Populating No Man’s Land Revisiting Communism: Collectivist Economic and Political Thought in Historical Perspective Series Editor: János Mátyás Kovács The series will cover the evolution of economic ideas under communism in Eastern Europe (including the Soviet Union) and China These ideas will be presented in the context of the global history of collectivist economic thought The core of the series will include a number of country monographs, comparative analyses and a multiple-volume anthology of studies that have not been published in English yet Populating No Man’s Land Economic Concepts of Ownership under Communism Edited by János Mátyás Kovács LEXINGTON BOOKS Lanham • Boulder • New York • London Published by Lexington Books An imprint of The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc 4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200, Lanham, Maryland 20706 www.rowman.com Unit A, Whitacre Mews, 26-34 Stannary Street, London SE11 4AB Copyright © 2018 The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval systems, without written permission from the publisher, except by a reviewer who may quote passages in a review British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Kovács, János Mátyás, editor Title: Populating no man’s land : economic concepts of ownership under communism / edited by János Mátyás Kovács Description: Lanham : Lexington Books, [2018] | Series: Revisiting communism: collectivist economic and political thought in historical perspective | Includes bibliographical references and index Identifiers: LCCN 2018024744 (print) | LCCN 2018029179 (ebook) | ISBN 9781498586344 (Electronic) | ISBN 9781498539210 (cloth : alk paper) Subjects: LCSH: Property and socialism | Communism Classification: LCC HX550.P7 (ebook) | LCC HX550.P7 P68 2018 (print) | DDC 335.43—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018024744 ∞ ™ The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 Printed in the United States of America Contents Acknowledgments vii Introduction: Why Communism? Why Ownership? János Mátyás Kovács From Nationalization to Nowhere: Ownership in Bulgarian Economic Thought, 1944–1989 Roumen Avramov 23 From Control of the Commanding Heights to Control of the Whole Economy and Back: Chinese Ownership Theories Since 1949 47 Fan Shitao From Nationalization to Privatization: Understanding the Concept of Ownership in Czechoslovakia, 1948–1990 Julius Horvath and Vítězslav Sommer Ownership under East-German Communism—A One-Way Street Hans-Jürgen Wagener and Franz Rudolph 87 113 From Two to One (And Only)?: Theorizing Ownership in Communist Hungary János Mátyás Kovács 143 From Soviet-Type Ownership through Self-Management to Privatization: Debating Ownership in Communist Poland Maciej Tymiński 173 The Silence of the Herd: Exploring Ownership Concepts in Communist Romania Radu Ioan Şimandan, Gabriel Claudiu Mursa and Vlad Paşca 207 v vi Contents Fighting Dogma, Rescuing Doctrine: Toward a History of Ownership Debates in Soviet Economic Literature Denis Melnik and Oleg Ananyin 231 Social Property and the Market: An Uneasy Symbiosis in Yugoslavia261 Jože Mencinger Conclusion: Expeditions to No Man’s Land Comparing Economic Concepts of Ownership under Communism: An Evolutionary View János Mátyás Kovács 287 Index341 About the Contributors 355 Acknowledgments We wish to express our gratitude to the Institute for Human Sciences, Vienna, for hosting the Between Bukharin and Balcerowicz program The members of the program’s scientific Advisory Board were also extremely helpful Thanks are due especially to Christina Poessel and Christian Rogler for organizing the research activities and Ninja Bumann for working on the manuscript of the volume Last but not least, we are very grateful to Isabella Weber for the valuable advice given to the author of the Chinese chapter and Thomas Richardson Bass for editing the volume in English vii Introduction Why Communism? Why Ownership? János Mátyás Kovács The history books of modern economic thought are disturbingly incomplete They are missing a potentially vast chapter covering the evolution of collectivist economic ideas Western types of collectivist thought such as Ricardian socialism, the concept of capitalist war economy, theories of corporatism, or some statist doctrines of Soziale Marktwirtschaft have not prompted intellectual historians to suggest much in the way of refined schemes of classification (Marxism being an exception) The largest gap within this unwritten chapter has emerged due to a widespread neglect of the varieties of collectivism under communism With the unfolding of the recent global financial crisis, collectivist/interventionist ideas reemerged across the world—ranging from concepts of a sharing economy, basic income, community financing, workers’ cooperatives, and special