Empirical studies on economics of innovation, public economics and management

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Eurasian Studies in Business and Economics Series Editors: Mehmet Huseyin Bilgin · Hakan Danis Mehmet Huseyin Bilgin Hakan Danis Ender Demir Ugur Can Editors Empirical Studies on Economics of Innovation, Public Economics and Management Proceedings of the 18th Eurasia Business and Economics Society Conference Eurasian Studies in Business and Economics Series editors Mehmet Huseyin Bilgin, Istanbul, Turkey Hakan Danis, San Francisco, CA, USA Representing Eurasia Business and Economics Society More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/13544 Mehmet Huseyin Bilgin • Hakan Danis • Ender Demir • Ugur Can Editors Empirical Studies on Economics of Innovation, Public Economics and Management Proceedings of the 18th Eurasia Business and Economics Society Conference Editors Mehmet Huseyin Bilgin Faculty of Political Sciences Istanbul Medeniyet University Istanbul, Turkey Ender Demir Faculty of Tourism Istanbul Medeniyet University Istanbul, Turkey Hakan Danis MUFG Union Bank San Francisco, CA USA Ugur Can Eurasia Business and Economic Society Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey The authors of individual papers are responsible for technical, content, and linguistic correctness ISSN 2364-5067 ISSN 2364-5075 (electronic) Eurasian Studies in Business and Economics ISBN 978-3-319-50163-5 ISBN 978-3-319-50164-2 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-50164-2 Library of Congress Control Number: 2016962703 © Springer International Publishing AG 2017 This work is subject to copyright All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Preface This is the sixth issue of the Springer’s series Eurasian Studies in Business and Economics, which is the official book series of the Eurasia Business and Economics Society (EBES, www.ebesweb.org) This issue includes selected papers presented at the 18th EBES Conference that was held on January, 2016, in the School of Business Administration of American University of Sharjah (AUS) in Dubai, U.A.E All accepted papers for the issue went through peer-review process and benefited from the comments made during the conference as well During the conference, participants had many productive discussions and exchanges that contributed to the success of the conference where 118 papers by 221 colleagues from 43 countries were presented In addition to publication opportunities in EBES journals (Eurasian Business Review and Eurasian Economic Review, which are also published by Springer), conference participants were given opportunity to submit their full papers to this Issue We regret that we could accept only a small portion of those papers Theoretical and empirical papers in the series cover diverse areas of business, economics, and finance from many different countries, providing a valuable opportunity to researchers, professionals, and students to catch up with the most recent studies in a diverse set of fields across many countries and regions The aim of the EBES conferences is to bring together scientists from business, finance, and economics fields, attract original research papers, and provide them publication opportunities Each issue of the Eurasian Studies in Business and Economics covers a wide variety of topics from business and economics and provides empirical results from many different countries and regions that are less investigated in the existing literature The current issue covers fields such as: i ii iii iv v MANAGEMENT & MARKETING ACCOUNTING & FINANCE ECONOMICS OF INNOVATION GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT PUBLIC ECONOMICS v vi Preface Although the papers in this issue may provide empirical results for a specific county or regions, we believe that the readers would have an opportunity to catch up with the most recent studies in a diverse set of fields across many countries and regions and empirical support for the existing literature In addition, the findings from these papers could be valid for similar economies or regions On behalf of the Volume Editors and EBES officers, I would like to thank to all presenters, participants, board members, and keynote speakers, and we are looking forward to seeing you at the upcoming EBES conferences Istanbul, Turkey Ender Demir Eurasia Business and Economics Society EBES is a scholarly association for scholars involved in the practice and study of economics, finance, and business worldwide EBES was founded in 2008 with the purpose of not only promoting academic research in the field of business and economics but also encouraging the intellectual development of scholars In spite of the term “Eurasia,” the scope should be understood in its broadest term as having a global emphasis EBES aims to bring worldwide researchers and professionals together through organizing conferences and publishing academic journals and increase economics, finance, and business knowledge through academic discussions To reach its goal, EBES benefits from its executive and advisory boards which consist of well-known academicians from all around the world Every year, with the inclusion of new members, our executive and advisory boards became more diverse and influential I would like to thank them for their support EBES conferences and journals are open to all economics, finance, and business scholars and professionals around the world Any scholar or professional interested in economics, finance, and business is welcome to attend EBES conferences Since 2012, EBES has been organizing three conferences every year: one in Istanbul (usually in late May or early June) and two in Europe or Asia (usually in January and October) Since our first conference, around 6824 colleagues from 91 different countries have joined our conferences and 3904 academic papers have been presented Also, in a very short period of time, EBES has reached 1394 members from 76 countries Since 2011, EBES has been publishing two academic journals One of those journals, Eurasian Business Review—EBR, is in the fields of industry and business, and the other one, Eurasian Economic Review—EER, is in the fields of economics and finance Both journals are published biannually, and we are committed to having both journals included in SSCI as soon as possible Both journals have been published by Springer since 2014 and are currently indexed in the Emerging Sources Citation Index, EconLit, Google Scholar, EBSCO, ProQuest, ABI/ INFORM, Business Source, International Bibliography of the Social Sciences vii viii Eurasia Business and Economics Society (IBSS), OCLC, Research Papers in Economics (RePEc), Summon by ProQuest, and TOC Premier Furthermore, since 2014 Springer has started to publish a new conference proceedings series (Eurasian Studies in Business and Economics) which includes selected papers from the EBES conferences The 10th, 11th, 12th, and 13th EBES Conference Proceedings have already been accepted for inclusion in the Thompson Reuters’ Conference