Economics interdiscriplinary exchange

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Economics interdiscriplinary exchange

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Economics and Interdisciplinary Exchange Economists have not always lived on friendly terms with scientists from other fields More than once, economists have been accused of ‘imperialism’ or criticised for neglecting the insights obtained in other fields The history of economics, however, yields manifold examples of interdisciplinary ‘borrowing’ where economists have adapted concepts and theories from other fields This book deals with the exchanges (or sometimes the lack thereof) between economics and neighbouring disciplines The contributions examine specific cases and episodes taken from the history of economics, indicating that many important economists were paying attention to what happened beyond the borders of their own field The themes covered include: • • the interaction of economics with literature, Christian theology, history, demography, natural sciences; the relationships between economics and policy, and economics and ‘common sense’ With contributions from leading specialists, this volume will prove essential reading not only for those working in economics, but also those interested in the possibilities of disciplinary cross-fertilisation in any subject Guido Erreygers is Professor of Economics at the Faculty of Applied Economics (UFSIA-RUCA) of the University of Antwerp His research interests include history of economics, linear production theory, inheritance and natural resource economics With Toon Vandevelde he has edited the book Is Inheritance Legitimate? (Berlin: Springer, 1997), and has published on the history of economics in various books and journals Routledge Studies in the History of Economics Economics as Literature Willie Henderson Socialism and Marginalism in Economics 1870–1930 Edited by Ian Steedman Hayek’s Political Economy The socio-economics of order Steve Fleetwood On the Origins of Classical Economics Distribution and value from William Petty to Adam Smith Tony Aspromourgos The Economics of Joan Robinson Edited by Maria Cristina Marcuzzo, Luigi Pasinetti and Alesandro Roncaglia The Evolutionist Economics of Léon Walras Albert Jolink Keynes and the ‘Classics’ A study in language, epistemology and mistaken identities Michel Verdon The History of Game Theory Vol 1: From the beginnings to 1945 Robert W Dimand and Mary Ann Dimand The Economics of W.S Jevons Sandra Peart 10 Gandhi’s Economic Thought Ajit K Dasgupta 11 Equilibrium and Economic Theory Edited by Giovanni Caravale 12 Austrian Economics in Debate Edited by Willem Keizer, Bert Tieben and Rudy van Zijp 13 Ancient Economic Thought Edited by B.B Price 14 The Political Economy of Social Credit and Guild Socialism Frances Hutchinson and Brian Burkitt 15 Economic Careers Economics and economists in Britain 1930–1970 Keith Tribe 16 Understanding ‘Classical’ Economics Studies in the long-period theory Heinz Kurz and Neri Salvadori 17 History of Environmental Economic Thought E Kula 18 Economic Thought in Communist and Post-Communist Europe Edited by Hans-Jürgen Wagener 19 Studies in the History of French Political Economy From Bodin to Walras Edited by Gilbert Faccarello 20 The Economics of John Rae Edited by O.F Hamouda, C Lee and D Mair 21 Keynes and the Neoclassical Synthesis Einsteinian versus Newtonian macroeconomics Teodoro Dario Togati 22 Historical Perspectives on Macroeconomics Sixty years after the ‘General Theory’ Edited by Philippe Fontaine and Albert Jolink 23 The Founding of Institutional Economics The leisure class and sovereignty Edited by Warren J Samuels 24 Evolution of Austrian Economics From Menger to Lachmann Sandye Gloria 25 Marx’s Concept of Money The god of commodities Anitra Nelson 26 The Economics of James Steuart Edited by Ramón Tortajada 27 The Development of Economics in Europe since 1945 Edited by A.W Bob Coats 28 The Canon in the History of Economics Critical essays Edited by Michalis Psalidopoulos 29 Money and Growth Selected papers of Allyn Abbott Young Edited by Perry G Mehrling and Roger J Sandilands 30 The Social Economics of Jean-Baptiste Say Markets and virtue Evelyn L Forget 31 The Foundations of Laissez-Faire The economics of Pierre de Boisguilbert Gilbert Faccarello 32 John Ruskin’s Political Economy Willie Henderson 33 Contributions to the History of Economic Thought Essays in honour of R.D.C Black Edited by Antoin E Murphy and Renee Prendergast 34 Towards an Unknown Marx A commentary on the manuscripts of 1861–63 Enrique Dussel 35 Economics and Interdisciplinary Exchange Edited by Guido Erreygers 36 Economics as the Art of Thought Essays in memory of G.L.S Shackle Edited by Stephen F Frowen and Peter Earl 37 The Decline of Ricardian Economics Politics and economics in post-Ricardian theory Susan Pashkoff 38 Piero Sraffa His life, thought and cultural heritage Alessandro Roncaglia 39 Equilibrium and Disequilibrium in Economic Theory The Marshall–Walras divide Edited by Michel de Vroey 40 The German Historical School The historical and ethical approach to economics Edited by Yuichi Shionoya 41 Reflections on the Classical Canon in Economics Essays in honor of Samuel Hollander Edited by Sandra Peart and Evelyn Forget 42 Piero Sraffa’s Political Economy A centenary estimate Edited by Terenzio Cozzi and Roberto Marchionatti 43 The Contribution of Joseph A Schumpeter to Economics Richard Arena and Cecile Dangel 44 On the Development of Long-run Neo-Classical Theory Tom Kompas 45 Economic Analysis and Political Economy in the Thought of Hayek Edited by Thierry Aimar and Jack Birner 46 Pareto, Economics and Society The mechanical analogy Michael McLure 47 Strategies and Programmes in Capital Theory Jack Birner 48 Economics Broadly Considered Essays in honor [sic] of Warren J Samuels Edited by Steven G Medema, Jeff Biddle and John B Davis 49 Physicians and Political Economy Six studies of the work of doctor-economists Edited by Peter Groenewegen 50 The Spread of Political Economy and the Professionalisation of Economists Economic societies in Europe, America and Japan in the nineteenth century Massimo Augello and Marco Guidi 51 Modern