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A field experiment was conducted on clay loam soil during kharif, 2017 at Instructional Agronomy Farm, Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Udaipur to find out the effect of herbicides and their tank mix application on weed dynamics, growth and yield of maize. The post-emergence tank mix application of atrazine 0.5 kg/ha + tembotrione 0.125 kg/ha at 15 DAS reduced weed density, weed dry matter and improved weed control efficiency of monocot, dicot and total weed at 60 DAS. The maximum number of cob/plant (1.47), cob weight/plant (154.94 g) and weight of grain/cob (119.17 g), number of grain row/cob (15.33), number of grain/row (29.67), test weight (228.33 g) and shelling percentage (76.94%) were obtained by weed control through tank mix applicationn of atrazine 0.5 kg/ha + tembotrione 0.125 kg/ha at 15 DAS. Similarly, application of atrazine 0.5 kg/ha + tembotrione 0.125 kg/ha at 15 DAS also resulted in significantly higher grain, stover and biological yield compared to rest of treatments. Likewise, it was also superior most with respect to all the yield attributes, yield and shelling% as compared to the other treatment.
Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(1): 2888-2895 International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume Number 01 (2019) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2019.801.306 Efficacy of Atrazine based Post-Emergence Herbicide Mixtures on Weed Dynamics and Maize (Zea mays L.) Productivity in Sub-Humid Southern Plain of Rajasthan G.R Mali*, A Verma, Bharat D Malunjker, Roshan Choudhary, S.L Mundra and Mahendra Sharma Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture & Technology, Udaipur, Rajasthan 313001, India *Corresponding author ABSTRACT Keywords Weed dynamics, Atrazine, Tembotrione, Postemergence, Maize, Yield Article Info Accepted: 20 December 2018 Available Online: 10 January 2019 A field experiment was conducted on clay loam soil during kharif, 2017 at Instructional Agronomy Farm, Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Udaipur to find out the effect of herbicides and their tank mix application on weed dynamics, growth and yield of maize The post-emergence tank mix application of atrazine 0.5 kg/ha + tembotrione 0.125 kg/ha at 15 DAS reduced weed density, weed dry matter and improved weed control efficiency of monocot, dicot and total weed at 60 DAS The maximum number of cob/plant (1.47), cob weight/plant (154.94 g) and weight of grain/cob (119.17 g), number of grain row/cob (15.33), number of grain/row (29.67), test weight (228.33 g) and shelling percentage (76.94%) were obtained by weed control through tank mix applicationn of atrazine 0.5 kg/ha + tembotrione 0.125 kg/ha at 15 DAS Similarly, application of atrazine 0.5 kg/ha + tembotrione 0.125 kg/ha at 15 DAS also resulted in significantly higher grain, stover and biological yield compared to rest of treatments Likewise, it was also superior most with respect to all the yield attributes, yield and shelling% as compared to the other treatment Introduction Maize (Zea mays L.) is the third most important cereal in the world; it is one of the most versatile emerging crops having wider adaptability under varied agro-climatic conditions In India, maize occupies 9.25 million area with production and productivity of 23.67 million tonnes and 2.53 t /ha respectively Maize is highly productive crop with diversified uses, mainly as food and feed for livestock It is an important source of carbohydrate, protein, iron, vitamin B, and minerals Over 85% of its production in India is consumed as various processed foods like starch, corn syrup, popcorn, corn oil, corn flakes, roasted