Proceedings Citation Index, and subsequent conference proceedings are in progress On behalf of the EBES officers, I sincerely thank you for your participation and look forward to seeing you at our future conferences In order to improve our future conferences, we welcome your comments and suggestions Our success is only possible with your valuable feedback and support I hope you enjoy the conference and U.A.E.! With my very best wishes, Jonathan Batten, PhD President Contents Part I Accounting & Finance Islamic Bonds and Real Estate Securitizations: The Italian Perspective for Issuing a Sukuk Giorgio Carlo Brugnoni, Paolo Gaspare Conforti Di Lorenzo, Raffaele Didonato, Enrico Giustiniani, Lorenzo Lentini, Massimo Mariani, Claudio Palandra, Fabrizio Petrucci, Antonio Salvi, and Alessandra Tami The Role and Impact of Performance Audit in Public Governance Dalia Daujotaite˙ and Danute˙ Adomavicˇiute˙ Business Performance Assessment in the Customs Administrations Activity and Trade Facilitation Measures Danute˙ Adomavicˇiute˙ and Dalia Daujotaite˙ The Determinants of Lending to Customers: Evidence from Italy Between 2008 and 2012 Franco Tutino, Giorgio Carlo Brugnoni, Concetta Colasimone, and Luca Riccetti 29 45 57 Possibilities of Exotic Options Application in the Pro-ecological Investments Efficiency Assessment 103 Dziawgo Ewa Weather Derivatives: Another Need for India 115 Nidhi Choudhary and Girish K Nair Part II Economics of Innovation Global Competitiveness of World Superpowers: Education, Talents and Innovations 129 Antanas Buracas and Vytas Navickas ix 366 T Petrov and P Markova depends to a large extent on the development, accessibility and quality of such services The problems of the institutional childcare, which have being identified long ago, and the need of synchronization of the social policy of Bulgaria with the same policy of the EU led to formulation of the policy of deinstitutionalization of this care Regardless that the number of the children raised in specialized institutions in Bulgaria has significantly decreased in recent years, it is still quite big Based on data from the Reports “Children, raised in specialized institutions” of the State Agency for Child Protection as of December, 2015 (State Agency for Child Protection 2015b) the total number of children raised in institutions, was 2107 In 2001 their number was 12,609, which means that in a 14-year period the number of children, raised in institutions, has decreased down about six times The widest exit from the institutions for the children from the Homes for Medical and Social Care for Children is placement in adoptive families As from the beginning of the deinstitutionalization, the widest exit for the children from the Homes for Children, deprived from parental care, has always been returning to their biological families In 2013, the number of the children placed in foster families “catches up” the returning to biological families (Ministry of Health 2011) A new exit is provided in 2013 for the children from the Homes for Children with Disabilities in the form of a residential service in the community—every third child, removed from the institutions, goes to a Center for Family-type Accommodation However, the share of the transfer “from home to home” remains big (23% are directed to other specialized institution) All this led to increasing the number of the children, using residence-type social services As of 31.12.2013, the total number of the children, using social services in the community, including residence-type service is 9752 (Agency for Social Assistance 2014) and as of the end of 2014—10,639 (Agency for Social Assistance 2015) In Bulgaria, within the period 2008–2012, the relative share of children, deprived from parental care, who are placed in specialized institutions has significantly decreased, compared to the total number of children in the country Figure shows data on the relative share of children, placed in the major institutions for childcare, compared to the total number of the same-age children in the country As the data in the diagram of Fig shows, in 2004 the relative share of the children, raised in Homes for Medical and Social Cares was 0.86% from the total number of children of age under 3, but in 2012, this share dropped to 0.46% Total for the country in 2004 the percentage of children, placed in institutions, made up 0.89% of all children of age under 18, and in 2012 this percentage was already 0.49 The policy of deinstitutionalization, implemented by several Bulgarian governments since 2001 till now has been focused mainly on developing alternative childcare services, provided in a family of or similar-to-a-family environment The aim of this policy is that such services completely replace institutional care for children In pursuance of this policy, an alternative to the institutional care system of social services has been created within a few years that comprise shelters, centers for family-type accommodation, protected or transitional housings, crisis centers, centers for public support, units “Mother and Baby”, etc The foster care Econometric Estimation of the Quality and the Efficiency of Social Services 367 1.00% 0.90% 0.80% 0.70% 0.60% 0.50% 0.40% 0.30% 0.20% 0.10% 0.00% 2004 г 2005 г 2006 г 2007 г 2008 г 2009 г 2010 г 2011 г 2012 г relative propotion of children in institution compared to children in Bulgaria relative propotion of children from to year in Homes for medical and social care for children compared to children in Bulgaria in the same age relative propotion of children in Homes for children deprived of parental care for children from to 18 years compared to children in Bulgaria Fig Relative share of children, placed in specialized institutions in Bulgaria (2004–2012) Source: National Statistical Institute (2016), State Agency for Child Protection (2013), State Agency for Child Protection (2015a) has also been developed as a social service, providing real family environment to children at risk Many children have been accommodated in families of relatives and friends or foster families, which care for them until providing opportunities to them for reintegration in their biological families or to be adopted (Ministry of Labor and Social Policy 2015) Irrespective of the positive results, stated herein, the task to estimate the efficiency of this section of the social policy remains very important This is due to the circumstance that large amount of public funds are allocated in this field and the society needs to be sure that they are spent effectively, of the one hand, and on the other hand, at what price the respective results are achieved This way, if it turns out that some issues relating to the objectives and contents of the social policy exist, the respective corrective actions will be formulated and undertaken within the framework of the abovementioned task Statement of the Study We will carry out the analysis of the efficiency of the developed system of provision of social services to children, deprived from parental