PMS Pantone CMYK PMS 152mm If one way of defining our global community is a shared consumer culture, then most Cubans are on the outside looking in Inclusions and exclusions in the world of Cuban consumption are rationalized from without in terms of market inefficiencies, and from within in terms of nationalist and socialist discourses This book examines how ordinary people in Cuba carve out their own spaces for ‘appropriate’ acts of consumption, exchange and production within the contradictory normative and material spaces of everyday economic life Using food as a lens, Marisa Wilson uncovers the moral, ecological, political and economic issues that Cubans in a rural town face on a daily basis – particularly disjunctures between the socialistwelfare ideal of food as an entitlement and the market value of food as a commodity The book provides an important perspective on how ‘alternative’ projects to resist or counteract mainstream economies depend on their ability to ‘jump scale’ from local perspectives to wider normative and political economic relations, and back Bridging the fields of geography and anthropology, this is a rare glimpse of everyday life in rural Cuba and of the complex political and economic negotiations ordinary people make in their daily ‘struggle’ to sustain themselves Marisa Wilson is a social anthropologist and Chancellor’s Fellow at the School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh Her present research involves political-moral ecologies of food and diets in Trinidad and Venezuela, in relation to uneven processes of globalization She has published chapters in books including Food and Identity in the Caribbean (ed H Garth) and Ethical Eating in the Postsocialist World (eds M Caldwell, Y Jung and J Klein) and in journals including Food, Culture and Society and the International Journal of Cuban Studies 152mm RGS-IBG BOOK SERIES Royal Geographical Society with IBG Advancing geography and geographical learning EVERYDAY MORAL ECONOMIES ‘Everyday Moral Economies is a fascinating study of food provisioning and the creation of value in contemporary Cuba Skilfully combining a geographical understanding of the politics of scale with an anthropological sensitivity to the vicissitudes of daily life, Marisa Wilson reveals how the contradictions between food-as-commodity (within globalized neoliberal markets) and food-asentitlement (with a socialist planned economy) are resolved in everyday social practice.’ Peter Jackson, Professor of Human Geography, University of Sheffield Wilson ‘Wilson provides a hugely important corrective to our tendency to take for granted the dominant systems of food production, exchange and consumption Her ethnographic account of how ordinary Cubans live and link two coeval economic systems helps us to appreciate the underlying scales and values that all economic systems express An excellent combination of the best of anthropology and human geography.’ Daniel Miller, Professor of Material Culture, University College London 13mm EVERYDAY MORAL ECONOMIES FOOD, POLITICS AND SCALE IN CUBA Marisa Wilson Everyday Moral Economies RGS-IBG Book Series Published Material Politics: Disputes Along the Pipeline Andrew Barry Everyday Moral Economies: Food, Politics and Scale in Cuba Marisa Wilson Working Lives: Gender, Migration and Employment in Britain, 1945–2007 Linda McDowell Fashioning Globalisation: New Zealand Design, Working Women and the Cultural Economy Maureen Molloy & Wendy Larner Spaces of Colonialism: Delhi’s Urban Governmentalities Stephen Legg People/States/Territories Rhys Jones Publics and the City Kurt Iveson After the Three Italies: Wealth, Inequality and Industrial Change Mick Dunford & Lidia Greco Putting Workfare in Place Peter Sunley, Ron Martin & Corinne Nativel Domicile and Diaspora Alison Blunt Dunes: Dynamics, Morphology and Geological History Andrew Warren Geographies and Moralities Edited by Roger Lee & David M Smith Spatial Politics: Essays for Doreen Massey Edited by David Featherstone & Joe Painter Military Geographies Rachel Woodward The Improvised State: Sovereignty, Performance and Agency in Dayton Bosnia Alex Jeffrey A New Deal for Transport? 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Agribusiness, Farmers, and the Precarious Making of Global Connections in West Africa Stefan Ouma Geochemical Sediments and Landscapes Edited by David J Nash & Sue J McLaren Articulations of Capital: Global Production Networks and Regional Transformations John Pickles, Adrian Smith & Robert Begg, with Milan Buček, Rudolf Pástor & Poli Roukova Driving Spaces: A Cultural-Historical Geography of England’s M1 Motorway Peter Merriman Origination: The Geographies of Brands and Branding Andy Pike Badlands of the Republic: Space, Politics and Urban Policy Mustafa Dikeỗ Making Other Worlds: Agency and Interaction in Environmental Change John Wainwright Geomorphology of Upland Peat: Erosion, Form and Landscape Change Martin Evans & Jeff Warburton Metropolitan Preoccupations: The Spatial Politics of Squatting in Berlin Alexander Vasudevan Everyday Moral Economies Food, Politics and Scale in Cuba Marisa Wilson Chancellor’s Fellow at the School of Geosciences University of Edinburgh This edition first published 2014 © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd Registered Office John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK Editorial Offices 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148-5020, USA 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services, and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell The right of Marisa Wilson to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior 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for damages arising herefrom If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Wilson, Marisa L (Marisa Lauren), 1979–   Everyday moral economies: food, politics and scale in Cuba / Marisa Wilson    pages  cm – (RGS-IBG book series)   Includes index   ISBN 978-1-118-30200-2 (hardback) – ISBN 978-1-118-30192-0 (paper) 1.  