleaning respirators, 286; defined, 283, 287; inspection, maintenance, cleaning, storage, 288–89; SCBA, 283, 285, 288, 310; selection and distribution, 288 respiratory hazard, 287 respiratory protection: documentation procedures, 292; medical surveillance, 291; OSHA Standard, 284, 284–85; overview, 282–83; program, 283–92, 284; program evaluation, 292; respirator fit-testing, 289–91; respirator inspection, maintenance, cleaning, storage, 288–89; respirators, 283, 287–88; respirator selection and distribution, 288; responsibilities, 285–86; terms, 286–87; training, 291 restraint devices, 401 restricted area, 391 retrieval equipment, 313 retrieval system, 307 ricin, 224 Ridge, Tom, 411 rigging safety: chains, 384; checklist, 179; engineering concepts, 370–82; inspections, 385–86; OSHA standard, 367; overview, 367–68; proof testing equipment, 385; rope slings, 383–84; safe work practices, 386–87; terms and definitions, 369–70; training, 384–85; wire rope, 384; written program, 368, 368–70 “right to know” station binder, 126 “right to know” work station, 127 risk, 36, 215–20, 230 12/8/2015 9:09:33 PM 466 Index risk assessment, 37, 229–30 risk characterization, 37 risk management, 37 Risk Management Planning (RMP): definitions and requirements, 149; emergency response and, 145–53; environmental receptor, 149; EPA and, 134, 139, 145–46; hazard assessment, 146–47; plan versus program, 146; prevention program, 148; process, 149; program levels, 149–50; PSM similarities and differences, 150–52; public receptor, 149; regulated substance, 149; requirements, 146; response program, 148–49; SIC codes, 150; stationary source, 149; summary, 152–53; terms, 152; threshold quantity, 149; vessel, 149 routes of entry, 219 RQ See reportable quantity RSI See repetitive strain injury rupture disc, 361 saccharin, 287 safeguarding, 396, 398 safety: definition, 26, 37; view of, See also electrical safety; National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; Occupational Safety and Health Act; Occupational Safety and Health Administration; occupational safety and health practices; occupational safety and health professionals; pressure vessel safety; process safety management; radiation safety; rigging safety; specific topics safety and health management: bottom line, 62–65; fatality incident, 61; hazard avoidance concepts, 65–80; hazard avoidance management aspects, 62–65; overview, 61 Safety and Health: Management Planning (Ferry), 51 safety and health terminology: accident definition, 26–27; fatality incident, 25; overview, 26; terms, 27–38 Safety Compliance Alert, 194 safety controls, 400–401 Safety Data Sheets (SDS), 114, 120, 127; for caustics, 166; location of, 123; minimum information for, 121–22; in PSM, 139 Spellman2_9781598888096.indb 466 safety policy, 10; legal ramifications of workplace provisions, 9–10; tell-it-likeit-is, 9; Victorian seamstress case study, 10–12 safety standard, 37 safety trip devices, 401 safety valve, 363 safe work practices: arc welding, 269–70; fiber and synthetic rope slings, 386–87; gas welding, 270–71; machine guarding, 403–4; noise control, 253; OSHA Hearing Conservation Standard, 253; pressure vessel safety, 361; rigging safety, 386–87; workplace violence, 433–34 SARA See Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act SARS See Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome SCBA See self-contained breathing apparatus Schaeffer, Rebecca, 422 SDS See Safety Data Sheets secondary containment, 37 security assessment, 37 selective toxicity, 216 self-adjusting guards, 400 self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA), 283, 285, 288, 310 selvage edge, 370 sensitive sub-population, 218 sensitivity, 219 sensitizers, 37 sensorineural, 251 September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, 411, 415 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), 224 shields: confined space entry, 311; face, 279; hand, 266–67; machine guarding, 403 shoe inserts, 206 shoes, 280 short term exposure limit (STEL), 37 SIC codes, 150 sick water, 212–15 signal words, 118, 127; danger, warning, caution, 21–22; English markings, 22; GHS and, 21–22 significant accidental release, 152 Silent Spring (Carson), 231 silica, 37, 224 12/8/2015 9:09:33 PM Index sit/stand chairs, 206 Skinner, B F., 29, 75–76 sling manufacturer, 370 slings, 376; alloy steel chain sling load angle factors, 379; angle and load examples, 378; chain, 384; defined, 370; examples, 375–79; rated sling loads, 379; rope, 383–84; safe work practices, 386–87 slips, 352–53 Slote, L., 363 smallpox, 224 Smith, R B., 230 smoke, 93, 287, 290 sodium cyanide (NaCN), 223 solid grounds, 343 solvents, 220 “Song of the Shirt” (Hood), 12 SOPs See Standard Operating Procedures sound level, 251 sound level meter, 251 sound level survey, 251–52 specific gravity, 37 