care by the DEA method (Data Envelopment Analysis) Initially this method was created by Charnes et al (1978) and is deemed to be a sensitive method of calculation of the technical efficiency The abovementioned authors developed a version of the method, known as CRS model, which ignores the impact of the scale-size (a constant) on the units Later, 368 T Petrov and P Markova Banker et al (1984) developed a second model of the DEA method, which includes a variable return to scale (VRS) of the units According to this method the efficiency is divided into two major types: overall technical efficiency and efficiency of the return In turn, the overall technical efficiency consists of two components: pure technical efficiency and efficiency of the scale Initially, this method was applied in the USA and U.K., but later it is adopted in the practice of other European and non-European countries, such as Australia, as an example This analytic technique gives reliable scores in measuring the efficiency in the state sector, education, health, energy sector, harbor sector and other fields, and a consistent trend exists of expansion of the areas of application of the method By its nature the DEA method is a method, used to measure the results and to make a comparative evaluation of units from a specific set, which make decisions (Decision Making Units—DMU) The essence of the method is that by using the comparison of all units, included in the respective set, the best operating units are determined in terms of efficiency, which makes also the efficiency frontier The measurement of the efficiency is carried out on the basis of comparable calculation of the input flow to the respective unit (expenses incurred for raw materials, staff, etc.) and the output flow from the unit (finished goods, provided services, etc.) Higher is the efficiency of that unit, which produces more at constant value of expenses, or that unit, which incurs lower expenses at constant value of the production The efficiency is estimated by the relation between the weighted sum of the input flow (the sum of input resources, each weighted by the respective relative weight, reflecting its place in the total volume) and the weighted sum of the output flow (the sum of output products (services) by their prices, weighted with relative weight, reflecting the place of each of them in the total volume) Thus formulated task is limited to solving an optimization problem from the linear programming, where unknowns are the weights of the input-output data There are two ways to solve this problem By using the first one, the estimation of the efficiency is obtained by maximizing the numerator of the ratio (1) by assuming that the denominator is a constant (it is assumed that its value is 1) This means that we use the model, oriented to the output product, marked as CCR-O (output oriented DEA model) By the second way the estimation is obtained by minimizing the denominator of the ratio (1), assuming that the numerator is a constant with value of In this case, we use the model oriented to the input product, marked as CCR-I (input oriented DEA model) The obtained value of the efficiency varies within the limits of the interval [0; 1], which means that the maximal result of efficiency is 1, and the maximal result of inefficiency is DEA is a method, by which the results are measured and it gives opportunity for evaluation of the relative efficiency of single units from a specific set, which make decisions autonomously—DMU (Banker 1996) This method is applied by comparison of all units in this set, determining the best operating units, which make the efficiency frontier In this sense, the relative efficiency represents the ratio of the input and output data, weighted by specific weights Econometric Estimation of the Quality and the Efficiency of Social Services Efficiency ¼ Weighted sum of the output results Weighted sum of the input resources 369 ð1Þ For the needs of our study we use an input-oriented DEA model, where the formula of the relative efficiency of social services will be modified, as follows: Ej ¼ Weighted sum of the Effect of using the respective social service Sum total of the costs for creation and implementation of the respective social service ð2Þ The most significant issue of the evaluation of the efficiency of the social services is, without a doubt, the acceptance of some objective assessment of the value of the effect of using the respective social service Because it is about of an effect, which has not only an economic but also a social aspect, it has to measure several different by its nature values In all cases this effect has to reflect the level of meeting the customer needs, because this is a service, designated to meet the specific needs of the people, who it is designed for, which is impossible to be met by any other way In this sense, it performs the function of providing an opportunity to the people, which are its users (customers) to have a life, close to the full life This circumstance is extremely important for the children, deprived from parental care, because according to the Bulgarian legislation, many of the social services, designated for children, are provided not only to meet specific needs, but they also represent a protection measure These services are provided to children, who have been in a situation, which gives rise to considerable risks for their life, security, physical and psychological health, opportunities for normal growing up and risk to find themselves in a deviance or crime environment In this context, the social services for children, especially for children, deprived from parental care, represent a key factor of vital importance for their further development and differ significantly from all other services, which have been used according to their customers’ preferences The said effect has to reflect the level of quality of the respective service Notwithstanding the existing differences in terms of the indicators of the quality of social services, they must comply with specific requirements, representing their nature The first group of requirements is related to the professional qualification and skills of the specialists, providing the service Unlike other services in general, the social services are mainly provided by teams of highly qualified specialists with specific professional and qualification skills Without such team of specialists, it is impossible to create and implement the respective social service The more complex and complicated the service is, more and various specialists are needed for its creation and provision to the customer In addition to this objective criterion, the quality of the respective social service depends on the organization of the activities of overall service of the customers and provision of the respective social service 370 T Petrov and P Markova The abovementioned organization includes the performance, coordination and harmonization of all activities of provision of the social service from the respective service provider to