Food supply – Social aspects – Cuba.  2.  Food supply – Economic aspects – Cuba.  3.  Consumption (Economics) – Cuba.  4.  Exchange – Cuba.  5. Value.  6.  Cuba – Economic conditions – 1990–.  I.  Everyday moral economies   HD9014.C92W55 2014  338.1′97291—dc23 2013018233 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Cover image: ‘The hand is that of a woman farmer in her mid-60s, who requested that the photo be taken as a symbol of “a real worker in Cuba” As she told me, “you can always tell a campesino [farmer] by their hands”.’ © Marisa Wilson Cover design by Workhaus Set in 10/12pt Plantin by SPi Publisher Services, Pondicherry, India Printed in [Country only] 1 2014 For my parents Contents Series Editors’ Preface Preface Acknowledgements List of Acronyms 1 Introduction 2  The Historical Emergence of a National Leviathan 3 Scarcities, Uneven Access and Local Narratives of Consumption 4 Changing Landscapes of Care: Re-distributions and Reciprocities in the World of Tutaño Consumption 5 Localizing the Leviathan: Hierarchies and Exchanges that Connect State, Market and Civil Society 6 The Scalar Politics of Sustainability: Transforming the Small Farming Sector 7 Conclusion Appendices Index ix xi xxiii xxv 33 73 99 121 153 181 199 211 218  index fat, daily nutritional requirements in Cuba 105, 201–2 Feinberg, Richard 33, 34–5, 64–5, 66, 155–6 Fernández, Nadine 135 fertilizers 24, 58, 159–60, 167–8, 169–70, 173, 176 fieldwork overview xix, 16–21, 51, 73, 81–2, 93, 104–5, 129–30, 142–3, 146–7, 194–5 ‘fight’ (lucha) to provision food for families xii, 9–10, 14, 18, 37–42, 49, 55, 57, 66, 84–94, 104–7, 117, 135–6, 139–40, 185–95 figs 170 Fine, Ben 186 Firth, Raymond 132 fish 81, 83–4, 143, 170, 210 floral and ornamental plants syndicate 124–5, 170 Florida 110–11 flour 143 Fonte, Orlando Lugo 165 food xii, xiii, xvii, xviii, 1–13, 17–18, 19–23, 24–5, 33–66, 73–94, 99–117, 153–76, 181–95, 200–10 alternative economic geographies and provisioning systems 24–5, 184–90 circuits of food 4, 114–15, 153–76 commodity distinctions xii, xiii, 6–7, 12–13, 19–21, 22–3, 76–83, 92–3, 144–5, 184–5 complaints xviii, 188 concepts xii, xiii, 6–11, 12–13, 19–22, 33–66, 74–94, 99–117, 153–76 conclusions 24–5, 181–95 daily nutritional requirements in Cuba 78, 81–4, 105, 201–2 desires xviii, 21–2, 45, 50, 60–2, 65, 76–94, 109, 117, 133, 175, 185, 190 ethnographic research 19–21 human rights xii hunger 23, 99–117, 184–5 imports 2, 4, 43–4, 50–1, 79–80, 94, 155–76, 200 institutional levels of national food provisioning in Cuba 124–35, 154–76, 185–95, 203 means tests for benefits 7, 104–11 monthly food rations per person in Cuba 205 moral economies xii, xiii, xvii, 3–25, 33–66, 79–94, 112–17, 121–49, 153–76, 181–95 official definitions xiii ‘politics of negotiation’ 19–21, 92–4 quality of goods 50–1, 79–80, 83, 85, 111–12, 163–71 rations 57–8, 63–4, 78–9, 105–6, 108, 111–17, 127–8, 203–4 small farming sector 22–3, 24, 46–7, 60–4, 78, 124–35, 153–76, 185–8, 193–5 ‘sovereignties’ 153–76, 185–95 statistics 155–7, 201–2, 205, 207–8 weekly household food purchases in Cuba 207–8 Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) 201–2 ‘food for work’ 80–1 ‘food secure’ countries 154–5 forestry 210 formalism, substantivism debate 11–12 Foucaultian thought xvii, 10, 12 Frank, Andre Gunder 58 Fraser, Nancy xv, 9, 11 Free Trade Area of the Americas 33–4 freedom 34–5, 39–47, 125–6, 175–6, 193 Freidberg, Susanne 185 ‘from each according to his capacity, to each according to his needs’ 6, 63, 99–102 ‘from each according to his capacity, to each according to his work’ 99–102, 112, 115–17 fruits 83, 144, 155–6, 170, 210 Fruta Selecta 165–71 Funes-Monzote, Fernando 154–6, 159–60, 162 future abundance xviii, 60–1 future prospects, Cuba xviii, 13–14, 33–66, 112–17, 121–3, 162–3, 189–95 index  garlic 1, 2, 170, 209 gas 106–8, 140 genetically-modified crops 155 geography alternative economic geographies and provisioning systems 24–5, 184–90 anthropology crossovers xiv, xv, xvii, 11–15, 20–1, 36–7, 149, 182, 184–90, 194–5 concepts xiv, xv, xvii, 11–15, 20–1, 22, 33–66, 149, 182–95 ‘ghosts’ xvi, 36–7 Gibson-Graham, J K xv, 75, 191 gifts 93–4, 101–2, 104, 131–2, 144, 147–8, 188 global financial crises 6, 155, 168 Gluckman, Max 87, 123 goats 170, 210 ‘going green’ 175 golf courses 64 Gómez, Dominican Máximo 38–40, 56 good and bad forms of consumption 92–3, 192–3, 195 ‘good intentions are shown through actions and not words’ 148 ‘good life’ 50–4, 111–12, 183–95 ‘grabs’, ‘steals’ contrasts 14, 81–2, 136–7, 139–41 Graeber, David grains 210 Granja Urbana (Urban Farm Group) 167–71, 174–6 Granma 76 Great Debate