Military Inc Inside Pakistan’s Military Economy Ayesha Siddiqa Pluto Press London • Ann Arbor, MI First published 2007 by Pluto Press 345 Archway Road, London N6 5AA and 839 Greene Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48106 www.plutobooks.com Copyright © Ayesha Siddiqa 2007 The right of Ayesha Siddiqa to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by her in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Hardback ISBN-13 978 7453 2546 ISBN-10 7453 2546 Paperback ISBN-13 978 7453 2545 ISBN-10 7453 2545 ePub ISBN 9781783719242 Kindle ISBN 9781783719259 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data applied for 10 Designed and produced for Pluto Press by Curran Publishing Services, Norwich Printed and bound in India To the hope in my life, Sohail, and the wretched of my land We shall live to see, So it is writ, We shall live to see, The day that’s been promised, The day that’s been ordained; The day when mountains of oppression, Will blow away like wisps of cotton; When the earth will dance Beneath the feet of the once enslaved; And heavens’ll shake with thunder Over the heads of tyrants; And the idols in the House of God Will be thrown out; We, the rejects of the earth, Will be raised to a place of honor All crowns’ll be tossed in the air, All thrones’ll be smashed And God’s word will prevail, He who is both present and absent He who’s beheld and is the beholder And truth shall ring in every ear, Truth which is you and I, We, the people will rule the earth Which means you, which means I Faiz Ahmed Faiz America, January 1979 Contents Acknowledgements List of acronyms Introduction Defining Milbus Literature survey What drives Milbus? Consequences of Milbus Milbus and Pakistan Outline of the book Chapter Milbus: a theoretical concept Civil–military relations framework A typology of civil–military relations The civil–military partnership type The authoritarian–political–military partnership type The ruler military type The arbitrator military type The parent-guardian military type The warlord type Chapter The Pakistan military: the development of praetorianism, 1947–77 The military institution The military’s primary role The military’s secondary role The military in politics and governance Initiation to power, 1947–58 The rise to power, 1958–71 Returning to democracy, 1971–7 Chapter Evolution of the military class, 1977–2005 83 The coercive military, 1977–88 A thorny partnership, 1988–99 Consolidation of power, 1999–2005 Evolving into a military class Chapter The structure of Milbus The economic empire Level 1: the organization Level 2: the subsidiaries Level 3: the members Chapter Milbus: the formative years, 1954–77 Setting up the economic empire, 1954–69 The era of restraint, 1969–77 Chapter Expansion of Milbus, 1977–2005 Re-establishing financial autonomy, 1977–88 Civilian–military politico-economic integration, 1988–99 Consolidating the economic interests, 1999–2005 Chapter The new land barons The military and land Urban land acquisition The sociology of military land Chapter Providing for the men: military welfare Military welfare The Fauji Foundation model The AWT model Welfare for individuals The political geography of military welfare Chapter The cost of Milbus The cost of economic inefficiency Army Welfare Trust: a financial assessment Fauji Foundation Shaheen Foundation Resource pilferage Frontier Works Organization Economic opportunity cost Chapter 10 Milbus and the future of Pakistan Recapping Milbus Milbus in Pakistan Milbus and military professionalism The politics of Pakistan The impact of Milbus in the future Notes References Index Acknowledgements I am grateful to the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars for providing me with funding and the opportunity to spend one year in the United States and research that material that was important for writing this book I am indebted to Robert Hathaway, Saeed Shafqat and my friend Navnita Chadha-Bahera who took time out of their busy schedule to read some of the chapters and give their valuable comments Also, a special thanks to Vali Nasr, Ayesha Jalal and Michael Brzoska who gave me new ideas to approach the subject and to look in directions that I had not considered earlier The list of people I must thank is long However, I would especially like to acknowledge the help given by Lt Generals (retd) Syed Mohammad Amjad and Talat Masood, Admiral Fasih Bokhari, Hameed Haroon, Ikram Sehgal, Nazim Haji and Riaz Hashmi, who took the