the customers and clients The material conditions, where the social service is being provided, the existence of the necessary buildings and premises, equipped with the respective main and auxiliary equipment, are also an important indicator of the quality of the respective social service 2.1 Research Methodology Taking into account all these circumstances, in order to be able to calculate the value of the nominator in formula (2), a research methodology has been developed, which includes a consecutive implementation of the following steps: Conducting researches/focus-groups, а content-analysis, an interview, questionnaires/amongst three target groups, related with several selected typical social services for children, deprived from parental care, provided in the community and by specialized institutions, situated on the territory of North-eastern Bulgaria 2.2 Researched Social Services for Children The following social services have been studied: Center for Family-type Accommodation—this represents a complex of social services, provided in close-to-afamily environment to a limited number of children (not exceeding 15); Center for Public Support—this represents a complex of social services, related to prevention of abandonment, violence and dropping from school of children, deinstitutionalization and reintegration of children, training aimed at acquiring skills for independent life and social integration of children from institutions, consulting and support to families at risk, assessment and training of future foster and adoptive parents, consulting and support of children with anti-social behavior; Home for children, deprived from parental care—this represents a specialized institution, providing social services for bringing up and education of children aged from to 18 or until completion of secondary school, but not older than 20 years Transitional housing— This is a form of social service, where the young people lead independent way of life, supported by professionals, aimed at preparation for their removal from the specialized institution Foster care—The foster care is defined as bringing up and education in family environment of a child, accommodated in a family of relatives or friends or in a foster family In the abovementioned region seven centers for family-type accommodation, one transitional housing, two centers for public support, one home for children, deprived from parental care, forty foster families, two teams, working with the foster families and 25 officers from the Child Protection Departments have been studied Approximately 200 children are users of these services Econometric Estimation of the Quality and the Efficiency of Social Services 371 The target groups, subject of the study of the abovementioned social services, were: users of the service—children, who are using or have used the service and their biological parents and/or adoptive parents; specialists, participating directly in the creation and provision of the respective social service and taking care for the children, who are users of the service or are placed in the respective social institution; experts, participating in the implementation of the policy of management and development of the social services on the territory of the respective municipality—specialists from the related Directorates of Social Assistance and municipal directorates for social activities and social policy, specialists from the Child Protection Departments, operating in the respective municipalities; other experts—officers from the Regional Directorates of Social Assistance, accredited organizations of international adoption and tutors from higher education institutions 2.3 Defined Criteria for Quality of Social Services for Children After the research conducted in the abovementioned groups, all of them defined criteria, which, in their opinion, are necessary in order to provide high-quality social services The research ended when repeatability of the stated criteria occurred The said criteria have been processed and a questionnaire has been developed, by which the same groups had to assess the importance of each criterion A rating scale from to has been used for evaluation of the importance of each criterion The questionnaire consists of three sections: (I) Criteria, relating to the quality and skills of the social workers; (II) Criteria, relating to the organization of the working process; (III) Criteria, relating to meeting the children’s needs Table contains the first section of the questionnaire, referring to the professional qualities of the specialists, carrying out directly activities of provision of the respective social service In his section the respondents assess the team, providing the performance of all activities by using 28 indicators describing the provision of the respective social service, grouped into several strands: availability of professional qualification and professional experience relevant for the provision of the service; availability of necessary specific knowledge for work with the users and customers of the social services; availability of personal qualities relevant for the provision of the service; availability of emotional attachment to the work and to the children; and interactions with other parties in the process of provision of the service 372 T Petrov and P Markova Table Questionnaire, Section I: indicators for evaluation of the qualities of the specialists, participating in the provision of the respective social service № 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 I Criteria, relating to the quality and skills of the specialists Availability of professional qualification, obtained at higher education institution Availability of experience in the qualification area Availability of experience in the field—work with children deprived from parental care The qualities, skills, knowledge and experience of the specialist correspond to the job requirements Availability of expanded competences in the fields, relating to the work with children, deprived from parental care Being aware of the customers’ needs Knowledge of the nature of the work—statutory framework, contingent, methods of work Knowledge of own responsibilities Knowledge of the functions of the other institutions and providers Desire to work with children deprived from parental care Awareness of the needs of the children deprived from parental care Awareness of the needs of every child, who the specialist works with Proper treatment and respect to the customer’s needs Readiness to respond at any time to the child’s (customer’s) needs Skills to communicate with the child (customer) and predispose the child to share its problem Interest to the children and their problems Attention and concentration on the child Positive attitude to the children deprived from parental care and their parents Feelings of love toward the children Having a vocation for the job Flexibility Ability to communicate with the customers (for example: Is the specialist able to create contact) Ability to interact with his