of 1963–1965 55–6, 60–4, 114, 199 Greece 138 greed 3–4, 5–8, 9–11, 37, 45–6, 93, 138–41, 189–95 greenhouses 173, 210 Gregory, Chris 11, 91, 92, 94 guava 170, 172, 210 Guerra, Lilian 41–3 ‘guerrilla thesis’ 57, 60–1 Guevara, Ernesto ‘Che’ xviii, 37, 41, 46, 48, 52, 54–64, 67, 87, 93, 100, 110–11, 114–16, 132–3, 157–8, 199 219 ‘abundance’ arguments 60–1 Argentinean origins 56 asceticism stories 110–11 beliefs 56–64, 93, 100, 110–11, 114–15, 116, 133, 157–8 the ‘brain of the revolution’ 56, 62 controlled pricing systems 58–64, 114–15 education mobilizations 60–1 failed initiatives 57–8, 157–8 Fidel Castro 55–6, 87 ‘guerrilla thesis’ 57, 60–1 money 59–60, 61–3, 93, 114–15, 133–4 ‘new man’ of socialism 60–6, 134–5 pendulum shifts 63–4 qualities 56–7 technology mission 58, 61–2 Guillén, Nicolas xi Guiteras, Antonio 42 habitual and representational knowledge, ethnographic research 17–21 hard work xviii, xix, 3–5, 6–7, 10, 14, 35–66, 76–94, 99–117, 122, 127–8, 159–76, 184–95 culture definitions xviii, 3–4, 52, 53–4, 86, 112–13, 122, 159, 186–7 the ‘spiritual side of man’ 52, 66, 210 Harvey, David 177 Havana 1, 2–3, 20, 37–9, 40, 47–66, 86, 110, 133–4, 144, 145–7, 165–6, 170, 172 Cuban revolution of 1959–2013 55–6 pre-revolutionary values 47–55 ‘upper-class culture’ of the Havana area 48–55, 133–4 health 60–6, 90, 94, 95 Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Helms–Burton Act 1996, US 200 herbicides 167–8 hereditary rights 134–5 Hernandez-Reguant, Ariana xvii, xviii, 65 220  index heroes 8–9, 37–66, 85–94, 110, 122, 132–3, 158, 168–9, 172 see also Castro, Fidel; Guevara, Ernesto ‘Che’; Martí, José Herskovits, Melville J 184 Herzfeld, Michael 132, 136, 138–9 ‘heterospace’ of diverse internal and external relations 12 ‘hidden transcripts’, private spaces 89–90 hierarchies 52–3, 63, 100–17, 121–49, 175–6, 186–95 ‘high-status household goods’ xviii, 106–7, 208 highest-to-lowest-incomes ratios 3, hoarded foodstuffs 76–7 Hobbes, Thomas xvi Holbraad, Martin xvi, 19, 54 Holgado Fernández, Isabel 87, 90 Holstein cattle 81–2 home furnishings, ‘high-status household goods’ xviii, 106–7, 208 honour 22, 86–94 hospital construction mobilizations 60–4 hotels 165–6, 170 house construction mobilizations 60–4, 80, 85, 168–9 household goods xviii, 59, 106–7, 133–4, 208 housework 126, 147 Hulme, Peter 34, 38 human geography xv, xvi, xvii, 194–5 human rights xii, 34, 108 humility 10, 40–1, 55–66, 169–70 humour 75–6, 88–94, 105, 117, 146–7 Humphrey, Caroline 10, 41, 143, 163–4, 166, 168–9, 172 hunger 23, 99–117, 155–6, 184–5 definitions 108–9 needs 108–17, 184–5 hurricanes 88, 90, 92, 108, 155 ideals of national re-distribution, uneven access 22, 73, 75, 76–84, 103–17, 188–90 identifications xiv, xv, xvi, xvii, 4–5, 7–8, 9–11, 12–13, 23–4, 37, 63, 66, 108–9, 121–49 identities xiii, xiv, xv, xvi, xvii, 16–17, 35–66, 84–94, 191–5 ‘ideology of dissent’ (cubania rebelde) 13, 94, 186 illegal behaviours 2, 7–8, 10–11, 14, 24, 46–7, 54, 64, 78–9, 81–2, 87–8, 123–4, 127–8, 135–42, 170, 173 illegally licit behaviours, needs 2, 7–8, 10–11, 14, 24, 46–7, 54, 64, 78–9, 81–2, 87–8, 123–4, 127–8, 135–42, 170, 173 illusions, ‘positional illusions’ 192–3 immigration, US 8–9, 41–2, 110–11, 190 impartial spectators 193–5 imperialist interests 13, 39–40, 41–7, 56–8, 62–3, 79–80, 85–6, 189 imports xix, 2, 4, 43–4, 47–55, 58–9, 79–80, 94, 155–76, 200 concepts 155–76 statistics 155–6 independistas 37–9, 42–3 India 101, 102, 124, 192 individualism xv, xvii, 3–4, 9–10, 13–14, 34, 36–66, 79–80, 92, 94, 134–5, 138, 175, 189–95 see also selfishness individualistic ‘traitors’ 9–10 indoctrination processes 125–6 industrial model of agricultural production 155–76 inequalities 1–3, 9, 22–4, 25, 37–41, 52–3, 55–66, 73–97, 108–17, 121–49, 153–76, 186–95 concepts 22–4, 73–94, 108–17, 121–49, 186–95 see also uneven access Información xviii, 103, 112, 114–15, 164–5 informers 126–35 insiders 15–17, 40–66, 128–35, 142–9, 176 institutional levels of national food provisioning in Cuba 124–35, 154–76, 185–95, 203 index  intellectuals 39–40, 42–3, 46–7, 56–66 intermediaries 136–7, 166–7, 170 International Monetary Fund (IMF) 35, 59, 66 interviewing overview xix, 5, 17–18, 136–7, 164–5 introduction 1–25 irony 75–6, 88–94, 105, 117, 146–7, 155–6 irrigation systems 167, 171 ‘is’ and ‘ought’, political economies: re-connecting ‘is’ and ‘ought’ 5–8, 36, 148–9, 186–95 Isherwood, Baron 105, 189 Ithaca Hours scheme in New York 165 jefes (leaders/managers) 11, 24, 88, 102, 123, 128, 133, 135–49, 168 concepts 135–49, 168 families 135–6 ‘good’ and ‘bad’ distinctions 136–40 Jenkins, Timothy 16, 17 jineteros/as (street hustlers or prostitutes) 123, 145–9 joint ventures 64, 114 ‘jump scale’ moves 4–5, 8–9, 24–5, 116–17, 184–95 ‘just’ distribution concepts 3–5, 12–13, 47, 100–17, 121–49 definition 4, 103–4, 114 justice xiii, xv, xvi, 7–13, 20–5, 34–66, 75–94, 100–17, 121–3, 140–9, 153–76, 183–95 value pluralism 191–5 see also environmental justice; social justice justification forms 18–19, 73–94, 106–7, 153–76, 184–95 Kapcia, Antoni 13, 41, 44, 55–7, 60–1, 66, 122–3, 185–6, 187–8 Kerkvleit, Benedict 158, 163 ‘kind of inquiry’ aspects of moral economies 181–3 Knight, Franklin 52–3 knowledge 221 Eduardo’s case study in worthiness 168–71, 173 ethnographic research 17–21 value pluralism 194–5 ‘kultura’ notion 134–5 ‘land to those who work