This page intentionally left blank Ecology, Economy and State Formation in Early Modern Germany This is an innovative study of the agrarian world and growth of government in early modern Germany through the medium of pre-industrial society’s most basic material resource, wood Paul Warde offers a regional study of south-west Germany from the late fifteenth to the early eighteenth century, demonstrating the stability of the economy and social structure through periods of demographic pressure, warfare and epidemic He casts new light on the nature of ‘wood shortages’ and societal response to environmental challenge, and shows how institutional responses largely based on preventing local conflict were poor at adapting over time to optimise the management of resources Warde further argues for the inadequacy of models that oppose the ‘market’ to a ‘natural economy’ in understanding economic behaviour This is a major contribution to debates about the sustainability of peasant economy and society in early modern Europe, to our understanding of the growth of the state, and to new ecological approaches to history and historical geography PAUL WARDE is Lecturer in History at the University of Cambridge Cambridge Studies in Population, Economy and Society in Past Time 41 Series Editors RICHARD SMITH Cambridge Group for the History of Population and Social Structure JAN DE VRIES University of California at Berkeley PAUL JOHNSON London School of Economics and Political Science KEITH WRIGHTSON Yale University Recent work in social, economic and demographic history has revealed much that was previously obscure about societal stability and change in the past It has also suggested that crossing the conventional boundaries between these branches of history can be very rewarding This series exemplifies the value of interdisciplinary work of this kind, and includes books on topics such as family, kinship and neighbourhood; welfare provision and social control; work and leisure; migration; urban growth; and legal structures and procedures, as well as more familiar matters It demonstrates that, for example, anthropology and economics have become as close intellectual neighbours to history as have political philosophy or biography For a full list of titles in the series, please see end of book Ecology, Economy and State Formation in Early Modern Germany Paul Warde University of Cambridge    Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge  , UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521831925 © Paul Warde 2006 This publication is in copyright Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press First published in print format 2006 - - ---- eBook (EBL) --- eBook (EBL) - - ---- hardback --- hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of s for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate Contents List of figures List of maps List of tables Acknowledgements Glossary List of abbreviations Introduction page viii ix x xi xiii xvi 1 The peasant dynamic 33 Power and property 99 The regulative drive 161 From clearance to crisis? 224 The two ecologies 280 Conclusions 347 Bibliography Index 359 381 vii Figures 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 2.1 3.1 3.2 3.3 4.1 5.1 5.2 5.3 viii Spelt yields of the hospital of Markgroăningen page 63 Oat yields of the hospital of Markgroăningen 63 Wine yields from the vineyards of the hospital of Markgroăningen 87 Wine income in Esslingen, 15171676 89 Spelt and wine sale prices, hospital of Markgroăningen 89 Relative price of wine and corn in Esslingen and Stuttgart 90 Land use and landholding in Leonberg, 1575 119 Ducal income from forests, 1522–1699 215 Ducal forest income in Scheffel corn, 1531–1630 217 Income and treasury receipts of Forstamt Leonberg, 1482–1700 219 Wood sales from Leonberg woodland, 1580–1632 245 Salt trade of the Amt Leonberg, 1542–1700 302 Relative price indices of basic goods near Leonberg, 1550–1620 309 Salt price and expenditure on salt in the Amt Leonberg, 1542–1700 317 380 Bibliography Wrightson, K., and Levine, D., Poverty and piety in an English village: Terling, 1525–1700 (Oxford, 1995) Wrigley, E A., ‘Urban growth and agricultural change: England and the Continent in the early modern period’, Journal of Interdisciplinary History (1985), pp 683–728 ‘The classical economists and the Industrial Revolution’, in Wrigley, E A., People, cities and wealth (Oxford, 1987), pp 21–45 Continuity, chance and change The character of the industrial revolution in England (Cambridge, 1988) ‘Energy constraints and pre-industrial economies’, in Cavaciocchi, S (ed.), Economia e energia secc XIIIXVIII (Florence, 2003), pp 15672 Wuărttembergischen Geschichts- und Altertumsverein, Stuttgart im Spiegel alter Karten und Plaăne (Stuttgart, 1984) Zanden, J L van, The rise and decline of Holland’s economy: merchant capitalism and the labour market (Manchester, 1993) ‘Early modern economic growth: a survey of the European economy, 1500–1800’ in Prak, M (ed.), Early modern capitalism (London 2000), pp 69–87 Index accounting 59, 169–70, 196, 218 account books 78–9, 81, 111, 151, 152, 155–6, 