www.ebook3000.com The Economics of Hate www.ebook3000.com The Economics of Hate Samuel Cameron Professor of Economics, University of Bradford, UK Edward Elgar Cheltenham, UK Northampton, MA, USA â Samuel Cameron 2009 All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical or photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher Published by Edward Elgar Publishing Limited The Lypiatts 15 Lansdown Road Glos GL50 2JA UK Edward Elgar Publishing, Inc William Pratt House Dewey Court Northampton Massachusetts 01060 USA A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Control Number: 2008943095 ISBN 978 84720 047 Printed and bound in Great Britain by MPG Books Ltd, Bodmin, Cornwall www.ebook3000.com Contents List of figures and tables Preface Acknowledgements vi vii viii Towards the economics of hate The quiet and peaceful world of microeconomics (QPWM) Why is hate like raspberry jam? Hatred in conventional microeconomics Widening the economic approach to hate Applied hate in the material world at the individual level Hate in the air: the economics of psychic possession Phobias, -isms and schisms: group hate Is conflict resolution theory relevant? Is there a policy conclusion? References Index 12 38 58 80 100 120 140 154 167 183 v Figures and tables FIGURES 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 3.1 3.2 4.1 5.1 6.1 7.1 8.1 Income and substitution effects for hate as a consumption good Income and substitution effects for hate as a full-time means of support Backward-bending supply curve for hate Edgeworth–Bowley box diagram Hate code market Hate code market: alternative equilibria The hate nexus Dyadic hate functions Psychic production function Hate club membership function Conflict resolution production function 18 20 22 27 55 56 63 89 107 127 141 TABLES 1.1 4.1 4.2 Definitions of hatred and malice Hatred-relevant emotions and actions Hating self and hating others options vi www.ebook3000.com 64 69 Preface There is little literature which directly links economics with hate Some literature on hate mentions economic factors but it is not usually an economic analysis; rather some factor such as unemployment is brought in on an ad hoc basis when other explanations are found wanting Paradoxically there is a strong economic basis to many discussions about hate Hate is treated as a commodity with a price that can be controlled by measures that effectively increase this price, whether these be longer prison sentences or tighter security measures at airports to impede terrorist bombers In this book, I seek to explore the dimensions of hate as a commodity from a wider economic perspective which draws critically on research in other subjects vii Acknowledgements I would like to thank Matt Pitman at Edward Elgar for encouraging me to write this book Also colleagues in many institutions who are too numerous to mention for providing relevant material I have used some small parts of my previous publications, ‘Wiccanomics’ (Review of Social Economy, 2005a), the chapter on suicide in Bowmaker (2005) and The Economics of Sin (2002b) viii www.ebook3000.com Towards the economics of hate It might not be obvious what economics has to with hate Let us begin that discourse by looking at the deliberations in the inner circle of the Nazi Party two days after Kristallnacht As part of the discussion, Goebbels suggested that Jews might be excluded from sleeping cars (on trains) that contained Germans He proposed that they might then be forced to sleep in the corridor The following discussion is then reported to have taken place: Goering: In that case, I think it would make sense to give them separate compartments Goebbels: Not if the train is overcrowded? Goering: Just a moment There’ll be only one Jewish coach If that is filled up the other Jews will have to stay home Goebbels: Suppose, there won’t be many Jews going on the express to Munich, suppose there will be two Jews in the train and the other compartment will be overcrowded These two Jews would then have a compartment all to themselves Therefore, Jews may claim a seat only after all Germans have secured a seat Goering: I’d give the Jews one coach or one compartment And should a case like you mention arise and the train be overcrowded, believe me, we don’t need a law We’ll kick him out and he’ll have to sit alone on the toilet all the way Goebbels: I don’t agree, I don’t believe in this There ought to be a law Further there ought to be a decree barring Jews from beaches and resorts (Quoted in Fischer, 1998, p 285) This leads on to an even more surreal discussion about