HOSPITALITY, TOURISM AND MARKETING STUDIES MODELING AND NEW TRENDS IN TOURISM A CONTRIBUTION TO SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT No part of this digital document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means The publisher has taken reasonable care in the preparation of this digital document, but makes no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of information contained herein This digital document is sold with the clear understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering legal, medical or any other professional services HOSPITALITY, TOURISM AND MARKETING STUDIES Additional books in this series can be found on Nova’s website under the Series tab Additional e-books in this series can be found on Nova’s website under the eBooks tab HOSPITALITY, TOURISM AND MARKETING STUDIES MODELING AND NEW TRENDS IN TOURISM A CONTRIBUTION TO SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT KOSTAS RONTOS JOSÉ ANTÓNIO FILIPE AND PARIS TSARTAS EDITORS New York Copyright © 2017 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means: electronic, electrostatic, magnetic, tape, mechanical photocopying, recording or otherwise without the written permission of the Publisher We have partnered with Copyright Clearance Center to make it easy for you to obtain permissions to reuse content from this publication Simply navigate to this publication’s page on Nova’s website and locate the “Get Permission” button below the title description This button is linked directly to the title’s permission page on copyright.com Alternatively, you can visit copyright.com and search by title, ISBN, or ISSN For further questions about using the service on copyright.com, please contact: Copyright Clearance Center Phone: 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products, instructions, ideas or otherwise contained in this publication This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information with regard to the subject matter covered herein It is sold with the clear understanding that the Publisher is not engaged in rendering legal or any other professional services If legal or any other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent person should be sought FROM A DECLARATION OF PARTICIPANTS JOINTLY ADOPTED BY A COMMITTEE OF THE AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION AND A COMMITTEE OF PUBLISHERS Additional color graphics may be available in the e-book version of this book Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Kostas, Rontos, editor | António, José, Filipe, editor | Tsartas, Paris, editor Title: Modeling and new trends in tourism : a contribution to social and economic development / editors, Kostas, Rontos, José António, Filipe and Paris Tsartas (Professor at the University of Aegean, Sociology Department, Greece, and others) Description: Hauppauge, New York : Nova Science Publishers, Inc., [2016] | Series: Hospitality, tourism and marketing studies | Includes index Identifiers: LCCN 2016034019 (print) | LCCN 2016050461 (ebook) | ISBN 9781634859202 (hardcover) | ISBN 9781634859431 (ebook) | ISBN 9781634859431 Subjects: LCSH: Tourism | Tourism Marketing | Tourism Managment | Economic development Classification: LCC G155.A1 M557 2016 (print) | LCC G155.A1 (ebook) | DDC 338.4/791 dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016034019 Published by Nova Science Publishers, Inc † New York CONTENTS Preface vii Chapter The Portuguese Tourism Market: A Model João Albino Silva, Manuel Alberto M Ferreira, José António Filipe and Manuel Coelho Chapter The Geography of Tourism in Europe: Exploring Countries and Regions of Higher or Lower Development of Tourism in the Period of Crisis Kostas Rontos, Luca Salvati, Maria-Eleni Syrmali, Ioannis Vavouras and Efstratia Karagkouni 21 Anti-Commons, Regulation and Tourism: How to Avoid the Economic Destruction of Value José António Filipe 43 Chapter Chapter Chapter Islands and Tourism: A Comprehensive Framework for the Development of a “New Tourism” Model Dimitrios Lagos, Eleni Kitrinou, Kostas Rontos and Mihail Diakomihalis Tourism Development Models in Greece: Trends and Challenges in an Effort to Change the Paradigm Paris Tsartas, Efthymia Sarantakou and Alexios-Patapios Kontis 65 79 Chapter Anti-Commons in Tourism: Evidence from Portugal and Bulgaria José António Filipe and Desislava Yordanova 97 Chapter Healthwwwcare Total Globalization of Healthcare Paulo Sintra 115 Chapter Neuromarketing Applied to Tourism: An Introductory Vision José Chavaglia, José António Filipe and Manuel Alberto M Ferreira 135 vi Chapter Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Contents Mega-Sporting Events: Their Emerging Importance for Tourism And Societies and the Need for Their Strategic Enrolment in Regional Planning Petros Rontos 151 The Integration of Greece in the System of International Tourist Operations (1945-1974): A Quantitative Analysis Savvakis Manos and Nikolakakis Michalis 163 About Some Stylized Facts on Tourism: A Multidimensional Scaling Approach António Bento Caleiro 181 Data Driven Marketing Decision Making: An Application of DEA in Tourism Marketing Channels Alexios-Patapios Kontis and Dimitrios Lagos 195 Sport Events Tourism: A Perspective Analysis for the Tourism Sector Teresa Palrão and José António Filipe 215 An Organization Design Redefinition for the Tourism Sector Using Design Thinking: Sustainable Hotels Case Study David Lamelas, José Lamelas and José António Filipe 231 Chapter 15 Sociability and the Intention to Return to a Hostel Paulo Rita, Ana Brochado and Rita Marques Chapter 16 Sky Commons as a Basis to Explore the Touristic Potential of the Alqueva Area (Portugal) Áurea Rodrigues and José António Filipe 285 Management Style Preference and Its Impact on Employee Job Satisfaction in Independent Hotels: An Exploratory Study Rebecca Bennett and Miguel Moital 303 Energy Use in Hotels: Environmental Policies towards a Sustainable Greek Tourist Product Katerina Parpairi 321 Chapter 17 Chapter 18 Chapter 19 The Perceived Image of Cape Verde Pedro Quelhas Brito, Antónia Correia and José Ls Barros 273 359 Advisory Committee 375 About the Editors and Authors 377 Index 389 PREFACE Tourism is a key driver of economic growth at the global level More specifically, it consists on a critical sector of economic activity for advanced and developing economies as well Tourism may decisively contribute to output and employment and as a result it can be used as a strategic tool for global economic recovery It may constitute a basic pillar of development and an effective solution for many of the world’s greatest challenges Also, it should be pointed out that tourism is a complex and diversified product, which is currently shaped under the spectrum of the recent global financial crisis It is one of the dynamic sectors strategically positioned to advance poverty alleviation, job creation, inclusive growth and environmental sustainability Therefore, apart from the extensive economic consequences tourism has a major social impact as well Despite global challenges, tourism continues to be a dynamic sector stimulating social and economic development Many economies have developed their structures in order to offer more services and become an appealing destination In this very competitive context, countries look for relative advantages and try to develop new