ears, biscuits, instant upma, instant kesari bhat, ready to eat maize puffs, chapaties Apart from genetic and climatic factors the productivity of maize is very much affected by management issues Among various factors of maize cultivation during rainy season weeds are considered to be of prime importance responsible for the low yield The competition stress of weeds on crop for nutrients, water, light and space is 2888 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(1): 2888-2895 responsible for poor yield of maize (Kumar et al., 2015) In Rajasthan, maize is grown mainly during rainy season and weather conditions of crop growing season are conducive to excessive weed infestation The excessive occurrence of weeds limits the full expression of yield potential of this crop Maize is infested by a wide range of weed flora; Commelina benghalensis, Echinochloa colona, Trianthema portulacastrum, Cyperus rotundus and Digera arvensis dominate during early stages of the crop growth whereas Dactyloctenium aegyptium and Physalis minima dominate toward the tasseling and maturity of the crop (Rao et al., 2009) The most critical period for crop-weed competition is first six weeks after planting of crop which may reduce yield by 28-100% (Dass et al., 2012) During this period, weeding is essentially required physical and mechanical means are expensive and many times timely operations are not possible due to continuous rains in monsoon season (Chopra and Angiras, 2008) Thus, attention must be focused on weed control measures to maintain the competitive ability of the threatened crop by minimizing weed interference during the critical growth phase of the crop Most of the available herbicides for maize are applied as pre-emergence and these not effectively control the weed flora emerged during critical period of crop-weed competition Under the existing practice, application of single herbicide under diverse and mixed weed flora does not provide satisfactory weed control for the desired period Moreover, continuous use of single herbicide is known to result in the evolution of herbicide-resistance in weed species and shift in weed flora (Thakur and Sharma, 1997, Malviya and Singh, 2007) Atrazine alone has been widely used as pre-emergence herbicides for controlling of the weeds in maize under monocultures (Barla et al., 2016).Considering these facts and paucity of research finding, the present study was planned with objective to evaluate the effect of atrazine based postemergence herbicide mixtures and their time of application on weed dynamics, growth and yield of maize Materials and Methods The experiment was carried out at research farm of Raasthan college of Agriculture, Udaipur (24°35’ N latitude and 73°42’ E longitude.an altitude of 582.5 meter above mean sea level).The soil of experimental had low in nitrogen, medium in phosphorus, high in potassium and slightly alkaline and calcarious in nature The soil of the experimental field was clay loam in texture The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with 13 treatment combination tested were as follows weedy check, atrazine 0.5 kg/ha at 10 DAS, atrazine 0.5 kg/ha at 15 DAS, atrazine 0.5 kg/ha at 20 DAS, atrazine 0.5 kg/ha + halosulfuron 0.09 kg/ha at 10 DAS, atrazine 0.5 kg/ha + halosulfuron 0.09 kg/ha at 15 DAS, atrazine 0.5 kg/ha + halosulfuron 0.09 kg/ha at 20 DAS, atrazine 0.5 kg/ha + tembotrione 0.125 kg/ha at 10 DAS, atrazine 0.5 kg/ha + tembotrione 0.125 kg/ha at 15 DAS, atrazine 0.5 kg/ha + tembotrione 0.125 kg/ha at 20 DAS, atrazine 0.5 kg/ha + topramezone 0.118 kg/ha at 10 DAS, atrazine 0.5 kg/ha + topramezone 0.118 kg/ha at 15 DAS and atrazine 0.5 kg/ha + topramezone 0.118 kg/ha at 20 DAS The result were analyzed taking consideration of