taxes on the rich, through doctrines of the developmental and entrepreneurial state, to the claim of nationalizing utilities or Occupying Wall Street Meanwhile, even the heterodox schools of economics in the West remained dominated by the end of history mood of 1989 It seems as if the revolutions in Eastern Europe resulted in the final victory lap of private ownership and the market, and thus the century-long debate on the rationality of “economic calculation in a socialist Gemeinwesen” (Ludwig von Mises) could be terminated Undoubtedly, with the help of new institutional, evolutionary, and behavioral schools among others, neoclassical economics has developed a more balanced and nuanced view of ownership and the market process during the past few decades than what was suggested by classical Austrian thinkers Nevertheless, the end of communism1 in Eastern Europe has not ceased to serve as a trump proving the superiority of capitalism During the past decades, even the communist party-state in China has allowed private property to control a large segment of the economy and 346 Index Kopátsy, Sándor, 152, 156–57, 165n13 Kornai, János, 6, 8, 18n11, 74, 90, 101n6, 102n12, 150–51, 155, 158, 162–63, 164nn2–4, 165n13, 167n34, 168n37, 208, 223, 306, 331n22, 335n63, 336nn64–65 Kosta, Jiří, 93–94, 104n36 Kowalik, Tadeusz, 18n9, 177–78, 191, 198n3, 298 Kožušník, Čestmír, 92, 95, 103nn19–20 Krawczyk, Rafał, 183–84, 190, 193, 196, 334n44 Kronrod, Yakov, 246–47, 249, 254 Kuczyński, Waldemar, 183–84, 190, 334 Kuhn, Thomas, 13, 162, 318 Kurowski, Stefan, 184–85, 187–89, 191–92 Lakatos, Imre, 13, 162, 318 land, 32–33, 39–40, 44n10, 48–49, 51, 58, 66, 89, 91, 115–16, 128– 30, 137nn4, 8, 164n7, 167n30, 175, 178, 181, 198n5, 207–13, 219–20, 225, 234, 236, 238, 263–64, 270, 283n9, 309, 311–12, 331n23, 333nn42–43, 334n53; reform, 48–49, 51, 66, 115–16, 263, 270; shares, 137 Lange, Oskar, 18, 39, 68, 151, 163, 174–75, 177, 181–82, 185–90, 194, 196–97, 197n1, 298, 302, 306, 326, 330n16, 334n46, 335n55 Łaski, Kazimierz, 8, 190, 195–96, 298, 332n29 law and economics, 155, 167nn27, 34, 244 law of value, 27, 132–33, 187, 198n8, 293 leasing/renting property, 27, 32–33, 36, 40, 44n10, 51, 66, 70, 90, 96, 129, 137n4, 148–49, 153, 155, 159, 165n16, 179, 218–20, 225n7, 241–42, 273, 305, 307, 311–13, 332n33 Lenin, Vladimir, 48, 49, 53, 69, 73–74, 114, 121–22, 126–27, 129–30, 134, 136, 174, 212, 231, 234– 38, 255n3, 292–94, 311, 316, 330nn11, 13, 331n23, 334n51; five uklads of property, 236, 334n51 See also Marxism-Leninism Levčík, Bedřich, 93 Lewandowski, Janusz, 106n55, 185, 193–94, 196–97, 298, 334n44 liberal(ism), 13–14, 23, 25, 31, 38, 97– 98, 100, 105n48, 106n56, 115, 144, 146–47, 161–62, 165n8, 166n26, 173, 176, 184–85, 189, 191–97, 207–10, 234–35, 242–43, 251–52, 287–88, 297–98, 302, 304, 306–7, 311, 317–18, 324, 326–27, 331n22, 334n44; neoliberalism, 2, 3, 8, 11, 97–98, 100, 105n48, 106n56, 144, 288, 297–98 ; Ordo liberalism (Freiburg School), 5, 143, 148, 154, 157–58, 192–93, 196, 318, 336n64 libertarian(ism), 104, 288, 309 Lin, Zili, 61, 65–66, 68 Lipiński, Edward, 177, 181, 183, 185–89 Liska, Tibor, 8, 146, 153–55, 159, 163, 165n13, 166, 298, 307, 312, 317–18, 336n64 Liu, Shaoqi, 73, 75n8 Luft, Hans, 126–28, 130, 135, 297 Lukács, György, 158, 166n26 Luxemburg, Rosa, 114, 134, 174–75 manager, 17n3, 27–29, 67–68, 72, 88, 90, 94, 98–100, 102n14, 104n38, 105n52, 106n56, 135, 146, 151, 155–58, 160, 163, 167n26, 180–82, 193, 273–74, Index 278–80, 295–96, 299–303, 305–9, 312, 314–15, 324, 330n15, 331nn17, 27, 333n36, 336n63 managerial: capitalism, 158; class/elite, 101, 274; model, 29, 146; revolution, 37, 307 Mao, Zedong, 48–53, 55–60, 63–65, 67–68, 73–74, 294, 315, 334n51 market, 1–2, 5, 13–15, 17n3, 18nn9, 10, 27, 30–31, 33, 36–39, 42, 50, 53–54, 60, 69, 72–73, 76n19, 93, 95, 97, 99–100, 103n24, 104nn36, 38, 105nn42, 47, 53, 115, 120–23, 127, 129, 131, 133, 135–36, 138n14, 148–50, 153, 155–56, 158, 161, 164nn3, 4, 166n26, 175, 180, 184, 188–92, 194–95, 210–11, 223–24, 234, 236–238, 242–44, 248, 250, 254–55, 261–62, 264–65, 267–69, 271, 275, 277–79, 281, 288, 294, 296–97, 299–302, 305–9, 315, 319, 321, 324, 328, 330n8, 331nn18, 22; marketization, 69, 144, 150, 154–55, 157, 167n30, 288, 299; market socialism, 5, 30, 95, 123, 151, 163, 173, 175, 180, 190–91, 194–95, 197, 241, 268, 276, 296, 299, 302, 306, 316, 322, 324, 334n46 Marx, Karl, 26, 44n18, 62, 74, 113–14, 118–24, 126, 134, 164n3, 166n18, 187, 207–8, 232–33, 238, 245–47, 250, 255n1, 262, 267, 270, 278, 292, 302, 311, 330n9, 334n45 Marxism, 1, 5, 11, 29, 34, 42, 43n7, 58, 64, 66, 73, 75n10, 76n18, 92–93, 95, 103n33, 113, 347 118–19, 121–23, 132, 135, 137n1, 147, 151–52, 156, 158, 162, 166n26, 174–75, 191, 194, 209, 231, 234, 244, 246, 248, 254, 268, 276, 278, 282nn4, 5, 293, 319, 330nn9, 12, 332n31, 335n59 Marxism-Leninism, 8, 77n23, 124, 