Historians of Economics and Economic Thought The makers of disciplinary memory Steven G Medema and Warren J Samuels Economics and Interdisciplinary Exchange Edited by Guido Erreygers London and New York First published 2001 by Routledge 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2002 © 2001 Editorial material and selection Guido Erreygers; individual chapters, the authors All rights reserved No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Economics and interdisciplinary exchange / edited by Guido Erreygers p cm Rev versions of papers originally presented at the 4th annual European Conference on the History of Economics, held Apr 23–25, 1998 at the University of Antwerp Includes bibliographical references and index Economics–Congresses I Erreygers, Guido, 1959– II European Conference on the History of Economics (4th: 1998: University of Antwerp) HB71b.E266 2001 330–dc21 00-050995 ISBN 0–415–22445–4 (Print Edition) ISBN 0-203-20435-2 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0-203-20438-7 (Glassbook Format) Contents List of figures Notes on contributors Preface Introduction: Crossing boundaries: economics and its neighbours xi xiii xv GUIDO ERREYGERS Economic life in nineteenth-century novels: what economists might learn from literature BRUNA INGRAO The beginning of ‘boundaries’: the sudden separation of economics from Christian theology 41 A M C WAT E R M A N History and economic analysis in German nineteenth-century economics 64 PETER ROSNER Jevons and Wicksteed: crossing borders in the history of economics 86 F L AV I O C O M I M Economists as demographers: Wicksell and Pareto on population MAURO BOIANOVSKY 117 200 Arnold Wilts would undermine the effectiveness of the government’s economic policy Within the context of the meetings of the Social Economic Council and its subcommittees, political differences over the government’s social and economic policies could be overcome more readily than in public debates in parliament The government was legally obliged to seek the council’s advice on matters of general social-economic importance, whereby a consensus found in the meetings of the council could play an influential role in the development of governmental policy Actually finding such a consensus was greatly enabled by the quantitative economic observations and forecasts drawn up by the Central Planning Bureau, which was formally represented in the Social Economic Council by its director With the help of the research results obtained by the Planning Bureau it turned out to be possible to find political agreement through economic calculation, which, most importantly, could be assessed by the many distinguished economics professors that were members of the council as independent experts The Social Economic Council was thus the most important platform on which political and ideologically tainted problems could be transformed into manageable policy issues In the political climate of the Netherlands after 1945, effective decisionmaking was crucially dependent upon continuous compromising and consensus building Against the background of recent experiences there was almost no disagreement about the need to reorganise the decision-making process in such a way that political conflict and ideological opposition would not make effective government action impossible The neutralisation of ideas of centralised economic planning and the pacification of potentially disruptive labour conflicts through administrative reorganisations in the form of a system of industrial organisation, therefore marked a development towards greater pragmatism of state actions in the social and economic sphere This development went together with the emergence of a new form of integration of economic knowledge in political debates, which was instrumental in finding a generally acceptable form of addressing questions and problems of social-economic importance It is this development in the organisation of economic decision-making that formed the background for the changes in the intellectual and institutional organisation of the field of Dutch economics, discussed in the previous paragraphs Reorganisations of the government apparatus since the beginning of the 1930s offered economists unprecedented career opportunities to and from academia Work in the government bureaucracy also offered extensive facilities for the application of economic knowledge, which could be brought to bear on a wide range of practical problems via the regular involvement in the policy process of newly founded organisations such as the Central Planning Bureau and the Social Economic Council At the same time, however, the application of economic knowledge was necessarily bounded by political priorities and administrative parameters, which had to Disciplinary developments in Dutch economics 201 be integrated in the research on which much professional work of economists in the government apparatus was based Reorganisations of the decision-making process, then, had major feedback effects on changes in Dutch economic thinking after the war Contributions to the development of economic science now had to be fit to be combined with long established insights into market functioning, as well as with new methods and research techniques Also, work in economics – as far as it was meant to be relevant to political decision-making – would now have to live up to the promise of practical usefulness in a policy-making process, based on a fragile political consensus about the limits and scope of state intervention in the economy Arguably, in the context of the 1950s, it could so only in terms of mathematical techniques and quantified economic reasoning Conclusion Two developments, then, that fundamentally changed the work environment of Dutch economists took place at the same time Work in academia got characterised by increasing specialisation within well-defined theoretical and methodological frameworks, exemplified by the articulation of macroeconomic research agendas and the development of advanced econometric methods Outside academia, in the government bureaucracy, professional practices emerged in which tasks were set up and evaluated according to both theoretical considerations and administrative