time to give me an insight into the military and Milbus in Pakistan I would also like to acknowledge the help rendered by some of my friends in searching for the material I am indebted to Rabia Saleem, Junaid Ahmed, Rauf and Shehzad for providing valuable support in search of the necessary materials I must also offer special thanks to my research assistants, Adeel Piracha, Ajaita Shah, Mahrukh Mehmood and James Murath for assiting with the hard work of finding the appropriate material Also, a special thanks to Murtaza Solangi, whose moral support was essential during my stay in the United States Finally, an acknowledgement would be incomplete without mentioning the help and emotional support given by my husband, Sohail Mustafa He was always there to encourage me to complete my work I am also grateful to Aziz, Omar and Jamal for making it easy for me to work at home and complete this book I must also acknowledge the emotional support of my dear friend Saadia Imad who was always there for me Last, but not the least, I thank the commissioning editor of Pluto Press, Roger van Zwanenberg His comments on my initial book outline made me think about what I wanted to write Ayesha Siddiqa Acronyms ABL ABRI ACL ADB AEB AG AMAA AWACS AWNCP AWT BICC BCCI BF CDA CENTO CGS CLS CNS CoD CPJ DCC DHA EBDO FF FFC FJFC FOTCO FSF FWO GHQ IJI IMF ISI ISPR Allied Bank Ltd Angkatan Bersenjata Republic Indonesia (armed forces of the Republic of Indonesia) Askari Cement Ltd Asian Development Bank Askari Education Board adjutant-general Army Mutual Assistance Association (Turkey) airborne early-warning aircraft system Army Welfare Nizampur Cement Project (Pakistan) Army Welfare Trust (Pakistan) Bonn International Center for Conversion Bank of Credit and Commerce International Bahria Foundation (Pakistan) Capital Development Authority/Cholistan Development Authority (Pakistan) Central Treaty Organization chief of general staff chief of logistics staff – Pakistan Army chief of naval staff Charter of Democracy (Pakistan) Committee to Protect Journalists (Pakistan) Cabinet Committee for Defence (Pakistan) Defence Housing Authority (Pakistan) Elective Bodies Disqualification Ordinance (Pakistan) Fauji Foundation Fauji Fertilizer Company Ltd Fauji-Jordan Fertilizer Company Fauji Oil Terminal and Distribution Company Ltd Federal Security Force (Pakistan) Frontier Works Organization (Pakistan) General Headquarters Islami Jamhoori Ittihad party (Pakistan) International Monetary Fund Inter-Services Intelligence (Pakistan) Inter-Services Public Relations (Pakistan) JS HQ JCO JCSC KPT MCO MGCL MI MLC MMA MoD MQM MRD MSA NAB NBP NDC NGO NHA NLC NoC NPL NRB NSC NWFP OYAK PAF PCCB PIA PIDC PIDE PIU PKI PLA PMEs PML-N PML-Q PN PNA Joint Staffs Headquarters (Pakistan) junior commissioned officer Joint Chief of Staffs Committee (Pakistan) Karachi Port Trust miscellaneous charge order Mari Gas Company Ltd Military Intelligence Department of Military Land and Cantonment (Pakistan) Mutahida Majlis-e-Amaal (Pakistan religious party) Ministry of Defence Muhajir Qaumi Movement (Pakistan) Movement for Restoration of Democracy (Pakistan) Maritime Security Agency (Pakistan) National Accountability Bureau (Pakistan) National Bank of Pakistan National Defence College (Pakistan) non-government organization National Highway Authority National Logistic Cell (Pakistan) no-objection certificate non-performing loans National Reconstruction Bureau (Pakistan) National Security Council (Pakistan) North West Frontier Province (Pakistan) Turkish Armed Forces Mutual Assistance Fund Pakistan Air Force Pakistan Cricket Control Board Pakistan International Airlines Pakistan Industrial Development Corporation Pakistan Institute of Development Economics produce index units (unit of land ownership) Partai Komunis Indonesia (Communist Party of Indonesia) People’s Liberation Army (China) private military enterprises Pakistan Muslim League (Nawaz) Quaid-e-Azam (Pakistan) Pakistan Navy Pakistan National Alliance PPP PPPP Pakistan Pakistan People’s People’s Party Party Parliamentarian Patriot PR PSO PSO QMG RCO RMA SAI SCO SECP SF SMS TFC WAPDA Pakistan Railways Pakistan State Oil principal staff officer quartermaster-general Revival of the Constitution Order (Pakistan) Revolution in Military Affairs Shaheen Air International Airlines Special Communications Organization (Pakistan) Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan Shaheen Foundation (Pakistan) Securities and Management Services term finance