colleagues Skills for teamwork Clean criminal record (never been convicted) Mentally healthy person Aspiration for development and improvement Enrollment in trainings, courses and other forms for qualification improvement and knowledge expansion Rating scale 1 2 3 4 5 6 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 6 6 6 Econometric Estimation of the Quality and the Efficiency of Social Services 373 Theoretical Model 3.1 Use the DEA Method or Linear Regression Model According to Cooper et al (2011), the DEA method may be supplemented or replaced by a linear regression analysis Such analysis will create an opportunity to be used for solving the DEA model By its nature, the multiple regression model represents a statistic method for study of the relationship between two and more events provided that such relationship is of a non-determinable/correlative/type The broad expression of the multiple /multi-factor/ regression model is, as follows (Saykova et al 2002): Y ¼ f ðx1; x2; ::xm ; eÞ ð3Þ where, Y—a dependent variable; xi—independent variables (i ¼ 1, 2, ., m); e—a random component in the model According to the form of the relationship between the dependable and undependable variables, the multiple regression models are linear and non-linear In our study we use the lineal model The analytical expression of a linear multiple regression model, is, as follows: Y ¼ ỵ x ỵ x ỵ : ỵ m x m ỵ e 4ị or Y ẳ ỵ m X i x i ỵ e 5ị iẳ1 where, Ya dependent variable; xi—independent variables (factors), affecting the dependable variable (i ¼ 1, 2, m) ; e—a random component in the model; βi—parameters (coefficients) of the multiple model (i ¼ 1, 2, , m); β0—an constant term of the model The formulation of the problem is limited to finding the values of на βi in the regression equation, where we assume that Eq (3) constitutes a detailed description of the complex relationship between the independent and dependent variables The coefficients βi (regression coefficients) show the changes that will occur in the corollary (consequence) Y at unit of change of the factors xi Therefore, based on this model, upon each concrete change of xi, we will be able to calculate within a specific confidence interval the exact forecast for the respective value of Y 374 3.2 T Petrov and P Markova Regression Coefficients from Section I of the Questionnaire Such regression model has been developed on the basis of the data from the processed questionnaires concerning their first section, by which we assess the quality of the social service (Table 1) A regression equation of type (3) is created, where the sum of the ratings of the respondents on each indicator, included in the first section of the questionnaire, is assumed as a dependent variable Y, and the values of the ratings on each indicator of the respective group represent the independent variables xi The regression coefficients in each of the mentioned regression equations represent the relative value of the change, occurring in Yв as a result of a unit of change of the independent variables The calculation of the regression coefficients in the created regression equations is made by means of the standardized program package for processing of statistic information IBM SPSS Version 22 The data about the calculated regression coefficients from the equation, created on the basis of the data from the first section of the questionnaire—Indicators for evaluation of the qualities of the specialists, participating in the provision of the respective social service, is stated in Table The values of the unit Significance level calculated for each of the estimated coefficients (βi) are less than the level of the statistical error α ¼ 0.05, which means that they can be accepted as statistically significant As a statistically insignificant can only be accepted the value of the constant term in the model β0 (constant), where the value of the unit t,Sign.t ¼ 0.926 is greater than the level of the statistical error α ¼ 0.05 The values of the regression coefficients βi are within the interval from 0.892 to 1.116, with the exception of the constant, which is an indicator for strong (>0.7) and positive relationship and effect of the factors on the dependent variable—the increase, and respectively, the decrease of the value of the independent variable lead to increasing, or decreasing, respectively, of the dependent variable For each regression coefficient its respective standardized value Beta is calculated The strongest effect has the factor, whose value Beta is the greatest So, in our case, the factor No 23 (Skills for teamwork) has the strongest effect on the evaluation, related to the qualities of the specialists, providing the respective social service 3.3 Indicators for Evaluation of the Organization of the Activities of Provision of a Social Service for Children Table contains the second section of the questionnaire, relating to the organization of the activities, included in the provision of the social service In this section the respondents assess the overall organization of all activities, which are carried out by the team of specialists for the provision of the respective service on the basis of Econometric Estimation of the Quality and the Efficiency of Social Services 375 Table Value of the regression coefficients (β) from Section I of the questionnaire Model (Constant) VAR00001 VAR00002 VAR00003 VAR00004 VAR00005 VAR00006 VAR00007 VAR00008 VAR00009 VAR00010 VAR00011 VAR00012 VAR00013 VAR00014 VAR00015 VAR00016 VAR00017 VAR00018 VAR00019 VAR00020 VAR00021 VAR00022 VAR00023 VAR00024 VAR00025 VAR00026 VAR00027 VAR00028 Unstandardized coefficients B Std error 0.016 0.175 0.937 0.034 1.060 0.057 0.943 0.046 1.040 0.045 0.991 0.055 1.019 0.067 0.919 0.063 1.030 0.083 1.073 0.043 1.002 0.055 0.919 0.079 0.996 0.052 1.116 0.055 0.921 0.045 0.920 0.069 1.012 0.059 1.007 0.040 1.074 0.077 0.892 0.056 0.898 0.063 1.406 0.051 0.920 0.064 0.973 0.067 0.955 0.029 1.028 0.046 0.913 0.064 1.062 0.059 0.967 0.043 Standardized coefficients Beta 0.056 0.059 0.053 0.053 0.049 0.047 0.039 0.041 0.046 0.047 0.039 0.046 0.051 0.042 0.038 0.045 0.048 0.050 0.041 0.039 0.063 0.040 0.042 0.058 0.049 0.042 0.046 0.048 T 0.093 27.526 18.691 20.547 23.094 18.173 15.279 14.484 12.466 25.130 18.318 11.694 19.242 20.314 20.398 13.331 17.091 25.244 14.019 15.883 14.301 27.582 14.385 14.438 32.773 22.234 14.241 17.884 22.533 Sig 0.926 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Note: The definitions of VAR00001–VAR00028 are given in Table 30 indicators, describing various aspects of the service—availability of a team of specialists, drawing up a quality assessment of the child’s needs, coordination between the different specialists and information exchange between them, drawing up an optimal number of documents, obtaining feedback from the users of the service or their parents, and exercising different forms of control 376 T Petrov and P Markova Table Questionnaire, Section II: indicators for evaluation of the organization of the activities of provision of a