specific source wastes, 235 speed switch, 342 spiral, 370 spirometric evaluation, 287 spreaders, 403 SP See static pressure stair falls, 353–54 standard atmospheric pressure, 360 Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs), 140 “Standards of Acceptable Concentrations of Toxic Dusts and Gases,” 90 standard water pressure, 360 standing, 206 stannic oxychloride, 287 static electricity, 346 static pressure (SP), 96–98, 360 stationary container, 127 stationary source, 152 STEL See short term exposure limit Sterlington, Louisiana, explosion, 137 stored pressure energy, 360 strand laid endless sling-mechanical joint, 370 strand laid rope, 370 stratified atmosphere, 314, 328 stressors, 88–89 sulfur dioxide, 92, 133 Sultana explosion, 357 Spellman2_9781598888096.indb 467 467 Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA), 13, 228, 233 Superman Scenario, 67 supply ventilation, 96 sweatshops, 12 switching devices, 342 system ground, 343 tagout, 336 See also lockout/tagout procedure tagout device, 336 talc, 222 target organ, 219 TCDD See dioxin TCLP See Toxicity Characteristics Leaching Procedure technological advances, temperature limit devices, 364 temporary employees, 16 temporary threshold shift (TTS), 251 tensile force, 372 teratogens, 219, 228–29 terrorism, 34, 415, 422 testing, 307; equipment for confined space entry, 309–10; proof testing, 362, 385 See also atmospheric testing; audiometric testing; fit-testing thalidomide, 224 thermal cutout, 342 thermal hazards: conduction and, 294; convection and, 294; environmental heat and, 295; metabolic heat and, 294–95; overview, 294; radiant heat and, 295; thermal comfort and, 294–95 threat assessment team: hazard assessment, 412–13; workplace security analysis, 413; workplace survey, 413; for worksite safety, 412–13 threatening behavior, 425 Three Mile Island nuclear power disaster, 4–5, 389 See also radiation safety three-way winch system, 313 threshold dose, 217–18 threshold limit value (TLV), 113; administrative control and, 106–7; carcinogens and, 228; defined, 37 throwaway society, 231–32 time, 80 time-weighted average (TWA), 28, 37, 249, 251 12/8/2015 9:09:33 PM 468 Index Title 29, 58 TLV See threshold limit value torsional forces, 372 total quality management (TQM), 65; defined, 37; elements and characteristics, 80; hazard avoidance and, 79–80 toxic, 216 toxicant, 216 toxic effects, 216 toxic effects = potency x exposure, 229 toxicity, 37, 219–20; factors affecting, 225–26; hazardous waste, 234; industrial toxicology and, 90; scale of relative toxicity, 220 Toxicity Characteristics Leaching Procedure (TCLP), 234, 235 toxicology: carcinogens, mutagens, teratogens, 228–29; chemical and biological toxins and effects, 221–25; chemical world and, 210–15; classification of toxic agents, 220–21; classification of toxic materials, 226–27; defined, 37, 209; definitions, 219–20; factors affecting toxicity, 225–26; industrial, 90–92; for industrial workplace, 209–10; overview, 209; risk and, 215–20; risk assessment, 229–30; scale of relative toxicity, 220; sick water, 212–15; targets affected by toxins, 227–28; terms, 216–19; toxic effects = potency x exposure, 229 toxic symptom, 216 toxins: animal, 221, 222; chemical and biological and effects, 221–25; defined, 216; inhaled, 11; mycotoxins, 35; plant, 220; targets affected by, 227–28 TQM See total quality management trade secrets, 120, 138, 143, 153 training: administrative controls, 108; atmospheric testing, 328; back injury prevention and, 203; confined space entry, 316–21; ergonomics program element, 197; first aid, 293–94; IH, 87; machine guarding, 404–5; noise control, 253; OSHA Hearing Conservation Standard, 248, 253; PPE, 282; pressure vessel safety, 361–62; PSM, 142; radiation safety, 392; recordkeeping, 439; respiratory protection, 291; rigging safety, 384–85 See also contractor training; employee training Spellman2_9781598888096.indb 468 trenchfoot, 298 triangle law, 373, 374 trips, 353 TTS See temporary threshold shift tuberculosis, 11 tularemia, 224 TWA See time-weighted average two-hand control devices, 401 two-hand trip devices, 402 two-way winch system, 313 typhoons, 71 Tyvek®, 107 UEL See upper explosive limit UFC See Uniform Fire Code UFL See Upper Flammable Limit ullage, 361 ultraviolet radiation, 390–91 Uniform Fire Code (UFC), 159 United Nations Hazard Class Number System, 232–33 United Steelworkers of America (USWA), 194–95 unrestricted area, 391 unsafe condition, 37–38 unstable reactive chemical, 127 upper explosive limit (UEL), 38 Upper Flammable Limit (UFL), 259 USWA See United Steelworkers of America vacuum, 360 vapor, 93, 220, 226, 287 See also fumes; mists velocity pressure (VP), 96–98 ventilation: components, 96; concepts, 95–98; as control method, 94–100; exhaust and supply, 96; functions, 95; general and dilution, 