certificate Water and Power Development Authority (Pakistan) Grindle, Merilee S (1996) Challenging the State: Crisis and innovation in Latin America and Africa, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Hale, William (1944) Turkish Politics and the Military, London: Routledge Halpern, Manfred (1963) The Politics of Social Change in the Middle East and North Africa, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press Haqqani, Hussain (2005) Pakistan Between Mosque and Military, Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Herring, Ronald J (1983) Land to the Tiller, New Haven: Yale University Press Hobsbawm, Eric (2000) Bandits, New York: 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Seth ref1 Abidi, Agha Hassan ref1 ABRI ref1, ref2 accountability ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8 Afghanistan ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5 Agartala conspiracy ref1 Ahmed, Qazi Hussain ref1 Akbar, Zahid Ali ref1, ref2 Alavi, Hamza ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8 Amjad, Syed Mohammad ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8 Angkatan Bersenjata Republik see ABRI Angola ref1 Argentina ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 armed forces services board ref1 Army Mutual Assistance Association see OYAK Army Welfare Trust see AWT Askari ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12 Askari Education Board ref1, ref2 Ataturk, Kemal ref1, ref2, ref3 Auchinleck, General ref1 Avante, Deborah ref1, ref2 Awami League ref1, ref2 AWT ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13, ref14, ref15, ref16, ref17, ref18, ref19, ref20, ref21, ref22, ref23, ref24, ref25, ref26, ref27, ref28, ref29, ref30, ref31, ref32, ref33 Azeem, Asiya ref1 Azeem, Zarrar ref1 Aziz, Donya ref1 Aziz, Shaukat ref1 Aziz, Sirtaj ref1, ref2 Baaz, Bashir ref1, ref2, ref3 Babur, Farhatullah ref1 Bahria Foundation see BF Baluchistan ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13, ref14, ref15 Banfield, Edward C ref1, ref2 Bangladesh ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6 Bank of Credit and Commerce International see BCCI Bashir, Muhammad ref1 basic democracies ref1, ref2 BCCI ref1 Beg, Mirza Aslam ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7 Bengal see Bengali; Bangladesh Bengali ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7 Bengali, Kaiser ref1, ref2, ref3 Ben-Gurion, David ref1 BF ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13, ref14, ref15, ref16, ref17, ref18, ref19, ref20, ref21, ref22, ref23, ref24 Bhandara, M P ref1 Bhutto, Benazir ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13, ref14, ref15, ref16, ref17 Bhutto, Zulfiqar Ali ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13, ref14, ref15, ref16, ref17, ref18, ref19 BICC ref1, ref2 Blood Telegram ref1, ref2 Bogra, Mohammad Ali ref1 Bokhari, Fasih ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 Bonn International Center for Conversion see BICC Bosnia ref1 Brazil ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5 British see UK Butt, Zia-ud-Din ref1 Callahan, Mary ref1 Cambodia ref1, ref2 Canada ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 Capital Development Authority ref1, ref2 Castro, Fidel ref1, ref2 CENTO ref1 Central America ref1 Charitable Endowment Act (1890) ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5 Charter of Democracy ref1, ref2 Cheema, Pervaiz Iqbal ref1, ref2, ref3 civil society ref1 Chile ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5 China ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11 Chishti, Faiz Ali ref1 CIA ref1 civil–military partnership ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13 civil–military relations ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10 patron–client type ref1, ref2, ref3 civil society ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10 Cloughly, Brian ref1, ref2 Cockburn, Alexander ref1 Cohen, Stephen P ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5 Colonization of Land Act (1912) ref1, ref2 Companies Ordinance of 1984 ref1 constitution of 1973 ref1, ref2, ref3 amendment to constitution ref1, ref2, ref3 Article 58(2)(b) ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6 Eighth Amendment ref1, ref2, ref3 Crescent Group of Industries ref1, ref2 Croatia ref1 Cuba ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, Dar, Ishaq ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 Daultana, Mumtaz ref1 Davis, James ref1 