163, 170, 188–9, 190, 197, 204, 212, 228, 231–2, 235, 238, 251–5, 259, 266, 268, 270, 272, 276, 289, 290, 301, 304, 310, 311, 329 adaptability, thesis of 16–18 agriculture 11, 12, 18, 31, 35, 37, 52, 76, 91–8, 99, 116, 118–20, 127–8, 129–30, 141, 226–7, 263, 278, 283, 349, 357 collective management of 15–16, 20, 24, 54–6, 57, 58, 60–2, 65–8, 74–5, 80–3, 86, 93, 98, 105, 152–4, 163, 349, 351, 352 importance in economy 134–8, 143–6, 149–50 productivity in 17–18, 91, 95, 98, 99, 356–7; see also grain, yields per hectare Allen, Bob 59, 140 Alsace 94 Amsterdam 139–41 Annales School 10 annuities 127, 135 anthropology 10, 15, 35 Antwerp 114, 141 arable 8, 84–5, 92–8, 103, 135–7, 143–6 extent of 44–52, 64, 68, 71, 74, 92–5, 104, 118–20, 131, 226, 279 forms of cultivation 56–66, 86, 125, 156 artisans 60, 91, 98, 116–30, 134–7, 141–4, 149; see also handicrafts numbers of 120–30 using wood 204, 263, 270–4, 278, 287, 288, 290 Asperg 30, 48, 107, 184, 206, 257, 277, 295, 297, 298 auditing 169–70 Augsburg 114, 140–1, 273 Aurich 45, 47, 48, 50, 111, 122 Backnang 58, 292 Baden 2, 64, 108, 183, 206, 231, 274, 292–4, 318 Bader, Karl Siegfried 58 Bailey, F G 282 bailiff, see Schultheiß bakers 6, 41, 42, 117, 127–8, 141, 150, 270, 272–4, 278, 290, 298, 299, 330, 331 barbers 127, 154–6, 270, 272–3, 274, 278, 298, 299, 336; see also bathhouses barns 34, 41–2, 144, 195, 224, 276 bast 79 bathhouses 41, 150, 154–5, 273; see also barbers Bauer, see farmers Bavaria 16, 59, 91, 129, 150, 273, 300–1 beans 57 Bebenhausen Beck, Rainer 16, 59, 129, 137 begging 97, 210 Beisitzer 150 Benning, Stefan 28, 29 Benningen 108 Bergheim 48, 269, 276 Bernhardt, Walter 170 Besigheim 292, 295 Beutelsbach 200 Bietigheim 28, 43, 45, 48, 60, 68, 71, 80, 82–3, 110, 126, 128, 129, 130, 143, 194, 222–3, 238, 240, 249, 260, 269–70, 271, 273, 277, 280, 287, 292, 293, 296–7, 300, 304, 310, 311, 313, 324, 329 biomass, transfer of 53–5, 85, 92, 283, 284, 303, 315–19, 354–6 Bissingen 45, 48, 108–10, 238, 277, 296, 312, 313 Black Forest 5, 8, 33, 73, 75, 108, 117, 129, 177, 182, 215, 231, 232, 244, 270, 277, 292–7, 311–12, 319, 357 blacksmiths 41, 127, 128, 150, 212, 270, 274; see also smiths bleaching 282 Boăblingen 27, 91, 171, 202, 206 Boelcke, Willi 265 381 382 Index Bohemia 300 Bondorf 71, 103, 127 Botnang 44, 45, 48, 83, 125, 152, 153, 183, 191, 210, 269, 282, 310, 331, 333 Bottwar 295 boundaries 38–41, 45, 52, 77, 106, 183, 186, 189, 194, 197, 199, 226, 230 Brackenheim 50, 128, 269 Braudel, Fernand 10, 57, 165 Brunner, Otto 339 buildings 134, 135, 138, 143, 163, 190, 246, 265, 270, 274–7, 278, 323–5, 349; see also law, on building; wood, building construction of 41–4, 79, 171, 224, 246, 263–4, 271, 274–7, 313, 355 numbers of 43, 2757, 313 Bull, Karl-Otto 27 Burckach Buărgermeister 66, 78, 82, 100, 152–4, 156, 178, 188, 190, 196–7, 229, 290, 324, 341 Burghley, Lord 265 Burke, Peter 165 butchers 67, 74, 117, 126–9, 171, 200–3, 274 cadastres 38, 47, 163 Calw 75, 300 cameralism 285, 344 Canstatt 122, 155–6, 288, 289, 300–1, 313 district of 65 capital 6, 21, 54–5, 60, 80, 85, 95, 101, 126, 133–5, 139, 144, 150, 247–9, 272, 282, 283–4, 290, 303, 320, 355 capitalism 14, 21, 281–2, 286, 320–1 carpenters 34, 44, 182, 270, 271–2 carrying capacity 35, 68, 72–3, 278 cartwrights 79, 144, 269, 270–1, 288 cattle 68–75, 80, 149 chancelry 169–71, 203 charcoal 212, 274, 280 Charles V 27, 204 Christophstal 299 climate 12, 17–18, 28, 31–2, 34, 87–90, 92, 94–6, 114, 246, 259, 265, 354, 355, 357 climax community 12 coal 6–7, 9, 12, 114, 264, 300, 357 common rights 100, 105, 159, 195, 202 commonland 73, 104, 151, 152, 154–7, 194, 196, 202, 226, 268, 285, 353 commune 23, 25, 54, 80–3, 99–100, 104, 107–11, 117, 131, 150–60, 163, 176–7, 192–206, 211, 226, 231, 246, 265, 276, 288, 289, 323–8, 335, 348–55, 357–8; see also state, and communes and taxation 121, 146–9, 150–3, 164, 334 and reciprocity 159–60, 340 marriage controls 31, 150 membership of 150–1, 321–9 officials of 60, 65, 75, 80, 105, 151–7, 158, 160, 164, 178, 194, 196, 229, 266, 326, 327; see also officials, local property of 40, 41, 44, 91, 104, 107–11, 150–7, 159–60, 272–3, 323, 334, 350–1, 355; see also property, communal; woodlands, communal regulation by 40, 41, 43–4, 54–6, 60–2, 80–3, 99, 102, 151, 153, 192, 225, 285, 314, 323–8, 334, 337, 340, 350, 352, 355 and woodland management 77, 78, 79, 80–3, 192, 244–6, 256–7, 260–1, 329, 340 community 3, 15–18, 35–7, 54, 92, 117, 160, 222, 285, 315–16 coopers 121, 197, 232, 270, 271, 288, 290 coppersmiths 134, 303, 322; see also smiths coppicing 76–8, 111, 175, 181, 212, 232, 235–40, 256–8, 262–3, 278, 300, 352; see also underwood corve´e labour 104, 110, 126, 158, 209, 212–13, 243, 324–5, 334 council, village 153 Counts of Wuărttemberg 25, 30, 183, 294, 295 courts appeal 157–8, 169, 202 district 153, 190, 193, 273, 327 town 44, 157, 193, 329 village 44, 67, 99, 102, 151–3, 157, 159, 164, 192, 193, 196, 244, 323, 324–9, 339, 341, 343 cows 1, 3, 8, 34, 66, 68–74, 96, 126, 154 credit 65, 88, 91, 104, 115, 126–31, 143, 146–9, 147, 162–3, 185, 186, 198, 283, 293–6, 307, 320, 352 crime 40, 153, 281, 329–33 and punishment