priorities, particularly exemplified by the development and use of mathematically formulated economic models The institutionalisation of the involvement of the profession in political decision-making had direct consequences for the emergence of stable disciplinary boundaries of the field of Dutch economics The contacts between economists and policy-makers in the Netherlands took the form of organised collaboration, based on shared views on the nature of economic problems and the possible use of economics for solving those problems The bureaucratisation of the contacts between economists and policy-makers went together with the emergence of a separate policy discourse – that is, with the development of typical ways to phrase relevant problems and acceptable problem solutions in the context of decision-making This development directly affected the academic autonomy of the field of Dutch economics The new way of thinking about policy questions was based on the theoretical insights and methodological principles of economic science Economic models were instrumental in finding the necessary political consensus by transforming the problem of having to choose between ideologically tainted political options into practically manageable policy issues This was achieved through the mathematical form and quantitative contents of the models’ equations By their very nature, these equations could only be solved by technical experts, namely, trained economists The theoretical 202 Arnold Wilts insights and methodological skills of these experts were able to overcome the ideological cleavages in Dutch politics They did so by advancing the development of the pragmatic vocabulary that was indispensable for managing the policy arrangements of the new welfare state Mathematically formulated and quantitatively substantiated economic models, therefore, also transformed the demarcation between politics and science by singling out a particular kind of economic science as indispensable to effective policy making The boundaries of the field of Dutch economics were thus defined by mathematical and quantitative approaches These approaches were instrumental both in redefining the basic theoretical goals and priorities of Dutch economic science, and, at the same time, in successfully claiming practical relevance by producing the policy instruments that were applicable in the political context of the Netherlands in the 1950s By developing economic models, quantitative and mathematical approaches were also able to overcome the theoretical uncertainties economists had been confronted with during the economic crisis of the 1930s Economic models actually showed – or at least seemed to show in the context of the 1950s – the practical applicability of highly abstract theoretical assumptions This combination of theoretical and practical relevance made quantitative and mathematically formulated models of the economy extremely powerful tools, both in fundamental economic research and in the application of the insights resulting from that research Within the academic context, it was these approaches, therefore, that eventually structured a new intellectual dynamic in Dutch economic thinking within ever more stable disciplinary boundaries Both in terms of its organisation and in terms of its contents and subject-matter, the science of economics in the Netherlands changed in accordance with changes in its social and political environment Practices in the government bureaucracy became organised around generally accepted ideas about the professional character of mathematically elaborated and quantified economic knowledge It was this acceptance that legitimated the resources increasingly being made available to the academic organisation of the field in which that particular kind of knowledge was further developed This observation makes it possible to understand the apparent paradox described here It was through its institutional involvement in the practice of political decision-making that the intellectual development of Dutch economic science could become organised around inner scientific criteria of theoretical consistency and methodological adequacy These criteria structured the range of options that were available to individual economists for contributing to economic theorising and did so in terms of mathematical methods and quantified economic reasoning Disciplinary developments in Dutch economics 203 Notes 10 This paper summarises large parts of my doctoral dissertation I owe very much to Rob Hagendijk and Stuart Blume and to the Department of Science and Technology Dynamics at the University of Amsterdam See Zuidema (1987), who describes C.A Verrijn Stuart as a leading representative in Dutch economic thinking of the Austrian School; see also Elzas (1992) and Dullaart (1984) on Dutch economic thinking before the war Verrijn Stuart (1934) argued that it was interventionist policies and economic protectionism which disturbed the economy’s innate tendency to restore equilibrium and full employment From his early work in economics on, de Vries (1918) stressed the scientific value of independent economic theorising as clearly separated from the discussion of practical economic problems Later, de Vries (1935) emphasised more than he had previously done that these practical problems had important consequences for economic theorising, although he continued to insist that independent theory was indispensable for any truly reliable assessment of practical economic developments (de Vries 1946) The question of the demarcation between political ideas about economic order and theoretical accounts of it occupied many prominent Dutch economists, particularly in their public lectures: examples are van Embden (1930), Blom (1934), Bordewijk (1934) and Frijda (1938); cf Dullaart (1984, 1992) Cobbenhagen (1936) founded his approach to economic theorising on basic principles of catholic social thought Classical economics and scholastic philosophy were also important sources of ideas for him (1933), on the basis of which he (1938) was particularly critical towards the marginal utility theory of the early Austrian School For an overview of Cobbenhagen’s work, see Smulders (1987), Kolnaar and