defence budget ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13, ref14 Defense Housing Authority see DHA DHA ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10 Durrani, Asad ref1, ref2, ref3 Dynacorps ref1 EBDO ref1 economic predation of elite ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8 of military ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13, ref14, ref15, ref16, ref17, ref18, ref19, ref20, ref21, ref22, ref23, ref24, ref25 Ecuador ref1, ref2 Egypt ref1 Eisenhower, Dwight D ref1, ref2 Elahi, Pervaiz ref1 Elective Bodies Disqualification Ordinance 1959 see EBDO Ethiopia ref1, ref2 Faiz Ahmed Faiz ref1 Fauji Foundation see FF FBI ref1 Feaver, Peter D ref1 Federal Security Force see FSF Feit, Edward ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, feudalism ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13, ref14, ref15 FF ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13, ref14, ref15, ref16, ref17, ref18, ref19, ref20, ref21, ref22, ref23, ref24, ref25, ref26, ref27, ref28, ref29, ref30 France ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8 FSF ref1 Frontier Works Organization ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8 LAFCO ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6 Gaddi, Mushtaq ref1 Gandhi, Indira ref1, ref2 Gazdar, Harris ref1 Geneva Accord ref1 Germany ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5 Gillani, Yusuf Raza ref1 Gracey, Gen ref1 Grotius, Hugo ref1 Gull, Hameed ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6 Habib, Abbas ref1 Habib Rafique group ref1 Haider, Moin-ud-Din ref1, ref2, ref3 Haiti ref1, ref2, ref3 Hale, William ref1 Halliburton ref1, ref2 Halpren, Manfred ref1 Haq, Fazle ref1 Haq, Mansoor-ul ref1 Haq, Mehboobul ref1 Haq, Mohammad Zia-ul ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13, ref14, ref15, ref16, ref17, ref18, ref19, ref20, ref21, ref22, ref23 Haqqani, Hussain ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6 Hashmi, Riaz ref1 Hashwanee group ref1 Hassan, Agha Masood ref1 Hilaly, Agha ref1 Hobsbawm, Eric ref1 Hollard Insurance ref1 Holmqvist, Caroline ref1, ref2 Holsti, J Kalevi ref1 Honduras ref1 Huntington, Samuel P ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7 Hussain, Chaudhry Shujaat ref1 Hussain, Ishrat ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5 Hussain, Mushahid ref1, ref2, ref3 IJI ref1 IMF ref1, ref2 India ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13, ref14, ref15, ref16, ref17, ref18, ref19, ref20, ref21, ref22 Indian military see India Indonesia ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13, ref14, ref15, ref16, ref17, ref18, ref19, ref20 internal security role ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 Inter-Services Intelligence see ISI Inter-Services Public Relations see ISPR Iran ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 Iraq ref1, ref2, ref3 ISI ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8 Islami Jamhoori Ittihad see IJI ISPR ref1, ref2 Israel ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 Jacoby, Tim ref1 Jalal, Ayesha ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6 Jamaat-i-Islami ref1 Janowitz, Morris ref1, ref2, ref3 Japan ref1, ref2 JCSC ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 Jinnah, Mohammad Ali ref1, ref2, ref3 Junejo, Mohammad Khan ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7 Kakar, Waheed ref1, ref2 Kallu, Shamsul Rehman ref1 Karachi stock exchange see Security and Exchange Commission of Pakistan Karamat, Jahangir ref1, ref2, ref3 Kargil Crisis ref1, ref2 Karim, Abdul ref1, ref2 Karriapar, Ayesha Salma ref1 Kashmir ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10 Kasuri, Ahmed Raza ref1 Kellogg, Brown & Root ref1 Khairi, Wahab-ul ref1, ref2 Khan, Azam Khan ref1 Khan, Bakhtiar ref1, ref2, ref3 Khan, Farooq Feroze ref1 Khan, Farrukh ref1, ref2, ref3 Khan, Fazle Muqeem ref1 Khan, Gul Hassan ref1, ref2 Khan, Ishaq ref1, ref2 Khan, Jamsheed Ayaz ref1, ref2, ref3 Khan, Liaquat Ali ref1 Khan Mohammad Ayub ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13, ref14, ref15, ref16, ref17, ref18, ref19, ref20, ref21, ref22, ref23 Khan, Saeed Mohammad ref1, ref2 Khan, Sher ref1, ref2 Khan, Tanveer Mehmood ref1 Khan, Tariq Kemal ref1 Khan, Umrao ref1 Khan, Yahya ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12 Khattak, Abbas ref1 Khuhro, Hameeda ref1 Khuhro, Mohammad Ayub ref1 Khuhro, Nisar ref1 kleptocratic distribution ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6 