for 23, 24, 322, 330–3; see also fines theft 191, 206, 260, 281, 282, 309, 329, 334 custom 155–6, 165, 171, 175, 176, 193, 327, 331, 337–40, 341–3, 345–6, 353 dearth 28, 65, 95–7, 148, 183, 204, 246, 330, 354 Index debt 65, 85, 143, 147–9, 162, 185, 331 ducal 26–7, 127, 172, 214 personal 126 deer, see hunting, deer diet 52 district 5, 146, 148, 163, 172, 270, 329, 352 district assembly 173 district governor 5, 25, 83, 104, 126, 152–3, 158, 178, 185, 192, 222, 243–4, 295, 300, 325, 327, 336, 352–3 disturbance 13–14, 17–19, 92, 95–7, 225, 284–6, 354–8 Ditzingen 44, 45, 48, 70, 71, 72, 111, 122, 126, 135, 136, 195, 246, 248–9, 271, 274, 288 Dodgshon, Robert 286 dogs 80, 189, 191, 204–5, 209–11, 222–3, 332 Dornfeld, I A G 87 drinking 85, 152, 165, 348 Duke of Wuărttemberg 1003, 146, 155, 158, 169, 1723, 175, 179, 183, 198, 202, 206–12, 295, 332, 336, 342, 343 Christoph 27, 170–1, 174, 177, 188, 193, 204 Eberhard III 30 Eberhard im Bart 25, 169, 353 Eberhard Ludwig 173, 300 Friedrich 29, 171, 172, 179, 214–15, 216, 301, 356 Karl Alexander 173 Ludwig 29, 179 Ulrich 25–7, 114, 177, 184, 200, 201, 218, 295, 332 Wilhelm Ludwig 180 Duărrmenz 2, 48, 69, 72, 110, 295, 296 dyers 79, 272, 298 Eberdingen 246, 273 Eckardt, H W 96, 211 ecology 6, 9–13, 14–19, 36–7, 44, 52, 68, 73, 85, 96–8, 195, 225, 227, 278, 281, 283–6, 298, 299, 303, 314–21, 344–6, 347, 350, 354, 355, 358 landscape 13 territorial 19, 283–6, 314–20, 328, 336 transformational 19, 283–6, 316–20, 329 woodland 8, 12, 18, 53, 355 economy 6–7, 11–12, 15, 113–46 change in 14, 17–18, 92–7, 113–46, 149–50, 225, 280, 285, 347–58 growth in 6, 17–18, 94, 356 market 14, 20–1, 92, 95, 281–6, 321 natural 15, 20–1, 281–5, 287–8, 321, 323, 325, 336 383 state of 8, 17–18, 32, 37, 95, 100, 101, 113–46, 149–50, 285, 316, 354, 355 and wartime 29 Egarten 44, 51 Eglosheim 48, 125, 148, 203, 210, 258, 275, 330 Ellen, Roy 11 Eltingen 45, 48, 70, 71, 72, 136, 153, 186, 197, 204, 205, 210, 243, 248, 250, 274, 289 emperor 26, 102, 121, 172 endogamy 151, 153, 282 energy 6–7, 11, 12–13, 15, 16, 347 England 9, 10, 59, 64, 114, 129, 138, 140, 141–2, 299, 357 environmental history 10 Enz 231, 277, 290–8, 313, 316, 352 Enzweihingen 45, 48, 93, 122, 126, 186–7, 246, 297, 312, 330 equality 56 equipment 101, 159, 270, 290, 298 agricultural 58–60, 85, 90, 93, 100, 263; see also ploughs Epstein, Stefan 351 Ernst, Christoph 76 Esslingen 88–90, 126, 145, 190, 295 Estates 26, 84, 102, 158, 172–4 and legislation 173 and taxation 26, 65, 132, 146–9, 151, 164, 172, 216 Etter 41, 244 exchange forms of 14, 20–1, 280–3, 307, 315, 321 exports 65, 84–91, 94, 113, 116, 135, 150, 180, 183, 198, 281, 284, 294–7, 301, 316–20, 333, 352, 357; see also trade from Markung 54–5, 65, 73, 195, 260–1, 283, 288, 315 farmers 20, 28, 95, 116, 118, 122–30, 134, 144–5, 282, 321, 324, 324–7; see also peasants fences 38, 41, 76–9, 197, 209, 211–12, 255, 263, 268–9, 333, 338 Ferdinand of Austria 27 Fertig, Georg 59, 64, 96 feudalism 22, 34, 101–4, 281, 328, 353 Feuerbach 45, 48, 79, 125, 190, 204, 210, 243, 246, 274, 289, 322, 327 field system 5, 44, 56–8, 268, 285, 351 fines 1, 80–1, 153, 175, 187, 188, 194, 204–5, 210, 221–3, 243, 247, 259–60, 288, 294, 329–32; see also crime and punishment for firewood, see wood, firewood 384 Index fiscal policy 148, 164, 180, 213–20, 348; see also income, government fishing 143, 293, 319 Flacht 48, 69, 72, 153, 269, 322 Flanders 256 flax 44, 135 fodder 2, 3, 53–4, 57, 65–6, 67–8, 72–4, 81–3, 134, 154, 310; see also hay; straw forest legal entity of the 82, 175, 200–1, 204, 206 forest administration 79, 82–3, 164, 169–71, 175, 180, 182–92, 198, 199, 206, 212, 218, 220, 226, 231, 232, 251, 255, 266, 287, 289, 310, 352, 353, 356 forester 5, 78, 79, 83, 105–7, 111, 162, 170, 175–8, 181–91, 195, 198, 201–8, 210–11, 218, 221, 228, 242, 243, 246–7, 250, 257, 259, 269, 273, 281, 289, 290, 306, 312, 313, 318, 325, 327, 329, 330, 333, 341, 343, 345, 352–3, 355 Bauder, Hans Ulrich 81, 184–5, 189–91, 205, 246, 330–1 Bauder, Ulrich 81, 82, 184–5, 189 Eltingen, Hans von 184 Frieß, Bartlin 184, 190, 229 Gaißberg, Ernst Friedrich 185 Gaißberg, Friedrich Albrecht 185, 189 Hagen, Hans 184, 224, 229 Harnisch, Jacob 185, 205, 212, 338 Jagesyn, Menrat 184 Koch, Jacob 178, 184, 243 Mentzingen, Hans 204–5, 338 Reischach, Friedrich Jacob von 185 Roßach, Philip 188, 229–30, 315 Sachsenheim, Gall von 184, 229, 342 forestry district 5, 83, 170, 183 Forstamt, see forestry distrct Forstamt Leonberg, see Leonberg, forestry district of Foster, George 35 France 7, 31, 64, 140, 142, 148 Franken 265 Freudenstadt 311 Friedeburg, Robert von 340 Friolzheim 210, 266 Fuhrmann, Rosi 173, 203 furniture 34, 41, 42–3, 272 Gaabholz 35, 100–1, 110, 155, 194, 244–6, 249, 256–7, 265–7, 272, 279, 280, 284, 287–90, 308, 314–15, 321–9, 333–4, 337, 339, 349, 354 Gadner, Georg 170 game 181, 188, 221, 262, 332–3; see also hunting damage by 64, 180, 201, 206, 208–13, 249–50, 256, 257, 259, 269, 353, 355 gardens 41, 42, 44, 91–2, 135, 143, 154, 268 Gebersheim 34–5, 40, 45, 48, 55, 61, 62, 70, 71, 72, 122, 125, 136, 148, 153, 193, 194, 197, 198, 244, 248, 260–1, 287–8, 290, 304, 310, 