wed parameters such as as weed density, weed dry matter, weed control efficiency and plant parameter such as plant population, plant dry matter, plant height, number of cob/plant, cob weight/plant (g) and weight of grain/cob (g), number of grain row/cob, number of grain/row, test weight (g) and shelling percentage, grain yield, stover yield and biological yield 2889 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(1): 2888-2895 Weed control efficiency was calculated at 60 DAS using the following formula (Mani et al., 1968) Grain samples were drawn from the produce after weighing the net yield of each plot.From these,1000 grain were counted and weighing to record test weight (g) Biological yield was calculated by summing up the weight of thoroughly, grain and stover and expressed in t/ha Results and Discussion Weed studies The data reflected that proportion of density of monocot to dicot weeds in weedy check plots at 60 DAS 1:0.36 Likewise the dry matter record in corresponding plots revealed that the monocot versus dicot weed proportion was 1:0.40 at 60 DAS The magnitude of existence of monocot and dicot weeds indicated that the crop suffered stress from a mixed flora of weeds The results (Table 1) indicated that all herbicide treatments either alone or tank mix application caused marked reduction in weed density and dry matter of monocot, dicot and total weeds at 60 DAS However, the trend of effects of weed control treatments was not similar for monocot and dicot weeds In respect of total weeds, postemergence application of atrazine 0.5 kg/ha + tembotrione 0.125 kg/ha at 15 DAS significantly reduced the weed density and total weed dry matter at 60 DAS followed by post-emergence application of atrazine 0.5 kg/ha + topramezone 0.118 kg/ha at 15 DAS compared to other weed control treatments The results corroborate the findings of Stanzen et al., (2016) and Rana et al., (2017) Maximum weed control efficiency of total weeds at 60 DAS was observed with application of atrazine 0.5 kg/ha + tembotrione 0.125 kg/ha at 15 DAS (97.49%) followed by atrazine 0.5 kg/ha + topramezone 0.118 kg/ha at 20 DAS (96.91%) Crop studies Plant population of maize was not significantly affected by weed control treatments It was clear from data in (Table 2) that combination of herbicide and herbicide alone have no significant influence on plant population at harvest.The postemergence application of atrazine 0.5 kg/ha + tembotrione 0.125 kg/ha at 15 DAS recorded the highest plant height at 60 DAS which was higher to rest of the treatments The per cent increase in plant height due to this treatment was 24.44%, over weedy check The maximum dry matter accumulation at 60 DAS was recorded under post-emergence application of atrazine 0.5 kg/ha + tembotrione 0.125 kg/ha at 15 DAS treatment with the corresponding per cent increase of 57.89% compared to weedy check The maximum number of cob/plant (1.47), cob weight/plant (154.94 g), weight of grain/cob (119.17 g), number of grain row/cob (15.33), number of grain/row (29.67), test weight (228.33 g) and shelling percentage (76.94%) were obtained by weed control through atrazine 0.5 kg/ha + tembotrione 0.125 kg/ha at 15 DAS The result also has been reported by Singh et al., (2012), Rao et al., (2009), Nazreen and Subramanyam (2017) The per cent increse in seed yield due to postemergence application of atrazine 0.5 kg/ha + tembotrione 0.125 kg/ha at 15 DAS and postemergence application of atrazine 0.5 kg/ha + tembotrione 0.125 kg/ha at 15 DAS was 121.37 and 109.89 respectively, over weedy check 2890 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(1): 2888-2895 Table.1 Effect of treatments on weed density (No./m2), weed dry matter (g/m2) and weed control efficiency (%) at 60 DAS in maize Treatments Weedy check Atrazine 0.5 kg ha-1 at 10 DAS Atrazine 0.5 kg ha-1 at 15 DAS Atrazine 0.5 kg ha-1 at 20 DAS Atrazine 0.5 kg ha-1 + Halosulfuron 0.09 kg ha-1 at 10 DAS Atrazine 0.5 kg ha-1 + Halosulfuron 0.09 kg ha-1 at 15 DAS Atrazine 0.5 kg ha-1 + Halosulfuron 0.09 kg ha-1 at 20 DAS Atrazine 0.5 kg ha-1 + Tembotrione 0.125 kg ha-1 at 10 DAS Atrazine 0.5 kg ha-1 + Tembotrione 0.125 kg ha-1 at 15 DAS Atrazine 0.5 kg ha-1 + Tembotrione 0.125 kg ha-1 at 20 DAS Atrazine 0.5 kg ha-1 + Topramezone 0.025 kg ha-1 at 10 DAS Atrazine 0.5 kg ha-1 + Topramezone 0.025 kg ha-1 at 15 DAS Atrazine 0.5 kg ha-1 + Topramezone 0.025 kg ha-1 at 20 DAS SEm + LSD(P=0.05) (* Weed density* weed dry matter 60 DAS 60 DAS Monocot Dicot Total Monocot Dicot Total weeds weeds weeds weeds weeds weeds 12.65 7.58 14.73 104.93 42.46 147.40 (159.47) (57.04) (216.50) 5.66 3.55 6.64 19.78 8.98 28.76 (31.54) (12.12) (43.66) 5.97 3.67 6.98 22.24 9.63 31.87 (35.19) (13.01) (48.20) 6.47 4.43 7.81 25.76 14.12 39.88 (41.41) (19.12) (60.53) 5.15 3.05 5.95 16.28 6.60 22.88 (26.03) (8.84) (34.86) 5.11 3.48 6.14 15.73 8.62 24.35 (25.64) (11.59) (37.23) 6.25 3.85 7.31 24.60 10.67 35.27 (38.55) (14.36) (52.91) 2.62 2.35 3.45 4.00 3.71 7.71 (6.39) (5.01) (11.40) 1.96 1.57 2.41 2.24 1.46 3.71 (3.34) (1.97) (5.31) 2.31 1.82 2.85 3.18 2.09 5.27 (4.85) (2.81) (7.66) 2.61 2.00 3.21 4.10 2.62 6.73 (6.30) (3.53) (9.83) 2.10 1.71 2.62 2.74 1.81 4.54 (3.91) (2.44) (6.35) 2.76 2.72 3.81 5.35 5.13 10.48 (7.10) (6.88) (13.98) 0.09 0.08 0.10 0.59 0.55 0.92 0.26 0.23 0.29 1.71 1.59 2.70 Transformed values and Data in parenthesis are original values); NA: Not analysed 2891 weed control efficiency 60 DAS Monocot Dicot Total weeds weeds weeds 0.00 0.00 0.00 81.13 78.70 80.45 78.80 77.30 78.38 75.45 66.70 72.93 84.48 84.40 84.47 85.00 79.59 83.46 76.52 74.72 76.03 96.19 91.26 94.78 97.86 96.55 97.49 96.97 95.10 96.43 96.09 93.80 95.43 97.39 95.72 96.91 94.90 87.90 92.88 NA NA NA Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(1): 2888-2895 Table.2 Effect of herbicides on different yield attributes of maize Treatment Weedy check Atrazine 0.5 kg ha-1 at 10 DAS Atrazine 0.5 kg ha-1 at 15 DAS Atrazine 0.5 kg ha-1 at 20 DAS Atrazine 0.5 kg ha-1 + Halosulfuron 0.09 kg ha-1 at 10 DAS Atrazine 0.5 kg ha-1 + Halosulfuron 0.09 kg ha-1 at 15 DAS Atrazine 0.5 kg ha-1 + Halosulfuron 0.09 kg ha-1 at 20 DAS Atrazine 0.5 kg ha-1 + Tembotrione 0.125 kg ha-1 at 10 DAS Atrazine 0.5 kg ha-1 + Tembotrione 0.125 kg ha-1 at 15 DAS Atrazine 0.5 kg ha-1 + Tembotrione 0.125 kg ha-1 at 20 DAS Atrazine 0.5 kg ha-1 + Topramezone 0.025 kg ha-1 at 10 DAS Atrazine 0.5 kg ha-1 + Topramezone 0.025 kg ha-1 at 15 DAS Atrazine 0.5 kg ha-1 + Topramezone 0.025 kg ha-1 at 20 DAS SEm + LSD (P=0.05) Number Number Number Cob Weight of Test of of of weight(g)/plant grain(g)/cob weight row/cob grain/row cob/plant (g) 12.00 22.00 1.07 117.77 68.00 210.00 13.33 25.67 1.12 147.62 106.08 213.33 12.67 26.67 1.13 144.75 109.58 214.00 12.00 27.33 1.17 147.10 105.40 219.33 12.67 25.33 1.20 135.27 88.40 212.33 14.67 25.00 1.13 136.32 83.17 215.33 12.67 24.33 1.13 143.70 83.33 213.00 13.33 27.67 1.27 151.74 114.23 219.33 15.33 29.67 1.47 154.94 119.17 228.33 14.67 27.67 1.37 152.33 105.55 224.33 14.00 27.33 1.33 147.10 104.17 218.33 14.67 28.67 1.40 152.85 113.53 226.67 12.67 27.67 1.33 147.10 112.67 223.33 0.67 1.95 0.53 1.55 0.07 0.22 1.66 4.86 2.11 6.17 3.05 8.91 2892 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(1): 2888-2895 Table.3 Effect of herbicides on plant population, plant height (cm), plant dry matter (g/plant), grain yield (t/ha), stover yield (t/ha), biological yield (t/ha) and shelling % in maize Treatment Weedy check Plant population at harvest