tourism products As a result, the relative importance of this sector for specific areas is emphasized making a powerful contribution to the enhancement of tourism competitiveness, employment, the prosperity of people as well as the reinforcement of the associated natural and cultural poles of attraction Based on the aforementioned analysis, the existence of a coherent and operational framework is essential so as to explore the distribution of tourism activity at the global scale This Book provides a set of models contributing to a new vision for the contemporary tourism economy, showing new trends in this sector and following a scientific approach concerning new policy design, aiming at understanding and explaining a new philosophy carried out by governments in terms of the management of tourism sector On the other hand, in the private sector of the economy business opportunities considering the perspectives of tourism are also analyzed The objective of this Book is to present the new tendencies in tourism area based on scientific methodologies in order to support agents’ decisions either in public or private sector In this Book many scientific challenges are confronted in order to model and explain countries’ tourism sector, regional and local conditions of tourism, territories’ sustainability and new trends on tourism The aim of the present Book is to provide some contribution to the areas highlighted above viii Kostas Rontos, José António Filipe and Paris Tsartas The insightful comments of the Advisory Committee on the manuscript are gratefully acknowledged Their valuable suggestions have led to considerable improvements concerning the scientific quality of the current book The Editors, Kostas Rontos José António Filipe Paris Tsartas In: Modeling and New Trends in Tourism Editors: K Rontos, J António Filipe and P Tsartas ISBN: 978-1-63485-920-2 © 2017 Nova Science Publishers, Inc Chapter THE PORTUGUESE TOURISM MARKET: A MODEL João Albino Silva1, Manuel Alberto M Ferreira2, José António Filipe2,* and Manuel Coelho3 Faculdade de Economia, Universidade Algarve Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), Business Research Unit (BRU-IUL) and Information Sciences, Technologies and Architecture Research Center (ISTAR-IUL), Lisboa, Portugal ISEG-Lisbon School of Economics and Management, Universidade de Lisboa, CIRIUS and SOCIUS, Lisboa, Portugal ABSTRACT In Portugal, tourism is one of the most important economic sectors Recently, with the development of the global crisis, particularly reaching the southern European Countries, this sector has strengthened and reinforced its importance due to the important rents got by Portuguese regional and local agents Consequently, this topic is now particularly relevant In this study, factors explaining demand, supply and prices are discussed At macroeconomic level, it is seen how they contribute to model the Portuguese tourism market A relationship among the variables is analyzed and its modeling is represented mathematically The model gives an important contribution to show the importance of these variables and relationships in the determination of macroeconomic aggregates in the Portuguese tourism market Keywords: tourism, portuguese market, tour operator, tourism demand, tourism supply * Corresponding Author Email: jose.filipe@iscte.pt 392 Index correlation coefficient, 187, 188 cortex, 144 cost, 5, 6, 10, 23, 68, 69, 70, 71, 73, 75, 80, 85, 120, 130, 142, 148, 152, 197, 201, 202, 258, 325, 329, 347, 348, 355 Costa Rica, 115, 116 cost-benefit analysis, 348 Council of Ministers, 51, 53 country of origin, 6, 119, 125, 127, 130, 176, 186, 187 covering, 56, 105, 278, 342, 343, 345, 365 creativity, 238, 252 crises, 115, 116 criticism, 155 Croatia, 27, 28, 91 CSF, 84 Cuba, 121, 367 cultural center, 37 cultural conditions, 360 cultural heritage, 36, 94, 179, 219, 297, 324, 362, 385 cultural values, 306, 310, 315 culture, 54, 66, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 84, 105, 124, 148, 217, 233, 240, 241, 243, 247, 248, 252, 258, 259, 260, 261, 267, 277, 283, 304, 359, 362, 369, 370, 374 currency, 6, 8, 9, 11, 85, 168, 259 customer loyalty, 274 customer service, 379, 383 customers, 116, 117, 118, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 127, 128, 129, 131, 138, 143, 147, 149, 197, 198, 239, 240, 241, 243, 274, 275, 276, 277, 280, 281, 282, 283, 284, 304, 314, 327 cycles, 233, 379 cycling, 220, 224 Cyprus, 26, 27, 28, 79, 80, 83, 91, 95, 182, 375, 378, 381, 385 Czech Republic, 27, 28 D damages, iv, 129, 219 data analysis, 188, 348, 371, 373, 385 data collection, 128, 129, 158 data gathering, 197 data mining, 212 data set, 197, 361 database, 52, 348, 354 data-driven marketing, 196 DEA, vi, 195, 196, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 209, 210, 211 deaths, 125 debts, 56 decentralization, 82, 83, 85 decision makers, 43, 104, 199, 201, 206, 207, 208, 209 decision-making, 53, 54, 123, 124, 132, 137, 140, 141, 142, 147, 152, 154, 155, 156, 157, 160, 197, 199, 252, 270, 372 decision-making process, 137, 140, 142, 154, 156, 157, 160, 197, 199 declarative knowledge, 200 defects, 159 deficiencies, 210 deficit, 158 degradation, 22, 288, 290 Delta, 348, 356 democratisation, 71 democratization, 163 demographic data, 278 demography, 243, 385 Denmark, 27, 28, 166, 185, 355, 371 Department of Education, 381 dependent variable, 8, 10, 279 design thinking, vi, 231, 232, 233, 236, 255, 261, 268, 269, 270 design-based organization design, 231, 232, 246, 268 designers, 239, 245, 253, 268, 321, 327, 348, 355 destination image, 94, 359, 360, 361, 362, 363, 364, 369, 371, 372, 373, 374 destinations, 2, 4, 6, 7, 23, 45, 48, 59, 63, 65, 70, 71, 76, 80, 83, 84, 87, 89, 90, 91, 95, 97, 98, 99, 103, 109, 112, 135, 137, 155, 179, 186, 209, 216, 223, 224, 243, 275, 292, 295, 296, 324, 337, 339, 341, 344, 345, 360, 361, 370, 371, 372, 373, 385, 386 destruction, 53, 54, 60, 98 destruction of value, 60, 98 devaluation, 36 developed countries, 86, 87, 88, 120, 121, 125, 126, 128 developing countries, 23, 70, 117, 121, 125, 126, 322 developing economies, vii development, i, iii, iv, v, vii, 1, 2, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 36, 41, 43, 45, 47, 51, 52, 53, 57, 59, 60, 61, 62, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 97, 98, 101, 102, 103, 104, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 121, 123, 131, 132, 137, 138, 141, 147, 148, 151, 152, 153, 155, 156, 159, 160, 161, 177, 179, 199, 215, 216, 218, 219, 220, 226, 228, 236, 237, 239, 240, 248, 252, 256, 257, 264, 265, 267, 269, 270, 282, 284, 286, 290, 291, 292, 293, 294, 295, 297, 298, 299, 300, 305, 313, 317, 318, 319, 322, 323, 324, 327, 328, 335, 354, 356, 357, 358, 359, 360, 370, 371, 373, 375, 377, 378, 380, 381, 382, 383, 384, 385, 386, 387 Index deviation, 121, 209 differentiated products, 37 diffusion, 385 digital technologies, 138 dilemma of the prisoner, 289 disaster, 46, 60, 99 discontinuity, 68 discordance, 83 discrimination, 37 diseases, 120, 125 diseconomies of scale, 68 disequilibrium, 311 dissatisfaction, 124, 304, 315 distance, 86, 121, 181, 182, 183, 185, 186, 187, 188, 204, 314, 315, 341 distribution, vii, 2, 21, 24, 36, 82, 101, 129, 138, 140, 184, 195, 197, 201, 208, 224, 262, 381 distribution of income, divergence, 297 diversification, 2, 45, 220, 298, 323 diversity, 2, 22, 24, 47, 106, 109, 239, 274, 297, 362, 