127, 136, 212, 214–16, 232, 252, 289, 292, 311, 318, 326 Mateev, Evgeni, 29, 43n7 Mattei, Ugo, 8, 17n2 methodological nationalism, 10, 288, 321 Minc, Bronisław, 177–78, 186, 198n6 Minc, Hilary, 177–78 Mises, Ludwig, 1, 24, 39, 42, 137n3, 158, 193, 210, 335n59; Mises-Hayek thesis/critique, 5, 151, 166n26 mixed economy, 2, 25, 41, 147, 151, 276 Mlčoch, Lubomír, 90, 93, 98–100, 102n13, 104nn39–41, 303, 305, 318 model debate, 181 Nagy, Imre, 148–49 Nagy, Tamás, 155 Narodniks, 234, 238, 243, 311 nationalization, 1, 2, 3, 4, 9–12, 23, 25, 32, 37, 43n5, 50, 58, 87, 89– 90, 92, 95–96, 101, 116–18, 120, 130–31, 135, 147–48, 177–79, 191, 208, 212–13, 215, 216, 218–19, 225n8,, 235–37, 262–63, 270–71, 278–79, 283n10, 293–96, 311, 314–15, 319, 323, 330nn9, 11, 331n19, 333nn42, 43 neoclassical economics, 1, 15, 24, 36, 143, 160, 164n4, 231, 242, 244, 273, 309, 319, 321, 323, 328 348 Index New Class (Trotsky-Djilas hypothesis), 10, 250, 303 New Democracy, 48–50, 60–61 New Economic Mechanism (NEM), 144, 152, 154, 155, 163, 166n21, 182, 320, 336n71 New Economic Policy (NEP), 11, 114, 236–38, 241, 255n1, 295, 313, 322–23, 326, 330n11, 333n37 New Economic System (NÖS), 117, 127, 323, 326 New Institutional Economics, 1, 5, 8, 10, 17n4, 29, 143, 155, 158, 160, 168n36, 192, 196, 198n10, 242, 318–19, 335n62 New New-Left, New System for Planning and Economic Management, 34 nobody’s property, 12, 96, 154, 184, 271, 276, 300 no man’s land, 11–12, 18, 104, 290, 302, 305–6, 311, 317–19, 327–28 nomenklatura, 2, 12, 18n12, 33, 152, 167n26, 192, 198n9, 222, 250, 298–99, 301–4, 306, 310, 312– 13, 319, 332nn30–31, 33; buyout, 12, 298, 301, 324 See also communist ruling elite non-property philosophy, 276–77 obshchina, 233–34, 255n2, 295 one worker, one vote versus one share, one vote, 277 open-access property, 332n30 operative management, 165n15, 245–46, 306 See also Anatoly Venediktov opportunism, 308, 320 optimal planning, 39, 144, 151, 154, 164n4, 249, 294, 296, 331n18 organized irresponsibility, 300 Osiatyński, Jerzy, 18n9, 19n16, 180, 182, 187–88, 195 Ostrom, Elinor, 18n12, 161 Ostrovitianov, Konstantin, 26, 245, 252 owner/proprietor, 12, 27–28, 32, 69, 90, 95, 98, 102n14, 104n40, 124, 126, 129–30, 133, 149, 151, 154, 157, 179, 188–89, 191, 194, 208, 216–17, 234, 245, 276–78, 296, 308–9, 311, 318; flesh and blood, real, 11, 90, 299, 312; foreign (investor), 157, 180, 220–21, 288, 297; pseudo-private, 18; quasi-private, 12, 18n13, 156, 159, 290, 299–301, 303, 306, 308–12, 314–15, 318; surrogate, 18, 307 ownership/property: abstract/anonymous/faceless, 12, 96, 29, 299, 302, 319; bourgeois, 124; bureaucratic, 305; change/transformation of, 12, 37, 92, 133, 193, 247, 293, 296, 306, 319, 326, 328; citizen’s, 41, 297; coexistence, 12, 48, 50–51, 59–61, 63, 72, 76n19, 181, 236, 334n51, 335n59; collective, 52, 55–56, 67, 88, 91–92, 94, 292; communal, 3–4, 7–9, 11, 17n2, 137n7, 151, 161, 166n25, 167n30, 233, 235, 243, 255n2, 291–95, 313, 315–17, 321–25, 329nn5, 8; concept/theory/discourse of, 4–6, 8–11, 14, 16, 17nn2, 6, 48, 60, 87, 88, 93, 95–96, 103nn23, 32, 113–14, 124, 143, 145–48, 158, 161–63, 166nn22, 25–26, 167n32, 173–74, 186, 192, 197, 207–8, 210, 216, 245–47, 254, 271–72, 276–77, 287–90, 292, 294–95, 304, 306, 309, 312, 314–21, 323, 325, 327, 329n5, 332n31, 333n35, 335n60, 336nn64, 68; Index conjoint, 304; cooperative, 8, 9, 14, 30, 32, 91, 96, 102n8, 128–30, 143, 146, 148–49, 153, 162, 165n16, 167n30, 184, 186, 211, 224nn3, 4, 238, 246, 292–93, 316, 325–26, 330n15; co-ownership, 17n2, 303, 305; corporate, 167n26, 332n31; corporeal, 304; council’s, 292; cross, 146, 156, 166n22; debate/discussion, 42, 92, 194, 197, 231, 240–41, 243–44, 250, 254, 278, 295; democratization of, 176, 189, 194, 197, 330n17; diversity of, 67, 295, 334n50; economic versus legal, 23, 103n23, 124, 279; elasticity of, 304; entitlement, 99–100, 145–46, 158– 59, 165n10, 305, 335n61; formal, informal, 11–12, 18n12, 32, 94, 98, 100, 104n41, 145–46, 153, 158–59, 296, 300, 302–3, 305, 312–13, 321, 332n31; forms, types, of, 3, 10, 29, 36, 38, 49–50, 53, 57, 60, 63, 88, 91, 102n8, 124, 135, 139, 150, 157, 177, 180, 186, 195, 208, 211, 222–23, 233, 236, 239, 241, 252, 268, 279, 289, 291–92, 295–96, 304, 312–14, 324–25; fragmentation of, 189; full, 12, 133, 137, 184; governmentalization of, 241; group, 16–17, 93–94, 127, 149, 152, 155, 160, 189, 266, 292, 296, 309–10, 330n17; home, 33, 219, 333; hybrid (hybridization) 8, 146, 153, 165n16, 297, 312–14, 336n64; individual, 4, 9, 12, 49, 75n4, 104, 127, 137n8, 149, 153, 157, 175, 349 179, 212, 243, 296, 309, 315, 323, 328, 334n45; indivisibility of, 127, 179, 307, 333n37; institutional, 156; intermediate, 186–87, 330n16; land, 32, 51, 89, 128, 212, 236, 333; law of, 7, 17n2, 102nn15, 16; local/municipal, 67, 100, 161, 292, 295, 336n68; managerial, 3, 9, 158, 163, 309, 316, 323; mixed, 