Meulendijks (1995) and Dullaart (1984) See Kol and de Wolff (1993) for a survey of Tinbergen’s intellectual work, Magnus and Morgan (1987) for an overview of his scientific career and political commitment, Boumans (1992) for a study of the cognitive sources for Tinbergen’s pioneering work in economic modelling, Morgan (1990) on Tinbergen’s contribution to econometrics, and van den Bogaard (1998) on the influence of the new modelling approach on the organisation of statistical work and economic decision-making See also van Dalen and Klamer (1997) on Tinbergen’s influence on the science of economics in the Netherlands Tinbergen’s first model of the Dutch economy was originally published as Tinbergen (1936) After the war Tinbergen (1952, 1956) published his models in the form of two monographs on the applied theory of economic policy See the introduction by Raj (1992) in Theil’s collected works for an assessment of the influence and scientific meaning of the econometric work of Theil See also Barten (1988) on economic modelling in the Netherlands and Hughes Hallett (1989) on the work of Theil Only with the help of mathematical techniques and quantitative information, Schouten (1950) had argued, could the interdependency of relevant economic developments be visualised and explained Schouten not only developed economic models, but also sought to put his ideas to practice For instance, for almost forty years he was a member of the Social Economic Council, the most important advisory body to the government on matters of social-economic importance (cf Klamer 1990) Hasenberg-Butter (1969) provides a study of nineteenth-century Dutch economics van Stuijvenberg (1963) gives a detailed account of the history of this first institute for higher education in economics in the Netherlands 204 Arnold Wilts 11 Vanthoor (1992) has sketched the history of the economics faculty at the Municipal University in Amsterdam, which later became the University of Amsterdam 12 See Bornewasser (1978) for an overview of the history of the Roman Catholic School in Tilburg 13 See Bemelmans-Videc (1984), who provides an extensive quantitative overview of the growth of the field of Dutch economics 14 A classic study of Dutch political culture and organisation is that by Lijphart (1968) 15 The basis of the sometimes detailed policy proposals in the Labour Plan was an analysis of the country’s economic position of which Tinbergen was an influential author Cf Magnus and Morgan (1987) on Tinbergen’s scientific work and political commitment 16 See, in particular, van den Bogaard (1998) on the research work of the Central Bureau for Statistics in the Netherlands and the way in which its work on a barometer of economic indicators before the Second World War prepared the ground for the construction of the first relatively large-scale economic models of the Dutch economy by the Central Planning Bureau in the early 1950s 17 Passenier (1994) describes the history of the bureau in great detail 18 The first relatively large-scale economic model of the Central Planning Bureau was published as an appendix to the Central Economic Plan of 1955 The model consisted of twenty-seven equations and was necessarily only of relatively limited use for forecasting economic developments See Abert (1969), Hughes Hallett (1989) and Jolink (1993) on the model building of the Central Planning Bureau in the 1950s 19 See Klamer (1990) on the function and role of economists within the Social Economic Council Bibliography Abert, J.G (1969) Economic Policy and Planning in the Netherlands 1950–1965, New Haven: Yale University Press Barten, A.P (1988) ‘The history of Dutch macro economic modelling’, in W Driehuis, M.M.G Fase and H den Hartog (eds) Challenges for Macroeconomic Modelling, Amsterdam: North-Holland Bemelmans-Videc, M.L (1984) Economen in Overheidsdienst: Bijdragen van Nederlandse Economen aan de Vorming van het Sociaal-Economisch Beleid, 1945–1975, unpublished D.Phil thesis, Rotterdam: Erasmus University Blom, D van (1934) Economie en Samenleving, Rede van den Rector-Magnificus Mr D van Blom op den Driehonderdnegenenvijftigsten Dies Natalis der Leidsche universiteit, Februari 1934, Leiden: Stenfert Kroese Bogaard, A.A van den (1998) Configuring the Economy: The Emergence of a Modelling Practice in the Netherlands, 1920–1955, Amsterdam: Thela Thesis Bordewijk, H.W.C (1934) Grensvragen van Economie en Ethiek, Rede Uitgesproken op Maandag 17 September 1934 bij de Overdracht van het Rectoraat van de Rijksuniversiteit te Groningen, Groningen: Wolters Bornewasser, J.A (1978) Katholieke Hogeschool Tilburg: Economie, Ethiek en Maatschappij, Deel 1, 1927–1954, Baarn: Ambo Boumans, M (1992) A Case of Limited Physics Transfer: Jan Tinbergen’s Resources for ReShaping Economics, Amsterdam: Thesis Publishers Cobbenhagen, M.J.H (1933) ‘Economische wetmatigheid, economische mogelijkheid en zedelijke eischen’, De Economist 82, 3: 3–19 Disciplinary developments in Dutch economics 205 —— (1936) ‘Beschouwingen over den prijs I-V’, Maandschrift Economie 1, 1–12: 23–30, 142–9, 338–46, 505–16, 613–22 —— (1938) ‘Enkele beschouwingen over samenhang en evenwicht in het economisch leven’, Maandschrift Economie 3, 6: 270–95 Dalen, H van and Klamer, A (1997) ‘Blood is thicker than water: economists and the Tinbergen legacy’, in P.A.G van Bergeijk, A.L Bovenberg, E.E.C van Damme and J van Sinderen (eds) Economic Science and Practice: The Roles of Academic Economists and Policy-Makers, Cheltenham and Lyme: Edward Elgar Dullaart, M.H.J (1984) Regeling of Vrijheid: Nederlands Economisch Denken tussen de Wereldoorlogen, unpublished D.Phil thesis, Rotterdam: Erasmus University —— (1992) ‘The embarassment of freedom’, in J van Daal and A Heertje (eds) Economic Thought in the Netherlands: 1650–1950, Aldershot: Avebury Elzas, B.D (1992) ‘Growing away from provincialism’, in J van Daal and A Heertje (eds), Economic Thought in the Netherlands: 1650–1950, Aldershot: Avebury Embden, D van (1930) De Overschatting van den Staat in de Welvaartssfeer, Rede Uitgesproken bij de Herdenking van de Dies Natalis der Universiteit van Amsterdam, januari 1930 door den Rector-Magnificus Dr D.van Embden, Amsterdam: Stadsdrukkerij Frijda, H (1938) De