MEGA EVENT PLANNING Series Editor: Eva Kassens-Noor SPORT MEGA-EVENTS IN EMERGING ECONOMIES The South American Games of Santiago 2014 Gonzalo A Bravo, David J Shonk, Jorge Silva-Bórquez and Silvana González-Mesina MEGA EVENT PLANNING Mega Event Planning Series Editor Eva Kassens-Noor Michigan State University East Lansing, MI, USA The Mega Event Planning Pivot series will provide a global and cross-­ disciplinary view into the planning for the world’s largest sporting, religious, cultural, and other transformative mega events Examples include the Olympic Games, Soccer World Cups, Rugby championships, the Commonwealth Games, the Hajj, the World Youth Day, World Expositions, and parades This series will critically discuss, analyze, and challenge the planning for these events in light of their legacies including the built environment, political structures, socio-economic systems, societal values, personal attitudes, and cultures More information about this series at http://www.palgrave.com/gp/series/14808 Gonzalo A. Bravo • David J. Shonk Jorge Silva-­Bórquez Silvana González-Mesina Sport Mega-Events in Emerging Economies The South American Games of Santiago 2014 Gonzalo A. Bravo Exercise and Sport Sciences West Virginia University Morgantown, WV, USA David J. Shonk Sport & Recreation Management James Madison University Harrisonburg, VA, USA Jorge Silva-Bórquez Pontifical Catholic University of Chile Santiago, Chile Silvana González-Mesina Freelance Journalist Santiago, Chile Mega Event Planning ISBN 978-1-137-56887-8    ISBN 978-1-137-56888-5 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-56888-5 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018938798 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2018 The author(s) has/have asserted their right(s) to be identified as the author(s) of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 This work is subject to copyright All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations Cover illustration: © Stephen Bonk/Fotolia.co.uk Printed on acid-free paper This Palgrave Pivot imprint is published by the registered company Macmillan Publishers Ltd part of Springer Nature The registered company address is: The Campus, Crinan Street, London, N1 9XW, United Kingdom Acknowledgments We would like to thank everyone who made this project possible, particularly those who assisted by providing invaluable information that was critical to advancing this monograph Our sincere thanks to personnel from the National Institute of Sport, the Ministry of Sport, and the Corporación Santiago 2014 Specifically, thanks to Patricio Sepúlveda Novoa, Marcelo Ubal Rodriguez, Ximena Restrepo Gaviria, Marcos Antonio Colina Barahona, and Carlos Marchat Laplagne Similarly, we would like to thank Eva Kassens-Noor, editor of the Mega Event Planning Pivot series at Palgrave for trusting our idea and encouraging us to pursue this monograph Also thanks to Joshua Pitt, Senior Commissioner Editor at Palgrave Macmillan, for his patience in accepting our numerous requests for extensions Because some sections of this project required us to work in two languages, the editing process turned out to be extensive, lengthy, and at times monumental It required from us not only substantial editorial work, but also a good dose of idiomatic judgment Our sincere thanks to Gretchen Peterec, Paulina Bravo, and Steven Pope for reading and providing numerous comments for the original as well as translated versions of the manuscript Any mistake that may have occurred as part of this process is solely our responsibility v Contents 1 Introduction   1 2 Conceptualizing Sport Mega-Events  11 3 Emerging Economies and Sport Mega-Events  25 4 The Context of the South American Games  51 5 