366, 368, 370 division of labor, 179, 233 doctors, 115, 116, 124, 125 DOD, 233, 234, 236, 238, 239, 240, 243, 244, 245, 246, 247, 248, 252, 253, 254, 255, 256, 260, 261, 262, 266, 267, 268, 269 dominance, 80, 83, 307, 311 dominant strategy, 289 DS-1, 31, 34, 38, 40 E earnings, 74, 85 Eastern Europe, 118, 373 Eco Agro Tourism, 256, 257, 258, 262, 263, 264, 265, 266, 267, 382 Eco hotel, 231, 232, 239, 240, 243, 244, 245, 246, 248, 252, 253, 256, 269, 326 eco-labeling, 326 ecology, 235, 236, 239, 240, 268, 385 economic activity, vii, 2, 22, 25, 26, 36, 66, 147, 159, 218, 222, 335 economic agents, 4, 43, 44, 47, 57, 59, 97, 98, 99, 107, 109, 167 economic change, 159, 160, 179, 199 economic consequences, vii economic crisis, 22, 23, 24, 25, 36, 67, 69, 74, 336 economic development, vii, 24, 61, 67, 74, 83, 104, 111, 228, 286, 327 economic growth, vii, 22, 23, 45, 75, 91, 117 economic impact of mega-events, 151 economic incentives, 98 393 economic performance, 142 economic policy, 387 economic problem, 49, 58, 69, 107, 108, 354 economic progress, 2, 323 economic resources, 68, 167, 286, 360 economic status, 224 economic welfare, 290 economic well-being, 101 economics, 44, 63, 103, 104, 140, 235, 379, 380, 382, 385, 386, 387 economies of scale, 58 ecosystem, 23, 258, 333, 360 ecotourism, 73, 88, 301, 354, 356 education, 68, 90, 130, 235, 257, 292, 311, 329, 336, 381, 382 educational programs, 377 EEG, 136 Egypt, 174, 211 elaboration, 146 e-learning, 377 election, 251, 259 electricity, 296, 322, 331, 333, 335, 342, 344, 345, 346, 348, 355 e-mail, 142, 197, 263 emerging markets, 80, 119 emission, 67 emitters, 4, 6, 8, 10 emotion(s), 131, 135, 136, 139, 140, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148 empathy, 122, 125 empirical methods, 61, 111 empirical studies, 44 employees, 25, 56, 232, 244, 255, 276, 282, 295, 303, 304, 306, 307, 310, 311, 312, 314, 315, 318 employment, vii, 21, 22, 24, 25, 36, 40, 41, 47, 65, 67, 69, 74, 83, 121, 122, 132, 153, 182, 216, 219, 248, 304, 324, 326, 381 employment opportunities, 326 empowerment, 252, 267, 277 encouragement, 24, 69, 201 end-users, 325 energy, 236, 260, 292, 321, 322, 323, 324, 325, 326, 327, 329, 330, 331, 333, 334, 335, 338, 340, 341, 342, 343, 344, 345, 346, 348, 354, 355, 356, 357 energy conservation, 323, 325, 327, 340, 341 energy consumption, 321, 322, 323, 325, 326, 327, 335, 340, 343, 345, 348, 354, 355, 357 energy efficiency, 348, 354 enforcement, 289 engineering, 231, 232, 233, 235, 263, 264 engineering-based organization design, 232 England, 30, 32, 51, 158, 217, 229, 307 enlargement, 165, 167 394 Index entrepreneurs, 60, 65, 73, 75, 86, 138, 293, 294, 296 entrepreneurship, 138, 387 entropy, 23 environmental aspects, 292 environmental awareness, 258 environmental change, environmental conditions, 66, 362 environmental factors, 200 environmental impact, 59, 108, 219 environmental management, 77, 327, 343 environmental organizations, 109 environmental policy, 345 environmental protection, 321, 322 environmental quality, 354 environmental resources, 84 environmental stress, 68 environmental sustainability, vii, 24, 101, 242 environment(s), 23, 24, 41, 61, 66, 70, 71, 74, 76, 81, 83, 85, 87, 88, 89, 92, 95, 108, 109, 110, 118, 120, 156, 159, 160, 163, 170, 177, 187, 195, 197, 198, 199, 200, 205, 210, 212, 213, 219, 221, 223, 224, 225, 232, 238, 243, 257, 260, 273, 274, 276, 277, 278, 279, 280, 282, 290, 291, 294, 295, 299, 303, 304, 307, 310, 311, 313, 314, 315, 319, 321, 323, 324, 326, 327, 328, 345, 346, 354, 355, 356, 366, 368, 371, 372, 373, 380, 385, 386 enzyme, 130 EOD, 233, 235, 236, 247, 268 epistemology, 386 equality, 117 equilibrium, 3, 4, 102, 289 equilibrium price, equipment, 53, 199, 329, 340, 342 ERS, 117, 131 Estonia, 27, 28, 378 ethical issues, 116 ethics, 238, 252, 259, 260, 261, 269, 379 Europe, v, 2, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 29, 30, 32, 36, 37, 39, 41, 66, 70, 80, 86, 87, 93, 94, 95, 106, 117, 118, 120, 125, 161, 164, 176, 179, 182, 185, 216, 224, 229, 293, 295, 300, 323, 327, 333, 336, 342, 373 European Commission, 22, 41, 109 European Community, 22 European Parliament, 22, 24, 41 European Union, 22, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 34, 35, 36, 41, 48, 67, 77, 86, 90, 322 evaluative factors, 372 evidence, 46, 67, 72, 74, 98, 118, 181, 182, 183, 196, 200, 236, 239, 308, 360 evolution, 3, 26, 70, 79, 80, 84, 85, 91, 118, 120, 127, 129, 130, 141, 144, 164, 167, 170, 177, 183, 185, 189, 205, 212, 217, 219, 235, 310, 311, 314, 315 exchange rate, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 182 exchange relationship, 306 exclusion, 44, 46, 69, 99, 287 exclusion rights, 44, 99 execution, 223 exercise(s), 170, 200, 221, 222, 225 experiences, 48, 49, 71, 80, 100, 118, 136, 139, 146, 148, 159, 160, 197, 216, 217, 223, 224, 226, 227, 228, 239, 245, 277, 278, 282, 290, 291, 292, 305, 306, 310, 319, 370, 383 expertise, 124, 127, 131, 305 exploitation, 50, 52, 53, 54, 57, 58, 59, 83, 101, 107, 109, 287, 288, 289, 290, 298 export market, 68, 69, 74 exporters, 121 exports, 2, 3, 129, 132, 182, 216 exposure, 310 external environment, 238 externalities, 59, 98, 104, 108, 109 F face reader, 145, 146, 148 facial expression, 144 facial micro-expressions, 145, 148 facilitators, 119, 121, 122, 125, 130, 228, 277 factor analysis, 359, 360, 362, 363, 364, 368, 369, 374 families, 7, 74, 86, 145, 253, 290, 292, 365 family budget, 119 family income, 365 family physician, 116, 132 family units, 81 fear(s), 125, 129, 269, 311, 312 feelings, 122, 136, 142, 143, 144, 146, 147, 148 fertility rate, 120 financial, vii, 5, 21, 23, 24, 36, 37, 58, 80, 82, 83, 108, 115, 116, 117, 121, 123, 124, 142, 153, 155, 159, 164, 166, 167, 196, 198, 200, 202, 205, 206, 207, 234, 247, 251, 256, 295, 323, 326, 335, 336, 338, 355 financial crisis, vii, 21, 36, 123, 164, 335 financial data, 205, 206 financial resources, 58, 108, 153, 166 financial support, 247, 256 financial system, 83, 121 financial policies, 355 Finland, 27, 28, 166, 185, 373 first dimension, 25 fixed costs, 5, 255 flexibility, 69, 205, 209, 235, 252, 291, 307 395 Index fMRI, 136 focus groups, 231, 239 food, 27, 28, 29, 32, 34, 35, 37, 39, 52, 255, 257, 258, 260, 265, 275, 293, 327 food production, 265 food products, 257 food security, 52 force, 2, 22, 45, 116, 216, 232, 260, 266, 324 Ford, 232, 233, 244 Ford, Henry, 232 Fordism, 233 foreign exchange, 67, 69, 74 foreign language, 128 foreign nationals, 168 foreign tourists, 6, 11, 51, 153 forest resources, 47 formation, 144, 148, 159, 170, 207, 291, 362, 369, 371, 373, 385 foundations, 203 fragility, 360 France, 6, 27, 28, 31, 32, 36, 80, 166, 185, 187, 218, 243, 333, 335, 358, 366, 385 free trade, 70 freedom, 51, 206, 267, 276, 368, 369 friendship, 312 fuel consumption, 345 full capacity, 108 functional, 123, 136, 205, 231, 232, 235, 239, 247, 250, 267, 268, 269, 277 functionality, 239, 240, 252, 253, 267, 268 funding, 22, 84, 116, 262, 265 funds, 121, 179, 202, 203, 340 G game theory, 289, 377, 380 garbage, 219 General Agreement on Trade in Services, 121 generalizability, 365 genes, 142 geographical mobility, 168 geography, 76, 219, 372, 373, 385 geology, 47 geopolitical, 129, 170 geothermal heat pump, 335 Germany, 6, 27, 28, 32, 36, 40, 51, 80, 93, 130, 166, 174, 185, 187, 243, 280, 366 GIS, 385 global competition, 109, 196 global demand, 6, global economy, 22, 323 