Evenwichtsgedachte en de Werkelijkheid, Rede Uitgesproken ter Herdenking van den 306en Verjaardag der Instelling van Hooger Onderwijs te Amsterdam, op 14 Februari 1938, Amsterdam: Becht Hasenberg-Butter, I (1969) Academic Economics in Holland, 1800–1870, Den Haag: Martinus Nijhoff Hughes Hallett, A.J (1989) ‘Econometrics and the theory of economic policy: the Tinbergen-Theil contributions 40 years on’, Oxford Economic Papers 41, 1: 189–214 Jolink, A (1993) ‘De mechanisering van het wereldbeeld II: de ontwikkeling van de centraal economische plangedachte in Nederland’, Economisch-Sociaal Historisch Jaarboek 56: 81–93 Klamer, A (1990) Verzuilde Dromen: 40 jaar S.E.R., Amsterdam: Balans Kol, J and Wolff, P de (1993) ‘Tinbergen’s work: change and continuity’, De Economist 141, 1: 1–28 Kolnaar, A.H.J.J and Meulendijks, P.J.F.G (1995) ‘De priester-econoom Cobbenhagen’, Maandschrift Economie 59, 5: 342–69 Lijphart, A (1968) The Politics of Accommodation: Pluralism and Democracy in the Netherlands, Berkeley: University of California Press Magnus, J.R and Morgan, M.S (1987) ‘The E.T interview: Professor J.Tinbergen’, Econometric Theory 3, 1: 117–42 Morgan, M.S (1990) The History of Econometric Ideas, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Passenier, J (1994) Van Planning naar Scanning: Een Halve Eeuw Planbureau in Nederland, Groningen: Wolters-Noordhoff Raj, B (1992) ‘Henri Theil’s biography and his contribution to economics and econometrics’, in B Raj and J Koerts (eds) Henri Theil’s Contribution to Economics and Econometrics, Dordrecht: Kluwer Schouten, D.B.J (1950) De Overheidsfinanciën in de Volkshuishouding, Een MacroEconomische Studie over de Betekenis van de Openbare Financiën op Lange Termijn voor de 206 Arnold Wilts Omvang, de Verdeling en de Besteding van het Nationaal Inkomen, Leiden: Stenfert Kroese Smulders, A.A.J (1987) ‘Cobbenhagen en de Waardevrijheidsdiscussie’, in A.J Vermaat, J.J Klant and J.R Zuidema (eds) Van Liberalisten tot Instrumentalisten: Anderhalve Eeuw Economisch Denken in Nederland, Leiden and Antwerpen: Stenfert Kroese Stuijvenberg, J.H van (1963) De Nederlandsche Economische Hoogeschool, 1913–1963, Rotterdam: Nijgh and Van Ditmar Tinbergen, J (1936) ‘Kan hier te lande, al dan niet na overheidsingrijpen, een verbetering van de binnenlandse conjunctuur intreden, ook zonder verbetering van onze exportpositie?’, Prae-adviezen van de Vereeniging voor de Staathuishoudkunde en de Statistiek, Den Haag: Nijhoff —— (1952) On the Theory of Economic Policy, Amsterdam: North-Holland —— (1956) Economic Policy, Principles and Design, Amsterdam: North-Holland Vanthoor, W.F.V (1992) ‘Zeventig jaar economische faculteit binnen de Universiteit van Amsterdam, 1922–1992’, in M.M.G Fase and I van der Zijpp (eds) Samenleving en Economie in de Twintigste Eeuw, Leiden and Antwerpen: Stenfert Kroese Verrijn Stuart, C.A (1934) ‘Theorie en praktijk’, De Economist 83, 8: 605–23 Vries, F de (1918) De Ontwikkeling der Theoretische Economie, Rede Uitgesproken bij de Aanvaarding van het Ambt van Hoogleeraar aan de Nederlandsche Handels-Hoogeschool te Rotterdam, op den 14 Juni 1918, Haarlem: Bohn —— (1935) Regeling of Vrijheid, Rede Uitgesproken ter Gelegenheid van de 22ste Herdenking van de Stichting der Nederlandsche Handels-Hoogeschool op 15 november 1935, Rotterdam —— (1946) ‘De taak der theoretische economie’, De Economist 94, 1: 1–23 Wilts, A.S (1997) Economie als Maatschappijwetenschap: Een Sociologische Geschiedenis van de Economische Wetenschap in Nederland (ca 1930–1960), unpublished D.Phil thesis, Amsterdam: University of Amsterdam Zuidema, J.R (1987) ‘C.A Verrijn Stuart, vertegenwoordiger van de Oostenrijkse School in Nederland’, in A.J Vermaat, J.J Klant and J.R Zuidema (eds) Van Liberalisten tot Instrumentalisten: Anderhalve Eeuw Economisch Denken in Nederland, Leiden and Antwerpen: Stenfert Kroese Index absolute rent 76–7 abstract progress 78–82 Academic Charter 193, 194 academisation 193–4 acting agents 77 action: purpose, choice and 22–5; reaction, economic-functional competition and 155–6 activism, political 78–82 Adolescent, The (Dostoevsky) 30 age distribution 119–24, 125 agents: acting agents 77; human agents as particles 176–9 aggregates 93–5, 109–10 agricultural population 134–5 Alphabet of Economic Science, The (Wicksteed) 98–100 altruism: parents 127–8; in Wicksteed 96–7 American Economic Association 41 Amoroso, L 171, 178–9 Amsterdam Free University 58, 193 Amsterdam Municipal University 191, 192–3 Argent, L’ (Zola) 20 Aristotle 96; Aristotelian foundation of Wicksteed’s common-sense approach 104–7 Association of Christian Scientists 58 Assommoir, L’ (Zola) 19, 26–7 atomic metaphor 177–9 Au Bonheur des Dames (Zola) 19–20 Austen, J 21, 22 Austrian School 183 average utilitarianism 131–5 averages 93–5, 109–10 Bachtin, M 13–14, 23, 29–30 Bagehot, W 88 Balzac, H 10, 15, 17–19, 21, 29; César Birotteau 18, 28; La Comédie Humaine 17, 29; Illusions Perdues 18–19; La Maison Nucingen 17–18 Bastiat, F 57 Bauer, B 75 Beccaria, C 130 Becker, G 1, 24, 87, 118, 128 Benini, R 118, 124–5, 136 Bentham, J 53–4, 91–2, 130 Berkeley, G 43, 47, 48 Bharadwaja, S 104 biological analogy 154; economic hormonology 156–7 birth rate 136; see also fertility Black, R.D.C 88 Bodio, L 128 Bolza, H 174 Bortkiewicz, L 118, 119, 125–6 Boswell, J 52 Botero, G 48 Bowley, A 136 Bradley, A 33 Brentano, L 118, 137–8; Brentano’s law 138 Britain see Christian theology Brothers Karamazov, The (Dostoevsky) 30 budget constraint 25–30 Burke, E 52 business cycle research 196–7 Butler, J 43–4, 45–6 Cairnes, J.E 88 Cannan, E 136 canonical classical model 51 Cantillon, R 48 capital: concentration and centralisation of 77; constraint on growth 47–8; personal 126–9 208 Index Carey, H.C 52, 57 Carlyle, T 52 Cassel, G 117, 126 Central Bureau for Statistics 187, 196–7 Central Planning Bureau 198–9, 200 César Birotteau (Balzac) 18, 28 Chadwick, W.O 42 characters, description of 13 children 118; parents’ opportunity costs 137–8; population and maximum ophelimity 126–9 choice: Aristotle 105; purpose, action and 22–5; Wicksteed 96, 97, 105–6, 107–8 ‘Christian economics’ 58 Christian theology 3, 41–63; boundary between political economy and 52–8; diminishing returns, misery