Bidding, Planning, and Organizing  67 6 Santiago 2014: Stakeholders’ Appraisement 103 7 Lessons and Challenges Facing Sport Mega-­Events in Emerging Economies: The Case of Santiago 2014 123 Index 139 vii Acronyms/Organizations1 APC BRICS CAN CID COCH CONMEBOL COSAN 2014 DIGEDER DJI FIFA FTSE GAO IGOs IND INGOs IOC IPC LOC MERCOSUR MSCI NGB NOC ODEBO ODESUR Paralympic Committee of the Americas Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa Andean Community of Nations Ibero-American Sport Council Chilean Olympic Committee South American Football Confederation Corporación Santiago 2014 General Directorate Sport and Recreation Dow Jones Index International Federation of Association Football Financial Times Stock Exchange International Government Accountability Office Intergovernmental organizations National Institute of Sport International Non-Governmental Organizations International Olympic Committee International Paralympic Committee Local Organizing Committee Common Market of the South Morgan Stanley Capital International Index National Governing Body National Olympic Committee Bolivarian Sports Organization South American Sports Organization ix x   ACRONYMS/ORGANIZATIONS OECD OGKM S&P SENADIS SMEs TVN UNASUR UNDP Organization for Economic Co-operation Development Olympic Games Knowledge Management Standard & Poor’s Index National Disability Service Sport Mega-Event(s) National Television of Chile Union of South American Nations United Nations Development Programme and Notes Note: Some of these acronyms are in their original language of Spanish or French Authors Biographical Sketch Gonzalo  A.  Bravo  is an Associate Professor in the Sport Management Program at West Virginia University He completed a  Masters in Sport Administration at Penn State University and a PhD in Sport & Exercise Management at Ohio State University He is the co-editor of International Sport Management (2012) and Sport in Latin America Policy, organization, management (2016) David  J.  Shonk is an Associate Professor in Sport & Recreation Management at James Madison University He completed his undergraduate degree in Business Management at Virginia Tech and holds a PhD in Sport & Exercise Management from Ohio State University He is the co-­ author of Managing Sport Events (2013) Jorge Silva Bórquez  is the Sport Director at the Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Previously he worked at the National Institute of Sport and Club Deportivo Universidad Católica in Santiago, Chile He holds an MBA from IEDE Business School in Santiago and a Master’s degree in Sport Management from Universidad Metropolitana de Ciencias de la Educación Silvana  González  Mesina  is a freelance journalist specialized in sport and corporate communications Her work has been published in major newspapers and sport publications in Chile She completed a Bachelor’s degree in Communication and Journalism from Universidad de Chile and a specialization in Sport Journalism from Universidad La República xi   LESSONS AND CHALLENGES FACING SPORT MEGA-EVENTS IN EMERGING…    133 conceived as a critical means that would allow Chile to continue their aspirations of bidding and organizing larger-scale events As noted throughout this monograph, this strategy is not new and it seems to work very well among emerging economies (Black, 2008) Williams (2015, p. 260) discussed how the first soccer Women’s World Championship in China in 1991 served as a form of capacity building on behalf of both the world football governing body (FIFA) and China It served as a pilot test for what would be the FIFA Women’s World Cup Williams points out that the Women’s World Championship benefited the host city and FIFA in the introduction of sponsors, involvement in