social service № 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 II Criteria, related to the organization of the working process Personnel selection criteria are used for the service Clear personal selection criteria are used for the service The criteria for employee selection correspond to the functions, which the employee has to perform The functions of the employees correspond to the needs of the users The number of the children, who every specialist works with, is in line with his own abilities to work and meet the needs of his customers The number of the documents, which the specialist writes, corresponds to the needs of work and does not put limits on the time, which the specialist needs to perform a direct social work The service and its capacity are in accordance with the needs of the community/the municipality, the region The provider provides all services, stated in the methodology The service serves those customers, who need it, without selecting them by its own criteria The services correspond to the customers’ needs The service is provided to every customer in accordance with his individual needs The service supports the customer in accordance with his specific features Upon planning its activity, the service takes into consideration the age of the children and the interactions between children from different age groups The service is flexible The length of provision of the service corresponds to the customer’s needs The service provides supporting external services, which meet those needs, which the service is not able to meet itself The service provides the customer with the necessary team of specialists The service carries out its duties, as stipulated in the regulatory framework The service includes the user in the process of making decisions concerning the user The service provides assistance to the other participants in the working process on the respective case The service provides true/reliable information regarding the state of the user to the other participants in the working process The service assumes its own responsibility for the work on the respective case The service informs the other participants in the process regarding its actions and the results from such actions Supervision is ensured for the customers and the caring personnel Volunteers are included in the organization of work Rating scale 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 6 6 6 6 1 2 3 6 (continued) Econometric Estimation of the Quality and the Efficiency of Social Services 377 Table (continued) № 26 27 28 29 30 3.4 II Criteria, related to the organization of the working process The service is able to participate in the distribution of the means of subsistence The service disposes with sufficient funds for implementation of its activity The working hours of the service are scheduled for the convenience of the users The remuneration of the employees depends on the results of their work There is an adequate form of control of the work Rating scale 6 6 Questionnaire for Abilities of the Social Services for Children to Meet the Needs of the Customer The third section of the questionnaire refers to the abilities of the social service to meet the needs of the respective customer, i.e., the children, who it is provided to By using 127 indicators the respondents assess the following components of the environment, where the service is provided: • Abilities to meet the physiological/domestic needs of the child—providing food according to the age and health state of the child, providing an adequate medical and dental service, providing the necessary premises and spaces for the child, good location and necessary utilities, etc.; • Abilities to meet the needs of security—a safe environment is ensured for the children; clear rules and limitations are adopted; it is clear who makes the major decisions and what are the consequences of such decisions; control and specific forms of self-control are being exercised; a specific sustainability of the environment is ensured; preparing the child for the forthcoming changes, etc.; • Abilities to meet the needs of the children of love and attachment—this means creation of relations of attachment between the children and due cares for them; children to feel that they are accepted in the environment in which they live; an adequate for the child’s mind and sensibility behavior of the caring specialist (hugging, calming down, providing support, encouraging); maintaining contacts with close people, who are important for the child; respect to the child’s origin, history and family, etc • Abilities to meet the needs of positive assessment—this group of indicators refer mainly to encouraging the positive perception of the child of itself It includes indicators such as positive treatment to the child’s successes, support in case of failure, no discrimination, etc.; • Abilities to meet the needs of self-update—developing the cognitive abilities of the children and becoming acquainted with the environment; finding the answers on the questions, which the child asks itself; providing opportunities and support to the children to overcome the difficulties and impediments; encouraging the development of individual skills and talents of the children; providing 378 • • • • • T Petrov and P Markova opportunities and support for the psychological development of the children; developing abilities to lead an independent life; the social environment has a positive influence on the emotional state of the children and helps them to overcome anxieties, stress, fear, traumas from the past, behavioral problems and other negative states, etc Abilities to meet the cognitive needs of the children—the main indicators here are: becoming acquainted with the environment; development of skills for overcoming the difficulties single-handedly; providing additional services when necessary Abilities for development of skills—the main indicators here are: development of skills for self-help, development of household skills, development of ability of spatial orientation/especially for disabled children etc Abilities for having positive influence on the emotional state of the children— the main indicators here are: the caring personnel has to observe the emotional state of the children, to notice and undertake suitable steps if it is deteriorated; supporting the children to overcome current traumatic events; provision of suitable services to children, who have been victims of violence, and children, who are affected by the institutional care, etc Abilities for social integration—this means providing opportunities to the children to become acquainted with various aspects of the social life, abilities for interaction with other people and children; the children have to understand the measures, applied on them and what happens with them and what to expect; preparation of the environment for admission of the children; receiving feedback regarding the integration of the children in specific environment (kindergarten, school, other social structures), etc