and vice 49–50; economic thought in eighteenth-century Britain 41–7; economists vs human beings 51–2; Enlightenment and religion 42–3; Essay on Population 47–52; exchange at the boundary 56–8; ideological crisis in 1820s 53–4; religion and economic thought 43–5; unbounded wealth-creation 47–9; Wealth of Nations and 45–7; Whately’s demarcation 54–6 Clark, C 93 Clark, J.B 126 class: conflict 77; dominant 76; existence of classes 81; middle class 72–3 classical utilitarianism 131, 132 Clausius, R 161 Cobb-Douglas production function 133 Cobbenhagen, M.J.H 185–6, 192 Coleman, D 118 Coleridge, S.T 52 collective demand curve 110 colonial countries 133 Comédie Humaine, La (Balzac) 17, 29 comedy, economic 17–20 common sense: Aristotelian foundation of approach 104–7; role in Wicksteed’s economics 95–104 Common Sense of Political Economy, The (Wicksteed) 96–7, 98, 100–4, 105 competition 154–66; economicbiological aspects 156–7; economicfunctional 155–6, 159–60; and economic temperature 160–2; real object of 158–9; summary of Sella’s theory 163–5 conflict 33 conscience (Gewissen) 71 consequentialism 55 consumption 73 context, historic 78, 79 contraception 137 Copleston, E 52, 53 corporatism 196 Corsi, P 56 cost of production of men 126–9 Crawford, F 177 Creedy, F: Econometrica and 5, 171–4; Newtonian mechanics as analogy for economics 172, 175–6 Crespo, R 106–7 Crime and Punishment (Dostoevsky) 30 critical point 163–5 culture: cultural embeddedness of economic life 185–6; languages of 7–9 Cunningham, W 88 Darwin, C.: Origin of Species 57 David Copperfield (Dickens) 25 Davis, H.T 177 de Vries, F 184, 186, 191, 197, 199 Dead Souls (Gogol) 21 death rate 125–6 decay 72–4, 75 demand: Jevons 95; Wicksteed 110 demand management 195 demographic waves 120 demography see population destructive and self-destructive behaviour 16, 32–5 destructive social experiment 34–5 development: history as systematic development 69–78; Schmoller 80 diagrammatic methods: demography 120–5; Wicksteed 103 dialogic plurilinguism 13–14 Dickens, C 10, 11, 21–2, 25–6; Bleak House 11; David Copperfield 25; Great Expectations 25–6, 27 differentiation 157 diminishing returns 132–3; Essay on Population 47, 49–50 disturbing causes 93–4 Divisia, F 171, 173 domestic peace 81–2 dominant class 76 Index 209 dosage, dynamic 164 Dostoevsky, F.M 10, 11, 15, 30–3; The Adolescent 30; The Brothers Karamazov 30; Crime and Punishment 30; The Idiot 30; The Possessed 25 Dupuit, J 177 Dutch economics 6, 181–206; academisation after 1945 193–4; institutional organisation 181–2, 190–4; intellectual organisation 181–2, 182–90; new policy arrangements after 1945 197–201; new theoretical and methodological frameworks 187–90 Dutch welfare state 6, 181–2, 194–201 dynamic dosage 164 dynamic equilibrium 129–30 dynamics: Newtonian mechanics 5–6, 57, 171–80; Sella 5, 153–4, 155, 165–6 Easterlin, R 137 Eatwell, J 134 Eclectic Review 52 Econometric Institute, Rotterdam 194 Econometric Society 5, 171–4, 176, 177–9 Econometrica 5, 171–4, 177 economic comedy 17–20 Economic Council 197 economic crisis of 1930s 182–3, 195, 197 economic energetics 157 economic-functional competition 155–6, 162; and variability 159–60 economic hormonology 156–7 Economic Journal 41 economic life: fraud and waste in 20–2; interrelatedness of economic, cultural and social aspects 185–6 economic man 97, 98, 101, 107 economic models 186–7, 187–8, 189, 197, 199, 201–2 economic novels 16, 17–20 economic overpopulation 131 economic parables 12–16 economic temperature 160–2 economics: growing domain of 1–2; Wicksteed and extending scope of 101 economies 78–9 economists vs human beings 51–2 Eder, K 82 Edgeworth, F.Y 131 effective persuasive force 175 Einaudi, L 151–2, 166 Ekelund, P 95 elementary economic entropy 161–2 Eltis, W.A 47 emigration 124 energetics 171; economic 157 Engel, E 127, 128 Engels, F 75, 76 engineers 177 Enlightenment 42–3, 65 entropy 160–2 equilibrium: econometric quarrels 178–9; functional 155–6; population 119–20, 129–30, 131 Essay on Population (Malthus) 3, 41, 47–52 estimation techniques 187–8 ethics: ethical questions/conflicts in novels 14; Jevons 92–3, 109; Whately 55; Wicksteed 4, 87, 95, 99–100, 104–7, 109 Euler, L 118 examples, history as 64, 65–9 excellence in choice 96–7, 105–6 experience 99 Fable of the Bees (Mandeville) 43–4 familiar principles 101–2 Fasiani, M 166 Fawcett, H 88 fertility 118, 135–9 Feuerbach, L 75 fictitious mean 94 Fisher, I 176, 178 Flaubert, G 21 flourishing 72–4 Fonseca, E.G da 93 ‘force’, economic 175 forecasting 198–9 foresight, perfect 127–8 Forster, E.M 13 France 42 fraud 20–2 free entry 67–8 free market 182–4 Free University of Amsterdam 58, 193 Frisch, R 5, 171, 172–4, 178 function 158 functional equilibrium 155–6 functional man 156, 160 210 Index game theory 12–13, 32, 33 Gemeinsinn (public spirit) 71 general equilibrium model 5, 152 general glut 73 general principles 101–2, 103–4 general structures 70 generalisation-as-explanation 93–5 Georgescu-Roegen, N 150 German Historical School 69 Germany 131–2; history and German nineteenth-century economics 4, 64–85 Gewissen (conscience) 71 Gilley, S 42 Godwin, W 50 Gogol, N 10, 15; Dead Souls 21 Gossen, H H 88, 138, 163; Gossen’s law 138 government intervention 6, 183–4, 189, 195–6, 197–8 Graunt, J 118 Great Expectations (Dickens) 25–6, 27 Groningen State University 193 growth: population 47–9, 123–4, 125–6, 135–9; wealth-creation 47–9 guilds 67–8 Hayek, F.A 9, 34, 44 Hazlitt, W 52 hedonistic utilitarianism 91–3, 109 Herford, C.H 95–6 Higgins, B 92 Higher Education Act 193 Hinds, S 55 Hirschman, A.O 24 historic method 70 historic setting 78, 79 history 3–4, 64–85; basis for political reform 65, 78–82; as examples 64, 65–9; as systematic development 64–5, 69–78 Hobbes, T 30, 70 Hollander, S 51 home ownership movement 134 hormonology, economic 156–7 Hotelling, H 171–2, 177 human agents, as particles 176–9 human beings, economists vs 51–2 human ignorance 46 human nature 93 Hume, D 42, 44, 45, 46, 48, 57, 66 Hutcheson, F 44, 46 ideal population 121 ideological crisis 53–4 Idiot, The (Dostoevsky) 30 ignorance, human 46 Illusions Perdues (Balzac) 18–19 imagination 10–12 impulses 24–5 increasing returns 47–8, 132–3 individuals: examining in