marketing and promotional arenas, understanding sports licensing, and the engagement of spectators, especially from a youth demographic This small-scale experimental event gave important experience to China as a host; and it developed ‘hard’ elements of infrastructure and physical preparedness to aspire for in the future when organizing larger-scale events Overall, the 2014 South American Games, as a third-order event, presented a number of similarities in terms of their outcomes and defining features when compared to larger mega-events Because many of these second- or third-order SMEs take place in emerging economies, one may argue that significant capacity building exists around the world to stage larger and more complex events However, there is still the question as to whether emerging economies should get involved in bidding on these larger SMEs What would be the specific problems and challenges (other than funding) inherent to first-order SMEs that are not so easy to replicate in events of smaller scope? Also, to what extent does gaining capacity building prevent emerging economies from incurring or repeating some of the problems commonly identify in first-order events? (Müller, 2015) The real test of capacity building for Chile in the near future will not just be resolving how to plan a larger-scale event, but rather how to avoid those mistakes that commonly characterize first-order SMEs (Müller, 2015) Given the history of austerity in which Chile has traditionally approached the funding for sport, it is unlikely that the country will bid for a first-order event such as the Olympic Games It is our belief that this has nothing to with capabilities, but rather economics, a risk that the country perhaps should not take An emerging economy like Chile, and perhaps most emerging economies as well, are not shielded from economic turndown The planning and organizing of an SME is a ten-year venture While today Chile is an emerging economy that is relatively well consolidated, the overall size of its economy is small Economic growth in 134   G A BRAVO ET AL Chile is still highly dependent on the values of its commodities such as mining and the overall price metals have in the international markets That puts Chile at a high-risk to plan or even commit for an event that will take place in seven or ten years The example of Brazil is something other emerging economies must learn In 2009, Brazil won the bid to host the Summer Olympics and was in much better shape in comparison to 2016 when the Rio Games actually took place In the case of Chile, the overall socio-economic and political context is an extremely important aspect to take into account if the country ever aspires to hosting a first-order event Future research on SMEs in emerging economies must identify key elements that countries must consider prior to bidding for an SME.  Each country carries its own baggage of unresolved issues that undoubtedly should take precedent before massive amounts of resources are allocated for a sporting event For Chile, the hosting of the South American Games in 2014 represented a small test of organizational capabilities and political will within the Chilean authorities The 2014 Santiago Games was also a litmus test of citizen and political approval, which was passed successfully even in the middle of the largest economic and social upheaval in Chile since the 1970s Despite numerous demonstrations of public discontent, the people of Chile did not revolt against the government authorities for spending on the games The real test will occur when the government unveils to the public the proposed investment to organize the 2023 Pan American Games This amount is presumed to be five to six times what was spent during the