330, 338 Gechingen 69, 195 geese 66 Gemeinde, see commune gemein nutz 319, 336–7, 341, 343, 350 Gemmingen, Lords of 183, 195, 292 Gerechtigkeit 155–6 Gericht, see courts Gerichtsherrschaft 101 Gerlingen 41, 42, 45, 48, 57, 58, 70, 71, 72, 122, 135, 136, 183, 191, 204–5, 206, 248, 249–50, 260, 273, 277, 341–4 Germany 7, 8, 9, 40, 41, 42, 68 by-laws in 54 diplomacy and war in 30, 148 economy of 114, 139–43, 145, 282, 294–5, 298, 320 guilds in 117 migration from 96 serfdom in 101 and state formation 161, 162 viticulture in 47 woodlands in 108, 256, 264 Gierke, Otto von glass 43, 280, 298, 300, 314, 316–17 glaziers 270, 300 goats 68, 74, 80 grain 16, 56–66, 95–6, 125, 131, 135, 144–6, 148, 183, 185, 211, 246, 273, 282, 294, 307, 316, 355 barley 56–7 consumption of 82, 141 einkorn 56 oats 56–7, 62, 144, 201 price of, see prices, of grain rye 56–7 seed:yield ratio 62–4 spelt 56–7, 62–5, 122, 144–5, 334 yield per hectare 62–5, 72–4, 87, 90, 94–6; see also diet Gromer, Johannes 265 Groß Glattbach 48, 69, 232, 276 Groß Ingersheim 45, 48, 71, 82–3, 126, 129–30, 221–3, 249, 269, 312, 314 Grosser, Martin 156 Index Gruorn 71 guilds 23, 117, 121, 127–9, 141, 143–4, 159, 179, 293, 354, 355 Habsburgs 25, 31 period of rule 27, 47, 171, 173, 177, 214, 229 Haeckel, Ernst 10 hail 2, 3, 88, 97 handicrafts 118–30, 135, 250, 357 ordinance on 270–2; see also artisans Hardin, Garret 56 Harz 276 Hausen 48, 69, 72, 73, 165 hay 44, 53–4, 73, 96, 185, 297; see also fodder heating 6, 41, 42, 43, 52, 212, 265–6, 270, 298, 299, 309, 333–4, 355 Heidelberg 295, 313 Heilbronn 294–5, 313, 318 Heimerdingen 45, 48, 70, 71, 72, 111, 122, 127, 129–30, 136, 147, 192, 197, 244, 246, 248, 261, 322, 325, 327, 339 Heimsheim 45, 48, 51, 70, 71, 72, 108, 135, 136, 184, 202, 248 Hemmingen 40, 48, 67, 70, 71, 72, 74, 129–32, 136, 152, 193, 197, 206, 248, 249 hemp 44, 135 Hengstett 69, 72, 79, 195, 242 herders 1, 55, 66, 75, 79–81, 154 cowherd 80 shepherd 74, 79–81, 151, 204, 288 swineherd 1, 80, 322 Heresbach, Conrad von 236 Hermy, Martin 256 Herrenalb 195–6 Herrenberg 28, 91 Herrschaft, see lordship Heslach 83 Hesse 254, 340 Hippel, Wolfgang von 27, 59, 86, 93, 103 Hirsau 101, 195, 196, 207, 292, 300 Hirschlanden 45, 48, 64–5, 70, 71, 72, 122, 136, 198, 248, 271, 288 Hochdorf 48 Hochstrasser, Olivia 276 Hoffmann, Juătte 43, 276 Hoăfingen 45, 47, 48, 70, 71, 72, 86, 136, 148, 193, 207, 248, 249, 261, 276, 288, 290, 322, 323, 333 Hoheneck 48, 58, 144, 147–9, 249, 275 Hohenlohe 149 Hohenzollern 276 Hollstein, E 259 385 Holy Roman Empire 24, 84, 264 Horb 295 horses 30, 41, 57, 60, 61, 100–1, 125, 144, 274, 280, 298–9, 331 Hoskins, W G 10 households 16, 20, 27, 37, 54–5, 60, 65, 68–71, 75, 93, 99, 100, 104, 110, 118–35, 143–5, 146–9, 150, 164, 165, 185, 256, 263, 266–7, 271, 275, 282, 286–8, 307, 309–10, 314, 315, 322–8, 333–4, 335–6, 348–9 numbers of 29 size of 28 houses 6, 34, 41–4, 101, 118, 126, 141, 143–4, 159, 265, 275–7, 321, 323–5, 333; see also buildings interiors of 34, 41–4, 272 hunters 18 hunting 76, 80, 82, 169–71, 175, 179–80, 182, 193, 202, 205–13, 215, 242, 244, 332–3, 336; see also dogs; game, damage by; poaching costs of 210–13, 218 deer 64, 189, 191, 206, 208, 211, 259, 338 laws on 207–8 Master of the Hunt 229 time spent on 189 wild boar 64, 76, 191, 206, 208, 210, 211, 224, 259, 342 ‘Image of Limited Good’ 35, 97 imports 65, 75, 91, 94, 150, 225, 227, 232, 244, 246, 247, 263, 274, 276–7, 278, 281, 284, 287, 289, 290–303, 306, 313, 314–20, 329, 333, 354, 355–6, 357; see also rafting; trade income 347, 350, 351 of communes 197–8, 217, 246, 250, 260, 287 from forests 82, 171, 179, 205, 210, 213–20, 252, 255, 354 government 27, 104, 138, 173, 216–17 household 9, 94, 99, 127, 128, 144–5, 148–9, 333–4, 348 per capita 7, 19, 113–16, 138–46, 148, 163 problem of variability 35 of region 319, 320 sectoral 133–8, 142 from wine 84–91, 94, 114–16, 145, 246, 251, 301, 308, 319, 320, 334 wood expenditure as proportion of 9, 333–4 Industrial Revolution 6–7, 13 386 Index inheritance 27, 57, 58, 102–3, 104–5, 115, 120, 163–4, 171, 174, 324, 348, 351 innkeepers 127, 271, 272, 290 integrity 13–14, 19, 225, 283–4, 322, 358 inventories 34, 42, 71, 125, 163, 298 Iptingen 49, 232, 246 iron 150, 271, 274, 280–1, 285, 298–300, 314, 316–18, 319, 320, 321 consumption levels of 298–300 industry 7, 114, 116, 171, 299 Istanbul 140 Italy 114, 138, 13942, 354 Jaănichen, Hans 226 joiners 270, 271–2 jurisdiction, of village commune 38, 195 jurors 67, 151–7, 164, 188, 190, 193, 324, 339–40, 343 Kielmann von Kiellmannsegg, Johann 170 Kieselbronn 294 Kieser, Andreas 105–6, 194, 211, 226, 230, 267 Kieß, Rudolf 183, 200, 207 kin 16 King, Gregory 142 Klein Ingersheim 45, 49, 82–3, 129–30, 223, 249, 269 Koăln 294 Kornwestheim 45, 49, 57, 61, 69, 72, 122, 125, 135, 265, 289, 298, 314 labour 18, 20–1, 47, 58–62, 75, 78–9, 86–90, 92–6, 100, 119, 129–30, 134, 143, 149–50, 158–60, 196, 218, 228, 251, 282, 303, 306, 307, 308–10, 311–12, 321, 351 and children 66, 81, 309–10 reducing amount of 55, 65, 84, 93, 154, 268, 349, 351 sexual divison of 82, 91, 143, 309–10 labourers 2, 60, 65, 104, 113, 116, 125, 131, 134, 139–41, 143, 144, 