global markets, 257 global scale, vii global trade, 121 global warming, 322, 338 globalization, v, 115, 116, 119, 132, 137, 201 GNP, 68 golf, 45, 48, 56, 57, 59, 60, 105, 108, 110, 217, 218, 220, 224, 293, 295, 372, 373 goods and services, 3, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 48, 49, 58, 100, 101, 103, 104, 107, 143, 157, 159 governance, 90, 133, 232, 248, 250, 258, 259, 261, 266, 296, 387 government(s), iv, vii, 49, 50, 51, 53, 59, 69, 80, 99, 103, 108, 121, 122, 132, 139, 145, 147, 155, 177, 179, 287, 288, 355 graduate program, 377 grants, 177, 179, 220, 226 Great Britain, 166, 174, 317, 372, 373 Greece, iv, v, vi, 2, 21, 26, 27, 28, 29, 34, 36, 37, 65, 66, 67, 70, 72, 73, 74, 76, 77, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 120, 145, 151, 153, 158, 160, 161, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 178, 179, 180, 182, 195, 321, 323, 333, 335, 336, 337, 338, 339, 340, 341, 342, 345, 348, 354, 355, 356, 357, 358, 377, 378, 381, 382, 385, 387 Greek Island, 70, 76, 180 Greeks, 86, 167, 168, 170, 217 green buildings, 355 green strategies, 321, 327, 329, 335, 344, 348, 355 greenhouse gas, 322 greening, 354 gross domestic product (GDP), 2, 22, 45, 66, 68, 69, 81, 82, 123, 129, 164, 165, 166, 182, 219, 323, 335, 336 growth, vii, 2, 22, 24, 45, 65, 101, 117, 118, 119, 121, 129, 130, 138, 143, 164, 165, 168, 171, 176, 177, 178, 184, 188, 216, 218, 253, 259, 323, 324, 327, 335, 355, 360 growth dynamics, 101 growth rate, 164, 168, 171, 177, 178, 184 Guangdong, 328 guesthouses, 51 guidance, 138, 239, 240, 268, 312 guidelines, 123, 128, 216, 220, 327, 335, 345 guilt, 124 H habitats, 59, 108 happiness, 141 Hawaii, 355 health, 73, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 123, 124, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 142, 222, 229, 291, 292, 325 396 Index health care, 115, 116, 132, 318 health information, 132 health insurance, 117 health services, 115, 128, 131, 132 health status, 118 healthcare system, 118, 127, 128, 129 heat pumps, 331, 347, 348 heating oil, 331 hemp, 335 heterogeneity, 47, 99, 201, 274, 371 high school, 384 Highlands, 37, 39 hip arthroplasty, 129 hiring, 130, 262, 267 histogram, 279 history, 66, 71, 74, 106, 125, 144, 170, 195, 217, 222, 232, 244, 252, 291 holistic, 140, 232, 234, 235, 243, 293, 360, 370 homeowners, 53 homes, 86, 87, 259, 292 homework, 132 horizontal integration, 233 hospitality, 49, 100, 177, 179, 211, 251, 258, 275, 283, 317, 323, 354, 362, 366, 368, 379, 383 host, 24, 57, 107, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 157, 161, 164, 176, 177, 179 host societies, 164, 176 hostel, vi, 273, 274, 275, 276, 277, 278, 279, 280, 281, 282, 283, 284 hosting company, 4, 5, 10, 12, 15, 16 hotel employees, 303, 315 hotel energy use, 321 housing, 5, 10, 355, 383 human, 47, 67, 68, 73, 117, 118, 119, 120, 127, 137, 141, 144, 146, 147, 155, 156, 157, 165, 217, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, 242, 243, 248, 252, 253, 255, 260, 269, 288, 290, 291, 296, 298, 299, 300, 304, 319, 322 human activity, 156, 157, 296, 298, 322 human behavior, 141, 288 human biology, 137 human body, 144 human brain, 137, 141 human capital, 165 human development, 291 human nature, 141 Human Resource Management, 41, 93, 316, 319 human resources, 67, 68, 117, 234, 235, 243, 253, 304 Hungary, 26, 27, 28, 80, 94, 120 Hunter, 62, 101, 112 hybrid, 250, 342 hygiene, 50, 257, 259, 303, 304, 310, 313, 314, 315, 362, 366, 369 hypothesis, 7, 16, 127, 140, 276, 277, 278, 368, 369 I ICAM, 62, 111 Iceland, 26, 27, 28, 31, 34 IDA, 292, 299 ideal, 227, 239, 289, 297, 309, 311, 314, 315 identification, 147, 231, 308 identity, 219, 247, 252, 258, 276 illiteracy, 122 illumination, 296 illusion, 142 image analysis, 373 image tourists, 360 image(s), 85, 87, 117, 141, 146, 147, 152, 216, 221, 239, 274, 283, 295, 297, 355, 359, 360, 361, 362, 363, 364, 366, 368, 369, 370, 371, 372, 373, 374 imbalances, 36 immersion, 143 immigrants, 86, 127, 170 Impact Assessment, 77, 108, 386 imports, 132 imprinting, 177 improvements, viii, 44, 59, 98, 107, 108, 200, 232, 240, 261, 274, 282, 354 income, 3, 36, 53, 65, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 74, 82, 117, 124, 153, 216, 290, 295, 296, 324, 365, 366 increased competition, 23, 24 independence, 55, 105, 274 independent hotels, vi, 303, 315 independent variable, 279 India, 115, 116, 120, 121, 131 indirect effect, 182 individual characteristics, 199 individuals, 2, 3, 4, 46, 51, 98, 101, 120, 141, 142, 143, 156, 218, 221, 278, 287, 289, 306, 310, 315, 364, 365 induction, 311 industrialized countries, 119, 125 industries, 48, 73, 99, 115, 116, 118, 119, 120, 121, 129, 165, 216, 227, 304 industry, 18, 23, 45, 49, 65, 66, 67, 69, 71, 72, 74, 76, 100, 102, 116, 117, 118, 119, 122, 123, 128, 129, 153, 163, 164, 167, 177, 179, 181, 182, 196, 200, 201, 213, 215, 235, 252, 270, 274, 283, 291, 304, 310, 314, 321, 323, 324, 326, 327, 335, 354, 355, 356, 357, 360, 372, 383 inefficiency, 233 inequality, 121 inflation, 4, 6, 10 397 Index Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs), 67, 95 information technology, 211 informed consent, 124 infrastructure, 2, 5, 22, 41, 56, 65, 68, 69, 70, 71, 80, 81, 83, 85, 89, 105, 107, 108, 109, 110, 121, 123, 153, 154, 177, 179, 267, 323, 324, 377 inheritance, 24 institutional economics, 387 institutions, 57, 84, 99, 108, 115, 116, 122, 123, 124, 128, 130, 154, 197, 198, 257, 265, 288, 290, 292, 379 integration, 54, 67, 80, 119, 131, 156, 163, 164, 253, 269, 379, 387 integrative processes, 232, 259 intellectual property, 46 intelligence, 142, 196 intention to return, 273, 274, 275, 278, 279, 281, 282, 284 interaction effect, 279, 281, 282 interface, 231, 236, 239, 240, 243, 244, 245, 246, 247, 248, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255, 261, 262, 266, 267, 268, 269 interference, 312, 322 intermediaries, 119, 131 internal consistency, 364 internal processes, 202, 203, 244 international competition, 158, 195 International Monetary Fund, 164 International Olympic Committee, 154 international standards, 164 international trade, 70 intervention, 5, 101, 103, 164, 179, 227, 228, 344 inversion, 54 investment(s), 9, 56, 57, 58, 59, 65, 68, 73, 74, 84, 105, 107, 108, 110, 117, 120, 121, 127, 129, 142, 164, 179, 182, 216, 220, 241, 265, 321, 327, 329, 336, 340, 344, 348, 355, 384 investors, 57, 58, 107, 138, 256, 338, 354, 355 Ireland, 26, 28, 166, 185, 300 Islam, 76 islands, v, 29, 32, 34, 36, 37, 39, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 74, 75, 76, 77, 80, 85, 86, 88, 95, 176, 254, 299, 332, 337, 341, 345, 356, 357, 359, 360, 361, 365, 367, 370, 371, 372, 373, 374, 385 isolation, 67, 68, 244, 291, 360 issues, 3, 23, 67, 68, 69, 74, 75, 80, 82, 90, 92, 93, 104, 110, 115, 118, 152, 154, 155, 182, 197, 236, 250, 253, 257, 259, 290, 310, 312, 328, 354, 360, 371, 372, 385 Italy, 21, 27, 28, 34, 83, 166, 185, 187, 280, 366, 375, 379, 384, 385 J Japan, 164, 166, 185, 186, 187 job creation, vii job dissatisfaction, 305, 312, 315 job insecurity, 142 job mobility, 303, 316 job performance, 304 job satisfaction, vi, 234, 303, 304, 305, 306, 307, 308, 310, 311, 312, 313, 314, 315, 316, 317, 318, 319 Jurisdictions, 75, 78 K Kahneman, Daniel, 140 kidney transplantation, 125 Korea, 318, 358 Kyoto Protocol, 322 L labour force, 307 lakes, 56, 106, 293 landscape(s), 7, 56, 59, 73, 75, 101, 105, 108, 129, 164, 215, 