131, 147, 153, 220, 290, 296, 321; nomenklatura, 7, 10, 16, 18n12, 162, 290, 302–5, 317, 319–20, 325, 336n69; non-private, 12, 114, 147, 163, 190; paleness of, 146, 150, 158, 335n61; people’s (national), 3, 14, 18n12, 49, 55, 57, 68, 70, 90, 126–30, 135, 164, 179, 216, 218, 223, 292; personal, 8–9, 17n2, 33–34, 58, 91, 102n9, 103n18, 113, 130, 146, 149–50, 153–54, 159, 165, 167n29, 179, 208–10, 215–18, 225n9, 245, 264, 289, 291–92, 294, 296, 307, 311–16, 321–23, 325–26, 333n42, 43, 334nn47–49; pluralization of, 12, 146, 156, 159, 163, 313–15, 317, 321–23, 328, 330nn8, 17, 334n51; politicized, 193; power, 250, 332n31; private, 1–3, 5, 8–9, 11–14, 26, 28, 32, 34, 36–37, 40–42, 44n13, 58, 73, 89–91, 94–97, 113–16, 120, 124–25, 130–31, 135–36, 143–53, 156, 158–62, 164n3, 165n7, 166n26, 173, 175, 177, 179, 184–85, 191–93, 195–96, 207–8, 210, 212–14, 216–20, 222, 224, 233, 234–36, 239, 242, 244, 250, 261–62, 268, 270, 272, 277, 279–80, 282, 288–90, 292, 350 Index 294–99, 301, 303–6, 309–18, 319–22, 325–29, 329nn4, 8, 330n11, 331n22, 333nn37, 42, 43, 335nn55, 59, 61, 336nn64, 69; privileges, 313, 319; public, 5, 48, 51–52, 55–56, 60–61, 63, 66–67, 69–70, 72–73, 75n10, 76n19, 159, 166n17, 223, 321, 335n59; recombinant, 161, 166n22, 304, 333n35; reform, 48, 73–74, 148, 155, 159, 224, 297, 300, 318, 326, 328; regime of, 6, 7, 9, 12, 17n4, 116, 154–55, 157, 162, 288–89, 296, 304, 313, 315–17, 320, 323–25, 328, 330n8, 333nn37, 40; self-, 167n32; self-managing, 159; shared, 306; shareholding/stock, 36, 38, 99, 152, 160, 184, 269, 281, 288, 297, 307, 316, 332n32; small(-scale) private, 89, 115, 117–18, 148, 152, 159–60, 218, 264, 299, 306, 310, 313, 321–22, 334n45, 335n55; social, 4, 8–9, 11–12, 14, 17n2, 18n12, 43n6, 75n10, 91–94, 96, 113, 117, 120, 123, 125–29, 132–35, 143–45, 149–53, 156, 159, 163, 164n1, 166n26, 167n28, 173–75, 177, 179–80, 185–89, 194–95, 197, 237, 240, 244–45, 249–51, 261, 266–69, 271–78, 282, 289–302, 305–6, 309–16, 318–19, 321, 323, 325–28, 329n3, 330nn13, 17, 333n40, 334nn45, 47; socialist, 14, 16, 26, 29–30, 37, 51– 52, 55, 88, 90–92, 94–95, 98–99, 102n15, 104n36, 118, 126, 130, 135, 164n1, 210, 214–16, 222, 224, 239–41, 244–47, 261, 292, 329n6; spirit of, 95; state, 2–3, 11, 14, 26–28, 30, 34, 36–39, 42, 48, 51, 70, 75n9, 88, 90–91, 93–94, 96–97, 100–101, 102nn8, 14, 17, 103n20, 118, 126, 128, 130, 132–35, 143, 148, 150, 152, 156–59, 160, 164nn1, 7, 165n15, 167n28, 173, 176–77, 179, 188, 190–93, 208–9, 211–12, 214, 216, 219, 220–21, 223, 235, 242, 244–45, 248, 250–51, 254, 261–63, 270–72, 277, 279, 292–96, 306–7, 314–17, 320–25, 327, 329n5, 330nn11, 14, 333n37, 335n59; study of, 12, 27, 50, 233, 242, 251, 335n61; subject of, 95–96, 277, 307; terms of, 17, 291, 302; three-level, 57; trustee, 120, 167n26, 179, 303 participatory economy, 275 See also economic democracy partnership, 17, 70, 130, 156, 159, 322 party-state, 1, 4, 10, 12, 39, 72–73, 94, 97–98, 144, 151–52, 154, 156–57, 160, 179, 198, 215, 250, 292, 294–96, 299–300, 302–4, 307–8, 310, 313, 322, 327, 330n15, 331n23, 332n31, 333n43, 336nn66, 69 Pchelintsev, Oleg, 249 Peche, Norbert, 135, 297 Pejovich, Svetozar, 7, 97, 161, 272, 309 people’s commune, 55–57, 59, 294, 309, 324 perestroika, 10, 88, 95–96, 222, 241–42, 250–54, 307, 335n58 perhaps effect, 310, 313, 327, 331n20 permanent use rights, 66 personal ownership of social capital, 146, 153, 312 See also Tibor Liska Péter, György, 150–51, 165n12 Index Petrov, Georgi, 29–30, 34, 39, 44nn11, 12, 297 plan-and-market discourse, 150 planned economy, 12, 23, 53, 132, 135, 148, 154, 189, 191–92, 195, 198n8, 239, 248–50, 262, 299–300, 306, 311, 326 plan(ning), 16, 25, 27–29, 30, 33–34, 37–38, 40, 48, 51–54, 56, 59– 61, 65, 68, 75nn3, 13, 93, 95, 98, 103n24, 104n40, 117–18, 120–22, 125, 127–32, 133, 144, 148, 150–52, 154–55, 164n4, 173, 175, 177–78, 180, 182–83, 185, 187–90, 195–96, 207–10, 215, 237, 239, 247– 48, 251, 255n4, 262–63, 265, 270, 274, 293–96, 299, 300– 301, 305, 307, 328, 330n9 Poland, 10, 19n15, 96, 101n6, 104n36, 105n52, 106n54, 117, 136, 161, 173–205, 287–88, 291– 92, 294–95, 298, 309, 311–12, 316–17, 322–25, 330nn10, 16, 17, 332nn28, 31, 33–34, 333n42, 334n44, 335nn55, 61, 336nn63–64 political economy, 2, 8, 9, 16, 24–27, 30, 33–34, 37, 42, 43n7, 44n13, 47, 52–53, 58, 64, 73, 92–93, 95–96, 103n23, 113, 118, 120, 122, 124–26, 128, 132, 134–35, 137n5, 138n17, 143, 146–47, 162, 165nn10, 16, 174, 185, 194, 196, 222– 23, 231–33, 235, 239, 240, 242, 244 247–48, 253–54, 283, 292–93, 311–12, 315, 334n47, 335n60; broad/narrow version, 232; of socialism (PES), 33, 42, 165nn10, 15, 22, 231–33, 239–41, 243–45, 247–49, 251–53; textbook of, 26, 27, 30, 58, 73, 98, 118, 122, 126–28, 137n5, 147, 351 149–50, 163, 164n6, 165nn10, 15, 185, 214, 222–23, 239–41, 244–45, 247, 252–53, 315, 330n13, 334n47 post-communist transformation, 4, 6, 41, 97–98, 