158, 221, 280, 282, 324, 335 Ladurie, Emmanuel le Roy 34, 146–8 landholding 138 distribution of 59, 108, 118–20, 127–30, 128 extent of holdings 57–8, 95, 118–20 tenures of 39, 85, 102–4; see also property landlessness 110 landlords 25, 39, 47, 85, 98, 102–5, 175 payments to 65, 85, 102–4, 143; see also rent landscape 5, 12, 15, 16, 37, 38–41, 47, 226, 227, 262, 268, 280, 358 Landsberg 129 Landtag 172–4, 178, 180, 200, 203, 210, 212, 213; see also estates Landwehr, Achim 179 law on building 41, 42–3, 274, 327, 355 on forests 1, 76, 77–83, 100, 105, 162–3, 170–83, 186, 210, 214, 217, 220–1, 225, 227, 230–1, 242, 243, 246, 255, 261, 269, 274, 277, 325, 329, 331, 336, 352 legal procedure 158, 203–4, 337–40, 344, 346 making of 23, 24, 27, 161–3, 166, 169–80, 205 Roman 24, 39, 158, 161, 174, 199, 346 Leipzig 140, 265 lentils 56, 348 Leonberg 5, 28, 29, 40, 42, 43, 45, 47, 54, 61, 62, 66, 67, 68, 70, 71, 72, 75, 78, 80, 82, 85, 90, 100–1, 118–28, 135, 136, 146–8, 150–1, 154, 172, 183–6, 188–9, 191, 196–7, 203, 204, 206, 208–9, 210, 212, 229–31, 243–6, 248, 249–50, 255, 258–9, 266, 271–4, 276, 280, 287–8, 290, 300–3, 304, 310, 311–12, 322, 327, 330, 331, 334, 337–8, 348 district of 5, 28, 31, 61, 62–5, 69, 86–7, 103, 122–9, 135, 138, 142, 146–8, 184, 193, 248–50, 261, 264, 273, 287, 299, 301, 317 forestry district of 5, 8, 24, 28–30, 43, 50–2, 56, 68, 69, 75–8, 82, 85, 92, 104, 108–11, 118, 122, 126, 144, 162, 173, 176, 183–92, 201, 206, 218, 222, 224–5, 235–42, 244, 246, 247, 250–5, 261–3, 264, 271, 275–8, 290, 294, 295, 297–300, 303, 306–7, 312, 314–16, 317, 352, 358 Liebenzell 336 linen 35, 43, 116, 127, 128, 131, 171 Lippe, County of 220, 276 livestock 2, 17, 34, 53–5, 64–5, 76–7, 81, 83, 116, 134, 137, 143, 183, 316; see also cows; goats; pigs; sheep draught 60, 78, 93, 126, 158, 324, 357; see also horses; oxen numbers of 68–75, 80, 92–3, 98, 125, 259, 318, 357 stinting of 67 Lochgaău 61 London 13942 lordship 21, 22, 25, 35, 38–40, 54–6, 82, 101–4, 151, 158, 161, 200, 201, 202–3, 206, 281–3, 332, 335, 352 Index Louis XIV 31, 148 Ludwigsburg 206 Luhmann, Niklaus 36 Magstadt 193, 204, 266, 322, 324, 325, 327 Mainz 294 Maisch, Andreas 28, 29, 31, 71, 95, 96, 125, 310 Malanima, Paolo 139–42 Malmsheim 42, 55, 107, 153, 260, 272 Malthus, Thomas 10 Malthusianism 96–7 management of woodlands, see woodlands, management of manure 17, 42, 53–4, 59, 66, 84, 86, 92–3, 271, 283, 284, 315, 318 maps 38–40, 52, 170, 211 Marbach 43, 58, 295, 301 markets 18, 37, 43, 55–6, 60, 114, 118–19, 286, 303–8, 314–16, 318, 320, 321, 346, 351 access to 33, 36, 95, 263, 331 for land 95, 283 market economy, see economy, market regulation of 97, 117, 162–3, 183, 346, 354–5; see also guilds; monopolies for wood 238, 279, 280, 287–98, 303–8, 311–13, 323, 334, 354 Markgroăningen 43, 45, 49, 62, 74, 77, 8790, 122, 126, 135, 147, 200, 247, 259, 260, 271–4, 288, 290, 297–8, 300, 310, 312, 314, 325, 352 Markung 38, 44–51, 54, 68, 73, 75, 80, 85, 111, 135, 228, 314–16, 318, 319, 321, 333, 338, 350; see also jurisdiction, of village commune marriage 101, 150, 163, 351; see also commune, marriage controls; endogamy; population, marriage Marx, Karl 33, 286 Marxism 14, 20 mast 83, 176, 182, 184, 201–2, 203, 240, 244 for boar 76, 82, 175, 201–2, 240, 342 of pigs 813, 187, 196, 218, 223, 240, 3414 Mattmuăller, Matthias 91 Maulbronn 101, 108, 196, 287 meadow 1, 5, 53, 66–7, 73–4, 103, 135, 143, 297 extent of 44–51, 73–4, 92, 118 yields of 73 Memmingen 202 memory 38, 155, 175, 205, 249, 337–8 Merklingen 49, 69, 72, 195, 226, 301 387 Meurer, Noe´ 170, 175, 206, 325 migration 26, 29, 31–2, 96, 102, 105, 150, 285, 314, 345, 357 Militzer, Stefan 96 millers 127–30, 142, 290, 293 mills 43, 255, 319 sawmills 277, 2934 modernization 18, 24, 33 Moăglingen 45, 49, 107, 324, 326, 327, 340 monasteries 27, 30, 101, 103, 108, 172, 192, 194, 195–6, 226; see also Bebenhausen; Herrenalb; Hirsau; Maulbronn money 100, 104, 115, 116, 126–31, 170, 185, 187, 201, 218, 282, 287, 294, 315, 316–19, 335; see also exchange, forms of quality of coinage 29–30, 36, 139–40, 215, 307 monopolies 24, 116–17, 179, 294, 295, 296, 299, 300, 356; see also markets, regulation of Moănòheim 45, 49, 51, 62, 70, 71, 72, 135, 136, 184, 187, 206, 248, 249, 250, 260, 312, 333 Montaigne, Michel de 265 Montanus, Ferrarius 336 mortgages 85, 163, 283 Moăttlingen 49, 304, 336 Muănchingen 45, 49, 81, 82, 135, 261, 292, 322, 325 Muănklingen 45, 49, 70, 71, 72, 78, 100–1, 136, 152, 186, 198, 248, 260, 322, 323–5, 327, 337, 339 Muănster 45, 49, 50, 69, 72, 122 Muănster, Sebastian 226 Murg 295 Murr 290, 292, 295 Nagold 231, 292, 292–4, 313, 319 district of 28 Naples 139 Neckar 5, 25, 33, 58, 64, 85, 91, 108, 111, 231, 255, 289, 292, 294–5, 298, 330 Neckarweihingen 49, 58, 144, 147, 149 Nef, John Netherlands 59, 64, 140, 294–5, 357 Netting, Robert 15–16 Neuenberg 292–4 Nippenburg, lords of 74, 207 nobility 25–6, 43, 76, 82, 102, 108, 143, 172, 1845, 207, 226, 266, 315, 3323 Noărdlingen, battle of 30, 246 North, Douglass 350 North, Michael 59 388 Index Notdurft 3357, 350, 354 Nuărnberg 114 Nussdorf 45, 49 Oberriexingen 259, 296, 297 occupations 93, 118–21, 