South American Games One of the main differences between organizing a first- and second-­order SME is not just managing organizational complexity and the scope of media and global appeal, but it is also about funding The same can be said for a second- and a third-order event Future research should focus on examining the extent of these differences and possible risks these types of events pose to emerging economies Notes From the acronym in Spanish ‘Consejo Iberoamericano del Deporte’ CID The link between the South American Games and the IOC is not direct The South American Games are ruled by the South American Sports Organization ODESUR, which is a governing body recognized by the Pan American Sport Organization which is an umbrella organization part of the IOC   LESSONS AND CHALLENGES FACING SPORT MEGA-EVENTS IN EMERGING…    135 References Andrade, D (2014, March 19) Presidenta Bachelet recibe a medallistas en La Moneda 24horas.cl Retrieved from http://www.24horas.cl/deportes/juegossuramericanossantiago2014/presidenta-bachelet-recibe-a-medallistas-en-lamoneda-1136574 Black, D (2007) The symbolic politics of sport mega-events: 2010 in comparative perspective Politikon, 34(3), 261–276 Black, D (2008) Dreaming big: The pursuit of ‘second order’ games as a strategic response to globalization Sport in Society, 11(4), 467–480 Browman, D. L (1978) Toward the development of the Tiahuanaco (Tiwanaku) state In D. L Browman (Ed.), Advances in Andean archaeology (pp. 327–349) The Hague: Mounton Publishers Cashman, R (2003) What is Olympic legacy? 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Journal of Global Health, 1(1), 36 Torres, C. R., & Kidd, B (2016) Introduction: The history and relevance of the Pan-American games The International Journal of the History of Sport, 33(1–2), 1–5 138   G A BRAVO ET AL Valencia, F (2014, February 18) COCH dio a conocer la lista de chilenos que competirá en Santiago 2014 Deporte Chileno Retrieved from http://deportechileno.cl/2014/02/coch-dio-conocer-la-lista-de-chilenos-que-competiraen-santiago-2014/ Williams, J. (2015) From the first soccer Women’s World Championship in 1991 to the Beijing Olympic games in 2008: How capacity-building in small-scale tournaments can help win mega-even bids In R.  Holt & D.  Ruta (Eds.), Routledge handbook of sport and legacy: Meeting the challenge of major sports events (pp. 259–270) London: Routledge Williams, J., & Carter, N (2015) Learning disability sport, volunteers and legacy: The case of Special Olympics great Britain National Games 2009 In R. Holt & D. Ruta (Eds.), Routledge handbook of sport and legacy: Meeting the challenge of major sports events (pp. 271–283) London: Routledge Index1 A Africa, 3, 38 Aguilar, Felipe, 112 Andean Community of Nations (CAN), 53, 55 See also Comunidad Andina de Naciones Appraisement, 103–108, 110–117 Argentina, 32, 40, 41n5, 52, 56, 58, 59, 62n3, 62n7, 94, 106, 115 Buenos Aires, 37, 41n5 Aruba, 52 Asian Games, 19, 36, 54 Asian Para Games, 87 Athletes, 3, 5, 8, 18, 34, 39, 52, 56–61, 62n9, 63n10, 70, 75, 77, 81, 83, 84, 86–89, 91–93, 97n8, 97n9, 104, 105, 107, 108, 110–115, 125, 128, 132 Audiences global, 2, 12, 13, 17 regional, 17 Australia, 16, 41n1 Melbourne, 16 B Bachelet, Michelle, 70–72, 75, 111, 117, 132 Barroilhet, Gonzalo, 112 Beijing 2008, 63n10 Bolivarian Games, 6, 37, 54, 124 Bolivarian Sports Organization (ODEBO), 54, 55, 62n6 Bolivia Lake Titicaca, 128 La Paz, 51, 52, 56, 60 Tiahuanaco, 128 Booster coalitions, 4, Branding strategy, 40 Brazil Brasilia, 37 Rio de Janeiro, 1, 37, 41n5, 52, 78, 87, 107  Note: Page numbers followed by ‘n’ refer to notes © The Author(s) 2018 G A Bravo et al., Sport Mega-Events in Emerging Economies, Mega Event Planning, https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-56888-5 