Abilities for support of the biological family of the children—the main indicators here are: presentation of the service, provided to the children, to their parents, a free access of the parents to information, identification of the parents’ problems and difficulties, providing help and support to the parents Similar to the first section of the questionnaire, a multiple regression model is drawn up with the same parameters, as stated hereinabove A regression equation of type (3) is created, where the sum of the ratings of the respondents on all indicators, included in the respective section of the questionnaire, is assumed as a dependent variable Y, and the values of the ratings of each indicator from the respective group are assumed as independent variables xi The regression coefficients in each of the mentioned regression equations represent the relative value of the change, which occurs in Y as a result of unit of change of the independent variables The calculation of the regression coefficients in the created regression equations is performed by means of the standardized program package for procession of statistical information SPSS Econometric Estimation of the Quality and the Efficiency of Social Services 379 Conclusion After calculating the values of the regression coefficients for each of the three sections of the questionnaire by groups of indicators, included in each group, a standardized value of the regression coefficient for each section is calculated This could be performed by using an arithmetic mean of the calculated regression coefficients It is rounded up to the nearest hundred for the respective group of indicators Hence, the standardized value of the regression coefficients from Table is 1.01 After that the calculation procedure is implemented in the following sequence: For each section of the questionnaire and for all indicators, the most common rating, i.e., the rating that predominated in the answers of the respondents, is calculated by using the “mode” method This rating is multiplied by the standardized value of the regression coefficient, obtained in the abovementioned way Then, the resulted ratings under the three sections are summed up For each social service the questionnaires of each of the target groups, subject of the study, as stated in part of the report, i.e., children-users of the service, and in cases where appropriate, their biological or foster parents, also the specialists, participating directly in the creation and provision of the respective social service and taking care for the children, and the users of the service or placed in the respective social institution, and experts, participating in the implementation of the policy of management and development of the social services system on the territory of the respective municipality, are processed The ratings obtained under the three sections are summed up and this way, a generalized assessment of the quality of the respective service is obtained, which may be used as a global tool for measurement of the effect of the use of the social service in the formula (2) for calculating the efficiency The generalized assessment under the preceding paragraph according to formula (2) is divided by the total amount of the costs for the creation and provision of the respective social service for year, calculated on the basis of the data reported for the preceding period Hence, the value calculated by using this manner, represents “a coefficient of relative efficiency of the respective social service” The coefficients of the relative efficiency of the respective services can be compared and analyzed for the needs of management of this sector, or can also be used for the purposes of various scientific researches References Agency for Social Assistance (2014, March) Report on performance of the activity of the Agency for Social Assistance for 2013 Sofia [pdf] Accessed March 10, 2016, from http://www.asp government.bg/ASP_Files/APP/GODISHEN%20OTCHET%20ASP%20-%202013-.pdf 380 T Petrov and P Markova Agency for Social Assistance (2015, March) Report on performance of the activity of the Agency for Social Assistance for 2014 Sofia [pdf] Accessed March 10, 2016, from http://www.asp government.bg/ASP_Files/APP/GODISHEN_OTCHET_ASP_2014.pdf Banker, R (1996) Hypothesis tests using data envelopment analysis Journal of Productivity Analysis, 7(2), 139–159 Banker, R., Charnes, A., & Cooper, W W (1984) Some models for estimating technical and scale inefficiencies in data envelopment analysis Management Science, 30, 1078–1092 Charnes, A., Cooper, W., & Rhodes, E (1978) Measuring the efficiency of decision making units European Journal of Operational Research, 12(6), 429–444 Cooper, W., Seiford, L M., & Zhu, J (2011) Data envelopment analysis: History, models, and interpretations In W Cooper, L M Seiford & J Zhu (eds) Handbook on Data envelopment analysis, 2nd ed New York, NY:Springer US рр 1–39 Ministry of Health (2011) Rules on structure and activity of the Homes for medical and social care for children Published in State Gazette № 49 of 16.06.2000, amended published in State Gazette № 53 of 12.07.2011 Ministry of Labor and Social Policy (2015) Rules on application of the Social Assistance Act, adopted by Decree of Council of Ministers № 5.11.1998 Published in State Gazette № 133 of 11.11.1998, effective as from 01.11.1998, amended published in State Gazette № 63 of 18.08.2015 National Statistical Institute (2016) Population by statistical regions, age, place of residence and sex as of 31.12.2015 [online] Accessed March 10, 2016, from http://www.nsi.bg/sites/default/ files/files/data/timeseries/Pop_6.1.2_Pop_DR.xls Saykova, I., Stoykova-Kanalieva, A., & Saykova, S V (2002) Statistichesko izsledvane na zavisimosti [Statistical survey of addictions] Universitetsko Izdatelstvo “Stopanstvo”, 1, 79–111 State Agency for Child Protection (2013) Report on the implementation of the “National program for child protection for 2012” Sofia State Agency for Child Protection (2015a) Children raised in specialized institutions in comparative perspective 2001–2009 Sofia [online] Accessed March 10, 2016, from sacp.government bg/media/filer_public/ /spetsializirani-institutsii-za-detsa-2009.doc State Agency for Child Protection (2015b, December 15) Children, raised in specialized institutions Sofia [online] Accessed March 10, 2016, from http://sacp.government.bg/bg/ statistika/ ... (eds.), Empirical Studies on Economics of Innovation, Public Economics and Management, Eurasian Studies in Business and Economics 6, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-50164-2_1 G.C Brugnoni et al Introduction... M Ibrahim Turhan, The Grand National Assembly, Turkey Wing-Keung Wong, Department of Economics, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Naoyuki Yoshino, Faculty of Economics, Keio University,... EBES conferences and journals are open to all economics, finance, and business scholars and professionals around the world Any scholar or professional interested in economics, finance, and business