127–30, 270 dishonourable 150 officials 2, 81, 104, 108, 203, 223, 229, 276, 338, 341, 345 of central government 22, 27, 64, 161–5, 168–92, 289, 328 forestry 43, 77, 83, 105, 181–92, 205, 231, 252, 257, 266, 268, 289, 336, 338; see also forest administration; forester; warden, forest local 67, 175, 203, 206, 256, 293, 294, 295, 301, 325; see also commune, officials of; warden, communal Ogilvie, Sheilagh 28, 36, 75, 117, 129, 150, 310, 348, 350 ă lbronn 29 O orchard 41, 423, 268 ordinances, forest, see law, on forest Oßweil 45, 49, 125, 135, 295 Ostrom, Elinor 56 Ottenbronn 79, 195 ă ttinger, Johann 43 O Ottobeuren 14, 105, 115, 353 oxen 54, 61, 66 Palatinate 171, 267, 295 pannage, see mast, of pigs pastors 2, 130, 152, 200, 290, 309 pasture 1, 16, 39–40, 44–52, 53–5, 66, 79–81, 104, 105, 135, 149, 176, 202, 227, 265, 354; see also woodlands, and grazing payment in kind 56, 65, 100, 102, 104, 144, 185–7, 218, 282–3, 287 peas 56–7 peasants 15, 52–9, 77, 81–3, 88–92, 96–8, 99–101, 126, 130, 151, 158–60, 169, 171, 174, 189–90, 200, 202–3, 206, 209–13, 214, 257, 259, 261, 276, 278, 281–3, 286, 287, 292, 332, 335, 340, 343, 350–1 and theories of behaviour 20–2, 33–8, 281, 337 Peasants’ War 27, 36, 199, 202–3, 339, 353 Pfeil, W L 284 Pfister, Christian 16–17, 52, 88, 95–6, 137, 314 Pflugfelden 49 Pforzheim 292–8 Philip of Hesse 27 pigs 1, 3, 69, 75, 81, 82, 126, 154, 202, 224; see also mast, of pigs plague 28–31, 32, 219, 251; see also population, mortality Plieningen 83 ploughing 20, 58–61, 125 ploughs 20, 60, 85, 125, 271–4 poaching 78, 179, 182, 189, 190, 191, 201, 203, 207, 209, 211, 222, 281, 332–3 Poor Conrad 26, 82, 167, 174, 176, 184, 187, 200–3, 209, 218, 339, 353 population 10, 14, 15–16, 27–32, 42–3, 68, 90, 92, 94, 96, 97, 105, 113, 115, 138, 149, 158, 162, 177, 202, 219–20, 226, 227, 235, 242, 247, 250, 258, 264, 267, 275, 278–9, 285, 287, 306, 307, 315, 324, 325, 326, 328–9, 330, 333, 349, 354, 355–6, 357 fertility 15, 28–31, 146 mortality 15, 28–32, 96, 146, 147, 354 marriage 15, 29, 31–2, 105, 132, 357 potters 272, 274 poverty 97–8, 99–101, 119–20, 121, 130–1, 141, 158–60, 198, 322–6, 330, 334 prices 7, 20, 21, 22, 29, 65, 92, 95–7, 104, 113–17, 122, 132, 139–40, 145, 146, 149, 185, 220, 246, 264, 272, 282, 303–8, 311–13, 321, 322, 334, 354 of grain 88–91, 96, 122, 145–6, 149, 216–17, 246, 307–8, 330, 354 of salt 316 of wine 88–91, 94, 145, 308 of wood 108, 212, 215–20, 238, 248–9, 250, 251–4, 267, 278, 294, 297, 303–8, 315–20, 326, 333, 334–5, 355 of woodland 107 profits 20, 21, 54, 60, 113, 117, 177, 183, 195, 282, 286, 290, 306, 311, 347, 356 property 3, 27, 38–40 communal 51, 99–100; see also commune, property of ducal 47–50, 85, 157, 163–4, 171, 173, 184, 229, 352, 355 immoveable 133 moveable 133 private 15–16, 99, 164 transfer of 104–5, 106–7, 115, 163–4, 184, 352 property relations 8, 37, 85, 99–101, 105–11, 118–32, 320–1, 328, 358 Prussia 59, 267 rafting 78, 182–3, 270, 276, 277, 289, 290–8, 306, 307, 311–13, 314, 316–19, 352, 356 Index extent of 295 guilds 293 laws on 292–3, 294 rakemakers 270 reciprocity 16, 20, 23, 58, 62, 65–6, 99–101, 125, 172, 328, 340, 348; see also commune, and reciprocity records importance of written 38–40, 54, 67, 163–4, 192–3, 327–8 region, as unit of analysis 16–17, 18–19, 314 taxation 27, 29, 47, 63–4, 73, 86, 105, 110, 118–22, 129, 132–8, 142–4, 184, 228, 243, 247, 250, 261, 270, 275 Regner 13 Reichenberger forest 185, 290 Renningen 41, 45, 49, 54, 66–7, 70, 71, 72, 80, 82, 86, 101, 107, 125, 126, 135, 136, 153, 154–6, 184, 193, 196, 198, 211, 244, 248, 250, 256–7, 260, 261, 266, 269, 271–3, 276, 288, 304, 322, 324, 328, 334, 335 rent 38, 39, 62, 65, 95, 103–4, 133–4, 138, 142–3, 149, 150, 163–4, 229, 283, 325, 347; see also landlords, payments to Reutlingen 26 Rhine 295, 357 Ricardo, David 10 Richter, see jurors Riet 45, 47, 49, 50, 122 risk avoidance 17, 36–7 Rochow, von 267 ropemaker 79, 127 rotation, three-field 56–7, 62, 242 Rottweil 299 Ruămelin, Gustav 127 Rutesheim 1, 31, 70, 71, 72, 186, 187, 197–8, 205, 206, 207, 208, 210, 211, 246, 248, 249, 260, 269, 271–2, 281, 287, 312 Sabean, David 49, 133, 136, 153, 163–5, 202, 348 saddlers 127, 197, 270, 274 sales 54–5, 65, 117, 143–6, 194, 315–16 of land 104, 115 of wine 91, 144–5 of wood 78, 107, 111, 177, 182–3, 191, 195, 197–8, 212, 215, 219, 232, 244–7, 251–5, 258, 259, 260–1, 264, 276, 282, 287–92, 293–8, 304–7, 312–13, 322, 331, 349 of woodland 107, 198, 226 389 salt 91, 137, 150, 208, 281, 285, 298, 300–3, 314, 316–18, 319, 320, 321 saltpeterers 179, 266, 270, 272, 289, 290, 303, 313 Schaăfer, Ingrid 220 Schmauder, Andreas 26, 2001 Schoăckingen 70 schoolmasters 130, 290, 309 schools 27, 30, 180 Schorndorf 186, 258 Schulte, Regina 332 Schultheiß 1, 2, 104, 126–7, 146, 151–6, 163, 173, 190, 192, 195–6, 229, 288, 290, 294, 323, 324, 327, 340 Schwaăbisch Gmuănd 299 Schwaăbisch Hall 300 Schwieberdingen 45, 49 serfdom 101, 104 servants 43, 60, 105, 132, 144, 156, 159, 223 sheep 1, 3, 5, 8, 55, 67–75, 92, 102, 126, 137, 352 sheepfolding 66, 68 transhumance 67, 73 shipbuilding shoemakers 121, 128 silver 113–14, 139–45, 147–9, 216, 307, 333–4 Simmozheim 