it’ 42 land uses urban agricultural programme in Cuba 159–60, 169–76, 209–10 see also agricultural lands; agricultural production Latour, Bruno xvi, 12–13, 182–3 Law No of 1957 116–17 law of value, capitalism 62–3, 77–8, 114–15 laws of supply and demand 76–7 ‘lay normativities’ xvii, 23, 123–4 lay offs 102–3, 139–40 laziness 127–8 leaders see jefes (leaders/managers) Lee, Roger 11–12, 91–2, 149, 184 leisure, culture 53–5, 64–5, 190 lemons 170 Lenin, Vladimir 24, 57, 58, 157–8, 160–3, 175 Leopold, Aldo 175 Leopold, Ellen 186 lettuce 83 ‘level’, definition xiv levels of culture model 132–5 Leviathans xi, xvi, 12–13, 21–2, 36–72, 74, 87–8, 121–49, 175–6, 182–3, 194–5 definition xi, xvi, 12–13, 36, 182 historical emergence 21–2, 36–66 see also networks ‘liability’ model of economic responsibility 23 liberalism xi, 3–8, 13, 15–17, 21–2, 34–66, 77–83, 92–3, 100–4, 112–13, 160–1, 162–3, 175–6, 181–95 hierarchical aspects 34–5, 100–4 moral economies 34–66, 175–6, 181–95 Liberman, E G 60, 67 liberty, concepts 125–35 222  index likes, ‘want’ versus ‘like’ distinctions 92–4 Lineamientos (Guidelines) xviii, 103, 111–12, 114–15 Lipton, Michael 176 lobsters 2, 83, 147 local exchange trading (LET), UK 165 local identifications xiv, xv, xvi, 4–5, 7–8, 9–11, 12–13, 23–4, 37, 63, 66, 108–9, 121–49 local narratives of consumption 22–3, 73, 84–94, 99–117 Long, Norman 14 low-input farmers 153–76 see also small farming sector lower classes 48–55, 57–66 pre-revolutionary values 48–55 Lozi of Northern Rhodesia 87, 101, 102, 104 luchadors (fighters) xii, 9–10, 14, 18, 37–42, 49, 55, 57, 66, 84–94, 104, 105, 107, 117, 135–6, 139–40, 185–95 luxuries 2–3, 12–13, 16, 19–20, 24, 39, 47–55, 59–60, 64–5, 80–1, 85 McClintock, Anne 48 McDonald’s 154, 190 McKinley Tariff Act 1890 43–4 managers see jefes (leaders/managers) Mandel, Ernest 59–60 manual labour, the ‘spiritual side of man’ 52, 61–2, 66 manufacturing 42 manure 172–3 Mao’s Five-Year plans 64 market socialism, concepts 60–4 market values xi, xii, xiii, xvii, 2–8, 10–15, 20–3, 33–66, 73–94, 112–13, 114–15, 122, 156–7, 166–7, 181–95 Markets in Africa (Bohannan and Dalton) 184 Marston et al (2005) 138 Martí, José xviii, 8–9, 23, 37, 39–47, 51–2, 54–7, 61, 63, 73, 79–80, 87, 148, 172 background 23, 39–47, 55–7, 61, 63, 73, 79–80, 87, 148, 172 bust 56 exile 41 Fidel Castro 55–6, 87 ‘good intentions are shown through actions and not words’ 148 ‘one has to make the world a better place’ 172 ‘this wine is sour, but it is our wine’ 23, 73, 79–80 Martínez–Alier, Juan 63 Marxist-Leninist beliefs 24, 57–8, 125, 154, 157–63, 175 Marxist views xviii, 24, 49, 55, 56–8, 60–1, 67, 92–3, 109–10, 111, 125–6, 154, 157–63, 175 Massey, Doreen xv, 20–1, 35 material incentives xviii, 63–4, 113–14, 124–35 material progress, Marxist views xviii, 92–3, 109 materialism 110–11, 184–95 Mayari 86, 109 means tests for benefits 7, 104–11 meat 81–2, 83–4, 88, 94, 95, 140, 145, 193–4 medicinal plants and dried herbs, urban agricultural programme in Cuba 169–70, 209–10 medicine imports 94, 200 medicines xi, 90, 94, 169–70, 200, 209–10 memories, pre-revolutionary values 51, 53–4, 79–80 mercenaries 37–41, 47, 93–4, 163–76 merit 100, 102–17, 125–35 see also reciprocities meritocracy ideals, capitalist/socialist contrasts 103–4, 112–13 Miami 3, 4, 41–2, 147, 190 middle classes 48–55, 57, 133–4 ‘militant anti-representationist analysis’ xvi, 194 militant particularism 175, 184, 193 militants, definition 135–6 militaristic propaganda 162–3, 168 index  militarization/defense commitments 60–1 milk 81–2, 155–6, 205, 207 Miller, Daniel 11–12 minerals 127 Ministry of Agriculture 203, 209 Ministry of Alimentary Industries 203 Ministry of Exterior Commerce 203 Ministry of Interior Commerce 203 Ministry of the Recovery of Misappropriated Goods 133–4 mint 169–70 Mintz, Sidney 90–1 missile crisis of 1962 44, 199 mixed crops syndicate 124–5 modernity 8, 41–2, 162–3 money 59–66, 93, 114–17, 132, 133–4, 156–7, 171–2, 199–200 Montejo, Esteban 46, 49–50 monthly food rations per person in Cuba 205 moral continuities 63–4, 111–17 moral ‘conversion’ concepts, commodities 93 moral economies xii, xiii, xvii, 3–25, 33–66, 79–94, 112–17, 121–49, 153–76, 181–95 ‘moral hierarchy’ 186 morality xvii, 3–4, 7–8, 12, 13, 14, 20, 21–3, 33–66, 86–94, 102–17, 121–3, 169–71, 187–95 definition xvii, 60–1 mosquitoes 207 mozzarella Municipal Enterprise of Commerce and Gastronomy 203 ‘mutuality’ concepts 93, 189–95 Myrdal, Gunnar 5, 35, 65 nation state xvii, xviii, 4–6, 8, 9–10, 13, 14, 16, 21–2, 23–4, 33–66, 100–17, 121–49 National Association of Small Farmers (ANAP) 126–7, 134–5, 161–3, 165–71 National (Central) Bank of Cuba 59, 67, 106, 114, 199 223 national collective xvi, xviii, 3–5, 6–7, 12–15, 22–3, 25, 35–66, 73–94, 99–117, 121–49, 158–76, 184–95 see also socialism National Food Programme of 1987–1994 57 national food security 57–64, 163–76 national food sovereignty 57–8, 153–76, 185–95 National Institute of Agrarian Reform 57–9, 160 national planned economies 58–64, 181–95 nationalism xi, xvi, xviii, 10, 12–15, 16–17, 25, 35–66, 85–94, 158, 168, 172–6, 185–95 nationalization of businesses 63, 133–4, 199–200 ‘natural economy’ 76–8, 92–4 Navigation Acts from 1870 48 Neale, Walter 101 Nechaev, Sergei 132 needs 6, 7–8, 10–11, 14, 24, 54, 63–4, 78–9, 81–4, 87–8, 99–102, 105, 108–10, 111–17, 127–8, 135–42, 