136, 144, 198n9, 288–89, 297, 318 Prague Spring, 29, 92, 95, 322, 326 preeminence/primacy/superiority of social ownership, 94, 144, 159, 163, 224, 290, 310, 314, 321, 333n40 Preobrazhensky, Yevgeni, 236–37, 252 primacy/superiority of state ownership, 88, 209, 254 principal-agent relationship, 5, 179, 300, 320 privatization, 3, 6–7, 9–14, 35–37, 39–41, 47, 63, 71, 87–89, 94, 97, 99–101, 105nn42, 44, 52, 106nn56–57, 135–36, 143–44, 146, 148, 150, 153–57, 159, 162, 164, 167n32, 173–74, 180, 184–85, 192–94, 196–97, 224, 242–43, 254, 268–69, 275, 278–81, 283n10, 287–90, 296–98, 304, 308, 313, 315, 317, 322, 324, 328, 331nn22, 23, 332n33, 335n61, 336n65; centralized, decentralized, 280; creeping/informal, 153, 160, 163, 310; commercial, 288; competitive, 288, 308, 313; distributive, 280–81; mass, 184–85, 193, 196–97, 280–81; nomenklatura, 7, 10, 16, 18n12, 162, 184, 290, 302–5, 317, 319–20, 325, 336n69; semi-collectivist method of, 288, 298, 327; small, 297; spontaneous, 164, 298; voucher/coupon, 316, 317 352 Index profit sharing, 152, 187, 276, 301, 307, 331n27 property/ownership rights, 2, 5, 14, 17nn2, 4, 8, 24, 32–33, 36–37, 40–42, 57–58, 90, 96–99, 102nn12, 14, 104, 113–15, 117–18, 123–25, 127–30, 132–33, 135–36, 137nn4, 9, 138n14, 143, 145, 147–56, 158–60, 162–64, 167n34, 172–75, 177–83, 185–97, 198n7, 208–11, 218, 234–35, 237, 239, 242, 246, 265, 272, 279–80, 292, 294–95, 296– 311, 313, 320–21, 323–25, 328, 328nn5, 8, 330nn8, 9, 15, 332n31, 336n69; attenuation of, 129, 331n25; bundle of, 8, 17n4, 154, 246, 272; compartmentalization of, 145, 148– 49, 155, 301; distribution of, 127, 193; formal and informal, 36, 98, 146, 265, 299, 302–3, 305, 309, 320; fuzzy, blurred, 5, 153, 205, 313, 320; immunity of, 234–35; intellectual, 130, 330n9; limited, 12, 32, 40, 133, 138n14, 272; mixed, 290; protection of, 149, 179, 208; theory of, 17, 97, 152, 155, 174, 197, 320; transfer of, 181, 189, 297; unbundling of, 149–50 Qian, Yingyi, 69, 74 real estate, 39, 91, 216, 219, 225n8, 292, 295, 333n42 red bourgeoisie, 303 See also new class reform economics, reform economist, 68, 95, 127, 155 reformers, 3, 8, 17n3, 44n11, 52, 65, 67, 69, 74, 93–94, 103n26, 149–50, 154–55, 157–58, 160–62, 164n4–5, 166nn18, 26, 167n27, 242, 290, 294, 297–300, 303–4, 307–8, 311– 12, 319, 324, 328, 335n55; radicals and moderates, 144, 149, 151, 154, 156, 160, 166n26, 167n30, 187, 189–90, 192–93, 197, 198n8, 224, 242, 247, 268, 290, 297–99, 304, 307, 311, 319, 321–22, 328 renationalization, 2, 295 reprivatization/restitution, 32, 39, 100, 105n50, 283n10, 295 reverse pyramid of command economy, 98, 303 revisionism, 57, 94–95, 102n17, 114, 117–18, 126, 128, 131, 133, 138nn11, 17, 151, 263, 303–4 revolution, 1, 8, 13–15, 37, 47–48, 50, 52, 54, 72, 94, 99, 104, 118– 19, 126, 136, 138n11, 148, 151–52, 163, 174–75, 207, 224, 231–36, 238, 247, 270, 287, 294, 300, 317, 326–27 Romania, 19n15, 207–29, 291–92, 297, 313, 322–23, 325–26, 330n12, 331n26, 332nn28, 34, 333n43, 334nn47, 49, 335n60, 336n63 Rubin, Isaak, 232, 252 Sárközy, Tamás, 157–59, 163, 164n2, 166n23, 167nn27, 32, Schumpeter, Joseph, 16, 135, 309 self-government, 38, 44n16, 134, 167n30, 255n2, 292, 297, 331n26 self-management agreement (SMA), 267 semi-command, semi-market economy, 73 separateness, 151, 306 separation of ownership and management, 68, 72, 126, 157, 191, 297 Index shares, 38, 39–40, 51, 96, 100, 137n8, 161, 184, 193, 220, 269, 277, 281, 283n10, 301, 307; internal, 269, 277, 298, 310; labor, 38, 40 Shkredov, Vladimir, 248 Šik, Ota, 8, 74, 92, 99, 103n24, 105n49, 298 Skinner, Quentin, 15 social democracy, 15, 234, 282, 297, 335n55 social engineering, 12, 219, 288, 308, 316 socialism/socialist, 1, 3, 9, 16n1, 18nn9– 10, 24–25, 27–29, 33–35, 38, 40, 42, 47–49, 51–53, 55–56, 58–60, 60–64, 69–71, 73–74, 77nn23, 29, 87–99, 101n2, 102nn13–17, 103nn20, 26, 33, 104nn36, 40–41, 105, 113–36, 137nn3, 5, 138n13, 145–47, 149, 154, 164n3, 165nn8, 10, 16, 166nn23, 26, 174–78, 182–84, 187–93, 195–96, 208– 12, 214–24, 225nn7, 11, 231, 233–53, 255nn1, 3, 8, 261–65, 267–73, 276–79, 282nn1, 2, 3, 283n8, 292, 312, 323, 329n6, 331n17, 332n31, 334nn46, 47, 335n56, 336n65; contractual, 267–68, 296, 310; developed/undeveloped/ underdeveloped, 55, 116, 247; feasible, 328; really existing, 16n1, 114, 134, 231, 248 Socialist Calculation Debate, 42, 151, 175, 295 socialist commodity production, 149 socialist market economy, 18n10, 53, 69, 76n19, 127, 133 See also market socialism socialization, 11, 13, 28, 113, 116, 118– 23, 125, 129, 133–35, 137n1, 148, 161, 174–76, 181, 189, 353 208, 210, 216, 234, 236, 248, 251, 293–95, 314, 330n9 social market economy (Soziale Marktwirtschaft), 5, 136, 148, 269, 288, 298 Solidarity (Solidarność), 15, 161, 173, 183–85, 190–93, 195, 197, 287, 298 Sovietization, 116, 147, 163, 177, 185, 196, 289, 293 Soviet Union, 15, 19n15, 52, 58, 