49, 69, 72, 187, 238, 258 Sindelfingen 126 Slovakia 300 smiths 144, 270, 272–4, 303, 330 social disciplining 24, 97, 161, 176, 344 social stratification 15, 60, 101, 118–33, 138–45, 158–60, 202, 264, 354 soil 12, 17–18, 38–9, 53, 57–8, 61, 62, 65–6, 84, 94, 134, 232, 249 erosion of 64 Sombart, Werner Sonnlechner, Christoph 16 Speyer 122, 140 spinning 75, 130–1, 141–3 Sreenivasan, Govind 14, 105, 115, 202, 348, 353 stall feeding state 1, 2–5, 12, 25–7, 30, 36, 97–8, 116–17, 143, 161–223, 281, 286, 294, 337, 344–6, 347–58 absolutist 24, 161, 172, 213, 344 and communes 54–5, 99, 102, 146–60, 165–9, 176–7, 192, 194, 198–206, 285, 328, 351 intervention in everyday life 2–5, 41, 42–3, 54–5, 75, 83–4, 97, 117, 162–9, 314, 321 390 Index state (cont.) legitimacy of 22, 166, 221, 281 and measurement 38, 65, 75, 177, 228–30 obedience to state formation 6, 22–5, 162, 168–9, 198–200, 211, 220–3, 321, 327, 341, 344–6 Steeb, Johann 66 Steward, Julian 10 Strasbourg 114, 155 straw 54–5, 56, 66–7, 73, 77, 185, 265, 283, 315 Stromberg forest 204 Stuttgart 1, 2, 5, 40, 43, 79, 83, 84, 87, 90, 97, 122, 126, 135, 152, 155, 157, 169–71, 186, 189, 206, 216, 218, 226, 230, 231, 232, 236, 240, 246, 255, 259, 266, 269, 272, 282, 289, 292, 295, 301, 311–12, 313, 329, 331 subsistence 20, 24, 25–32, 99, 116, 130, 133, 139, 141, 263, 282, 285, 331–2, 335–7 Supplication 158, 243 supreme council 157–8, 169–71, 173–4, 178–9, 190, 205, 208, 230, 243, 322, 324, 326–7, 329, 331, 335, 337, 338, 344 Swabian Alps 66, 73, 201 switches 79, 81, 86, 204, 255, 269, 325, 336 systems theory 11, 13–14, 16, 18, 283 Tack, Guido 256 tailors 129 Tamm 45, 49, 71, 125, 259, 295 tanners 75, 79, 121, 128, 274, 300 taverns 137 taxation 51, 65, 100, 172, 194, 198, 230, 247, 250, 335, 345–6, 348 by central government 24, 26–7, 31, 63–4, 107, 121–2, 132–8, 143–9, 151, 161, 162, 163–4, 180, 200, 212–13 level of 50, 95, 103, 132–8, 143–9, 152, 212–13, 319, 320 by local government 146–9, 244, 334 and wealth distribution 111, 121–2, 133 Thirty Years’ war 28–30, 39, 51–2, 62, 65, 73, 92, 93, 96, 101, 113, 114, 147, 179, 208, 226, 259, 268, 294, 355–6 destruction in 30, 47, 147, 246–7, 259, 275 taxation in 107, 147 Thuringia 300 Tiefenbronn 274 tilemakers 197, 272, 274, 298 time, organisation of 40, 56–7, 59–62, 65–7, 78–9, 80, 82–4, 86, 100, 125, 156, 159–60, 181, 189–91, 294 tithes 62–3, 103, 153–4, 163 tolls 11416, 143, 149, 2936, 311, 313, 318 tools 34 Toărbel 15–16 trade 8, 12, 17–18, 37, 52, 91, 95, 113–17, 118, 122, 126, 134–8, 143, 145, 180, 185, 227, 301, 316–21, 346, 354–7; see also exports; imports; rafting transport 5, 7, 228, 280 carting 59, 60, 61, 78, 85, 101, 104, 122–5, 155, 198, 280, 292, 311–12 costs of 7, 94, 149, 303, 308, 311–13, 316, 317, 319, 320–1, 345, 347 by water 114, 290–8, 308, 311–13, 347 treasury 169–70, 174, 188, 210, 216, 218 trees 41, 42, 228 alder 79, 231–5 ash 231 aspen 181, 231–2, 235, 249, 250 beech 76, 231–5, 238, 243, 250, 255, 276, 277, 297, 307 birch 181, 231–2, 250, 255, 261, 306 coniferous 231–5, 276, 294, 297, 307, 313 damage to 40, 97 deciduous 231 elm 231–2 fir 76, 231, 250, 254, 261, 297 fruit 40, 91 hazel 76, 111, 231–6, 250, 261 hornbeam 231, 255 juniper 154–5, 224, 250, 262 lime 231 as markers 38, 39 oak 76, 79, 82–3, 111, 181, 224, 231–5, 246–7, 249–50, 254–5, 260–1, 269, 274, 288, 290, 294, 295, 297, 300, 304, 306–7, 313, 352 pine 76, 181, 224, 250, 270, 290, 295, 313, 355 willow 79, 86, 292; see also coppicing; wood; woodlands; underwood Trugenberger, Volker 47 Tuăbingen 155, 157, 176, 232, 258 University of 63 Tuăbingen Contract 26, 172, 176, 200, 209 Tyrol 300 Ulm 114 underwood 76, 80–1, 84, 227, 232–42, 248–50, 251–5, 262, 278; see also coppicing Index 391 Unterfinning 16 Urach 201 wild boar, see game, damage by; hunting, wild boar; mast, for boar Wildbad 184–5, 294–7 Wildberg 45, 312 Wimsheim 49, 69, 72 wine 1, 34, 50, 113–16, 126–9, 144–5, 149–50, 185, 211, 271, 282, 297–300, 301, 307, 316–18, 320, 321, 352 consumption of 85, 91 taxes on 137, 143, 147–8 yields of 85–8, 246, 355 Winiwarter, Verena 16 witchcraft 2, 97 wood 5–9, 13, 54–5, 116, 125–6, 150, 168–9, 179, 185, 226, 280, 282, 283–4, 286–320, 344, 349, 358; see also markets, for wood; prices, of wood building 44, 78, 108, 111, 175, 181, 194, 201, 203, 224–5, 238–42, 244, 250, 257, 261, 275–7, 288–92, 298, 328, 333–4, 336, 356; see also buildings; wood, timber consumption of 6, 40, 52, 218, 263–78, 280, 315, 334, 349 cutting practices 77–9, 83, 100, 104, 155–6, 176–82, 188, 190, 192, 193–4, 196–7, 201, 204, 235–8, 250, 256–8, 280–1, 310, 334, 353, 355 disputes over 100–1, 155, 159, 316–18, 321–8 firewood 13, 76–9, 108, 111, 126, 154, 175, 181, 195, 197, 225, 238, 244, 255, 263–8, 270, 272–3, 277, 278, 280, 287, 288, 290, 295, 297, 298, 302, 304–6, 308, 314–15, 321, 333–4, 336, 352, 355, 357 gathering of 39, 155, 196, 222–3, 279, 280–1, 336 regulation of use 9, 44, 99, 179–83, 225, 244–6, 323–8, 353 shortage of 7–8, 162, 167–9, 175, 181, 183, 202, 212, 220–1, 223, 224–5, 227–8, 243–6, 250, 256–62, 267–8, 273, 277, 278–9, 284, 315, 319, 325–6, 353, 355 timber 7, 8, 76–9, 195, 197, 224–5, 227, 231–42, 