Plant height at 60 DAS Plant dry matter at 60 DAS Grain yield Stover yield Biological yield Shelling % 56581 130.80 32.13 2.37 4.01 6.38 57.72 -1 59636 133.93 36.67 3.82 5.62 9.44 71.90 -1 60508 145.00 37.22 3.29 5.27 8.56 75.71 Atrazine 0.5 kg at 10 DAS Atrazine 0.5 kg at 15 DAS -1 Atrazine 0.5 kg at 20 DAS 60726 145.33 34.73 3.58 4.89 8.46 71.68 -1 -1 60290 139.07 29.53 3.23 4.72 7.94 65.35 -1 -1 58109 134.00 28.63 3.19 5.07 8.27 61.02 -1 -1 58327 140.67 29.00 3.59 5.38 8.97 58.01 Atrazine 0.5 kg + Tembotrione 0.125 kg at 10 DAS 61550 150.67 45.07 4.83 7.02 11.85 75.32 Atrazine 0.5 kg ha-1 + Tembotrione 0.125 kg ha-1 at 15 DAS 61550 168.00 50.73 5.24 7.03 12.27 76.94 Atrazine 0.5 kg + Halosulfuron 0.09 kg at 10 DAS Atrazine 0.5 kg + Halosulfuron 0.09 kg at 15 DAS Atrazine 0.5 kg + Halosulfuron 0.09 kg at 20 DAS -1 -1 -1 -1 Atrazine 0.5 kg + Tembotrione 0.125 kg at 20 DAS 61356 154.47 44.50 4.96 6.88 11.85 69.30 -1 -1 60883 163.00 48.60 4.89 6.77 11.66 70.84 -1 -1 58423 166.73 49.73 4.64 6.95 11.58 74.26 -1 -1 57175 148.67 45.93 4.60 6.89 11.48 76.59 1473 NS 4.49 13.12 2.74 8.01 232 679 250 729 344 1004 1.59 4.65 Atrazine 0.5 kg + Topramezone 0.025 kg at 10 DAS Atrazine 0.5 kg + Topramezone 0.025 kg at 15 DAS Atrazine 0.5 kg + Topramezone 0.025 kg at 20 DAS SEm + LSD (P=0.05) 2893 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(1): 2888-2895 The highest strover yield obtained with postemergence application of atrazine 0.5 kg/ha + tembotrione 0.125 kg/ha at 15 DAS (7.03 t/ha) which was closed to post-emergence application of atrazine 0.5 kg/ha + tembotrione 0.125 kg/ha at 10 DAS (7.02 t/ha) with per cent increase of 75.30 and 75.05, respectively over weedy check (4.01 t/ha) Amongst treatments, post-emergence application of atrazine 0.5 kg/ha + tembotrione 0.125 kg/ha at 15 DAS and postemergence application of atrazine 0.5 kg/ha + tembotrione 0.125 kg/ha at 20 DAS, postemergence application of atrazine 0.5 kg/ha + tembotrione 0.125 kg/ha at 10 DAS gave better results being at par with each other The per cent increase in biological yield due to these treatments was 92.42,85.81 and 85.81, respectively over weedy check The postemergence application of atrazine 0.5 kg/ha + tembotrione 0.125 kg/ha at 15 DAS was found statistically at par atrazine 0.5 kg/ha + topramezone 0.118 kg/ha at 15 DAS with respect to shelling percentage (%),test weight (g) and decreasing order of merit The results corroborate the findings of Patel et al., (2006), Walia et al., (2007), Choudhary et al., (2013) and Rana et al., (2017) References Berla, S., Upasani, R R., 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Indian Journal of Weed Science 39: 17-20 How to cite this article: Mali, G.R., A Verma, Bharat D Malunjker, Roshan Choudhary, S.L Mundra and Mahendra Sharma 2019 Efficacy of Atrazine based Post-Emergence Herbicide Mixtures on Weed Dynamics and Maize (Zea mays L.) Productivity in Sub-Humid Southern Plain of Rajasthan Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci 8(01): 2888-2895 doi: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2019.801.306 2895 ... Mundra and Mahendra Sharma 2019 Efficacy of Atrazine based Post-Emergence Herbicide Mixtures on Weed Dynamics and Maize (Zea mays L.) Productivity in Sub-Humid Southern Plain of Rajasthan Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci... and Stanzen, L 2015 Weed management in maize -based cropping system Indian Journal of Weed Science 47: 254-266 Malviya, A and Singh, B 2007 Weed dynamics, productivity and economics of maize (Zea. .. Effect of tillage and weed management on productivity and nutrient uptake of maize (Zea mays) Indian Journal of Agronomy 53: 66-69 Choudhary, P., Nepalia, V and Singh, D.2013 Effect of weed control