145, 170, 184–95, 201–2 collective needs 81–4, 111–17, 185–95 definitions 108–9, 111–14, 184–5 ‘from each according to his capacity, to each according to his needs’ 6, 63, 99–102 hunger 108–17, 184–5 illegally licit behaviours 7–8, 10–11, 14, 24, 54, 64, 78–9, 81–2, 87–8, 127–8, 135–42, 145, 170 Marxist views 109–10, 111 see also desires; dietary needs; likes, ‘want’ versus ‘like’ distinctions neoliberalism xi, 3–8, 13, 15–17, 21–2, 34–66, 77–83, 92–3, 100–4, 112–13, 160–1, 162–3, 175–6, 181–95 justice 191–2 moral economies 34–66, 175–6, 181–95 prices 77–8, 185 Russia 100 224  index Nepal 22 networks xvi, 2–5, 8–9, 21, 23–4, 73–94, 112–17, 121–49, 165–76, 183–95 see also Leviathans new economic plans 6–7, 114–15 ‘new man’ of socialism xviii, xix, 6, 60–6, 85–7, 134–5 Nike 190 non-market values, market values 11–15, 189–95 non-state workers 124–35 normative conclusions xiv, xvii, 3–4, 6, 12–13, 21–2, 23, 24–5, 33–66, 74–94, 99–117, 139–49, 182–95 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) 33–4 Northern Rhodesia 87, 101, 102, 104 note-taking practices 18 nourishment 23, 78, 81–4, 100–17, 201–2, 203 NTV 88 ‘nutritive relationships’ 79 Obama, Barack ‘object of study’ aspects of moral economies 181–3 ‘of the humble, for the humble and by the humble’ revolution 37–41, 55 offensive behaviours 17–18 officials 10–11, 23, 82, 87–8, 100–17, 123–49, 168, 173–6, 187–95 oikos 76–83, 100–2, 116–17 oil production 104, 210 okra 14 olive oil xiii, ‘one has to make the world a better place’ 172 onions 1, 207, 209 opaque bags, illegal goods 140 ‘openness from the street, obscurity from the house’ 89–90 ‘operational ownership’ 159–60 opportunities, concepts 112–17 ‘ordinary economic geographies’ concepts 11–15, 36–7, 92, 123, 149, 153, 188–95 ‘ordinary economies’ concepts 11–15, 36–7, 92, 123, 149, 153, 188–95 ordinary people 141–9, 187–95 oregano 170 organic foods/materials xiii, 159–60, 209 Organization of American States 199 Oriente, revolutionary initiatives 38 ‘original sin’ aspects of capitalism 61 Ortiz, Fernando 40–1, 45–7 ‘ought’, political economies: re-connecting ‘is’ and ‘ought’ 5–8, 36, 148–9, 186–95 outsiders 15–17, 40–66, 78–94, 127–35, 142–9, 170–1, 176 overproductive farming techniques 167–8, 193–4 overview of chapters xix, 20–5, 185–6 ownership distinctions, agricultural lands 159–63 paladares 2–3, 83–4, 123 see also restaurants Palma, Tomás Estrada 45 Panama Canal 33 ‘parasites’ 99–100, 104, 112–13, 189–90 ‘parents’ of the author xix, xxiii, 1–2, 16–17, 93, 130–1, 139–44, 148–9 participative management 173–6 particulares (‘on one’s own account’) workers 16, 23–4, 123–6, 136, 142–9, 163–4, 166, 174 concepts 123, 142–9, 164 see also entrepreneurs Patel, Raj 154 patria 37–8 patriotism 35–66 peasants 57–66, 76–84, 104, 139, 176 pendulum shifts, Ernesto ‘Che’ Guevara 63–4 Pérez, Louis, Jr 38, 49–50 perfect markets performativity 6–7, 12–13, 15–17, 182–3 perks 136, 163–4 ‘personal evaluation’, re-distributions 103–4 index  Pertierra, Anna Cristina xviii, 10, 78, 84–5, 105, 147–8, 190 Peru 14 pesos, political economic events of the Cuban revolution (1959–2013) 59–66, 104–5, 199–200 pesticides 167–8 petitions for land, small farming sector 158–9, 162–4 pig lard 104, 208, 210 ‘pig shit’ US face cream story 50–1 pigs 104, 170, 173, 208, 210 pizza restaurants 1–3, 20, 75, 85, 123 planned economies 58–64, 181–95 plant protection 210 plantains 76–7, 139, 170, 207 Platt Amendment 38, 44, 66 pluralism, value pluralism 191–5 Politburo 125–6, 138 political economies 5–8, 12–13, 16–17, 21, 34–66, 148–9, 176, 181–95, 199–200 politics xi, xii, xvii, 3–8, 12–13, 16–21, 24–5, 39–66, 84–94, 99–117, 121–49, 153–76, 181–95, 199–200 alternatives 24–5, 154–5, 175–6, 181–95 conclusions 24–5, 181–95 definition xi see also values ‘politics of negotiation’, ethnographic research 19–21, 92–4 ‘popular nationalists’ 41–2 pork meat/fat, weekly household food purchases in Cuba 207 porridge 101 ‘positional illusions’ 192–3 positioning small farmers 157–63 positioning the ethnographer 17–21 positive perspectives 6, 194–5 potatoes, monthly food rations per person in Cuba 205 poverty levels 54–5, 64 power cuts 106, 107 ‘power geometries’ 19–21, 22, 24, 48–9, 73–94, 101–2, 133–5, 138–9, 146, 157, 184–95 225 pre-revolutionary values 47–55, 62–3, 79–80 pressure cookers 106 price–profit matrices 3–4 prices xi, xii, 1–5, 13–14, 19–21, 22–3, 34–66, 73–94, 104–11, 114–17, 136–9, 143–4, 156–7, 185–95 ‘abusive’ prices 77, 82, 104–11, 114–15, 136–9, 143–4 controlled pricing systems 58–64, 76–8, 115–17 neoliberalism 77–8, 185 pre-revolutionary values 47–55, 62–3 private enterprises 63, 127–35, 199–200 private spaces 89–90, 129–35, 144–5, 192–5 familiares (extended ‘kin’) 144–5 ‘hidden transcripts’ 89–90 traversing public and private in everyday life 129–35 privatized spaces 4–5, 23–4, 154–76 ‘pro-imperialist nationalists’ 39–40, 41–7, 48–55, 56–8, 62–3, 79–80, 85–6, 189 production xviii, xix, 4–5, 20–1, 22, 23–4, 35–6, 42, 57, 61–6, 79, 105–6, 116, 121, 124–49, 153–80, 185–95, 203 concepts 23–4, 153–76, 185–95 consumerism xviii, xix, 105 institutional levels of national food provisioning in Cuba 124–35, 154–76, 185–95, 203 overview of chapters xix, 20–5 small farming sector 22–3, 24, 46–7, 60–4, 78, 124–35, 153–76, 185–8, 193–5 see also agricultural production ‘professional class’ material incentives