Kux, Dennis ref1 LAFCO ref1 Lahore Declaration ref1, ref2 Land Acquisition Act (1894) ref1, ref2, ref3 land reforms ref1, ref2, ref3 Lane, Frederic ref1, ref2 Latin America ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7 Liberia ref1 Linz, Juan ref1 Lock, Peter ref1, ref2, ref3 Locke, John ref1, ref2 Malik, Yasturul Haq ref1 Mamdot, Nawab Iftikhar Hussain ref1 Mann, Michael ref1 Mansha group ref1, ref2 Maqbool, Khalid ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 Mares, David ref1 Masood, Talat ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 McCulloch, Lesley ref1 Mengal, Attaullah ref1 Milbus ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13, ref14, ref15 consequences of ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 cost of ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5 definition ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5 driver of ref1, ref2 military agriculturists ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5 capital ref1, ref2 cronies of ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9 fraternity ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13 land and Cantonment Department ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5 officer cadre ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13, ref14, ref15, ref16, ref17, ref18, ref19, ref20 professionalism of ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11 role of ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12 types of: arbitrator ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8; authoritarian-political-military partnership ref1, ref2; civil-military partnership ref1, ref2; parent-guardian ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7; ruler ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5; warlord ref1, ref2, ref3 welfare ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11 Mirza, Abdul Aziz ref1 Mirza, Iskandar ref1, ref2, ref3 MMA ref1, ref2, ref3, Mohammad, Ghulam ref1 Moore Jr., Raymond ref1, ref2 Mozambique ref1 MPRI ref1, ref2 MQM ref1, ref2, ref3 MRD ref1 Mulvenon, James ref1, ref2, ref3 Musa, Mohammad ref1 Musharraf, Pervez ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13, ref14, ref15, ref16, ref17, ref18, ref19, ref20, ref21, ref22, ref23, ref24, ref25, ref26, ref27, ref28, ref29 Muslim League ref1, ref2, ref3 Myanmar ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6 NAB ref1, ref2 Nandi, Ashis ref1 Naqvi, Tanveer ref1 Nasr, Vali ref1 Nasser, Gammal Abdul ref1, ref2 National Accountability Bureau see NAB National Defense College see NDC National Logistic Cell see NLC National Reconstruction Bureau ref1 national security ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6 National Security Council see NSC NDC ref1 Nehru, Jawaharlal ref1, ref2 Nicaragua ref1, ref2, ref3 Nigeria ref1 Nixon administration ref1, ref2 NLC ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10 Noon, Feroze Khan ref1 Nordlinger, Eric ref1 North Korea ref1 NSC ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12 NWFP ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13 O’Donnell, Guillermo ref1, ref2 Okara farms ref1, ref2, ref3 Olson, Mancur ref1, ref2 O’Mora, Frank ref1, ref2 Operation Searchlight ref1 Ottoman empire ref1, ref2, ref3 OYAK ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5 Pakistan ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13, ref14 external threat ref1, ref2 Milbus of ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5 Pakistan Air Force ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13, ref14 Pakistan Army ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13, ref14, ref15, ref16, ref17 Pakistan Industrial Development Cooperation see PIDC Pakistan Institute of Development Economics see PIDE Pakistan International Airlines see PIA Pakistan military economic role ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6 political role ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6 Pakistan Ministry of Defense ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7 Pakistan Muslim League – Nawaz ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 Pakistan Muslim League – Quaid-e-Azam ref1, ref2, ref3 Pakistan National Alliance see PNA Pakistan Navy ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13, ref14 Pakistan People’s Party see PPP Pakistan Railways ref1, ref2, ref3 Pakistan Rangers ref1, ref2, ref3 Partai Komunis Indonesia ref1 Pasha, Mustafa Kemal ref1 People’s