249, 253, 254–5, 258–62, 275–7, 288, 294–8, 304–7, 311–13, 314–15, 321, 352, 357 yields of 53, 78, 207, 212, 219, 227–8, 247–9, 251–4, 256–63, 267–8, 278, 306, 308, 315, 322, 355, 357 Vaihingen an der Enz 43, 122, 277, 290, 300 Vauban, Marceha´l de 142 Venice 114, 300 Vergenhans, Johannes 176 village, as unit of analysis 12, 14–18, 314 vinedressers 85, 91, 96, 98, 121, 126, 131, 145, 159, 308, 321, 324 vineyards 2, 5, 52, 84–91, 103, 135, 143–5, 149, 209–10, 318 extent of 44–51, 92, 94, 118–20, 226–7, 271, 279, 314 and stakes 57, 86, 263, 268–70, 290, 295, 314, 316, 352 viticulture 8, 16, 28, 31, 84–91, 93–6, 122–31, 137, 144–5, 159, 282, 329, 354 Vogt, see district governor Vogtgericht, see courts, district wages 95, 113–16, 119, 134–7, 139–49, 159, 185, 187, 196–7, 213, 218, 223, 282, 307, 310, 311, 334, 347 war 25, 31, 88, 94–5, 116, 146, 179, 308, 330, 355–6; see also Thirty Years’ war damage to wood during 227, 235, 242, 247, 252, 254, 258–61, 262, 278 sale of property during 107, 275 violence during 29–31 warden communal 1, 81, 83, 105, 155, 196–7, 208, 222, 243, 334 forest 1, 23, 82–3, 164, 170, 175–8, 183, 186–92, 195–6, 204, 205, 207–8, 210, 221–3, 228–30, 243, 274, 290, 329, 338, 342, 343, 352 Warmbronn 49, 70, 71, 72, 80, 198, 248, 250, 272 wealth level of 121–2, 133, 135 distribution of 19, 21, 67, 99–101, 110–11, 118–33, 158–9; see also social stratification weavers 75, 91, 116, 117, 121, 128–9, 131, 134, 141–2, 310, 321, 334 Weil der Stadt 43, 56 Weilimdorf 1, 45, 49, 51, 70, 71, 72, 136, 212, 243, 248, 327, 338 Weissach 49, 69, 72, 210, 269 widows 126, 130–1, 146, 150, 328, 351 Wiernsheim 49, 69 392 Index wood type alder 272 ash 272 aspen 272 beech 181, 271–2 birch 182, 271–2 cherry 272 fir 276 oak 43, 181, 271–2, 276 pine 43, 181, 272, 276 sycamore 272; see also trees woodcutters 79, 230, 262, 294, 321 woodlands 2, 5, 38, 39, 64, 75–84, 105–11, 135, 143, 171, 176, 226–63, 318–19, 320, 325, 335, 355–7 communal 77, 79, 82, 100, 105–11, 126, 152, 154–7, 176–8, 188, 190, 192–8, 202, 205, 217, 223, 232, 235, 236, 243–6, 250, 254, 256–7, 260–1, 272, 277, 282, 286–90, 312–13, 314–15, 321–8, 333–4, 352, 353, 355 ducally owned 40, 52, 77, 82, 105–7, 108, 111, 155, 169, 176, 178, 186, 187–8, 202, 205, 220, 224, 227, 229, 232, 236–42, 249–50, 252–5, 257–62, 264, 267, 269, 271, 272, 276, 288, 295, 303, 304–6, 312–13, 315, 316, 318, 330, 334, 352 extent of 44, 52, 84, 105–11, 226–7, 230, 267, 278, 314, 319, 320 and grazing 53, 67, 73, 76–8, 80–3, 181, 189, 193, 196, 197, 225, 235, 242, 243, 249, 252, 256, 257, 268, 277–8, 284–5, 315, 319, 320, 334, 352, 355–6; see also pasture management of 76, 77–83, 168–9, 171, 180–206, 224, 227, 229, 232, 236–42, 253, 254–5, 256–7, 277–8, 284, 306, 315, 356 monastic 106, 108, 169, 195–6, 204, 230, 236, 267, 287 of the nobility 105–6 privately owned 40, 52, 77, 79, 105–6, 110–11, 182, 190, 193–4, 229–30, 236, 248, 249–50, 287, 315 regulation of 24–5, 167, 173–206, 225, 227, 244–6, 256 woodturners 270, 272 Wrigley, Tony 6, 13 Wuărm 73, 292 Wurmberg 49, 69 Wuărttemberg 5, 39, 11346 administration of 26, 30, 102, 162, 171, 192, 352, 354 economy of 8–9, 32, 84–91, 127, 128, 149–50; see also economy political history of 24, 25–32, 102, 172–3 yields 347; see also grain, yield per hectare; wine, yields of; wood, yields of Zahlmeister 67 Zazenhausen 292 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England Barry Reay Microhistories: Demography, Society and Culture in Rural England, 1800–1930 James Lee and Cameron Campbell Fate and Fortune in Rural China: Social Organization and Population Behavior in Liaoning, 1774–1873 E A Wrigley, R S Davies, J E Oeppen and R S Schofield English Population History from Family Reconstitution, 1580–1837 Sheilagh Ogilvie State Corporatism and Proto-industry: the Wuărttemberg Black Forest, 1580–1797 Marjorie Keniston Mcintosh Controlling Misbehavior in England, 1370–1600 Robert Woods The Demography of Victorian England and Wales Eilidh Garrett, Alice Reid, Kevin Schuărer and Simon Szreter Population Change in Context: Place, Class and Demography in England and Wales, 1891–1911 Katherine Lynch Individuals, Families and Communities in Europe, 1200–1800: the Urban Foundations of Western Society Robert William Fogel The Escape from Hunger and Premature Death Susannah R Ottaway The Decline of Life: Old Age in Eighteenth-Century England John Broad Transforming English Rural Society: the Verneys and the Claydons, 1600–1820 Paul Warde Ecology, Economy and State Formation in Early Modern Germany ...This page intentionally left blank Ecology, Economy and State Formation in Early Modern Germany This is an innovative study of the agrarian world and growth of government in early modern Germany. .. activity, in early modern central Europe that did not involve wood in its production, transportation or environment Wood provided, literally, Ecology, economy and state formation in early modern Germany. .. and corn in Esslingen and Stuttgart 90 Land use and landholding in Leonberg, 1575 119 Ducal income from forests, 1522–1699 215 Ducal forest income in Scheffel corn, 1531–1630 217 Income and treasury