242, 258, 260, 291, 292, 293, 300, 370 Latin America, 120 Latvia, 26, 27, 28, 80, 93 laws, 84, 128 leadership, 234, 235, 247, 248, 249, 250, 252, 253, 269, 304, 305, 306, 307, 316, 318, 378 leadership style, 248, 306, 316, 318 learning, 54, 156, 241, 243, 244, 245, 249, 252, 256, 257, 258, 263, 264, 267, 284, 311, 381 learning environment, 284 learning process, 54, 156 LED, 329 LEED, 326, 348 legal issues, 116 legislation, 43, 51, 52, 60, 84, 117 leisure, 18, 41, 48, 93, 100, 129, 153, 161, 177, 218, 221, 222, 227, 229, 258, 292, 300, 303, 304, 315, 316, 375, 378, 380, 382 level of education, 224 liberalisation, 65, 70 liberalization, 138 lidar, 149 life cycle, 66, 71 life expectancy, 120 life experiences, 310 lifetime, 116, 136 398 Index light, 163, 176, 200, 286, 292, 295, 296, 297, 314, 316, 329, 342, 345 light pollution, 286, 292, 295, 296, 297, 299 Likert scale, 279 limbic system, 144 Lithuania, 26, 27, 28, 80, 92 litigation, 122, 128 loans, 179, 340 local accommodation, 50, 51, 53 local authorities, 50, 59, 97, 107, 109 local community, 87, 108, 259, 326 local conditions, vii local government, 99, 121 local rental, 43, 45, 49, 50, 51, 53, 54, 60 location quotient, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 32, 34, 35, 37, 39 logistics, 52, 225, 263 longevity, 120 long-term memory, 148 love, 104, 232, 240, 244, 255, 269 loyalty, 3, 188, 235, 273, 276, 282, 327, 373 LPG, 333, 344 Luxemburg, 174 M Macedonia, 337, 381 magnetic resonance imaging, 136 magnitude, 146, 147, 154, 185 majority, 51, 81, 117, 121, 122, 196, 198, 201, 209, 249, 276, 279, 314, 327, 336, 341, 344, 365 malaria, 131 mammals, 144 management, vii, 45, 52, 58, 75, 88, 89, 91, 96, 102, 104, 109, 129, 136, 139, 154, 161, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 210, 211, 212, 213, 232, 233, 234, 235, 243, 244, 247, 249, 250, 251, 252, 253, 259, 262, 264, 265, 268, 269, 275, 277, 283, 287, 288, 289, 290, 296, 297, 298, 300, 303, 304, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310, 311, 312, 313, 314, 315, 316, 336, 345, 354, 357, 372, 373, 379, 382, 383, 385, 386, 387 management style, 303, 304, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310, 311, 313, 314, 315, 316 manipulation, 248 man-made attractions, 359, 362, 363, 366, 368, 369, 370 manual procedures, 199 manufacturing, 66, 67, 68 mapping, 142, 143, 144, 145, 232 market failure, 58, 102 market segment, 73, 75, 221, 224, 243 market share, 5, 7, 142 marketing, i, ii, iii, iv, vi, 3, 58, 79, 90, 91, 93, 94, 117, 122, 131, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 147, 148, 149, 150, 161, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 243, 259, 262, 264, 273, 282, 284, 295, 297, 318, 361, 365, 371, 372, 373, 374, 378, 379, 380, 381, 382, 383, 384 marketing channels, 195, 196, 197, 201, 202, 206, 207, 208, 210, 211 marketing mix, 210 marketing stimuli, 136, 148 marketing strategy, 137, 139, 147, 148, 243, 297 marketplace, 128, 132 mass, 45, 54, 66, 71, 72, 73, 74, 80, 88, 89, 105, 223, 225, 268, 291 material resources, 198 materials, 323, 326, 328, 344, 345, 354 matrix, 186, 187, 220 matter, iv, 50, 52, 109, 158, 182, 183, 186, 187, 263, 317, 369 measurement(s), 4, 67, 68, 143, 153, 155, 168, 195, 203, 205, 283, 343, 360, 362, 364, 372, 373 media, 123, 153, 188, 213, 222, 336, 358 mediation, 245 medical, 7, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132 medical care, medical history, 125 medical tourism, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132 medication, 125 medicine, 115, 118, 119, 120, 123, 127 Mediterranean, 22, 26, 36, 37, 40, 48, 71, 73, 75, 85, 164, 176, 179, 300, 322, 357, 361, 372, 373, 385 Mediterranean climate, 48, 73, 75 Mediterranean countries, 26, 36, 71, 179 mega sporting-events, 151 memories, 136, 148 memory, 136, 143, 144, 148, 307 mental image, 361 mental representation, 361, 362 mentor, 306 methodology, 24, 123, 148, 158, 181, 182, 183, 186, 187, 200, 203, 205, 208, 237, 238, 239, 240, 274, 293, 299, 361, 364, 369, 371 Mexico, 372 microeconomic theory, microeconomics, microorganism(s), 126, 127 middle class, 117, 177, 179 migration, 66, 68, 165, 300, 377 military, 54, 105, 164, 168, 177, 232, 379 military dictatorship, 177 399 Index mission, 137, 143, 253, 256, 258, 263 modelling, 3, 17, 59, 97, 109, 373, 380 models, vii, 2, 3, 4, 61, 73, 74, 75, 79, 89, 91, 98, 111, 123, 141, 199, 200, 201, 203, 218, 235, 372, 373 modifications, 205 modules, 157, 200 Montenegro, 91 morale, 232, 313 morbidity, 127, 128 Morocco, 182 morphology, 345, 346 mortality rate, 119, 120, 128 motels, 178, 324 motivation, 83, 88, 98, 182, 215, 224, 225, 228, 253, 278, 284, 304, 317, 318 multidimensional, vi, 37, 151, 152, 154, 159, 181, 182, 183, 186, 187, 188, 359, 363, 369, 373 multidimensional scaling, vi, 181, 182, 183, 186, 187, 188, 373 multinational companies, 379 multiplier, 12, 153, 216 multiplier effect, 216 multivariate statistics, 385 museums, 73, 81, 216, 218, 239 music, 45, 54, 105, 147, 245 mutation, 236 N narcissism, 142 National Health Service, 117 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), 287, 300 national policy, 85 national product, national strategy, 123 nationality, 54, 105, 221, 279, 280, 365 natural advantages, 36 natural attractions, 359, 362, 363, 366, 368, 369, 370 natural disaster, 68 natural food, 258 natural resources, 23, 46, 47, 70, 100, 105, 108, 120, 155, 223, 286, 288, 289, 323, 345, 359, 370 nature conservation, 108 nature tourism, 220, 221, 223, 258 Nauru, 76 nautical tourism, 220 negative effects, 219 negative externality, 102 negotiation, 130 Netherlands, 27, 28, 166, 187, 243, 270 network, 48, 106, 109, 127, 130, 149, 197, 250, 294, 379, 384 networking, 259, 264 neuroeconomics, 135, 140, 149, 379 neuromarketing, v, 135, 136, 137, 138, 140, 142, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 379 neuroscience, 137, 140 new media, 379 New Zealand, 62, 112, 212, 213, 292 NFI, 368 NGOs, 108 niche market, 116 Nobel Prize, 140 North America, 2, 120 Northern Ireland, 30, 33 Norway, 27, 28, 31, 34, 38, 40, 166 nucleus, 55, 105 nutrition, 257 O obedience, 253 objectification, 155 obstacles, 46, 97, 99, 205, 210, 268, 296 Oceania, 120, 372 oceans, 288 offenders, 53 officials, 50, 293 oil, 342, 343, 347, 348 olive oil, 72, 73 open access, 94, 288 openness, 244 operating costs, 341 operations, 14, 163, 164, 198, 199, 200, 259, 261, 262, 264, 266, 276 opportunities, vii, 2, 23, 48, 69, 84, 106, 131, 138, 216, 218, 238, 240, 262, 263, 265, 274, 291, 295, 310, 313, 315, 327, 373 optimism, 322 organ, 118, 153, 257 organization design, vi, 231, 232, 233, 235, 236, 238, 239, 245, 248, 252, 257, 260, 261, 268, 269, 270 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), 41, 94, 119, 120, 123, 128, 132, 290, 300 organizational behavior, 234 organizational culture, 232, 234, 269 organize, 104, 151 outsourcing, 255 overlap, 124, 155, 219, 228 overregulation, 98 overuse, 49, 99, 101, 285, 288, 298 ownership, 44, 72, 154, 286 400 Index P Pacific, 75, 91, 161, 300, 355 parallel, 84, 127, 209 parallelism, 122 Pareto, 104 participant observation, 293 participant(s), 148, 215, 218, 222, 223, 225, 226, 238, 263, 293, 299, 303, 307, 308, 309, 310, 311, 312, 313, 314, 316, 378 partition, 46, 99 patents, 46 pathology, 117 payback period, 323, 341, 342 peace, 256, 323 penalties, 50, 53 Peneda-Gerês, 240, 241, 243 performance appraisal, 253, 255 performance