139 140   Index Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa (BRICS), 3, 4, 6, 20, 28, 30, 31, 36, 37 BRIC countries, see Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa (BRICS) Budapest, Business alliances, 12 C Calamos Investments, 31 Canada, 41n1, 59 Toronto, 16, 59, 107 Capacity building, 19, 127, 128, 130, 132, 133 Castro, Jorge, 113 Central American and Caribbean Games, 6, 19, 36 Chago, 83 See also Mascot Chile Curauma, 80, 91, 92 Đoa, 80 Palolén, 80, 91, 92 Santiago, 51, 52, 58–61, 68, 72, 73, 75, 78, 82, 86–88, 91, 93, 96, 103–108, 110–117, 123–134 Valparaiso, 80 Chilean Army, 80, 131 Chilean national police force, 80, 131 Chilean Olympic Committee (COCH), 35, 68, 69, 71, 74, 78, 85, 87, 88, 91, 97n8, 109–114, 130, 132 Chilean sport system, 71, 84, 126, 130 China, 19, 20, 28, 36, 41n3, 133 Beijing, 36 Guangzough, 19 Civil military governments, 56, 62n7 Closing ceremony, 82, 85, 88, 110, 127 Cold War, 52 Colombia, 32, 54, 57, 62n3, 62n6, 78, 83, 93, 96n2 Medellin, 57, 78, 93, 109 Common Market of the South (MERCOSUR), 53, 55 See also Mercado Común del Sur Commonwealth Games, 18, 19, 87 Commonwealth Para Games, 87 Communication plan, 82–86, 132 Communist bloc, 26 Comunidad Andina de Naciones, 53 Condor operation, 57 Consejo de Defensa del Estado, 117 Consejo Iberoamericano del Deporte, 55, 134n1 See also Ibero-American Sport Council (CID) Context, 4, 6, 7, 17–20, 29, 35, 37, 51–61, 74, 124, 127, 129, 134 Copa America, 7, 19, 34, 37, 70–72 See also South American Championships of Nations Cornejo, Miguel, 114 Corporación Santiago (COSAN)2014, 58, 63n10, 67, 74–85, 87–89, 91, 93, 105–112, 114, 116, 117, 131 Corruption, 33, 96n4, 104 COSAN 2014 See also Corporación Santiago 2014 Council of Europe, 54 Countries, 3, 4, 6, 7, 12, 14, 16, 19, 20, 25–31, 33–37, 39–41, 52–59, 61, 68–70, 73–75, 77, 78, 82–89, 93, 94, 97n4, 106, 107, 110, 111, 113, 115, 117, 123–126, 128, 129, 132–134 See also BRIC countries; Developed countries; Developing countries; Emerging countries,  Index     First-world countries; Less developed countries; Third-­ world countries Critical voices, 113–116 Cultural capital, 33 Cultural significance, 14, 35, 127 Czech Republic, 31, 41n1 D da Silva, Lula, 41 Dakar Rally, 40, 75, 97n6 Defense Council of the State, 117 See also Consejo de Defensa del Estado Developed countries, 2, 6, 35–37, 39 Developed markets, 28, 30 Developed world, 12, 26, 27, 31 Developing countries, 26, 27, 29, 97n4 Dimensions, 17–18, 20, 41 See also Economic dimension; Organizational dimension; Spatial dimension; Structural dimension; Time dimension Diplomatic tools, 40 Dow Jones Index (DJI), 30, 31 E Earthquake and tsunami (2010), 73–74 East Asia, Eastern Championship Games, 54 Economic analysis, 82, 128 Economic benefit, 6, 11, 14, 16, 127 Economic development, 14, 15, 34 Economic dimension, 17 Economic growth, 7, 12, 14, 29, 31, 33, 34, 125 141 Economic impact, 6, 12, 14, 15, 82, 89, 103, 104 Ecuador Guayaquil, 68 Quito, 68 Emerging countries, 20, 29, 36, 37, 41n4, 69 Emerging economies advanced emerging economies, 30, 31 secondary emerging economies, 30 Emerging markets, 3, 26–30, 126 Emerging states, England London, 18, 63n10, 104 Manchester, 87 Europe, 39, 54 European Central Bank, 28 European Union, 53, 55 Event platforms, 40 F Feel-good factor, 14, 127, 128 FIFA World Cup, 1, 2, 6, 7, 15, 18, 34, 36, 41, 41n5, 55, 68, 69, 71, 72, 107, 133 Financial Times Stock Exchange International (FTSE), 30, 31 First-order sport events, 2, 3, 6, 8, 18–20, 36, 37, 41n3, 57, 74, 106, 124, 126–129, 131, 133, 134 First-world, see First world countries First world countries, 25 Football, 19, 34, 37, 39, 72, 107, 108, 110, 111 Football Federation of Chile, 70 Formula One