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Chapter 6 - The Eurocurrency market and international banking. After reading the material in this chapter, you should be able: To define the Eurocurrency market, to identify Eurocurrencies and Eurocurrency banking centres, to identify reasons for the growth of the Eurocurrency market,…
Chapter The Eurocurrency Market and International Banking Objectives • To define the Eurocurrency market • To identify Eurocurrencies and Eurocurrency banking centres • To identify reasons for the growth of the Eurocurrency market (cont.) Copyright 2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a International Finance: An Analytical Approach 3e by Imad A Moosa Slides prepared by Afaf Moosa 6-2 Objectives (cont.) • To identify the main features of Eurobanking • To illustrate the determination of the bid-offer spread and the risk premium in Eurocurrency deposit rates • To describe international banking Copyright 2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a International Finance: An Analytical Approach 3e by Imad A Moosa Slides prepared by Afaf Moosa 6-3 The Eurocurrency market • The market is comprised of banks that accept shortterm deposits and make short-term loans in currencies other than that of the country in which they are located Copyright 2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a International Finance: An Analytical Approach 3e by Imad A Moosa Slides prepared by Afaf Moosa 6-4 Eurocurrencies • • • • • US dollar Euro Japanese yen British pound Swiss franc Copyright 2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a International Finance: An Analytical Approach 3e by Imad A Moosa Slides prepared by Afaf Moosa 6-5 Prerequisites for Eurocurrency centres • • • • • Political stability Favourable environment for international finance Good telecommunications system Favourable time zone High quality of life Copyright 2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a International Finance: An Analytical Approach 3e by Imad A Moosa Slides prepared by Afaf Moosa 6-6 Eurocurrency centres • European centres: London, Luxembourg, Paris, Zurich and Frankfurt • Centres outside developed countries: the Bahamas, Dubai and Hong Kong • North America and Japan: International Banking Facilities (IBFs) and the Japan Offshore Market (JOM) Copyright 2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a International Finance: An Analytical Approach 3e by Imad A Moosa Slides prepared by Afaf Moosa 6-7 Evolution and growth • The market started in the 1950s • In 1957, the Bank of England introduced tight controls • In 1958, European currencies were made convertible (cont.) Copyright 2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a International Finance: An Analytical Approach 3e by Imad A Moosa Slides prepared by Afaf Moosa 6-8 Evolution and growth (cont.) • The rise of oil prices in the 1970s produced huge financial surpluses for oil-exporting countries These surpluses were deposited at Eurobanks (cont.) Copyright 2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a International Finance: An Analytical Approach 3e by Imad A Moosa Slides prepared by Afaf Moosa 6-9 Evolution and growth (cont.) • Eurobanks are efficient because: they are not subject to regulations, such as Regulation Q, interest equalisation tax no reserve requirements economies of scale Copyright 2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a International Finance: An Analytical Approach 3e by Imad A Moosa Slides prepared by Afaf Moosa 6-10 The risk premium • Only borrowers of high quality can borrow at the offer rate quoted by market makers • Others have to pay a risk premium Copyright 2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a International Finance: An Analytical Approach 3e by Imad A Moosa Slides prepared by Afaf Moosa 6-17 Risk premium associated with lowquality borrowers i S ia M ρ ia ρ DL DH Q Copyright 2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a International Finance: An Analytical Approach 3e by Imad A Moosa Slides prepared by Afaf Moosa 6-18 International banking • International banking operations encompass those conducted with non-residents as well as those involving foreign currencies Copyright 2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a International Finance: An Analytical Approach 3e by Imad A Moosa Slides prepared by Afaf Moosa 6-19 Reasons for the emergence of international banking • • • • Meeting the needs of foreign subsidiaries Participation in the FX market Circumventing capital controls Provision of custodial services Copyright 2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a International Finance: An Analytical Approach 3e by Imad A Moosa Slides prepared by Afaf Moosa 6-20 Traditional activities • Export-import finance • Buying and selling foreign exchange • Provision of foreign loans Copyright 2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a International Finance: An Analytical Approach 3e by Imad A Moosa Slides prepared by Afaf Moosa 6-21 New activities • Dealing in Eurocurrencies • Syndicated Eurocredit • Investment banking Copyright 2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a International Finance: An Analytical Approach 3e by Imad A Moosa Slides prepared by Afaf Moosa 6-22 Innovative activities • • • • Innovative financing Global money market Managing the loan portfolios of developing countries Private banking Copyright 2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a International Finance: An Analytical Approach 3e by Imad A Moosa Slides prepared by Afaf Moosa 6-23 The organisational set-up • • • • • • Correspondent banks Representative offices Bank agencies Foreign branches, subsidiaries and affiliates Consortium banks Global banks Copyright 2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a International Finance: An Analytical Approach 3e by Imad A Moosa Slides prepared by Afaf Moosa 6-24 Correspondent banks • When a bank has no branch in a particular country it uses a foreign bank located in that country to settle transactions on its behalf Copyright 2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a International Finance: An Analytical Approach 3e by Imad A Moosa Slides prepared by Afaf Moosa 6-25 Representative offices • A representative office is established by a bank in another country with the primary task of providing information about business conditions in that country Copyright 2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a International Finance: An Analytical Approach 3e by Imad A Moosa Slides prepared by Afaf Moosa 6-26 Bank agencies • A bank agency is similar to an ordinary commercial bank, except that it does not handle ordinary deposits • Its function is to deal in money and FX markets, arrange loans and clear cheques Copyright 2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a International Finance: An Analytical Approach 3e by Imad A Moosa Slides prepared by Afaf Moosa 6-27 Foreign branches • If the volume of international business of the customers of a bank is large enough, it may be viable to open a branch in another country • Branches are subject to regulation by the home and host governments Copyright 2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a International Finance: An Analytical Approach 3e by Imad A Moosa Slides prepared by Afaf Moosa 6-28 Foreign subsidiaries and affiliates • These are banks established in another country and owned solely or jointly with other parties • Unlike branches, they not have the name of the bank • The degree of control is greater in the case of a subsidiary Copyright 2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a International Finance: An Analytical Approach 3e by Imad A Moosa Slides prepared by Afaf Moosa 6-29 Consortium banks • Joint ventures established by large international banks to deal with large companies and governments Copyright 2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a International Finance: An Analytical Approach 3e by Imad A Moosa Slides prepared by Afaf Moosa 6-30 Global banks • A global bank takes deposits and offers loans and other banking services in a variety of national markets through local presence Copyright 2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a International Finance: An Analytical Approach 3e by Imad A Moosa Slides prepared by Afaf Moosa 6-31 ... 2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a International Finance: An Analytical Approach 3e by Imad A Moosa Slides prepared by Afaf Moosa 6- 18 International banking • International banking operations... 2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a International Finance: An Analytical Approach 3e by Imad A Moosa Slides prepared by Afaf Moosa 6- 26 Bank agencies • A bank agency is similar to an ordinary... McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a International Finance: An Analytical Approach 3e by Imad A Moosa Slides prepared by Afaf Moosa 6- 30 Global banks • A global bank takes deposits and offers loans