Liberation Army see PLA Perlmutter, Amos ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7 Peru ref1, ref2 PIA ref1, ref2, ref3 PIDC ref1, ref2, ref3 PIDE ref1 Pirzada, Abdul Hafeez ref1 PLA ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 PNA ref1, ref2 Powell, Colin ref1 PPP ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9 private military enterprise ref1, ref2, ref3 Punjab ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13, ref14, ref15, ref16, ref17, ref18, ref19, ref20, ref21, ref22, ref23, ref24, ref25, ref26, ref27, ref28, ref29, ref30 Punjab Alienation of Land Act (1900) ref1, ref2 Punjab Cooperative Societies Act (1925) ref1, ref2 Qadeer, Mohammad A ref1, ref2 Qadir, Saeed ref1, ref2, ref3 Qazi, Javed Ashraf ref1 Qureshi, Khursheed Zaman ref1 Qureshi, Moeen ref1, ref2 Qureshi, Rashid ref1 Qureshi, Shah Mehmood ref1 Rafsanjani, Hashmi ref1 Rahman, Fazl-ur- ref1 Rahman, Sherry ref1 Rahman, Tariq ref1 Rand Corporation ref1 Rawalpindi conspiracy ref1 Rawanda ref1, ref2 Reagan, Ronald ref1, ref2, ref3 Rehman, Shahid-ur ref1, ref2, ref3 Rehman, Sheikh Mujeeb-ur ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 revolution in military affairs (RMA) ref1, ref2 Riaz, Malik ref1, ref2 Rizvi, Fahim Haider ref1, ref2 Rizvi, Fahim-ud-din ref1 Rizvi, Hassan-Askari ref1, ref2, ref3 Rizvi, Majida ref1 Robinson, William ref1 Russia ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8 Saachal Construction ref1 SCO ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5 Security and Exchange Commission of Pakistan ref1, ref2 Sehgal, Ikram ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 Sethi, Najam ref1, ref2, ref3 SF ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13, ref14, ref15, ref16, ref17, ref18 Shamim, Anwar ref1 Shaffee, Tariq ref1, ref2 Shafqat, Saeed ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 Shaheen Foundation see SF Shaheen Air International ref1, ref2, ref3 Sharia law ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 Sharif, Nawaz ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13, ref14, ref15, ref16, ref17, ref18, ref19, ref20 Sharif, Shahbaz ref1, ref2 Sierra Leone ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 Sindh ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13, ref14, ref15, ref16, ref17, ref18, ref19, ref20, ref21, ref22, ref23, ref24, ref25, ref26 Singer, P W ref1 Societies Registration Act (1860) ref1 Somalia ref1, ref2 Soomro, Elahi Buksh ref1 South Africa ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 South Korea ref1 Special Communications Organization see SCO Sri Lanka ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 state ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13 over-developed state ref1, ref2 post-colonial state ref1 Stepan, Alfred ref1, ref2, ref3 Sudan ref1 Suharto ref1, ref2, ref3 Sukarno ref1, ref2 Sultan, Shaukat ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 Sweden ref1 Syria ref1, ref2, ref3 Tabba, Razzak ref1, ref2 Tellis, Ashley ref1, ref2 Thailand ref1, ref2, ref3 Tilly, Charles ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 Trade Mark Act (1940) ref1 Turkey ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13, ref14, ref15, ref16, ref17, ref18, ref19, ref20, ref21, ref22, ref23, ref24, ref25, ref26, ref27, ref28, ref29, ref30, ref31, ref32, ref33 Uganda ref1 UK ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13, ref14, ref15, ref16 UN ref1, ref2 US ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13, ref14, ref15, ref16, ref17, ref18, ref19, ref20, ref21, ref22, ref23, ref24 Vajpai, Atal Behari ref1 Varan Transport Company ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 Vietnam ref1, ref2 WAPDA ref1, ref2 Waseem, Mohammad ref1, ref2, ref3 Weaver, Jerry ref1 World Bank ref1 Yong, Tan Tai ref1, ref2 Yugoslavia ref1 Zaheer, Zahid ref1 Zaidi, Akbar ref1 Zaire ref1 Zaman, Zahid ref1 Zamora, Kevin-Casas ref1 Zardari, Asif ref1, ref2 Zia, Tauqeer ref1 Ziring, Lawrence ref1 .. .Military Inc Inside Pakistan’s Military Economy Ayesha Siddiqa Pluto Press London • Ann Arbor, MI First published 2007... concept Civil military relations framework A typology of civil military relations The civil military partnership type The authoritarian–political military partnership type The ruler military type... The arbitrator military type The parent-guardian military type The warlord type Chapter The Pakistan military: the development of praetorianism, 1947–77 The military institution The military s primary