Grand Prix, 16 Fox News Latino, 106 Frei Ruiz-Tagle, Eduardo, 34, 71 142   Index Frontier markets/economies, 4, 30 See also New frontier economies; New frontier countries Fundación Imagen de Chile, 34, 85, 106, 107, 125, 129 G Gallardo, Karen, 112 Games controversy, 127, 128 Games logo, 82 Games of the Pacific Ocean, 69, 96n2 General Secretary of Government, 80, 131 Giga-event(s), 18 Gini coefficient, 33 Global appeal, 14, 134 Global audience, 2, 12, 13, 17 Global North, 2, 25, 36 Global positioning, 125 Global South, 2, 12, 25, 26, 35–38 Gonzalez, Marcela, 75, 107, 111 Government Accountability Office (GAO), 105, 116–118 Government officials, 8, 11, 39, 57, 71, 74, 75, 129 Greece, 13, 31, 32, 35, 36, 41n1 Guadalajara 2011, 41n5, 59, 78, 88 H Havana, 37, 41n5 Heads of Mission, 78 High human development countries, 29 High Performance Centre (Curauma), 90–92 Hispanic-American league of states, 53 Home advantage, 60 Host city, 2, 15–17, 39, 89, 126, 133 Human capital skills, 14 I Ibero-American Sport Council (CID), 55, 61, 124 Ideational systems, 20 Ilic, Neven, 68, 109, 110, 113, 114, 130 Image, 16, 39, 57, 81, 85, 107 country’s, 39, 107, 128, 129 Impacts, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 14–18, 28, 34, 37, 75, 82, 85, 89, 103–105, 112, 118, 124, 126, 128 India, 28, 32, 38, 40 Indonesia, 28, 32, 38 Institutional theory, 8, 126 Intergovernmental organizations (IGOs), 53–55, 61 International business, 20 International Federations, 69 International integration, 53 International Monetary Fund (IMF), 6, 29, 31 International non-governmental organizations (INGOs), 13, 55 See also International non-­ governmental sport organizations International non-governmental sport organizations, 55 International Olympic Committee (IOC), 1, 2, 34, 62n8, 69, 71, 77, 89, 96n4, 127, 130, 134n2 International Paralympic Committee (IPC), 86, 88 International prestige, 17, 127 International Silent Games, 86 International sporting event, 37, 85 Isomorphic trends, 126–129 Isomorphism, 126 Italy, 40, 41n1, 86 Rome, 2, 86  Index     J Jamaica, 60 Jara, Victor, 85, 86 Job creation, 14, 127, 128 Juegos Deportivos Cruz del Sur, 51 See also Southern Cross Games Juegos Para Suramericanos Santiago 2014, 87 See also Para South American Games 2014 L La Nación, 115 Latin America, 3, 28, 33, 35–37, 54–56, 106, 129 Law 19,712 (Chile), 71 Law 20,686 (Chile), 112 Least rapidly developing economies, 27 Legacy(ies) economic, 16, 82 hard, 16 human capital, 127 infrastructural, 16 physical, 16, 82 planning, 127 political, 16 social, 16, 82 soft, 16 spiritual, 16 sport facility, 16, 112, 127 sporting, 16 tangible, 16, 130 urban, 16 Legal setback, 8, 105, 116, 128 Less developed countries, 3, 20, 35 See also Less developed nations Less developed nations, 6, 15, 29, 39 Lima 2019, 72 Litmus test, 134 143 Local organizing committee (LOC), 5, 7, 8, 73–75, 77–81, 83, 85, 88, 89, 91, 112–117, 118n1, 128, 130–132 Logo, 81, 82 Low human development countries, 29 Low-income developing countries, 29 Low to middle-income countries, 27 M Major event(s), 18, 62n9, 78, 91 Major League Baseball, 15 All-Star Game, 15 Mascot, 82–85 Material systems, 20 Medellin Games, 57, 93 Media, 2, 8, 13, 39, 40, 52, 59, 70, 75, 77, 79–82, 91, 103–106, 108, 113, 115, 116, 126, 131, 134 Media attention, 14, 125 Media reaction, 105–107 Media scrutiny, 114 Mediterranean Games, 36, 38 Medium-high income country, 33 Medium human development countries, 29 Mega-event(s), 12–15, 17, 18, 35, 37, 41, 69, 86 Mercado Común del Sur, 53 Metro de Santiago, 81 Mexico 1968, 41n5 Mexico City, 37, 41, 41n5 Middle East, Military governments, 57, 62n7 Military intervention, 56, 86, 97n10 Military occupancy, 56 Military regimes, 56 Ministry of Health, 80, 131 Ministry of National