all their complexities 101 Industrial Organisation Act 199 ‘inertia’, economic 175 Ingrao, B 12 institutional development of nations 69–75 institutional organisation 181–2, 190–4 insufficient reason, principle of 94 intellectual organisation 181–2, 182–90 interests: passions and 24 International Statistical Institute 118–19 intervention in the economy 6, 183–4, 189, 195–6, 197–8 intuition 90–1 island parable 12 Jacob, M.C 43 Jaffé, W 86 James, H 21 James, P 57 Jevons, W.S 4, 86–7; marginal revolution 88–95; Wicksteed and 97–8, 107–11 Johnson, S 52 judgements, practical 102 Kames, Lord 44, 45 Kantor, H 177 Kapital, Das (Marx) 76–7 Kathedersocialisten 81 Kaye, F.B 43 Keynes, J.M 9, 22, 49, 57, 89, 92–3 Keynes, J.N 56 Knapp, G F 118 knowledge: language of 8–9; sacred and secular 55 Körosi, 128 Labour Plan 195 labour productivity 132–5 Lake Poets 52, 53 language: languages of culture 7–9; Wicksteed 102–3 Index 211 Lazear, E.P 1–2 Le Corbeiller, P 173 Leslie, T.E.C 88 Levasseur, E 128 Lexis, W 118 literature see novels Locke, J 44, 70 London, University of 53 Lorimer, F 120 Lotka, A 119 Louỗó, F 176, 178 Lucas, R.E 12 luxury 73 Maclaurin, C 42 MacLennan, B 91, 93 Macleod, H D 88 macroeconomic approach 188–9 Mailath, G.J 12–13 Maison Nucingen, La (Balzac) 17–18 Malthus, T.R 51, 53, 57, 135–9; Essay on Population 3, 41, 47–52 Malthusian dilemma 131 Malthusian League 137 Malynes, G de 48 Mandeville, B 46; Fable of the Bees 43–4 marginal people 21–2 marginal principle 106 marginalism 4, 86–116, 152–3; Jevons’s revolution 88–95; Wicksteed and common sense 95–107; Wicksteed and Jevons’s contribution 97–8, 107–11 market regulation 184 Marschak, J 171, 178 Marshall, A 5, 12, 41, 126, 128, 137, 152; women 138–9 Martinez Alier, J 150 Marx, K 4, 44; history as systematic development 64–5, 75–8, 82 materialism 75–6 mathematical methods: Jevons 4, 89–91; Wicksteed 108–9 mathematical models 9, 13; Dutch economics 186–7, 187–8, 189, 197, 199, 201–2 mathematical-quantitative approach 188–9 maximum ophelimity 126–9 Mays, W 86, 91, 92 Mazlish, B 94 McCloskey, D Meade, J 133 mean: fictitious 94; principle of 105–6 meaning, plurality of 15 means 158 mechanical analogies 5, 171–80; Creedy and Newtonian mechanics 172, 175–6; econometric quarrels 176–9; Econometrica and the Creedy articles 5, 171–4 Melville, H 10, 15; Moby Dick 22, 24–5, 33–4 Menger, K 79–80, 86, 163 mesophilia, economic 157 metaphors 12–16 Meyer, W 80 middle class 72–3 Milford, K 70 Mill, James 51, 53–4 Mill, John Stuart 88, 93–4, 131 mining 68–9 Minowitz, P 46 Mirowski, P 86, 150, 171 misery 49–50 Mizuta, H 45 Moby Dick (Melville) 22, 24–5, 33–4 Moll, W.E 52 Mombert, P 131, 137 money 16, 30–2 Moore, G.E 104 moral restraint 53; see also ethics moral sense 55 Moretti, F 29 morphological and morphogenetic system 165–6 Morris, W 52 Mulberg, J 92, 95 multidisciplinary approach 185–6 Municipal University of Amsterdam 191, 192–3 Nabokov, V 11 narration 11, 14; see also novels national accounts 197, 198–9 nations, institutional development of 69–75 natural sciences 3, 9, 56–7, 88; Enlightenment 42–3; Jevons 4, 88–95, 109; Newtonian mechanics 5–6, 57, 171–80; Sella 5, 153–66; Whately’s demarcation 55–6 needs 163–5 net reproduction rate 136 Netherlands Trade School (later 212 Index Netherlands Economic School) 190–1, 192–3 Newton (Maclaurin) 42 Newtonian mechanics 5–6, 57, 171–80 Nichomachean Ethics (Aristotle) 105–6 nineteenth-century novels see novels non-tuism 101 normative social theory 57–8 novels 3, 7–40; budget constraint 25–30; destructive feelings and passions 32–5; economic comedy 17–20; fraud and waste in economic life 20–2; languages of culture 7–9; metaphors and economic parables 12–16; money as symbolic substitute 30–2; purpose, choice and action 22–5; reality and imagination in 10–12 opportunity costs 118, 137–8 optimum population 117, 129–35 Origin of Species (Darwin) 57 Oxford Tories 53, 54 pain and pleasure 91–2 Paley, W 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 56, 57 Pantaleoni, M 150, 153, 163 parables, economic 12–16 parents: maximum ophelimity 126–9; opportunity costs 118, 137–8 Pareto, V 5, 12, 152, 153, 159, 177; contribution to demography 4–5, 117–49; declining fertility 136–7; maximum ophelimity 126–9; Pareto optimum population 117, 130; population growth 135; stereograms 120–1 partial equilibrium model 5, 152 particles 176–9 passions 24 Pazner, E 128 peace, domestic 81–2 Peart, S 86, 90, 93, 94 perfect foresight 127–8 Perozzo, L 120 personal capital 126–9 Philosophic Radicals 53–4, 55 physics 5–6, 57, 171–80 Plato 8, 47 pleasure and pain 91–2 policy 74, 78; Netherlands 6, 182, 195–201, 201–2 political activism 78–82 political economy 41, 88; boundary with Christian theology 52–8; ideological crisis in 1820s 53–4; origin in Essay on Population 47–52; Whately’s demarcation 3, 53, 54–6 Political Economy Club 51 political reform 74; history as basis 65, 78–82 population 4–5, 117–49; composition and changes of 118–26; Malthus’s Essay on Population 3, 41, 47–52; and maximum ophelimity 126–9; optimum population size 129–35; population growth, Malthus and Brentano’s law 135–9 population economics 140 positive checks 48, 131 positive economics 56 Possessed, The (Dostoevsky) 25 power, money as 30 practical judgements 102 Pressat, R 136 preventive checks 131, 137 Price, B 88 price mechanism 184 private good 43–4 production functions 132–3 productivity 132–5 profit rate: tendency to fall 76 prognoses 198–9 progress, abstract 78–82 Prussian state 80–1 psychology: Jevons and hedonist 91–3, 109; Wicksteed 4, 87, 104–8, 109 public good 43–4 public spirit (Gemeinsinn) 71 purpose: choice, action and 22–5; competition 158–9 Quadragesimo Anno 57, 196 Quarterly Journal of Economics 41 Quesnay, F 48 Quetelet, A 128 Ranchetti, F 12 rationality: purpose, choice and action 22–3; Wicksteed 96–7, 107–8 Rau, K.H 4, 65; history as examples 64, 67–9, 82 Razin, A 128 reaction, action and 155–6 reality 10–12 reform, radical 53–4 Index 213 regulation 184 relationships 32 religion 97; Christian theology see Christian theology rent 51; absolute rent 76–7 Ricardo, D 51, 52, 53 Ricoeur, P 11, 23 Robbins, L 56, 87, 98, 125, 126 Robertson, D 138 Robinson, J.V 134 Robinson’s parable 12 Rogers, J.E.T 88 Roman Catholic Party 195–6 Roman Catholic Trade School, Tilburg 191–3 Roos, C 173–4, 177, 178 Roscher, W 75–6, 77–8, 79; history as systematic development 4, 64–5, 69–75, 82 Rosner, P 68 Ross, I.S 42, 46–7 Rotterdam: Netherlands Trade School 190–1, 192–3 Rougon-Macquart, Les (Zola) 17 Ruskin, J 52 sacred knowledge 55 Samuelson, P.A 12, 56 savings, in personal capital 126–9 Say, J.-B 58, 73 scarcity 49–50 Schabas, M 90 Schmoller, G 4, 64, 65, 82; history as a basis for political reform 78–82 Schofield, R 118 Schouten, D.B.J 188–9, 199 Schultz, H 176–7, 178 Schumpeter, J.A 1, 48, 118, 171, 178 science see natural sciences scientist approach 3, 9, 13 Scottish Enlightenment 42, 65 secular knowledge 55 secularisation 42 self-destructive and destructive behaviour 16, 32–5 self-interest 24, 43–5, 71 self-love 43–5, 46, 56 Sella, E 5, 150–70; on competition 154–60; on entropy 160–2; life and work 150–2; main ideas on what remains to be studied 152–4; morphological and morphogenetic system 165–6; summary of Sella’s theory of competition 163–5 Senior, N 53, 54, 56 Shaftesbury, Earl of 44 Sharpe, F 119 Shelton, G 44, 45 Shieh, D 95 Sidgwick, H 131 slavery 75 Smith, A 12, 24, 32, 82, 127; history as examples 65–7; parallels with Rau 68–9, 70–1, 74; Theory of Moral Sentiments 30, 45–6; Wealth of Nations 30, 45–7, 47–8, 66–7, 82 social climbing 27–9 Social Democratic Workers Party Labour Plan 195 Social Economic Council 199–200 social embeddedness of economic life 185–6 social wholes 65, 77, 78–9 society 17; Scottish Enlightenment and historic analysis of societies 70–1 sociology of literature 10–11 Southey, R 52 specialisation 194 specific economicity 161 spontaneous order 44, 57 stability of population 119–20 state 68, 69–70; unification of German state 80–1; welfare state 6, 181–2, 194–201 state intervention 6, 183–4, 189, 195–6, 197–8 State University, Groningen 193 Steedman, I 95, 96–7 Steiner, G 7, Stendhal 10, 21, 27 stereograms 120–1 Steuart, J 49 Stewart, D 56 Stirner, M 75 structural changes, long-term 76–7 stylistic character of novels 13–14 subsidiarity principle 196 successive mortality 122 Sumner, J.B 50, 51, 52, 53, 56, 57 Sundbärg, G 125 supply and demand 110 surplus value 76 survival curves 121–4 Sweden 122–3, 134–5 symbolic network 7–9 214 Index systematic development, history as 64–5, 69–78 virtue 106 vital statistics 118–19 Tawney, R.H 45 technologies 65–6 temperature, economic 160–2 tendency of the rate of profit to fall 76 terminology 102–3 Theil, H 187–8, 194 Theory of Moral Sentiments, The (Smith) 30, 45–6 Theory of Political Economy (Jevons) 89–95 theory-practice distinction 184–6; Jevons 93–5, 109–10; Wicksteed 110–11 thermodynamics 160–2, 171 Tilburg Roman Catholic Trade School 191–3 time 14; parents’ opportunity costs 118, 137–8 Tinbergen, J 177, 178, 199; Central Planning Bureau 198; mathematical models 186–7, 188, 196–7, 199; and mechanical analogies 5, 172, 174; Netherlands Trade School 191 Todorov, T 31–2 Tolstoy, L 8, 10, 21, 29 total economic entropy 162 total variability 159 Toynbee, A 52 translation 7–8 Treitschke, H von 81 Tucker, J 44–5, 46, 48, 56 Turgot, A.R.J 12, 48, 74 Wallace, R 48, 49 Walras, L 5, 12, 88, 117, 126, 152, 177 Warburton, W 45 waste 20–2 Waterman, A.M.C 44, 46, 49, 50, 51, 53, 54 wealth 105 wealth-creation 43, 66; unbounded 47–9 Wealth of Nations (Smith) 30, 47–8, 66–7, 82; and Christian theology 45–7 Weisz, B 128 welfare state 6, 181–2, 194–201 Westminster Review 53, 56 Whately, R 54, 56–7; demarcation between political economy and Christian theology 3, 53, 54–6 White, M 90, 93, 94, 95, 110 wholes, social 65, 77, 78–9 Wicksell, K 4–5, 117–49; age distribution 121–4; fertility decline 137; optimum population size 129–35; population growth 135–6 Wicksteed, P.H 4, 87–8, 95–111; Alphabet of Economic Science 98–100; Aristotelian foundation of commonsense approach 104–7; Common Sense of Political Economy 96–7, 98, 100–4, 105; and marginal revolution 107–11; role of common sense 95–104 Wilks, S 177 willingness 158 Winch, D 52, 86 wise man 105, 107 women, changing role of 138–9 Wordsworth, W 52 underground man 31–2 unification 80–1 utilitarianism 55; Jevons 91–3, 109; Wicksell 130–5; Wicksteed 109 utility: and demand 95; Sella 158–9, 165 value neutrality 55–6 Vance, R 119 variability 155–6, 159–60 Vaudano, M 152 Verrijn Stuart, C.A 183–4 vice 49–50 Villeneuve-Bargemont, A de 58 Young, A 91 Zeuner, G 118, 120 Zola, E 10, 17, 19–20, 21; L’Argent 20; L’Assommoir 19, 26–7; Au Bonheur des Dames 19–20; Les Rougon-Macquart 17 ... on the history of economics in various books and journals Routledge Studies in the History of Economics Economics as Literature Willie Henderson Socialism and Marginalism in Economics 1870–1930... professional journals like Economics and Philosophy, Journal of Law and Economics, American Journal of Economics and Sociology, not to mention the many journals covering the domain where economics, mathematics... revolution in economics should be characterised not only in terms of an exchange between mathematics (or the natural sciences in general) and economics, but also in terms of an exchange between

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  • Book Cover

  • Title

  • Contents

  • List of figures

  • Notes on contributors

  • Preface

  • Introduction: Crossing boundaries: economics and its neighbours GUIDO ERREYGERS

  • Economic life in nineteenth-century novels: what economists might learn from literature BRUNA INGRAO

  • The beginning of 'boundaries': the sudden separation of economics from Christian theology A.M.C. WATERMAN

  • History and economic analysis in German nineteenth-century economics PETER ROSNER

  • Jevons and Wicksteed: crossing borders in the history of economics FLAVIO COMIM

  • Economists as demographers: Wicksell and Pareto on population MAURO BOIANOVSKY

  • Competition and economic temperature: the entropy law in Emanuele Sella's work CLAUDIA ROTONDI

  • Particles or humans? Econometric quarrels on Newtonian mechanics and the social realm FRANCISCO LOU

  • Disciplinary developments in Dutch economics and the emergence of the Dutch welfare state (1930 1960) ARNOLD WILTS

  • Index

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