xviii, 63, 113–14, 124–35 profits (surplus values) xii, xiii, 3–4, 12–13, 43, 58–9, 62–3, 103–4, 114–15, 127–8, 134–5, 136–42, 146–9, 160–1, 166–71, 172–6 property 24, 125–7, 133–5, 145, 153–76 226  index prostitutes 123, 145–9 proteins, daily nutritional requirements in Cuba 105, 201–2 Provincial Commercial Enterprise 203 provisioning xi, xii, 3–5, 8–10, 20–1, 85–94, 140–9, 154, 181–95 alternative economic geographies and provisioning systems 24–5, 184–90 concepts 20–1, 85–94, 154, 184–90 definition 186 see also consumption; production public goods, concepts 65–6, 112–17, 184–95 public spaces 93, 129–35, 147–8, 188, 192–3 gifts 93, 147–8, 188 traversing public and private in everyday life 129–35 public transport 129–30 Puerto Rica 48, 53 pumpkins 141, 170, 207, 209 ‘purist positions’ 189 qualitative/quantitative data collection, small farming sector 162–3 quality of goods 50–1, 79–80, 83, 85, 111–12, 163–71 rabbits 170, 210 racial segregation policies in the US 145–6 radical comparisons xiv ‘radical contemporaneity’ 20–1 Ramón, Remon 164, 172 Rankin, Katherine Neilson 22 rations 7, 57–8, 63–4, 78–9, 105–7, 108, 111–17, 127–8, 203–4 Rawl, John 191 Reagan, Ronald 33 reciprocities 6–7, 22–3, 26, 44–5, 47–55, 75, 76–94, 99–117, 123, 126–35, 184–95 concepts 22–3, 99–117, 184–5 definition 99–100, 117 re-distributions 22–3, 99–117, 185–95 social contracts 111–17, 126–35 see also merit; socialism; work re-connecting ‘is’ and ‘ought’, political economies 5–8, 36, 148–9, 186–95 ‘Rectification’ campaign of 1986 64, 86, 200 re-distributions 6–7, 22–6, 51, 54, 73, 75, 76–84, 92, 99–117, 123, 133–5, 141–2, 161–3, 164–71, 185–95 concepts 22, 24, 25, 73, 75, 76–84, 99–117, 133–5, 141, 161–3 culture 101–17 definition 99–102 ideals of national re-distribution 22, 73, 75, 76–84, 103–17, 188–90 power 101–2 reciprocities 22–3, 99–117, 185–95 refrigerators 106 religions 101 ‘re-peasantization’ of the 1990s and 2000s 57 representational knowledge, ethnographic research 17, 18–21 ‘resist’ abilities 39, 64, 79, 82, 85, 86–94, 107–8, 113, 122, 127–8, 138, 159–76, 184, 185, 187 responsibilities 6–11, 20–1, 23, 34–5, 41–66, 99–117, 126–35, 159–76, 185–95 restaurants 1–2, 20, 83–4, 203 ‘retail therapy’ 36 Revolutionary Armed Forces (FAR) 168 revolutionary initiatives, Oriente 38 ‘revolutionary nationalists’ 41–2, 45–6 ‘Revolutionary Offensive’ campaign of 1968 199 revolutions 5–8, 37–47, 50–1, 55–66, 80–2, 85–94, 99–100, 104, 105, 108–11, 112–17, 121–3, 127, 132–49, 158, 185–95, 199–200 definitions 121–3, 127, 132–3 political economic events of the Cuban revolution (1959–2013) 5–8, 55–66, 81–2, 105, 108–9, 121–3, 132–49, 199–200 index  rice 1, 6, 82, 104–5, 107, 155–6, 205, 208, 209 Richards, Audrey 78–9, 101 Richardson, Paul 14 rituals 91 Rodríguez, Carlos Rafael 60 Roitman, Janet 7–8 Rojo, Ricardo 110 Roland, L Kaifa 87, 135, 145–6 Roman, Peter 125–6 Romania 103–4 rosemary 170 Rostow, Walt Whitman 58 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 115–16, 125 Rules of the Cuban Communist Party (1999) 110, 125–6, 135–6 rules to legitimate legally dubious activities 7, 10–11 rum 17–18, 80, 128, 133–4, 141–2, 148 Rural Guard 49 rural–urban divide 37–40, 47–55, 57–66, 116–17, 158–63 see also agrarianism Russia 100, 138, 166 see also USSR saffron 169 Sahlins, Marshall 194 salads xiii salaries 2–3, 6–7, 8–9, 14, 54, 62, 102–4, 107, 125, 133–5, 140, 160–1, 163–4 Salazar, Luis Suárez 85, 161, 171–2, 173–4 San Juan, Puerto Rico 48, 53 San Martin, Grau 42, 66 Sanguily, Manuel 44–5 Sayer, Andrew 5–6, 15, 19, 23, 35, 80–1, 123, 181, 183, 188 scalar hierarchies, work 124–35 scalar project of Cuban nationhood xii, xiii, xiv, xvi, 22, 23, 37–66, 73–94, 100–17, 122–3, 127, 153–76, 183–95 scale xiii, xiv, xv, 5–6, 8–11, 12–15, 24–5, 181–95 conclusions 24–5, 181–95 definition xiv, xv 227 ‘double-edged nature of scale’ xiii, xvi responsibilities 8–11 scarcities 1–2, 7–8, 10–11, 17–18, 22–3, 50, 54–5, 57–66, 73–97, 99–117, 122–49, 185, 200 concepts 22–3, 73–94, 99–117 ‘Special Period in Time of Peace’ of 1991 64, 75, 85, 87, 92, 104–11, 122–3, 130, 136, 139, 200 Scheele, Raymond L 53–4 school construction mobilizations 60–4, 109, 121–2 see also education science, technology and development 58, 61–2, 64, 167–8, 169–71, 172–6, 210 scientific Marxism 162–3, 175 Scott, James 90 seafoods 81, 83–4, 143 Second Agrarian Reform Law 160 seed production 82–3, 169–71, 172–3, 174–6, 193–4, 209 segregation policies tourists 145–7, 188 US 145–6 Selden, Mark 158, 163 self-interest dealings 5–6, 10–11, 24, 35–6, 58–64, 80–1, 110–12, 121–3, 127–8, 132, 138–42, 145, 146–9, 161–3, 166–76, 185–95 self-sacrifice xviii, 3–4, 7, 14, 16–17, 23, 35–66, 85–94, 110–11, 113, 122, 127–8, 132–5, 140, 141–9, 159, 172–6, 186–95 self-worth, Afro-Cubans 49–50, 54 selfishness 3–4, 5–8, 9–11, 24, 37, 45–6, 93, 110–12, 127–8, 138–41, 166–76, 189–95 see also individualism selflessness 14, 134–5 Sen, Amartya 65, 155, 183, 191–4 sex offenders 170–1 shared ‘goods’ of humanity 193–5 sheep 210 shifting borders of agroecology, small farming sector 171–6 228  index shifting scales of appropriate exchange 135–49, 172–6 Siberia 10 Sierra Maestra region 49–50, 55–7, 116–17 slaves 38–9, 46, 49–50, 52–3, 157 Slovakia 14 small farming sector 22–3, 24, 46–7, 60–4, 78, 124–35, 153–76, 185–8, 193–5 agroecology movement in historical context 157–63 concepts 