Defense, 80, 131 Ministry of Public Works, 80, 131 144   Index Ministry of Sport, 55, 72, 97n8, 112, 116 Ministry of Transportation, 80, 131 Ministry of Treasury, 89 Miranda, Francisco de, 53 Moccia, Mario, 110 Morgan Stanley Capital International (MSCI) Index, 30–32 Multi-sport festivals, 54, 86 N Nagano 1998, 86 National Disability Service (SENADIS), 87 National Football League, 15 Super Bowl, 15 National governing body (NGB), 69–71, 87, 91, 97n8, 111, 114, 130 National identity, 86 National Institute of Sport (IND), 5, 59, 69, 71, 74, 78, 85, 87, 89, 91–93, 97n8, 112, 114, 116, 117, 118n1, 132 National Olympic Committee (NOC), 52, 58, 60, 69, 77, 112, 131 National prestige, 19 National Stadium, 91, 96, 113 National Television of Chile (TVN), 81, 115 Nation branding, 6, 7, 39–41, 125, 127, 129 Negative media coverage, 115 Nestlé, 80 Netherlands Antilles, 52 New Frontier countries, 37 New frontier economies, 4, 31 New regionalism, 52 NGB, see National governing body (NGB) Nuzman, Carlos, 57, 62n8, 73 O ODESUR General Assembly, 58 ODESUR, see South American Sports Organization, 55 O’Higgins, Bernando, 53 Olympians, 60 Olympic flame, 127 Olympic Games, 1, 2, 13–16, 18, 20, 35–37, 40, 41, 41n5, 58, 59, 62n9, 85, 89, 97n7, 97n9, 104, 105, 107, 127, 133 See also Beijing 2008; Mexico 1968; Nagano 1998; Salt Lake City 2002; Sochi 2014, ; Sydney 2000; Torino 2006, 128 Olympic Games Knowledge Management (OGKM), 77–78 Olympic sports channel (CDO), 81 Olympic Training Center II, 90–92 Olympic Youth Games, 58 Opening ceremony, 85, 86, 97n9, 97n10, 105, 128 Organización Deportiva Bolivariana, 62n5 See also Bolivarian Sports Organization (ODEBO) Organización Deportiva Suramericana, 61n1 See also South American Sports Organization (ODESUR) Organizational complexity, 8, 14, 74–76, 127, 130–132, 134 Organizational dimension, 17 Organizational structure, 76 Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 33 P Panama, 52, 62n6 Pan American Games, 35, 36, 38, 40, 41n5, 54, 58–61, 62n4, 63n10,  Index     68, 69, 72, 78, 86, 88, 91, 93, 107, 111, 125, 128, 130 See also Guadalajara 2011; Lima 2019; Rio de Janeiro 2007; Santo Domingo 2003; Toronto 2015; 2023 Pan American Games; Winnipeg 1999 Pan American Games 2023, 7, 72, 91, 134 Pan-Americanism, 54 Pan American Sports Organization, 56 Pan American Winter Games, 69 Pan Asian identity, 54 Pan-Asianism, 54 Para Olympic, 8, 130 Para South American Games, 86–88 Para South American Games 2014, 86, 87 Paraguay, 52, 56, 62n3, 62n7 Paralympic Committee of the Americas (APC), 88 Para-South American Games, 68, 86–88, 130 Para-South American Games 2014, 86 Parque Peñalolén, 80, 92 See also Sport Park in Peñalolén Patriotism, 84, 125, 128, 129 Peru, 32, 38, 40, 52, 56, 62n3, 62n6, 62n7, 83 Lima, 58, 72 Piñera, Sebastián, 70–73, 75, 84, 97n10, 111, 112, 117 Pinochet’s military regime, 85 Policymaking, 73 Political, 2, 7, 12, 13, 16, 17, 20, 27, 29, 30, 33, 35, 39, 40, 53–58, 62n3, 70–72, 75, 79, 85, 97n10, 104, 116, 117, 134 Positive press coverage, 39, 113 Post American World, 29 Post-event evaluation, 104 Press notes, 105 145 Prestige, 17–19, 40, 127 See also International prestige; National prestige Pride, 16, 40, 82, 84, 127, 128 Probst, Larry, 105 Promotional campaigns, 82, 84, 85, 132 Psychological income, 82 Public discontent, 57, 134 Public funding, 124 Public sector, 55, 61, 68, 75 Puerto Rico, 37 San Juan, 37 Q Qualitative methods, 4, R Radio ADN, 81 Raggi, Virginia, Regional integration, 53, 124 Regionalism, 52–55 Riffo, Natalia, 111, 112 Rights holders, 77 Rio de Janeiro 2007, 41n5, 78 Ruiz-Tagle, Gabriel, 87, 110, 116 Russia, 3, 20, 28, 32, 36, 38, 41n3 S Salt Lake City 2002, 71 San Martin, José de, 53 Santiago 2014, 3, 4, 59–61, 74, 86, 87, 90, 93, 94, 97n8, 