measurement, 212 periodicity, 222, 249 personal computers, 198 personal life, 305 personal relationship, 313 personality, 252 pharmaceutical(s), 118, 120, 121 pharmaceutics, 46 Philadelphia, 62, 95, 111 photovoltaic panels, 331, 332 physical activity, 161, 221 physical environment, 223, 224 planets, 291, 296 plants, 257, 331, 343 platform, 56, 106, 243, 252 Poland, 26, 27, 28 policy, vii, 6, 24, 36, 40, 41, 45, 46, 61, 65, 69, 74, 75, 77, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 85, 86, 90, 92, 93, 95, 99, 101, 102, 103, 104, 117, 123, 132, 138, 151, 153, 157, 158, 161, 163, 164, 179, 200, 207, 229, 244, 289, 331, 343, 345, 357, 358, 372, 379, 381, 382, 387 policy makers, 36, 86, 99, 179 policy making, 164 policy responses, 93 political power, 168 politics, 51, 58, 152, 326, 372 pollution, 59, 108, 219, 285, 286, 292, 295, 296, 297, 299, 300, 333, 334 population, 2, 59, 66, 68, 71, 72, 108, 109, 118, 119, 120, 121, 125, 143, 152, 153, 154, 157, 170, 248, 295, 296, 361 population growth, 67, 119, 120 population size, 72 population structure, 66 portfolio, 129, 220, 378 Portugal, v, vi, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 11, 18, 19, 26, 27, 28, 34, 43, 44, 45, 47, 48, 49, 50, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 60, 62, 80, 83, 93, 97, 98, 100, 105, 107, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 123, 129, 130, 131, 132, 135, 166, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 215, 216, 217, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 227, 229, 231, 240, 246, 256, 257, 258, 267, 273, 278, 283, 285, 293, 299, 300, 359, 362, 366, 374, 375, 378, 379, 380, 383, 384, 386 Portuguese market, 1, 4, positive correlation, 183 positive emotions, 147 positive feedback, 69 positive relationship, 275, 313 potential benefits, 147 poverty, vii, 86 poverty alleviation, vii power generation, 333 precipitation, 253 pre-DOD, 239, 245 preferences, 23, 54, 151, 158, 160, 225, 274, 283, 284, 303, 304, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310, 311, 313, 314, 315, 316, 317, 319, 325 preparation, iv, 122, 125, 127, 139, 160, 177, 263, 284 preservation, 57, 59, 84, 107, 108, 219, 285, 289, 290, 295, 297, 298 president, 58, 237, 293, 336, 377, 378, 380, 382, 384, 386 prestige, 69, 129, 152, 153, 220 prevention, 295 price coordination, 57, 103, 104, 107 price taker, prices, 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, 14, 15, 17, 47, 61, 69, 102, 110, 120, 165, 166, 177, 182, 206, 258, 289, 368, 370 primary school, 381 primary sector, 47, 336 primate, 141 principles, 66, 71, 73, 75, 86, 87, 90, 99, 143, 154, 158, 232, 233, 236, 238, 239, 240, 248, 252, 259, 260, 261, 268, 269, 290, 295, 346 private costs, 99 private ownership, 44, 83, 286, 287 private sector, vii, 36, 58, 65, 80, 108, 117, 121, 128, 130, 139, 179, 223, 326, 381 privatization, 289 probability, 121, 145, 308 problem solving, 306 procedural knowledge, 200 producers, 198, 228 401 Index production function, 203 professional careers, 268 professional development, 383 professionalism, 83 professionals, 117, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 127, 129, 130, 132, 195, 196, 197, 198, 226, 295 profit, 12, 15, 101, 116, 117, 119, 121, 138, 143, 196, 256, 293, 294, 324, 326, 336, 338, 348, 384 profitability, 43, 59, 109, 117, 130, 142, 216, 256, 326 programming, 89, 226 project, 5, 43, 45, 47, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 105, 107, 108, 130, 151, 152, 154, 155, 156, 158, 160, 187, 231, 232, 238, 239, 240, 241, 243, 246, 252, 255, 256, 258, 259, 286, 293, 295, 298, 325, 328, 340, 342, 348, 354, 355, 356, 378, 382, 384 promoter, 383 property rights, 44, 46, 98, 99, 100, 285, 286, 287, 297, 300 proposition, 239, 241, 364 prosperity, vii, 21, 24, 66, 109, 153, 323 protected areas, 108, 219 protection, 89, 127, 298, 343, 385 prototype(s), 32, 239, 240, 261 psychology, 232, 316, 371, 379 public administration, 80, 82, 264 public goods, 58, 108 public health, 121, 126 public interest, 83 public investment, 83 public opinion, 151, 152, 158, 159, 160 public opinion survey, 151, 152, 159, 160 public resources, 288 public sector, 82, 117, 118, 381, 387 public service, 116, 121, 157 punishment, 123 purchasing power, 9, 220 purification, 160 purity, 55, 105, 292 Q QID, 27, 28, 31, 34, 38, 40 quality control, 50 quality of life, 51, 119, 219, 296, 360 quality of service, 115, 116, 127, 129, 201, 341 quantification, 137 quantitative analysis, vi, 163 quantitative estimation, 203 quantitative research, 381 Queensland, 284, 332 query, 27, 28, 31, 34, 38, 40 questioning, 307 questionnaire, 278, 365 R race, 120, 296 radiography, 253 railroad ties, 328 rainforest, 141 rationality, 140, 291, 360 raw materials, 69, 70 reactions, 147, 148, 157, 160, 199 real estate, 57, 84 real income, 69 reality, 51, 93, 118, 125, 141, 142, 198, 203, 218, 258, 267, 276, 297 reallocation of resources, 152 recall, 199, 307, 309 recalling, 198, 201 reception, 244 recession, 21, 71 recognition, 80, 123, 129, 232, 276, 295, 305, 307, 309, 313, 315, 384 recommendations, iv, 97, 98, 124, 277, 348 reconstruction, 170, 241 recovery, vii, 21, 22, 118, 127, 345 recreation, 106, 244, 362, 373 recreational, 179, 217, 220, 221, 222, 223, 225, 227, 228, 277, 362, 366, 383 recycling, 331, 333, 342, 343, 345 refugees, 127 regeneration, 155, 156, 159 regional planning, vi, 83, 151, 152, 357, 385 region(s), 2, 15, 21, 22, 24, 25, 26, 29, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 43, 45, 47, 48, 49, 51, 53, 54, 55, 57, 58, 59, 60, 65, 66, 67, 69, 70, 71, 72, 74, 77, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 93, 94, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 113, 120, 130, 136, 141, 147, 152, 153, 156, 159, 181, 183, 185, 186, 187, 188, 190, 191, 192, 193, 213, 216, 217, 218, 219,240, 252, 255, 285, 286, 288, 290, 293, 294, 295, 296, 297, 298, 300, 322, 331, 337, 346, 357, 372, 374, 379, 385 regions of the world, 141 regression, 8, 368, 369 regulation(s), v, 43, 45, 49, 51, 52, 60, 84, 97, 109, 122, 123, 130, 143, 155, 289, 325, 342, 385 regulatory framework, 385 regulatory requirements, 60 rehabilitation, 252 reinforcement, vii, 21, 83, 202, 314 rejection, 71, 151, 158 relative size, 209 relatives, 275, 366 402 Index relaxation, 80, 116, 177, 225, 276, 278 relevance, 181, 215, 285, 286, 291, 298 reliability, 200, 308, 364, 365, 368, 369 relief, 106 renewable energy, 321, 322, 331, 335, 348, 355, 357 renewable energy technologies (RETs), 321, 323, 335, 340, 341, 350, 352, 356 rent, 48, 50, 51, 73, 86, 177, 257 replication, 239 repositioning, 269, 370 reproduction, 308 reputation, 130, 188, 220, 276 requirement(s), 49, 50, 52, 53, 109, 147, 152, 206, 218, 240, 268, 308, 313 RES, 323, 331, 333, 341, 342, 355, 356, 358 research institutions, 385 researchers, 137, 142, 196, 235, 239, 354, 360 resistance, 311, 318 resolution, 16, 142 resource management, 288 resources, 46, 47, 49, 53, 57, 59, 60, 61, 69, 83, 84, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 103, 104, 105, 107, 108, 109, 110, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 124, 138, 198, 200, 218, 220, 227, 240, 243, 259, 277, 285, 286, 287, 288, 289, 290, 291, 295, 296, 297, 298, 358, 359, 360, 362 resources preservation, 290 response, 136, 141, 142, 155, 199, 312, 322, 327, 365 restaurants, 45, 138, 244, 295, 324, 325, 362, 370 restoration, 50, 216, 346, 383 