75n13, 113, 116–17, 147, 149, 220, 231–59, 261, 270–71, 288, 291–95, 306–7, 311–13, 315–16, 322–24, 326, 330n12, 331nn18, 26, 332n31, 335n58, 60, 336n63 sovkhoz, 255, 336n63 Stalin, Stalinism, Stalinization, 3, 8, 9, 12, 14, 48, 51–53, 55, 74, 77n23, 87, 92, 116–17, 129, 137n5, 138n13, 143, 149, 163, 164n6, 167n28, 168n35, 178, 180, 185, 187, 215, 218, 232, 239–41, 244–45, 250, 252–54, 263, 270–71, 289, 292–94, 302, 312–13, 315, 318, 330n15, 334n52, 335n55 Staniszkis, Jadwiga, 192–93, 196, 198n10, 332n31 Stark, David, 6, 7, 166n22, 304, 335n35 Sukhotin, Yuri, 249–50 Sun, Yat-sen, 50 Sun, Yefang, 57–58, 64, 68, 73, 76n16, Szelényi, Iván, 7, 160, 167nn26, 31, 303 Szomburg, Jan, 106n55, 185, 193–94, 197, 298 syndicalism, 114, 134–35, 160–61, 176 systematization, 219, 333n43 Tardos, Márton, 7, 8, 151, 155–58, 163, 165n13, 166nn21, 26, 168n37, 287–88, 298, 327, 329n1, 334n46, 336n70 Tito, Josip Broz, 58, 271 354 Index township and village enterprise (TVE), 66–67, 71, 77nn25, 26, 334n50 Tönnies, Ferdinand, 122–23 trade union, 115, 137n3, 148, 190, 195, 282n1, 307, 329n4 tradition, emulation, invention, 10–11, 16, 316, 326 Treuhandanstalt, 135, 297 Tříska, Dušan, 298 Trotsky, Lev, 10, 18, 302 trustee, 120, 167, 179, 303 Tsagolov, Nikolai, 247 Ulbricht, Walter, 116–18 unified leadership, divided management, 54 usus, usus fructus, abusus, 12, 17nn2, 4, 27, 128, 136, 137nn4, 9, 148, 150–51, 154, 164, 272, 301, 303, 305, 307–12, 320 utopia, utopianism, 67, 114, 134, 153– 54, 164n4, 214, 233, 304, 328, 330n13 Varga, István, 148, 151, 165n8 Varieties of Capitalism, 289 Vasilyev, Leonid, 250, 332n31 Venediktov, Anatoly, 165, 245–46, 306, 329n6, 333n37 Venzher, Vladimir, 253 Verdery, Katherine, 7, 213, 304 Vieweg, Kurt, 117, 132–33, 138n10 Voslensky, Mikhail, 250, 303 Wakar, Aleksy, 183 War Communism, 236, 255n1, 301–2, 306 war economy, 1, 15, 24, 148, 302 Ward, Benjamin, 6, 161, 273–74 wartime capitalistic socialism, 24, 335n56 Weber, Max, 122–23, Wiles, Peter, 7, 168nn35–36 workers’ councils, 94, 151–52, 175, 180–81, 188–90, 194–95, 269, 271, 277, 293, 295, 309–10, 331n17, 332n32 workers’ self-management, 3, 5, 8–11, 17nn2, 8, 27, 38–39, 88, 93– 94, 103n25, 114, 132, 134–35, 145–48, 151–52, 155–56, 158, 160–63, 167, 173–75, 178, 180–81, 183–85, 187–95, 197, 214, 221, 237, 241, 265, 267–70, 272–73, 276–78, 280, 287–89, 291–92, 294–98, 304, 306–7, 309, 310, 315–16, 321–26, 331n26, 333n41, 334n45, 335nn55, 58, 336n71 working organization (WO), 267 Wu, Yinglian, 8, 64–66, 69–74, 75n2, 77nn24, 26, 29, 297 Xu, Chenggang, 16, 73–74, 74n1 Xue, Muqiao, 8, 47, 50, 54, 58–62, 67–68, 73, 75n9, 76nn19–20, 77nn23–24, 297 Yugoslavia, 9–10, 17n8, 27, 29, 53, 74, 94, 102n17, 103n27, 106n54, 127, 147, 151–52, 155, 161, 163, 189, 195, 221–22, 261–86, 288–92, 294–95, 298, 306–7, 309–12, 316, 322–26, 329n3, 330nn8, 17, 334nn45, 52, 54, 335n61, 336nn64, 71 Yu, Guangyuan, 62, 64, 73 Zbierski-Salameh, Suava, 7, 304 Zeman, Miloš, 99 Zhao, Ziyang, 63, 65, 68, 75n12 Zhou, Enlai, 54, 57 Ziełinski, Janusz, 183, 196 About the Contributors Oleg Ananyin is Professor of Economics at the Research University “Higher School of Economics” in Moscow He graduated from the Economics Department of the Moscow Lomonosov State University, and received his PhD from the Institute of Economics of the Soviet Academy of Sciences His research interests cover fields such as economic methodology, history of economic thought, comparative economics, and economic reforms in communist and postcommunist countries He authored and coauthored several books and textbooks in Russian, his papers and reviews have appeared in The European Journal of the History of Economic Thought, Revue d’études comparatives Est-Ouest, Economics of Planning, Problems of Economic Transition From 2012 to 2018 he was a member of the Council of European Society of the History of Economic Thought Roumen Avramov is Permanent Fellow at the Centre for Advanced Studies Sofia (CAS) His academic interests include economic history, monetary economics, the economics of inter-ethnic conflicts, and the history of economic ideas (business cycles, long waves, new institutional economics, economic thought under communism) Among other publications, he is the author (in Bulgarian) of Communal Capitalism: Reflections on the Bulgarian Economic Past (vol 1–3, 2007); Money and De/Stabilization in Bulgaria, 1948–1989 (2008); “Salvation” and Abjection: Microeconomy of State Anti-Semitism in Bulgaria, 1940–1944 (2012); The Economy of the “Revival Process” (2016) (on the Anti-Turkish Assimilation Campaign, 1984–1989) He edited the series Bulgarian National Bank: Selected Documents, 1879–1990 (eight volumes, 1999–2009) 355 356 About the Contributors Fan Shitao is Associate Professor in the Institute of Economics and Resources Management at Beijing Normal University, and former visiting