103–108, 110–117, 123–134 Santiago International Airport, 80, 131 Santo Domingo, 2003, 41n5 Scotland, 19 Glasgow, 19 Second-order sport events, 19, 36 146   Index Second-World, 26 See also Communist bloc Sense of well of being, 14 Sepulveda, Luis, 114 Silva, Emanuelle, 112 Small-scale event(s), 126 SMEs, see Sport mega-event(s) (SMEs) Sochi, 36 Sochi 2014, 105 Social discontent, 129 Socio-economic, 33, 134 Socio-political, 129 Soft power, 6, 7, 39–41, 127 South Africa, 3, 32, 36, 38, 40, 41n3 South America, 5, 7, 38, 52–59, 61, 75, 87, 97n6, 104, 124, 125, 130 South American Beach Games, 58 South American Championships of Nations, 70 South American Football Confederation (CONMEBOL), 38, 55 South American Games, 2–8, 19, 35, 37, 51–61, 67–69, 71–75, 78, 80, 82, 86, 88, 91, 93, 97n7, 97n8, 105–107, 109–112, 114, 123, 125–134 South American identity, 7, 54, 55, 124 South American Sports Organization (ODESUR), 52, 55–59, 61, 61n1, 62n8, 67, 69, 73, 75, 77, 78, 110, 111, 115, 116, 127, 134n2 South American Youth Games, 58 South Asian Games, 6, 19, 36, 38 South East Asian Games, 36, 38 Southern Cross Games, 51 Spain, 41n1, 62n3, 78 Spatial dimension, 17 Sponsorships, 12, 77, 79–81 Sport development, 27, 34, 69, 124 infrastructure, 14, 68, 72, 88, 89, 105, 110, 128, 129 power of, 17, 129 public policy, 61, 71–73 role of, 55, 61, 126 Sporting community, 130 Sport mega-event(s) (SMEs), 2–8, 11–20, 25–41, 52, 57, 58, 60, 68–74, 77, 82, 86, 88, 89, 103, 106, 107, 114, 117, 123–134 Sport Park in Peñalolen, 91, 92 Sport systems, 7, 58, 71, 125, 126, 130 Squella, Pablo, 117 Standard & Poor’s (S&P) Index, 30–32 Strategic alliances, 8, 79, 131 Structural dimensions, 17–18, 20 Sweden, 41n1, 86 Ưrnskưldvik, 86 Sydney 2000, 83 Systems, 18, 20, 33–35, 76, 89, 96n1, 104, 108, 114, 126 See also Ideational systems; Material systems; Sport systems T Taiwan, 31, 32 Teletón Foundation, 87 Terra USA, 106 Theory of periodization, 62n9 Third estate, 26 Third-order sport events, 37 Third-world, 25–27 See also Third estate; Third-world countries Third-world countries, 26 Tiahuanaco, 128 Time dimension, 18  Index     Torino 2006, 40 Toronto 2015, 59 Tourist development, 14, 125 Transfer of knowledge, 8, 77–79, 131 Transnational significance, 35 U Unión de Naciones Suramericanas, 53 Union of South American Nations (UNASUR), 53, 55 See also Unión de Naciones Suramericanas United Nations, 29 United Nations Conference for Trade and Development, 29 United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), 6, 29, 33 Univisión, 106 Urban regeneration, 12, 13, 125, 127 Uruguay, 41n5, 52, 62n3, 62n7 U-17 FIFA World Cup, 72 147 V Van Agtmael, Antoine, 27 Venezuela, 32, 58, 59, 62n3, 62n6, 93, 94 Virtual corporations, 79 Voluntarism, 104 Volunteering, 14, 104 Volunteers, 76, 80, 82, 93, 131 See also Volunteering; Voluntarism W Well-being, 31, 127 See also Sense of well of being Western Asiatic Games, 54 White elephants, 113 Winnipeg 1999, 59 World Anti-Doping Agency, 77 World Bank, 6, 26, 27, 29, 33 World Championships, 58, 62n9, 63n10, 133 World class athletes, 60, 62n9, 112 World Military Games, 18, 36 World University Games, 18, 36, 38 ... origins of the South American Games We suggest that the origins of the games can be explained by the need to strengthen South American identity We examine the background and context in which the. .. discussed in the broad literature of SMEs, resemble those observed in the South American Games of Santiago 2014 Finally, we identify the perceived critical outcomes the South American Games of Santiago. .. exploring the case of a sport mega- event (SME) in an emerging economy The chapter provides an introduction to the South American Games, describes the organization of the project, and explains the