24, 153–76, 185–8, 193–5 critique 24, 157–76 Eduardo’s case study in worthiness 168–71, 173 higher relative standards of living 163–4 Marxist-Leninist critique 24, 157–63, 175 mercenaries 163–71 national institutions 163–71, 174–6, 185–6 overproductive farming techniques 167–8, 193–4 participative management 173–6 petitions for land 158–9, 162–4 shifting borders of agroecology 171–6 visitors’ notebooks 170 ‘worthy’ individuals 24, 154, 163, 168–76 see also agricultural lands; agricultural production small plot holders (parceleros) 158–76 small sweet peppers, weekly household food purchases in Cuba 207 Smith, Adam 172, 193–4 Smith, Adrian 14 Smith, Neil xiii snacks 107, 109, 208 soap operas 18 sociability pressures 131–2, 143–4 social contracts 111–17, 126–35 ‘social embeddedness’ 188–9 social justice xiii, xv, xvi, 9–10, 12–13, 20, 25, 34–5, 37–41, 55–66, 75–94, 100–17, 121–3, 140, 141–9, 153, 183–95 social mobility barriers, Afro-Cubans 22, 53 social science xv, xvi, 11–12, 74–5, 182–3, 194–5 social values xi, xii, xiii, xvii, 2–8, 10–15, 20–1, 22–3, 36, 46–7, 59–64, 73–94, 112–13, 114–15, 122, 156–7, 176, 181–95 socialism xi, xii, xvi, xvii, 3–8, 13–15, 16–17, 22, 33–66, 73, 84–94, 99–117, 121–3, 149, 163–76, 181–95, 199–200 communism 60–1, 99–100, 111–13, 121–2, 149 durability xvii, 111–12, 127, 187–8 future prospects xvii, 13–14, 33–4, 35–6, 60–1, 111–17, 121–3, 127, 162–3, 187–8, 189–95 meritocracy ideals 103–4, 112–17 ‘new man’ of socialism xviii, xix, 6, 60–6, 85–7, 134–5 see also hard work; national collective; reciprocities; selfsacrifice ‘socialist ecology’ 160 ‘socio-economic sustainability of parceleros’ 162–3 socio-economic teleology, communism/socialism combination 60–1 soft drinks, weekly household food purchases in Cuba 208 soil qualities 172–3 solar panels 169 sorghum 210 ‘sovereignties’ 57–8, 153–76, 185–95 soya mince 81–2 soya oil xiii, spaghetti 141, 203, 208 Spain 41–4, 47, 48, 56, 82 Treaty of Paris 1898 44 US 44 ‘Special Period in Time of Peace’ of 1991 64, 75, 85, 87, 92, 104–11, 122–3, 130, 136, 139, 200 ‘spiritual side of man’ 52, 53, 66, 210 index  Stalin model of industrial agriculture 161–2, 168 state credits, electric kitchenware 208 state farms 60, 159–76 state inspectors 137–8, 143 state kiosks 203 state markets 1–5, 7, 12–13, 21, 22, 23–4, 36–66, 76–94, 121–49, 155–76, 203, 207–8 state meat markets 203 state restaurants 203 state workers 10–11, 23, 82, 87–8, 100–17, 123–49, 168, 173–6, 187–95 Stockman, Norman 135 storage issues, small farming sector 164–76 Strathern, Marilyn xiii, xiv, xv, xvi street hustlers or prostitutes (jineteros/as) 123 street vendors 207–8 substantivism, formalism debate 11–12 Sudan xv, 191 sugar 37–9, 40, 43–7, 49–51, 52–3, 61–2, 63–4, 109, 124–35, 157–76, 205 corruption 46–7 monthly food rations per person in Cuba 205 prices 63–4 suicides 82 survival concepts 194–5 sustainability xix, 22, 23–4, 57, 116, 121, 127–35, 149, 153–76, 185, 187–95 concepts 153–76, 185, 187–8, 193–5 definition 161–2 see also small farming sector ‘sustainable socialism’ 127–35, 163, 175–6 Sutton, David 51 sweets 14, 144, 208 syndicates of workers 124–35, 139 Tablada, Carlos 54–5, 58–60, 67, 86 Tanuma, Sachiko 90–2 tariffs 39, 43–5, 59 taro 170, 207 229 taxes 112–13, 138–9, 143, 166 technological advancements 41–2, 58, 61–2, 64, 135, 144, 153, 155, 162, 167, 169–71, 172–6, 210 telephones 144 televisions xviii, 59, 88, 108 ‘Ten Million Tons of Sugar’ campaign of 1970 58, 61–2, 63–4, 199 Ten Years’ War (1868–1898) 38, 158 territorial issues xvii, 10, 78–94, 100–1 Them perceptions of the state 8–9, 105–7, 155, 165 Thévenot, Laurent 34, 73–4 ‘this wine is sour, but it is our wine’ 23, 73, 79–80 Thrips palmi 171–2 Tikopia 132 Tiv Economy (Bohannan and Bohannan) 11, 93 Tivoli 105 tobacco 46–7, 124, 157 tomato puree 208, 210 tomatoes xiii, 1, 83, 170, 174, 209 top-down norms 24–5, 52–3, 63, 93–4, 123–49, 158–76, 186–95 Torre, Garcia de la 161 Torricelli Act 1992, US 200 ‘total system of work and reward’ 189 tourists xi, xiii, 1–5, 12–13, 16–17, 20–1, 23–4, 33–4, 64–5, 75, 83–5, 121–49, 155, 156, 165–6, 170–1, 188–95 Afro-Cubans 145, 146–7 associating prohibitions 145–7, 188 concepts 23–4, 121–49, 156, 165–6, 170–1 definition 23–4, 145 foods as commodities xiii, 1–2, 4, 20–1, 83 gifts 147–8, 188 luxuries 2–3, 12–13, 16, 19–20, 64–5, 83 US xi, 16–17, 20, 33–4, 64–5 tractors 58, 139–40 trade agreements 33–4, 43–5, 48–55, 94 trade dominance, US 43–5, 48–55, 94 230  index Trade Sanctions Reform Act 2000, US 94, 200 ‘transactional value’ of volunteer work 168–71 trans-border affiliations xv, xvi, 5, 8–11, 146 ‘transcendental institutionalism’ 191 transformative capacities of ordinary people xiii, 149, 155 ‘transition’ economies 33–4, 100, 113–15, 162–3, 190–5 transnational networks 4–5 transport issues, small farming sector 164–76 travel legalization from 2013 8, 200 traversing public and private in everyday life 129–35 Treaty of Commercial Reciprocity 1903 44–5 Treaty of Paris 1898 44 trust 5–8, 18–21, 143–9 Tsing, Anna xvi, 22, 36 Tuta xix, 1–3, 4, 7–8, 13–14, 16–21, 22–5, 36, 48–9, 50–4, 66, 73–97, 99–117, 121–49, 155–76, 181–95, 205 UK 43, 47, 112, 159, 162, 165, 175, 186 uneven access 1–3, 9–10, 22–4, 37–41, 50, 52–3, 55–66, 73–97, 99–117, 121–49, 153–76, 185, 186–95 concepts 22–4, 73–94, 99–117, 121–49, 186–95 ideals of national