99–100; industrial, 94; local exhaust, 98–99, 99; SP, 96–98; spray paint operations checklist, 180–81; supply, 96; total pressure, 96–98; VP, 96–98; welding, 268–69 vents, 265 verbal abuse, 425 vertical hitch, 370 VHFs See viral hemorrhagic fevers vibration control, 104–5 Victorian seamstress case study, 10–12 vinyl chloride, 224–25 violence See workplace violence viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs), 225 12/8/2015 9:09:33 PM Index voltage to ground, 343–44 VP See velocity pressure vulnerability assessment, 38 Walkley, Christina, 11 Wal-Mart, 12 warnings: hazard, 126; machine hazard, 407–8, 408; signal words, 21–22; of workplace violence, 429–30 waste: defined, 80; nonspecific source, 235; specific source, 235 See also hazardous waste wastewater, 214 water draws, 364 water pressure, 360 Weeks, W., 271 welding: arc welding, 269–70; authorization, 264; combustible cover, 265; combustible material, 263; combustible walls, 265; confined spaces, 265–66; cutting used containers, 265; defined, 262; ducts, 265; fire extinguishers, 263; fire hazards, 263; fire precautions, 265; fire prevention and protection, 263–66; fire watch, 263–64; floors, 264; gas welding, 270–71; guards, 263; managers and supervisors, 266; OSHA Subpart Q, 262–63; overview, 257; pipes, 265; PPE, 266–68; prohibited areas, 264–65; relocation of combustibles, 265; restrictions, 263; safety program, 263–69, 264; ventilation and health protection, 268–69; venting and purging, 265 windchill factor, 298 wire rope, 384 work center, 127–28, 315, 416 work center supervisors, 13, 21, 73, 127, 288–89, 291 worker right-to-know: better communication with GHS, 115–17; Bhopal gas tragedy and, 111–13; changes to HazCom and, 117–20; employee training, 123; hazard communication program, 123, 124–25; Hazard Communication Right to Know Stations, 14; HazCom and occupational safety and health professionals, 120–25; HazCom audit items, 127–28; HazCom terms, 125–27; overview, 112–14 Spellman2_9781598888096.indb 469 469 workers: OSH Act rights, 6, 8; OSHA regulating health and safety, 158; training and awareness, 108; USWA, 194–95; in worksite security, 414–15 workers’ compensation: defined, 38; exclusive remedy, 56; financing, 55; fraud, 56–57; insurance companies and, 55; objectives of laws, 54–55; regulatory requirements, 54–57 working load limit, 370 workplace: confined space entry evaluation, 307–8; environment checklist, 170–71; facility design, 157–59; industrial hygiene and, 88–89; OSHA Workplace Poster, 39; radiation safety, 390–91; safety policy, 9–10; toxicology for, 209–10; walkways and exits checklist, 171–72 workplace violence: case study, 421–25; CDC on, 421; conflict resolution, 429; controls for, 430–32; defined, 425; early warning signals, 429–30; examples, 425, 426; hazards checklist, 432–33; media-intensive events, 421; preventing, 419–30; reasons for, 425–27; reporting, 427–28; safe work practices for external violence, 433–34; what to do, 427–28 Work Practices Guide for Manual Lifting, 201, 204–5 worksite security: background checks and, 412; for buildings, workstations, areas, 413–14; checklist questions, 415; equipment, 414; equipment and data protection, 417–18; facility visibility and, 416; fencing and, 416; hazard control and prevention, 413–14; in industrial setting, 415–18; knowing fellow workers, 414–15; meeting security needs, 415–16; protection from harm, 418; theft protection, 416–17; threat assessment team, 412–13; upgrading security, 411–13; work practice controls and procedures, 414 xenobiotic, 220 zero energy state, 38, 333 12/8/2015 9:09:33 PM Spellman2_9781598888096.indb 470 12/8/2015 9:09:33 PM About the Author Frank R Spellman is the author or co-author of more than one hundred books on safety, occupational health, and natural and environmental sciences He has forty-five years of experience in safety and health and has served as a consultant for the U.S Department of Justice, a variety of law firms, and a number of non-governmental organizations on environmental issues and health-related matters He is formerly an assistant professor of environmental health at Old Dominion University 471 Spellman2_9781598888096.indb 471 12/8/2015 9:09:33 PM ... Occupational Safety and Health Practice expert in how safety and health issues affect these many fields, and in how to eliminate, reduce, or control workplace hazards for these fields The occupational safety. .. quality—then the proper atmosphere is present for the safety and health official to accomplish the intended objective That is, the safety and health official will be able to provide a safe and healthy... overemphasize the importance that the organization places on the safety and health and well-being of each and every employee The organization’s commitment to occupational safety and health is absolute The