scholar of Fairbank Center for China Studies, Harvard University in 2016– 2017 He does research on the history of the Chinese economy and economics He was editor or coeditor of several anthologies of Chinese economists, including The Classical Writings of Modern economics in China (2 volumes, 2011); The Collected Writings of Xue Muqiao (20 volumes, 2011); The Collected Writings of Wu Jinglian (3 volumes, 2013); The Collected Writings of Sun Yefang (10 volumes, 2018) His book, The Chronicle of Xue Muqiao (coauthor Xue Xiaohe, forthcoming) lists as National Important Book by Chinese government His recent papers include “Inclusive Institutions, Extractive Institutions and Sustainability of Prosperity,” “China’s Economic Reform: Processes, Issues, and Prospects (1978–2012)” (with Wu Jinglian), and “How Was the Cultural Revolution Launched?” Julius Horvath is a member of Academia Europea and Professor at the Central European University in Budapest He is former Dean of the Business School and former Head of the Department of Economics at Central European University His research focuses on the political economy of international money, history of economic thought and postcommunist economic transformation He has published in a variety of peer-reviewed journals His publications appeared in publishing houses such as Palgrave MacMillan, Publication Office of the European Union, Central European University Press, Edgar Elgar, Duncker & Humblot, and Springer-Verlag He was a member of the State Accreditation Committee in both the Slovak and the Czech Republic János Mátyás Kovács worked as Permanent Fellow at the Institute for Human Sciences (IWM), Vienna from 1991 to 2018 Since 2008, he has taught history of economic thought at the Eötvös Lorand University, Budapest Until 2017 he served as an editor of Transit (Vienna) and 2000 (Budapest) His fields of research include the history of economic thought in Eastern Europe, history of communist economies and polities, political economy of postcommunist transformation, and economic cultures in Eastern Europe His recent publications include “Petering Out or Flaming Up? New Institutional Economics in East-Central Europe,” Economic Sociology, 2011; Capitalism from Outside? Economic Cultures in Eastern Europe after 1989, 2012 (coeditor: Violetta Zentai); “Tradition, Nachahmung, Erfindung Neue Kapitalismen in Osteuropa,” Transit, 2013; “Shooting Sparrows with a Cannon? On the History of Eastern European Economic Thought,” 2000, May/June 2013 (in Hungarian) About the Contributors 357 Denis Melnik is Associate Professor at the Department of Theoretical Economics of the National Research University “Higher School of Economics”, Moscow His current research focuses on the history of Russian and Soviet economic thought and on theories of economic development During recent years, he was visiting scholar at the New School for Social Research in New York, and Kanagawa University in Yokohama He is the author of “Revolutionary Economic Reasoning in the Context of Revolution: The Origins and Fate of Bolshevik Economics” (Slavic Review, 2017); and “The Diffusion of Ricardo’s Theory in Russia,” in: G Faccarello, M Izumo (eds) The Reception of David Ricardo in Continental Europe and Japan, 2014 Jože Mencinger is Emeritus Professor of economics at the University of Ljubljana and member of the Economic Institute of the Law Faculty His PhD in Economics is from University of Pennsylvania He served as Director of the Economic Institute between 1993 and 2001, and 2008 and 2013 From 1998 to 2005 he was Rector of the University of Ljubljana In 1990/91 he joined the government of Slovenia as deputy prime minister and minister for economic affairs His research interests include econometric analysis, the self-management system, economic policy, postcommunist transformation, privatization, and so on His recent publications include “The impact of FDI in CEE countries and the outlook for the future of CEE and SEE” (2010); “Economic convergence of new member states: opportunities and risks” (2012); and “From the collapse of socialism to the crisis of capitalism: experiences of Central and Eastern European countries” (2013) Gabriel Claudiu Mursa is Professor in the Department of Economics and International Relations at the Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Jassy, Romania He is also founding president of the Hayek Institute Romania He received his PhD in economics from the same university in 2003 He published two books, Liberalism and Logic of Market, and coordinated the publishing of other books His research focuses on free market, history of economic thought, economic liberalization, and so on He is currently head of Department of Economics and International Relations at the Alexandru Ioan Cuza University Vlad Pașca is independent historian and former fellow of New Europe College in Bucharest His main research interests concern the economic and social policies of Romania during the 20th century, and transnational and trans-systemic collaboration between economic experts during the Cold War His works include “Exploring the Failure of Economic Reform in Communist Romania (1967–1974),” Analele Universității București, 2014; 358 About the Contributors “Higher Education and Long-Term Manpower Planning in Socialist Romania (1950–1975) An Empirical Study,” International Review of Social Research, 2014; and “Détente Solutions for Cold War Dilemmas The United Nations Economic Commission for Europe and Socialist Experts before Helsinki (1947–1975),” East Central Europe (forthcoming) Franz Rudolph was Professor and Chair of the Institute of Management and Export at the East German Berlin High School of Economics until 1991 Then he worked as entrepreneur, consultant, and lecturer He wrote or contributed to the following books: Fabrik 2000, 1989; Klassiker des Managements, 1994; Die Kombinatsdirektoren: Jetzt reden wir, 2014 Radu Ioan Șimandan teaches economics at the University Politehnica of Bucharest He received his PhD from the Bucharest University of Economics with a dissertation on the political economy of bureaucracy His research interests include public sector economics and the role of economic freedom in promoting growth from the perspective of the Austrian school of economics and the public choice school His most recent article is entitled “Fiscal Stability in Political Discourse: The Romanian Case.” He also translated into Romanian James M Buchanan’s and Richard E Wagner’s book Democracy in Deficit: The Political Legacy of Lord Keynes as well as Deirdre N McCloskey’s essay “Measured, Unmeasured, Mismeasured, and Unjustified Pessimism: A Review Essay of Thomas Piketty’s Capital in the Twenty-First Century.” Vítězslav Sommer is research fellow at the Institute for Contemporary History of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic in Prague He received his PhD from Charles University in Prague in 2011 His dissertation, which was published in Czech in 2011, explored the origins of communist party historiography in Czechoslovakia and its development in the Stalinist, post-Stalinist, and reform communist period (1950–1970) His recent research concerns the history of expertise in late socialism and post-socialism and the relationship between knowledge production and state socialist governance He was a head of “The Road to Technocratic Socialism: Concepts of Governance in Socialist Czechoslovakia (1953–1975)” research project (2015–2017) His most recent publication in English is the article entitled “Are We Still Behaving as Revolutionaries? Radovan Richta, Theory of Revolution and Dilemmas of Reform Communism in Czechoslovakia” Studies in East European Thought, 2017 About the Contributors 359 Maciej Tymiński is head of the Chair of Economic History at the Faculty of Economic Sciences, University of Warsaw, and of the Centre for Economic Research at the Robert B Zajonc Institute for Social Studies, University of Warsaw His research interests focus on the economic history of Poland in the communist period, especially on the importance of the party apparatus in economic management, the development of Polish lands in the 19th and 20th century, and on the impact of institutional changes on economic behavior His works include Party agents The analysis of the local committees of the PUWP in industry (1949–1955) (2011, in Polish) and “Local Nomenklatura in Communist Poland: The Case of the Warsaw Voivodship (1956–1970),” Europe-Asia Studies 2017 Hans-Jürgen Wagener is Emeritus Professor of economics at European University Viadrina Frankfurt (Oder) and Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, the Netherlands His scientific interests center on economic systems, European integration, and history of economic thought His publications comprise, among others, Economic Thought in Communist and Post-Communist Europe, 1998; Constitutions, Markets and Law Recent Experiences in Transformation Economies, 2002 (coeditor: St Voigt); The Handbook of Political, Social, and Economic Transformation, 2018 (co-editors: W Merkel and R Kollmorgen) ... Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Kovács, János Mátyás, editor Title: Populating no man’s land : economic concepts of ownership under communism / edited by János Mátyás... Conclusion: Expeditions to No Man’s Land Comparing Economic Concepts of Ownership under Communism: An Evolutionary View János Mátyás Kovács 287 Index341 About the Contributors 355 Acknowledgments We... of ownership concepts6 under communism is not rooted in the mere ambition to warn the reader about the dangers of a collectivist revival Also, we not want to fill a gap in the history of economic