re-distribution 22, 73, 75, 76–84, 103–17, 188–90 realities 76–83 see also inequalities Union of Cuban Women (UMC) 126–7 Unique System of Exploration (SUE) 128 United Nations 105, 161 ‘unnatural’ material aspirations, Marxist views 92–3, 109–10, 117 ‘unworthy’ individuals 163, 170–1 ‘upper-class culture’ of the Havana area 48–55, 133–4 urban agricultural programme in Cuba 159–60, 169–76, 209–10 see also agricultural lands; agricultural production; rural– urban divide US xii, xiii, xv, xviii, 2–10, 13, 16–17, 22, 33–66, 79–80, 94, 102, 104, 107–11, 115–17, 129, 135, 145–6, 155–6, 159, 165, 171–2, 175, 186, 190, 199–200 annexation plans 45–6 ‘biological agents’ 171–2 Cuban relations xii, xiii, 2–10, 13, 16–17, 22, 33–6, 38–66, 79–80, 94, 104, 110–11, 115–17, 145–6, 155–6, 171–2, 186, 190, 199–200 exiled Cuban community 41–2 exports 43–4, 79–80, 83, 94, 155–6 fashionable clothing 109–10 ‘good life’ perceptions 50–4, 111–12, 183–4, 190 Helms–Burton Act 1996 200 immigration 8–9, 41–2, 110–11, 190 nationalization of businesses 199–200 occupation of Cuba from 1898 44, 67 ‘pig shit’ US face cream story 50–1 political economic events of the Cuban revolution (1959–2013) 55–66, 199–200 profit-making motives xii, xiii, 3–4, 43, 58–9, 103–4, 110–11, 114 quality of goods 50–1, 79–80, 83, 85, 111–12 racial segregation policies 145–6 Spain 44 Torricelli Act 1992 200 tourists xi, 16–17, 20, 33–4, 64–5 trade dominance 43–5, 48–55, 94 Trade Sanctions Reform Act 2000 94, 200 values xii, xiii, 110–11 workfare programmes 112 USSR xvii, xviii, 10, 44, 54, 58, 60–1, 63–4, 108, 115–16, 121–2, 135, 140, 162–3, 166, 200 index  break up of 1991 xvii, 10, 54, 64, 108, 162–3, 200 Council for Mutual Economic Assistance 200 Cuban relations xvii, xviii, 10, 44, 54, 58, 60–1, 63–4, 108, 115–16, 121–2, 135, 200 market socialism 60–4 political economic events of the Cuban revolution (1959–2013) 200 see also Russia usufruct (use rights) 24, 154–76 utility dealings 5–6, 65–6 value pluralism 191–5 values xi, xii, xiii, xiv, xv, xvi, 2–6, 11–15, 20–1, 22, 33–66, 73–94, 99–117, 122–49, 176, 181–95 ‘coevality’ 11, 15, 91–4 Cuban/US divergences xii, xiii, definitions xi, xii, xiv, 62, 122, 145 impartial spectators 193–5 pre-revolutionary values 47–55, 62–3, 79–80, 132 see also consumer culture; market values; politics; social values Varadero Beach 125 Veblenian assumptions 80 vegetables and fresh herbs 155–6, 169–71, 209 Venezuela 35, 67 Verdery, Katherine 103–4, 159 ‘victory gardens’ in post-war UK 162 Vietnam 109–10, 158, 163 Vilá, Portell 37 ‘virtualism’ ‘virtuocracy’ model 132 visitors’ notebooks, small farming sector 170 vitamins 154 volunteer work 60–1, 63, 64, 102–3, 130, 168–71, 209–10 Wallerstein, Immanuel 58 ‘want’ versus ‘like’ distinctions 92–4 War of Independence (1895–1898) 38–40, 41–2, 49–50, 55–7, 65–6 231 water 65–6 waterfront, Havana 147 Watts et al (2005) 187 Weyler, General 38–40 white (refined) sugar, monthly food rations per person in Cuba 205 ‘wilderness’ preservation 175 Wilk, Richard 48, 51 Williams, Colin C 35–6 Williams, Raymond 177 Wilson, Marisa 168–9, 174 Wilson Tariff 39, 43–4 wind turbines 169 ‘without culture’ persons 142, 144–9, 188 Wolf, Eric 157 women xv, 84, 87, 90, 101, 102–3, 106–7, 109, 110, 126–7, 129, 133–4, 141–7, 191, 192–3 affiliations xv cooking 84, 104–5, 106–7 Wood, Leonardo 45 work 2–3, 6–7, 8–9, 14, 23–4, 47–55, 60–6, 80–1, 99–117, 121–49, 159–76 Article of Cuba’s new labour policy 102–3 bonuses 103, 113, 125 democratic centralism 124–35, 164–71 ‘from each according to his capacity, to each according to his work’ 99–102, 112, 115–17 hard work xviii, xix, 3–5, 6–7, 10, 14, 35–66, 76–94, 99–117, 122, 127–8, 159–76, 184–95 hierarchies 52–3, 63, 100–17, 121–49 jefes (leaders/managers) 11, 24, 88, 102, 123, 128, 133, 135–49, 168 lay offs 102–3, 139–40 manual labour 52, 61–2, 66, 160 ‘new man’ of socialism xviii, xix, 6, 60–6, 86–7, 134–5 particulares (‘on one’s own account’) workers 16, 23–4, 123–6, 136, 142–4, 163–4, 166 pre-revolutionary values 47–55 232  index work (cont’d) rural–urban divide 37–40, 47–55, 57–66, 116–17, 158–63 salaries 2–3, 6–7, 8–9, 14, 54, 62, 102–4, 107, 125, 133–5, 140, 160–1, 163–4 scalar hierarchies 124–35 social contracts 111–17, 126–35 the ‘spiritual side of man’ 52, 66, 210 syndicates of workers 124–35, 139 volunteer work 60–1, 63, 64, 102–3, 130, 168–71, 209–10 see also reciprocities workfare programmes, US 112 ‘worthy’ individuals 4, 24, 34–5, 99, 102–4, 112, 148, 154, 163, 168–76, 193 Wright, Julia 76–7, 82, 155, 160, 168 Yaffe, Helen 49, 57–64, 67, 99, 106, 113–14 ‘Year of the Energy Revolution’ 106–7, 108, 130–1, 200 Yglesias, José 109–10 Young, Iris Marion xv, 16, 112–13 Young Communist Union (UJC) 125–35 youths 124, 131 Yurchak, Alexei 140 ... Everyday Moral Economies RGS-IBG Book Series Published Material Politics: Disputes Along the Pipeline Andrew Barry Everyday Moral Economies: Food, Politics and Scale in Cuba Marisa... Merriman Origination: The Geographies of Brands and Branding Andy Pike Badlands of the Republic: Space, Politics and Urban Policy Mustafa Dikeỗ Making Other Worlds: Agency and Interaction in Environmental... Cataloging -in- Publication Data Wilson, Marisa L (Marisa Lauren), 1979–   Everyday moral economies: food, politics and scale in Cuba / Marisa Wilson    pages  cm – (RGS-IBG book series)   Includes index