restrictions, 5, 23, 84 restructuring, 290, 291, 381 revenue, 3, 4, 5, 53, 117, 215, 216, 217, 219, 256, 264, 336, 382 rewards, 141, 244, 253 rights, iv, 44, 46, 98, 99, 102, 286, 287, 288, 300 RMSEA, 368, 369 ROI, 213 Romania, 26, 27, 28 Roses, 125 Royal Society, 300 rules, 50, 51, 52, 60, 99, 121, 154, 168, 236, 266, 286, 287, 288, 289 rural areas, 89, 188, 220, 290, 295 rural destinations, 290, 291 rural tourism, 77, 258, 285, 290, 291, 293, 294, 298, 299, 300 rural tourism destination, 285 Russia, 44 S safety, 48, 50, 128, 158, 161, 199, 336, 362 satisfaction, 3, 19, 58, 107, 108, 124, 129, 137, 138, 157, 158, 159, 161, 188, 234, 274, 275, 276, 278, 279, 280, 284, 303, 304, 305, 306, 307, 308, 310, 311, 312, 313, 314, 315, 316, 317, 318, 319, 327, 355, 361, 378 saturation, 14, 152 savings, 323, 326, 328, 334, 340, 342, 354 scaling, 181, 182, 183, 186, 187, 188, 373 scarce resources, 370 scarcity, 359 school, 232, 234, 382 schooling, 365 science, 136, 140, 146, 157, 161, 162, 231, 233, 236, 381, 385 scientific knowledge, 292 scientific method, vii, 157 scientific papers, 378 scope, 7, 158, 167, 307, 371 sea level, 106, 107, 322, 331 seasonality, 49, 67, 72, 82, 85, 87, 89, 100, 102, 153, 183, 185, 186, 220 second order factor analysis, 359, 362, 363, 364, 368, 369 Second World, 179 secondary sector, 22 security, 128, 154, 159, 160, 234, 242, 275, 292 segregation, 360 self-interest, 289 self-sufficiency, 101 seller, 142, 148 seminars, 73, 209, 377, 384 semi-structured interviews, 303, 315 sensitivity, 122, 123, 128, 156, 368 sensitization, 201 Serbia, 91 service provider, 277 service quality, 275, 283, 284, 379 services, iv, vii, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9, 11, 18, 23, 36, 45, 48, 50, 56, 58, 66, 68, 69, 70, 71, 73, 87, 89, 99, 103, 104, 105, 107, 108, 109, 117, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 125, 130, 131, 135, 136, 138, 141, 142, 146, 149, 153, 159, 168, 179, 195, 197, 198, 201, 209, 212, 218, 220, 226, 243, 259, 262, 263, 264, 265, 266, 267, 287, 289, 291, 295, 322, 336, 360, 362, 369, 381, 384 settlements, 290, 346 sex, 74, 221 showing, vii, 6, 221, 255, 298, 311 signals, 141 signs, 141, 259 Index simple, 18, 89, 125, 129, 136, 158, 186, 196, 199, 200, 231, 232, 248, 252, 266, 267, 268, 269, 287, 327, 348 simplicity, 239, 240, 253, 256, 267, 268 simulation, 357 Singapore, 116 skimming, 121 sky commons, vi, 285 sky observation, 285, 296 Slovakia, 26, 27, 28, 80, 94, 378 small business, 53, 72, 387 smuggling, 154 sociability, vi, 273, 274, 275, 277, 278, 279, 280, 281, 282, 283, 284 social activities, 274, 282, 354 social benefits, 326 social capital, 68 social class, 120, 141 social consequences, 152 social construct, 236 social context, 311 social costs, 99, 159 social development, 22, 65 social environment, 163, 273, 278 social events, 279 social fabric, 170 social group, 141 social identity, 298 social impact, vii, 21, 22, 41, 77, 121, 151, 160 social impact of mega-events, 151 social influence, 23 social interaction, 164, 273, 274, 276, 277, 278, 279, 282 social life, 164 social network, 197, 379 social phenomena, 293 social problems, 66 social responsibility, 235, 387 social sciences, 371, 385, 386 social situations, 277 social welfare, 177 socialization, 274, 283 society, 67, 98, 108, 118, 155, 156, 159, 160, 163, 164, 170, 179, 197, 198, 227, 229, 232, 235, 236, 253, 255, 257, 268, 286, 291, 294 socioeconomic status, 276 sociology, 232, 234, 240 Socrates, 127 software, 185, 187, 199, 246, 268 solar collectors, 331, 342 solution, vii, 16, 17, 46, 60, 86, 99, 102, 103, 104, 110, 186, 200, 201, 238, 239, 289 South Africa, 299, 329, 358, 374 403 South America, 118, 372 South Asia, 118 South Korea, 153 Spain, 6, 26, 27, 28, 32, 36, 55, 78, 80, 92, 166, 185, 186, 187, 243, 292, 299, 372, 378, 385 span of control, 253 spatial mobility, 163, 164 specialisation, 70 specialists, 258 specialization, 69, 83, 102, 104, 131, 291, 381, 385 species, 59, 106, 108, 120 specifications, 50, 345 spending, 169, 202, 220 spirituality, 235, 291 sport tourism events, 215, 216, 228, 383 sporting-events, 159 sports, 23, 70, 73, 88, 89, 101, 151, 152, 153, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 242, 325, 362, 366, 368, 385 sports events, 101, 153, 215, 216, 218, 222, 223, 224, 225, 227, 228 sports tourism, 88, 153, 215, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 227, 228, 229 Spring, 213, 374 stability, 17, 22, 248 staff members, 277 staffing, 314 stakeholder groups, 157, 160 stakeholders, 80, 82, 85, 86, 90, 91, 104, 250, 264, 285, 292, 294, 295, 297, 298, 370 standard of living, 166, 323 standardization, 269 stars, 81, 296 state intervention, 179 state planning, 83 state property, 288 state(s), 3, 36, 52, 69, 83, 84, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 108, 118, 124, 136, 143, 164, 177, 179, 203, 211, 217, 239, 265, 286, 288, 290, 293, 355, 360, 371, 373 statistical processing, 158 statistics, 125, 132, 158, 163, 170, 177, 234, 365, 377, 385 statutes, 118 stimulus, 130, 141, 142, 144, 145, 147, 279 storytelling, 147 strategic planning, 74, 139, 151, 152, 153, 155, 156, 159, 160 stress, 142, 196, 313 structural characteristics, 7, 70 structure, 22, 23, 79, 87, 89, 116, 164, 170, 197, 199, 201, 206, 217, 232, 236, 244, 247, 248, 252, 253, 257, 258, 259, 260, 268, 305, 325, 362, 364, 372 404 Index structuring, 129, 200, 220 style(s), 72, 225, 303, 304, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310, 311, 313, 314, 315, 316, 378 subjective experience, 141 subjectivity, 303 suboptimal utilization of resources, 60 success factors, 215, 217, 242 suicide, 118 summer tourism, 106 Sun, 66, 71, 72, 85, 218 supervision, 52, 53, 122, 130, 233 supervisor(s), 305, 378 supplier(s), 6, 56,122, 183, 255, 262, 264 supply chain, 68, 213 support services, 73, 313 surface area, 343 surplus, 102 surveillance, 52, 54, 127 survival, 120, 147 sustainability, vii, 3, 21, 23, 24, 40, 61, 63, 73, 75, 76, 79, 81, 86, 87, 88, 101, 111, 112, 161, 195, 202, 239, 240, 242, 248, 250, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260, 261, 268, 270, 291, 295, 298, 326, 327, 329, 330, 354, 355, 356, 358, 360, 370, 372, 373, 386 sustainable, vi, 18, 23, 24, 40, 41, 43, 57, 59, 61, 62, 66, 68, 71, 73, 74, 76, 77, 78, 82, 85, 86, 88, 90, 92, 94, 95, 101, 102, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 215, 228, 231, 232, 239, 240, 248, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260, 267, 268, 269, 291, 294, 295, 298, 299, 300, 321, 322, 323, 324, 327, 328, 329, 335, 341, 343, 345, 348, 354, 355, 356, 357, 358, 362, 371, 372, 373, 374, 378, 380, 381, 382, 384, 385, 387 sustainable development, 43, 68, 86, 88, 240, 322, 324, 371, 382 sustainable growth, 215 sustainable tourism, 18, 40, 57, 61, 62, 66, 71, 73, 74, 77, 78, 82, 85, 86, 88, 90, 92, 95, 101, 107, 109, 110, 112, 256, 258, 294, 300, 321, 335, 343, 345, 354, 355, 357, 358, 372, 373, 374, 378, 385 Sweden, 27, 28, 166, 174, 185, 187 Switzerland, 28, 31, 34, 166, 331 T tactics, 259 target, 90, 142, 143, 196, 197, 199, 200, 243, 273, 274, 278, 282 target group, 90, 142, 143, 196 target population, 278 tax evasion, 52, 53 tax incentive, 355 taxes, 50, 52 Taylorism, 233 teaching experience, 377 team sports, 158 teams, 141, 235, 255, 354, 383, 384 technical support, 348 techniques, 90, 91, 117, 130, 135, 136, 137, 138, 140, 142, 147, 148, 157, 203, 205, 209, 