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  • Preface

  • Eurasia Business and Economics Society

  • Contents

  • List of Contributors

  • Part I: Accounting and Finance

    • Islamic Bonds and Real Estate Securitizations: The Italian Perspective for Issuing a Sukuk

      • 1 Introduction

      • 2 Islamic Finance: Global Trends and Development in Europe

      • 3 Islamic Finance in Italy: Possible Benefits and Main Challenges Towards Companies Internationalization and Foreign Capital I...

      • 4 Engineering of Sukuks for Public and Private Italian Entities

      • 5 Islamic Real Estate Funds and Investments

      • 6 Islamic Italian Stock-Index: A New Methodology to Build an Italian Listed Company Sharia-Compliant Portfolio

        • 6.1 Islamic Financial Ratios and Stock Selection

        • 6.2 Short-Lists Analysis

        • 6.3 Weighting Companies Process

        • 7 Financing Italian SMEs: May Be Sukuks Considered as a Viable Alternative?

        • 8 Italian Tax System and Sukuks: Fiscal Challenges Towards a More Level Playing Filed

        • References

        • The Role and Impact of Performance Audit in Public Governance

          • 1 Introduction

          • 2 Concept of Performance Audit

          • 3 The Model of Performance Audit in Public Governance

          • 4 The Impact of Performance Audit: Theoretical Aspect

          • 5 Performance Audit Impact in The Lithuania Public Sector

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