trying to prevent Germans coming into contact with Jews while wandering through the forest The allocation of sleeping car slots between two differently privileged groups where one group is thought to incur costs from contact with the other is an economic problem Interestingly there is no record of anyone proposing higher prices for Jewish consumers, notwithstanding the hefty sequestration of Jewish assets by Nazis during this period The lack of such a suggestion may perhaps give us an important insight into the essential nature of hate Here are six statements about hatred: Hatred is the most extreme emotion (if it is an emotion) Expression of hatred is more likely to provoke extreme social disapproval than expression of other emotions References 177 Lynch, M (2002), ‘Pedophiles and cyber-predators as contaminating forces: the language of disgust, pollution, and boundary invasions in federal debates on sex offender legislation’, Law and Social Inquiry, 27(3), 529–57 Macklin, Graham (2007), Very Deeply Dyed in Black: Sir Oswald Mosley and the Resurrection of British Fascism after 1945, London, UK: I.B Tauris and Co Margolis, Howard (2007), Cognition and Extended Rational Choice, London, UK: Routledge Marsh, P (1978), Aggro: The Illusion of Violence, Guildford, UK: J.M Dent and Sons Mason, D and P Fett (1996), ‘How civil wars end: a rational choice approach’, The Journal of Conflict Resolution, 40(4), 546–68 Maxwell, C and S Maxwell (1995), Youth Participation in Hate-Motivated Crime: Research and Policy Implications, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA: Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence Maxwell-Stuart, Peter G (2003), Witch Hunters, Stroud, UK: Tempus McCain, R (1980), ‘Critical reflections on sociobiology’, Review of Social Economy, 38(2), 123–39 McCain, R (1990), ‘Impulse filtering: a new model of freely willed economic choice’, Review of Social Economy, 48(2), 125–34 McCarthy Brown, Karen (2000) (revised edition), Mama Lola A Vodou Priestess in Brooklyn, London, UK: University of California Press McMoneagle Joseph (2000), Remote Viewing Secrets, Charlottesville, VA, USA: Hampton Roads Publishing McNown, R.F and L.D Singell (1974), ‘A factor analysis of the socioeconomic structure of riot and crime prone cities’, Annals of Regional Science, 8(1), 1–13 Michael Bell Associates (2006), Crime and Prejudice: The Support Needs of Victims of Hate Crime: A Research Report, London, UK: Victim Support National Office Milgram, S (1963), ‘Behavioral study of obedience’, Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 67, 371–78 Miller, Arthur G (ed.) (2004), The Social Psychology of Good and Evil, New York, USA: The Guilford Press Milner, D (1983), Children and Race, London, UK: Ward Lock Educational Minow, M (1998), ‘Between vengeance and forgiveness: South Africa’s truth and reconciliation commission’, Negotiation Journal, 14(4), 319–55 Minow, M (2002), ‘Breaking the cycle of hatred’, in M Minow (ed.), Breaking the Cycle of Hatred, Princeton, NJ, USA and Oxford, UK: Princeton University Press, pp 14–75 178 The economics of hate Minsky, Hyman P (1986), Stabilizing an Unstable Economy, New Haven, CT, USA: Yale University Press Murray, M (1933), The God of the Witches, London, UK: Sampson Low Nelson, Richard R and Sidney G Winter (1981), An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Behavior and Capabilities, Cambridge, MA, USA: Harvard University Press Nooteboom, B (2007), ‘Social capital, institutions and trust’, Review of Social Economy, 65(1), 29–54 Northrup, Terrell A (1989), ‘The dynamics of identity in personal conflict’, in L Kreisberg, Terrell A Northrup and Stuart J Thorson (eds), Intractable Conflicts and their Transformation, Syracuse, NY, USA: Syracuse University Press, pp 55–82 Nunn, N (2004), ‘Slavery, institutional development and long-run growth in Africa 1400–2000’, Unpublished manuscript, Department of Economics and Institute for Policy Analysis, University of Toronto, Canada Orme-Johnson, D., C Alexander and J.L Davies (1990), ‘The effects of the Maharishi technology of the unified field: reply to a methodological critique’, Journal of Conflict Resolution, 34, 756–68 Orme-Johnson, D., Michael Dillbeck and Charles Alexander (2003), ‘Preventing terrorism and international conflict: effects of large assemblies of participants in the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi programs’, Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 36, 283–302 Orphanides, A and D Zevros (1995), ‘Rational addiction with learning and regret’, Journal of Political Economy, 103, 739–58 Osei, Mensah-Aborampah (2003), ‘Witchcraft in the religion of the Hlubi of Qumbu: focusing on the issues of sickness and healing in the society’, PhD thesis, University of South Africa Oster, E (2004), ‘Witchcraft Weather and economic growth in Renaissance Europe’, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 18(1), 215–28 Person, Ethel S (1997), The Force of Fantasy, London, UK: HarperCollins Petraitis, R (2000), ‘Witch burning and human sacrifice in India’, The REALL News: the official newsletter of the Rational Examination Association of Lincoln Land, 8(11), 1–2 Phillips, Anita (1999), A Defence of Masochism, London, UK: Faber and Faber (paperback edition of book published in 1998) Phillips, T and P Smith (2003), ‘Everyday incivility: towards a benchmark’, Sociological Review, 51(1), 85–108 Pickering, D (1996), Cassell’s Dictionary of Witchcraft, London, UK: Cassell Pollak, R.A (2002), ‘An intergenerational model of domestic violence’, National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No 9099 www.ebook3000.com References 179 Posen, B.R (1993), ‘The security dilemma and ethnic conflict’, Survival, 35(1), 27–47 Randles, Jenny and Peter Hough (2001), Psychic Detectives: The Mysterious Use of Paranormal Phenomena in Solving True Crimes, Pleasantville, NY, USA and Montreal, Canada: Reader’s Digest Association Rees, B (2007), ‘The application of strategic stress management in winning the peace’, USAWC Program Research Paper, DDE Research paper Rhyne, A and D.L Yearwood (2005), The Nature and Scope of Hispanic/ Latino Gangs in North Carolina, Releigh, NC, USA: Department of Crime Control and Public Safety, North Carolina Governor’s Crime Commission Richardson, Lewis Fry (1960), Statistics of Deadly Quarrel, Pittsburgh, PA, USA: Boxwood Press Rigby, K (2003), ‘Consequences of bullying in schools’, Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 48(9), 583–90 Rigby, K and B Johnson (2006), ‘Expressed readiness of Australian schoolchildren to act as bystanders in support of children who are being bullied’, Educational Psychology, 26(3), 425–40 Rodgers, W and S Gago (2006), ‘Improving social corporate responsibility: the case of bullying behaviour’, Working Paper 06-42, Business Economics Series 13, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid Rosenthal, R.W (1993), ‘Suicide attempts and signaling games’, Mathematical Social Sciences, 26, 25–31 Rothbard, Murray (1995), Making Economic Sense, Ludwig von Mises Institute, http://mises.org/econsense/econense.asp Rothman, J (1997), Resolving Identity-based Conflict in Nations, Organizations and Communities, San Francisco, CA, USA: Jossey-Bass Publishers Salanié, B (2006) ‘The riots in France: an economist’s view’, http://riots france.ssrc.org/salanie/ Sandler, T and J Tschirhart (1980), ‘The economic theory of clubs: an evaluative survey’, Journal of Economic Literature, 18(4), 1481–521 Sappington, D.E.M (1991), ‘Incentives in Principal–Agent Relationships’, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 5, 45–66 Saunders, P.T (1980) (reprinted 1995), An Introduction to Catastrophe Theory, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press Schafer, J.R and J Navarro (2003), ‘The seven-stage hate model’, FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, 72(3), 1–9 Schelling, T (1984), ‘Self command in practice, in policy, and in a theory of rational choice’, American Economic Review, 74(2), 1–11 Scherer, M., K.L Cooke and E.L Worthington (2004), Forgiveness 180 The economics of hate Bibliography, Richmond, VA, USA: Virginia Commonwealth University Schuller, T (2007), ‘Reflections on the use of social capital’, Review of Social Economy, 65(1), 11–28 Schumpeter, Joseph A (1934), The Theory of Economic Development, Cambridge, MA, USA: Harvard University Press Schuster, B (1996), ‘Rejection, exclusion and harassment at work and in schools: an integration of results from research an moral harassment, bullying, and peer rejection’, European Psychologist, 1(4), 293–317 Scott, K.M (2000), ‘The phenomenon of road rage: complexities, discrepancies and opportunities for CR analysis’, Online Journal of Peace and Conflict Resolution, 3(3), 1–13 Sedikides, Constantine, W Keith Campbell, Glenn D Reeder, Andrew J Elliot and Aiden D Gregg (2002), ‘Do others bring out the worst in Narcissists? The “Others Exist for Me” Illusion’, in Kashimo Yoshika, Margaret Foddy and Michael Platow (eds), Self and Identity: Personal, Social and Symbolic, Mahwah, NJ, USA: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, pp 103–25 Sen, A.K (1976–7), ‘Rational fools: a critique of the behavioral foundations of economic theory’, Philosophy and Public Affairs, 6, 317–44 Shackle, George L.S (1967), The Years of High Theory: Invention and Tradition in Economic Thought 1926–1939, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press (1969 reprint) Shaw, M and O Barchechat (2002), ‘Preventing hate crimes: international strategies and practice’, International Centre for the Prevention of Crime, Montreal, Canada Short, Phillip (2004), Pol Pot: The History of A Nightmare, London, UK: John Murray Shugart, M.S (1992), ‘Guerillas and elections: an institutional perspective on the costs of conflict and competition’, International Studies Quarterly, 36(2), 121–51 Sorel, G (1961), Reflections on Violence, trans T.E Hulme, New York, USA: Collier Books Staub, Ervin (2003), The Psychology of Good and Evil: Why Children, Adults, and Groups Help and Harm Others, New York, USA: Cambridge University Press Stern, K (2003–4), ‘The need for an interdisciplinary field of hate studies’, Journal of Hate Studies, 3, 7–35 Sternberg, Robert J (ed.) (2004), The Psychology of Hate, Washington, DC, USA: American Psychological Association Sutton, R.I (2007), The No Asshole Rule: Building a Civilized Workplace and Surviving One That Isn’t, New York, USA: Business Plus www.ebook3000.com References 181 Tavris, Carole (1982), Anger – the Misunderstood Emotion, New York, USA: Simon and Schuster Thaler, R and H.M Shefrin (1988), ‘An economic theory of self control’, Journal of Political Economy, 89, 392–406 Thompson, H.A (2000), ‘Understanding rioting in postwar urban America’, Journal of Urban History, 26, 391–402 Thompson, K (1982), Emile Durkheim, London, UK: Tavistock Publications Tilly, Charles (2003), The Politics of Collective Violence, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press Tomer, J (1996), ‘Good habits and bad habits: a new age socio-economic model of preference formation’, Journal of Socio-Economics, 25(6), 619–38 Turner, M (2006a), ‘Taming mammon: corporate social responsibility and the global regulation of conflict trade’, Conflict, Security and Development, 6(3), 365–87 Twomey, P.J (1999), ‘Habit’, in P.E Earl and S Kemp (eds), The Elgar Companion to Consumer Research and Economic Psychology, Cheltenham, UK and Northampton, MA, USA: Edward Elgar, pp 270–75 Villaveces, J (2003), ‘Why peace processes fail or move forward: Negotiations in Colombia with FARC and UAC’, August, No 35 Serie Documentos, Borradores de Investigacion, Universidad del Rosario Von Neumann, J and O Morgenstern (1944), Theory of Games and Economic Behavior, Princeton, NJ, USA: Princeton University Press Waite, Arthur E (1972), The Book of Black Magic, York Beach, ME, USA: Wieser, 1999 edition Walter, B.F (1999), ‘Designing transitions from civil war’, International Security, 24(1), 127–55 Weatherby, G.A and B Scoggins (2005–6), ‘A content analysis of persuasion techniques used on white supremacist websites’, Journal of Hate Studies, 4(1), 9–31 Webb, R (2004), ‘Animal liberation – by “Whatever Means Necessary”’, in Steven Best and Antony J Nocella III (eds), Terrorists or Freedom Fighters, New York, USA: Lantern Books, pp 77–90 Weinberg, L (2005), Global Terrorism A Beginner’s Guide, Oxford, UK: One World Publications Winston, G.C (1980), ‘Addiction and backsliding: a theory of compulsive consumption’, Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 1, 295–324 Woods, S.M (2003), ‘An analysis of Bloody Sunday’, OJPCR: Online Journal of Peace and Reconciliation, 5(1), 1–6 Yamada, D.C (2000), ‘Phenomenon of workplace bullying and the need 182 The economics of hate for status-blind hostile work environment protection’, Georgetown Law Journal, 88, 475 Youngson, Robert M (1999), ‘Universal self-delusion: defence mechanism’, in The Madness of Prince Hamlet: and Other Extraordinary States of Mind, London, UK: Robinson Publishing, pp 124–8 Zak, P.J (2004), ‘Neuroeconomics’, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 359, 1737–48 Zartman, I William and J Lewis Rasmussen (2001), Peacemaking in International Conflict: Methods and Techniques, Washington, DC, USA: US Institute of Peace Press, 3rd edn Zartman, I William (2001), ‘Negotiating internal conflict: incentive and intractability’, International Negotiation, 6, 297–302 Zeeman, E.C (1976), ‘Catastrophe theory’, Scientific American, 234, 65–83 Zimbardo, P (2007), The Lucifer Effect: How Good People Turn Evil, London, UK: Rider and Co Zizzo, D (2004), ‘The neuroeconomics of anger’, Homo Oeconomics, 21(3/4), 495–508 Zizzo, D (2006), ‘You are not in my boat: common fate and discrimination against outgroup members’, unpublished manuscript, Department of Economics, University of East Anglia www.ebook3000.com Index Abadie, A abuse, personal 83 abuse as addictive good 83 abusive personal relationships 81–3 see also domestic violence addiction 49–51 and binge cycles 83 defining 50 see also domestic violence; emotion Ahmed, A.M 42 Akerlof, G 43, 44, 49, 53, 54–6, 115 conformity model 129 Alchian, A 15 Allport, G.W 51 America and anti-Americanism 35 hate towards 58–9 race riots in 136, 138 and September 11 attack 98, 154, 159 anger, hate and violence in domestic relationships 45–8 see also domestic violence anger 2, 3, 7, 9, 19, 39, 41, 45, 48, 53, 58–9, 62, 64–6, 76–7, 97, 108, 136, 144, 149, 152, 165 management training 143 and safety valves 76 animal rights 76, 128, 126, 131, 132–4, 159 anthromorphism 72–3 anti-hate legislation 16 and costs to hater 16 anti-hate policy, trend of 159–61 anti-Semitism 1, 63–5, 105, 133, 135, 136–7 Applebaum, A 74 applied hate in material world 80–99 abusive personal relationships 81–3 bullies at work, coping with 91–2 see also workplace bullying efficiency in seeking out victims 84–6 school bullying 83–4 strangers, ambient hatred towards 93–8 workplace bullying 86–90 Arrow, K.J 24, 32, 53 Arrow–Phelps model of statistical discrimination 32 assassination of political figures 51 Avruch, K 144 Ayatolla Khomeini 63 Babiak, P 92 Barad, J Barber, N 53, 82 Bastiat, F 34 Baures, M Beck, A.T 61, 123 Becker, G.S 14, 30, 32, 36, 45, 49, 50, 52, 53, 72, 108, 122, 123, 125, 130 and household production/allocation of time model 108 Beloff, J 101 Bergmann, B.R 45 Bergstrom, T.C 45 Bernanke, B 12 Best, S 131, 133 Beswick, J 87, 88, 92 Bloom, W 111 Bonewits, I 112 Bowmaker, S 5, 36 boycotts 33, 34 Bram, J Bruce, R 111, 114 Buchanan, J.M 125, 136 bullying 6, 83 cost relationships in 85 as desire for dominance 86 and seeking out victims 84–6 serial 84 see also school bullying; workplace bullying Burroway, J 10 183 184 The economics of hate Cameron, L 134 Cameron, S 2, 10, 45, 61, 62, 67, 81, 134, 153 capital domestic violence-related 53 human 52–3 personal and social 52–7 social 53 social hate 53 catastrophe theory 77–8 celebrity hatred 30 Chua, A 35, 63, 76, 95, 98, 132 Clinton, B clubs/club theory 125–7, 130–31 and discrimination 125–6 cognitive biases 61 cognitive dissonance 43–4, 48, 49–50, 61, 62 cognitive relationships 95 Cohen, J.D 39, 41 Cohn, N 63 Coleman, J.S 53 Collard, D 29 Collins, A Collins, R 59, 136 commodities 13–14 complex 31 and hate production 14 see also goods computer games 75, 76 conflict 143–4 with environment 43 Conflict Resolution, Journal of 140, 150, 151 conflict resolution 140–53 and coherence-creating assemblies 150 critique of 146–9 experts (CREs) 140, 143, 145, 151 and Maharishi effect 142, 151, 152–3, 156 and peace-building/peace processes 144–6 as ‘soft’ response 149–50 terminology 150–51 conspiracy theory 74 consumer surplus, Marshallian concept of 14 conventional microeconomics 38–57 emotions, status and relevance of 38–42 Copsey, N 133 costs 9/11 decision-making 61 emotion 42 facing bully 85–6 hatred 5, 17 opportunity 16 production of hate/hatred 7–8, 17 risk transaction 53, 159 war and terrorism, studies of 5–6 Cowen, T 148, 149 Cramer, C 147 crime 121–2 see also hate crime Cunningham, S 112 curves backward-bending supply 21, 22 forward-bending supply 22 indifference 19–21 labour supply 21 Cutler, D 68 Czapinski, J 69 Darwin, C 41 Davies, J 150 death threats 7, 95, 98 Debreu, G 24 decision-making 30, 39, 44, 51, 54, 60–61, 70, 130, 153 definitions of dissonance 44 efficiency 27–30 a good spell 115 group hatred phobias 123 hate 6–7, 29, 93, 131, 165–6 hate crime 121 malice Pareto optimality 26 violence 46 workplace bullying 87 Dekkers, M 98 depersonalization 62, 95 Devletoglou, N.E 136 Dickens, W.T 43 DiPasquale, D 136, 137 discrimination 87, 122–3, 125–6, 137 www.ebook3000.com Index ambient stranger 98 ethnic 93 in labour market 30 racial 123, 136 statistical 32, 41 theory of 122 divorce 45, 47, 67 Dixit, A.K 69 Dixon, H 151 domestic violence 46–8, 51–3, 66, 82, 121, 134, 152, 157 intergenerational model of (IMDV) 46–7 Douard, J 157 Douglas, M 38 Durkheim, E 67–8 Durschmied, E 105 Duval, R 151–2 Earl, P.E 41, 43, 44 economic approach to hate 58–79, 81 catastrophe theory 77–8 hate in marketplace 73–7 multiple utility and personal identity 70–71 pseudo input–output model of hate and hate epiphenomena 62–6 self-hatred 66–9 six statements about hatred 58–9 transformation and projection 71–3 Economic Perspectives, Journal of 39 economics and hate 6–8 key elements in efficiency 27–30 and Edgeworth–Bowley box 27, 29 efficient consumption of hate goods 29 economy 29 production 29 Einstein, A 152 Elster, J 59 email death threats ease of communication 7–8 limited costs of 7–8 emotion as addiction 49–51 as efficient and productive 41–2 and rationality 51–2 185 and safety valves 3–4 status of 60–61 see also emotions emotional games 42–45 see also games emotional intelligence 42, 60–62, 68–9, 86, 156 emotional/mental states 63–4 emotions 59–62 and irrationality 40 and fighting 59–60 status and relevance of 38–42 as survival-enhancing trait 41, 59–60 empire, concept of 147–8 employment 72, 136 hate-generating 19 in animal-using industries 23 Enders, W 155 entrepreneurial hatred 130–33, 143 equilibrium/equilibria 12, 36, 45, 109, 129, 131 babbling 109 and disequilibrium 77 general 24–5, 28, 35 and love–hate marriage 26 ethnic and national conflicts 5, 148 ethnicity 63, 121 Etzioni, A 43, 146–7 expressed hatred (of) and economic factors, connection between 80 parents and siblings 82 extreme hate and rock bands 80–81 Farrar, J 108, 112 Farrar, S 108, 112 Farrell, J 109 Fearon, J 148 Ferguson, N 147, 161 Ferrer-i-Carbonell, A 15 Festinger, L 43, 44, 49, 61 Fielding, D 155 fighting 59–60 firm, Marshallian theory of the 25 Fischer, K.P 1, 62–3, 64, 124, 156 Fishbein, H.D 41 Fitch, E 112 Fitzgerald, M 105 Fort, T.L 161 Fortune, D 111 186 The economics of hate Frank, R 12 Frey, B.S 5, 15, 62, 134, 147, 154 Friedman, D 12 Friedman, M 8–9 Frijters, P 15 Frosdick, S 132, 160 future, problems of the 30–33 acquiring friends see people, acquiring information on decision-making 30–31 see also policy conclusions Gago, S 87 game theory 15, 35–6, 77, 84, 109–10, 147 games bargaining 42 emotional 42–5 gangs 133–5 Gardeazabal, J Gardner, G 111 Gates, B 95–6 Gay, R 136 General Theory 40 George, D 29 Gerstenfeld, P.B 130 Gesell 151 Gide, C 34 Gilad, B 43, 44, 50 Glaeser, E.L 3, 4, 6–7, 29, 32, 66, 74–5, 77, 120, 123, 131, 136, 137 Golding, W 86 Goleman, D 41–2, 60, 124 goods ‘experience’ 31 Giffen 19, 23 hate 17–19, 32 inferior 19 Gordon, R.K 117, 147, 149 Grade, L 40, 42 Graham, B 144 Green, D.P 121 Grossbard-Schechtman, S 45 group hate 2, 57, 121–4 forms of 129–30 gangs and murder 134–5 gangs and riots 133–34 production model of 124–9 riots and demonstrations 135–8 see also clubs/club theory Guiley, R 111 Gulag 84, 85, 91, 162 see also prison Gurr, T 151 Hamermesh, D 67 Harbour, D 111 Hare, R.D 92 Harrington, E.R hate 143–4 characteristics of 165–6 clubs see clubs/club theory code 55, 56 crime 121–4 see also domestic violence; homophobia; racism defined as emotion 62 defined as specifics of action 62 economics 6–8 economy and polarization 33 as emotional pollution 73 emotions 57 as extreme emotion 58 genetic roots of 41 good 17, 21–2 manifestations of 10 see also homophobia as means of financial support 19–20 perpetuation of 57 policy 21 prevention industry 143 production of 14, 19–21, 106–10 see also psychic possession rational addiction model of 50 six statements about 58–9 supply and demand for 66 tax 21 hate-related feelings and actions 63–4 hating the haters syndrome 74–5 hatred 1–2 acts of 65 and anger, distinction between celebrity 30 in conventional microeconomics 38–57 see conventional microeconomics costs of 5, 50 empirical evidence on 9–11 www.ebook3000.com Index entrepreneurial 130–33 see also clubs/club theory; entrepreneurial hatred group 2, 57, 121–4 see also group hate as most extreme emotion of parents and siblings 82 safety valves for 76–7 as social emotion 129 see also psychic power; racism Haughwout, A Hawthorne, S 23 Heiner, R.A 53 Hine, P 112 Hirschman, E 31 Hitler, A 38, 61, 65, 72, 105, 124, 132, 153 Holland, J 133 Holtmann, A.G 125 homophobia 10, 11, 121–2, 129 Honderich, T 46 Horney, K 66 Hornstein, H.A 92 Hough, P 103 House of Commons UK Hovland, C.I 134 Hughes, T 83, 86 Human Dignity and Humiliation Studies, Journal of humour 129, 158–9, 160, 164 as means of demeaning object 73 Hutt, W 26 Hutton, R 111 Iannaccone, L.R 125 identity 156 challenges to 97 fractured 71 fragmenting 70 multiple 70 personal 70–71, 81 indifference curve 19–22 infringements 96–8 moral 98 property 96–8 neighbours 96 road rage 96–8 supermarket rage 97 international trade and globalization 33–5 and free trade 34 187 Internet as global messenger 35 death threats hate irrationality 40–41, 58 and love 2–3 Isherwood, B 38 Jaeger, D.A 51 James, L 64, 76, 82 Jarman, N 121–2 jealousy 3, 6, 29, 39 Jevons, W.S 14 Johnson, B 84 Kaufman, S.J 5, 78, 145–6, 148–9 Kelly, G 43 and personality construct theory 43 Kenney, C.T 47–8 Keynes, J.M 40 Kirzner, I 131 Krebs, D.L 82 Krueger, A.B 137 La Vey, A.Z 113 Lawrence, P 93 Lederach, J.P 145 legislation animal rights activists 159 anti-hate 16 derogratory acts under aegis of humour 158–9 domestic violence 157 hate acts 156–9 murder and torture 156–7 non-humorous derogatory acts 158 sexual offences 157–8 legislation (UK) Football Offences Act (1991) 160 Fraudulent Mediums Act (1951) 105, 114 Human Rights Act (1988) 160 Public Order Act (1996) 160 Terrorism Act (2006) 159 legislation (USA) Agroterrorism Protection Act (2002) 159 Antiterrorism Act (1996) 159 Domestic Security Enhancement Act (2003) 159 188 The economics of hate Hate Crime Statistics Act (1990) 121 Patriot Act 159 Leibenstein, H 38 Levy, D 43 Leybourne, S 112–13 love 12–13, 39, 41, 71, 98, 122–3 concepts of firms 125 and irrationality 2–3 and philia 122 romantic 12 and violence 45 love–hate marriage 26 love–hate nexus/syndrome 2, 3, 82 Lubit, R.H 92 Lynch, M 157 McCain, R 41 McCarthy Brown, K 103 McKenna, P 104–5 Macklin, G 133 McLanahan, S.S 47–8 McMoneagle, J 104 McNown, R.F 136 macroeconomics 40–41 magic 112–14, 152 black 111 Gardnerian 111–12 legal regulation of 114 possessive 108 power, rebounding of 112–13 and spells 115–16 white 111 see also psychic possession; psychic power, types of; witchcraft Maharishi effect 142, 151, 152–3, 156 Margo, R.A 136 Margolis, H 149 Marr, W 64 Marsh, P 132, 160 Marshall, A 24, 25 Marshallian concept 14 Marx, K 13, 34 Maxwell, C 132, 135 Maxwell, S 132, 135 Maxwell-Stuart, P.G 118 microeconomics 12–37 conceptual ideal of 12–16 conventional see hatred in conventional microeconomics and individual choice 16–23 and coordination of choice 24–6 see also utility mental accounting 43 Milgram, S 9, 70 Milner, D 51 Minow, M 144 Minsky, H.P 41 Modern Hatreds: The Symbolic Politics of Ethnic War 78 Morgenstern, O 35 murder 5, 10, 53, 96, 123, 129, 131, 143, 147, 156–7, 164, 166 of abortion doctors 133 literature 65, 134 maverick 133 music 75–6 racial 10, 95, 134–5 Murphy, K 49 Murray, M 112 music 74 hip hop 76 and homophobic lyrics 75 rap 75, 76 and Stop Murder Music campaign 75 Nahl, D 64, 76 national identity 63 nationalism 76 Navarro, J 123 Nazi Party/Nazi Germany 1, 49, 51, 63, 70, 105, 144 and sequestration of Jewish assets 1, 63 Nelson, R.R 54 neuroses 61–2 Nocella, A.J 131, 133 Nooteboom, B 52 Northern Ireland 137–8, 143–5, 154–5, 159 and Battle of the Boyne 143 and Belfast Agreement (1998) 144 Northrup, T.A 97 Nunn, N 154 Orme-Johnson, D 150 Orphanides, A 50, 83 Orr, J Osei, M.-A 101 Oster, E 118 www.ebook3000.com Index paedophilia 98, 157 Palestinian–Israeli conflict 51–2 Pareto, V 24–9 Pareto improvement 28, 33, 36 optimal hate exchanges 26 optimality 24–9, 84 as definition of efficiency 28 superior peaceful solutions to costly war 148 Paserman, M.D 51 peace studies/universities 4, 140 peace-building 147 people, acquiring information on 31–3 pre-commitment searches 31 stated characteristics as search proxies 31–2 and statistical discrimination (Arrow–Phelps model) 32 perception filtering 66 perfect competition 25–6, 28, 42 and general equilibrium 42 see also equilibrium perfect symmetry 110 Petraitis, R 117 Phillips, T 95 phobias 64, 120–24 group hatred 123 Judeophobia 62, 64 phobias, -isms, and hate crimes see hate; phobias Pickering, D 111 Pindyck, R.S 69 Pischke, J.-S 137 policy conclusions 154–66 ethnic tension and risk of vigilantism 163 for the future 161–4 growth areas in hate sphere 163–4 increase in language of hate 164 increase in supply of hate crime victims 163–4 optimistic corporate globalization 161–3 see also legislation (UK); legislation (USA) ‘Political economy of hatred’ 66 Pollak, R.A 46–7, 48, 53 Popper, K preference pollution 29–30 189 preferences 43 prison 16, 50, 67, 115, 162 and bullying 84, 85 see also Gulag prisoner’s dilemma 36, 53, 149 projection 71–3 psychic harm/help market 114 psychic possession 100–119 as analogous to ill-health 111 clarification and definition of 100–101 countervailing strategies for 110–14 in hate production process 106–10 and principal–agent issue 114–16 and witchcraft persecution mania 116–19 psychic power, types of 101–6, 109 clairvoyance 102 conjuring superhuman spirits/forces 103 divining information on past 103 influencing animals 102–3 invisibility 104 mind influence, hypnosis and hallucinations 104–6 moving objects 102 psychometry 103 remote viewing 103–4 teleportation 104 punishment, avoiding 82–3 QPWM see microeconomics quiet/peace and equilibrium 12 see also microeconomics racial barriers 74 racial differences, biological explanations of 41 racism 15–16, 17, 33, 49, 51, 77, 121, 122, 130, 134–5, 136–7, 152, 160, 162–3 Randles, J 103 Rapaport, C rationality 51–2 strategic 50 Rees, B 152 relationship management 68 religion 63, 70, 121, 125 religious hatred 64 research/surveys (on) 190 The economics of hate bargaining games 42 British Social Attitudes Survey 10 bullying 84, 86 domestic violence 47–8 environmental 15 forgiveness happiness 15, 77 homophobic harassment and violence (Northern Ireland) 121 Rhyne, A 135 Ricardo, D 24 Richardson, L.F 63 Rigby, K 83, 84 riots and demonstrations 133–8 see also gangs risk 16, 30, 32–3, 36, 126, 132, 156, 160, 163 safety from 33 and uncertainty 39, 41 risk aversion 113, 128 ordinal measures based on 15 Rist, C 34 road rage 76, 96–8, 141, 166 Robinson, J 40 Rodgers, W 87 Rosenthal, R.W 68 Rothbard, M 136 Rushdie, S 78 Salanié, B 137 Sandler, T 125 Sappington, D.E.M 115 Saunders, P.T 77 scapegoating 73, 98, 118 schadenfreude 29, 94–6, 108 Schafer, J.R 123 Schelling, T 43 Scherer, M Schipani, C.A 161 school bullying 83–4, 91 and age decrement 84 and intimidation/bullying of teachers 83 pupil-to-pupil 84 Schuller, T 52 Schumpeter, J 54, 131 Schuster, B 87 Scoggins, B 130 Scott, K.M 97, 141 Sears, R.R 134 self-control 43, 44, 70, 86 self-hatred 66–9, 72, 80, 81 see also suicide Sen, A.K 43 Shackle, G.L.S 40, 45 Shefrin, H.M 43 Short, P 36, 60 Shortland, A 155 Simmel, G 93 Singell, L.D 136 Smith, A 24, 34, 142 Smith, P 95 social capital 86 disapproval 58 distance 30, 32 efficiency 29 neurosis 66 reality, construction of 34 Sorel, G 46 Soss, N 67 sport 73–4 as safety valve 74 organized conflict 86 and racism 160 and soccer hooliganism 97, 132 statistical discrimination, Arrow– Phelps model of 32 Stern, K Sternberg, R.J 165 Stockholm syndrome 23 strangers, ambient hatred towards 93–8 act-based moral infringement 98 act-based property infringement 96–8 extended celebrity/success schadenfreude 94–6 token individual 94 Stutzer, A 15 suicide 67–9 altruistic 68 anomic 67 egoistic 67 fatalistic 67 and game-theoretic framework 68 para- 68 and self-hate 68–9 suicide bombing/bombers 7, 65, 68, 134, 156 www.ebook3000.com Index survival 41, 59–60 Sutton, R.I 86, 91–2 Tavris, C 76 Tennant, A 121–2 terrorism 4–5, 132, 134, 147, 155, 159–60, 163, 166 and anti-terrorism measures 160 as ‘normal good’ 155 Thaler, R 43 Theory of Moral Sentiments, The 24 Thompson, K 67, 136 Tilly, C 132 time, hate-specific 48–9 Tomer, J 49 torture 50–51, 52, 134, 143, 156–7 transformation 71–3, 74, 77, 141 and anthropomorphism 72–3 trust 31, 36, 53, 60, 142 and anti-trust/distrust 93, 95, 146 Tschirhart, J 125 Twomey, P.J 53 uncertainty see future, problems of the undirectional Granger causality 51 unemployment 13, 78, 137 United Nations 140, 155 utility 14–16, 21–3, 54, 90 cardinal 14, 15, 77 cardinal vs ordinal 15 from hate outputs 108 individual 54 law of diminishing marginal 15–16 measurable 15, 16 multiple syndromes 57 negative 44 ordinal 15 positive 123 ‘psychic’ 100 Vejarano, B 144 victims/victimization 10, 23, 44, 46–7, 50, 52, 66, 73, 75–6, 82–9, 91–2, 100–104, 106, 108–10, 114, 116, 118, 121, 126, 150, 158, 162–4, 166 191 Villaveces, J 145 violence 46, 72, 76, 80, 122–3, 133–5, 137, 140, 141, 143–4, 157, 161 psychic 105 see also domestic violence Von Neumann, J 35 Waite, A.E 103 Walras, L 14, 24 Walrasian General Equilibrium 24–5 war 3, 4–5, 10, 34, 36, 53, 63, 66, 72, 84, 102, 134, 141–3, 148 150–52, 158, 163 atrocities of 143 and genocide 61 Wealth of Nations 24 Weatherby, G.A 130 Weinberg, L 4, 132 Whelan, Y 144 Winston, G.C 49 Winter, S.G 54 witchcraft 10, 77, 102, 105, 111, 112, 152 persecution mania 116–18 Wicca 111–14 and witchfinders 118–19 see also psychic power workplace bullying 83, 86–92, 164 and concept of dignity at work coping with 91–2 definition of 87 economic model for 87–90 and hate dyads 88–90 xenophobia 34, 63–5, 76, 98, 131 Yearwood, D.L 135 Youngson, R.M 71 Zak, P.J 53 Zeeman, E.C 78 Zevros, D 50, 83 Zizzo, D ... outcome of more hate goods instead of fewer Let us now turn to the case of working full-time to produce hate Figure 2.2 shows the basis of the derivation of the supply of hate as a fulltime means of. .. added to the welfare of society But of course, we could say this only happened because they were angry and did not really hate each other If The economics of hate they ‘really’ hated each other... expression of other emotions The economics of hate Displays of hatred exhibit more irrationality than displays of other emotions (2) is due not so much to (3) as to fear of the consequences of the action