257, 283, 373, 386 technological advancement, 325 technologies, 122, 147, 148, 327, 340, 341, 343, 345, 348, 355 technology, 117, 118, 120, 121, 145, 148, 196, 198, 201, 211, 341 telecommunications, 46, 99 temperature, 322, 338 tension, 129 territorial, 48, 100, 101 territory, 7, 47, 100, 102, 106, 108, 176, 295 terrorism, 129 tertiary sector, 68 testing, 237, 239, 245, 279 Thailand, 115, 116 the perceived image of Cape Verde, vi, 359 the tour operator, 4, 5, 12, 14, 104 theatre, 282 theoretical approach, 71, 152 therapeutic process, 127 therapy, 120 third dimension, 155 threats, 322, 324 time series, 183 total energy, 322, 325, 338, 340 tour operator, 1, 4, 5, 10, 12, 14, 15, 18, 85, 86, 93, 101, 104, 291 tourism behavior, 359 tourism competitiveness, vii, 2, 19, 21, 36, 80, 96, 117, 133, 336 tourism demand, 1, 3, 6, 7, 8, 10, 18, 45, 51, 58, 67, 71, 86, 90, 95, 188, 291 tourism destination, 2, 22, 24, 40, 43, 44, 45, 47, 48, 49, 60, 61, 62, 80, 83, 84, 85, 88, 90, 91, 92, 94, 97, 98, 99, 100, 102, 103, 104, 105, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 216, 286, 295, 298, 299, 300, 361, 364, 369, 370, 371, 372, 373, 374, 378, 386 tourism destination image, 361, 364, 369 tourism development, v, 23, 36, 41, 45, 63, 66, 67, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 77, 79, 80, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 93, 94, 95, 107, 112, 135, 159, 240, 290, 357, 360, 373, 378, 382 tourism market, 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 17, 74, 101, 130, 131, 137, 138, 139, 143, 147, 148, 196, 220, 336 tourism marketing, vi, 137, 138, 139, 143, 146, 147, 148, 161, 196, 211, 275, 284, 372, 381, 384 405 Index tourism model, 2, 66, 67, 70, 72, 73, 74, 75, 79, 87, 89, 98 tourism models of development, 79 tourism planning, 79, 80, 83, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 152, 155, 160, 373, 382, 386 tourism policy, 24, 41, 45, 65, 74, 79, 80, 85, 86, 90, 92, 94, 95, 138, 163, 164, 378 tourism product, vii, 3, 4, 5, 9, 10, 22, 23, 36, 37, 48, 49, 57, 58, 59, 60, 66, 70, 71, 74, 75, 79, 80, 81, 82, 85, 87, 90, 91, 92, 97, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 107, 109, 136, 146, 147, 149, 170, 188, 222, 286, 292, 295, 297, 373, 374 tourism sector, vi, vii, 3, 18, 22, 23, 24, 26, 29, 34, 35, 36, 37, 43, 45, 51, 52, 67, 82, 91, 96, 135, 142, 163, 164, 177, 182, 215, 231, 269, 286, 323, 336, 354, 359 tourism services, 3, 7, 9, 23, 36, 66, 131, 295, 362 tourism supply, 1, 49, 100, 139, 213 tourists satisfaction, trade, 65, 69, 70, 121, 130, 131, 138, 153, 201, 216, 222, 323 traditional practices, 290 traditions, 105, 158, 217, 219, 225, 361 tragedy of the anti-commons, 44, 46, 54 tragedy of the commons, 286, 297 training, 129, 158, 222, 233, 242, 243, 252, 258, 277, 313, 314, 315, 316, 345, 348, 377, 381, 382, 385 training programs, 385 traits, 141, 142, 303, 305, 306, 308, 309, 314, 315, 316, 317 transaction costs, 44, 99 transactions, 167 transcripts, 308 transformation(s), 2, 50, 91, 164, 177, 203, 218, 274, 293 transmission, 155, 308 transparency, 124 transplantation, 118 transport, 68, 73, 103, 121, 170, 171, 172, 176, 179, 314, 360, 368, 370 transport costs, 360 transportation, 68, 69, 155, 171, 176, 179 travel agency, 4, 74 travelers, 48, 100, 136, 139, 273, 274, 276, 277, 278, 279, 280, 281, 282, 283, 284, 291, 292 Treasury, 53 treatment, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 124, 125, 127, 128, 130, 137, 342 Treaty of Amsterdam, 67 Treaty of Rome, 22 trip, 4, 86, 118, 119, 122, 125, 136, 139, 244, 278, 367 Turkey, 83, 91, 93, 130, 166 turnout, 153 turnover, 117, 122, 127, 267, 304, 307, 314, 372 U Ukraine, 48 underutilization, 46, 97, 98, 99, 110 unemployment rate, 165 UNESCO, 56, 105, 106, 108, 291, 299, 384 UNFCCC, 322 United Kingdom, 8, 26, 27, 28, 29, 34, 36, 186, 187, 280, 366, 379 United Nations, 23, 41, 45, 106, 164, 354, 358 United States (USA), 41, 62, 85, 111, 141, 161, 166, 174, 176, 185, 186, 187, 280, 322, 355, 378, 379, 384 universality, 117 universe, 148 universities, 130, 264, 294 updating, 200, 313 urban, 24, 36, 47, 84, 155, 156, 159, 161, 177, 179, 385 urban areas, 36 urbanization, 71, 84, 290 users-oriented, 232 V validation, 362 variable costs, 5, 10 variables, 1, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 17, 24, 66, 68, 71, 72, 137, 158, 215, 283, 361, 362, 364, 366, 368, 371, 372 varieties, 102 vegetables, 257, 343 vegetation, 244 vehicles, 333 ventilation, 325, 328, 331, 340 venue, 161 veto, 44, 46, 99 videos, 147 viscera, 144 vision, vii, 139, 141, 143, 232, 234, 260, 287, 292 visions, 18, 235, 287 visual stimulus, 147 vocational training, 90 volatility, 183 voluntarism, 235 Volunteers, 295 vote, 249, 259 vulnerability, 68 406 Index W Wales, 30, 32, 38 walking, 220, 292 wants and needs, 314 war, 91, 164, 180 Washington, 270, 300, 356, 358 waste, 264, 292, 324, 325, 327, 329, 333, 343, 345 waste management, 324, 327, 343 wastewater, 342 water, 56, 59, 101, 106, 108, 171, 220, 291, 322, 324, 325, 326, 327, 329, 331, 332, 333, 334, 335, 338, 340, 341, 342, 343, 345, 346, 347, 348, 354, 355, 356, 371 water evaporation, 345 water heater, 355 water resources, 325 water shortages, 338 wealth, 24, 44, 53, 54, 216, 227, 286, 290, 297 web, 49, 115, 158, 348 websites, 122 welfare, 43, 60, 102, 103, 104, 116, 118, 120, 131, 179, 297, 298, 314, 359 welfare state, 179 well-being, 101, 118, 119, 243, 278, 304, 309, 318 wellness, 119, 120, 129, 216, 240, 241, 242, 243, 244 West Africa, 360 Western Europe, 164, 166, 179, 293, 300 White House, 322, 358 winter tourism, 73, 87, 106 withdrawal, word-of-mouth, 135, 147, 275, 277, 282 work environment, 319 workers, 9, 48, 232, 233, 234, 235, 239, 243, 244, 245, 246, 247, 248, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255, 257, 267, 268, 304, 315 workforce, 324, 336 working class, 83 working conditions, 2, 234, 253 working groups, 294, 377 workplace, 235, 317 world, vii, 2, 18, 19, 22, 23, 36, 41, 44, 45, 55, 56, 69, 70, 75, 76, 78, 80, 81, 85, 87, 89, 90, 96, 98, 105, 106, 108, 109, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 122, 127, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 138, 139, 141, 144, 152, 153, 158, 160, 161, 164, 170, 176, 179, 182,188, 197, 199, 212, 216, 217, 218, 223, 224, 235, 241, 247, 256, 259, 267, 268, 278, 290, 292, 293, 295, 300, 321, 323, 324, 327, 335, 336, 342, 346, 348, 354, 358, 371, 372, 373, 378, 384, 385, 387 World Health Organization (WHO), 117, 118, 126, 132, 133 World Trade Organization (WTO), 66, 71, 78, 121, 133, 216, 324, 358 World Wide Web (WWW), 116, 122, 132, 300 worldview, 236 worldwide, 2, 128, 129, 132, 136, 140, 324, 354 Y yield, 66, 71, 202, 211, 213, 259 young people, 278 young traveler, 273, 276, 279, 280, 282 ... Kitrinou, Kostas Rontos and Mihail Diakomihalis Tourism Development Models in Greece: Trends and Challenges in an Effort to Change the Paradigm Paris Tsartas, Efthymia Sarantakou and Alexios-Patapios... sector in Portugal and showed that this favorable trend was being verified in this sector in general and in particular that Portugal was revealing a comparative advantage in the sector of Travel...HOSPITALITY, TOURISM AND MARKETING STUDIES MODELING AND NEW TRENDS IN TOURISM A CONTRIBUTION TO SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT No part of this digital document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval