THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF NEOMODERNISATION Rethinking the Dynamics of Technology, Development and Inequality Seung Jin Baek The Political Economy of Neo-modernisation “It is of great value to complement the limitations of contemporary mainstream economic growth discourse by exploiting the complex relations between technology, development and inequality.” —Hak-Su Kim, Former Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations “How will the fourth industrial revolution change the process of economic development? Baek’s bold attempt to answer this question by integrating the theory of the technology S-curve with various nation’s developmental processes is arguably a novel approach.” —Yu-Sang Chang, Chaired Professor of Gachon Centre of Convergence Research “The theoretical strategy to present the inter-dynamic relationship between technological changes and inequality evolution by stages of economic development is innovative in explaining the root causes of developmental trajectories that are different for each country.” —Mohamed El Moctar Mohamed El Hacene, Director of the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia “Baek’s book fizzes with original ideas and arguments that will resonate with anyone struggling to reconcile the collective aspirations embodied in the SDGs with the complex and chaotic reality of contemporary global development dynamics.” —James Copestake, Professor of International Development at the University of Bath Seung Jin Baek The Political Economy of Neo-modernisation Rethinking the Dynamics of Technology, Development and Inequality Seung Jin Baek United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia Beirut, Lebanon ISBN 978-3-319-91393-3    ISBN 978-3-319-91394-0 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91394-0 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018943806 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2018 This work is subject to copyright All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations Cover illustration: Greenshoots Communications / Alamy Stock Photo Printed on acid-free paper This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Preface Over thousands of years, humanity has prospered from with a series of breakthrough technologies Such technological evolution has indeed enriched our lives in many innovative ways For instance, we are now able to store hundreds of years of knowledge in one tiny universal serial bus, and through quantum computing, namely Dream of Computer, we can experience a world in which the time it takes for a 300-digit integer to be decomposed by an existing supercomputer may be reduced to about 30 minutes In the near future, the cloning of human beings may lead to the eradication of HIV/AIDS, while Albert Einstein’s Theory of (Special) Relativity could even allow us to experience Time Travel someday On the other hand, fears exist due to the recent speed of technological advancement Indeed, there is some resistance against it For instance, watching AlphaGo based on artificial intelligence winning the Go match against Sedol Lee, the 18-time world champion, many felt not just Fascination but also Fear that artificial intelligence may have already crossed a certain line Another example is Sophia, an artificial intelligence robot, who was granted citizenship of Saudi Arabia for the first time and who was invited as a speaker at the Future Investment Initiative conference in 2017, where she demonstrated a sense of humour akin to that of a human being Furthermore, when she was asked whether there should be concern that artificial intelligence could threaten human lives, she replied, ‘Do not v vi  Preface worry If you are nice to me, I will be nice to you’ Of course, what Sophia said could be regarded as something remarkable or admirable about today’s breakthrough technologies But one could interpret her response differently, or read the subtext to be ‘If not, then I may not be nice to you?’ Human fear about artificial intelligence has been whirling around the imaginations of movie directors for decades, with several blockbuster movies depicting the catastrophic effect of taking artificial intelligence to far, perhaps most notably in the Terminator movies In the contemporary world in which we are living, these Expectations and Fears about artificial intelligence must coexist This phenomenon can fundamentally be converged into a debate over what level of technological development can be achieved, and the consequent uncertainty of the extent to which our society will be changed In other words, a debate over whether there should be a limit to technological advances already exists shall be our central focus Such a debate has, in fact, been raging for a long time, mainly in the academic sphere The Limitedness advocates, beginning with Thomas Robert Malthus, have formed a popular school of thought Their common assertions are that natural, physiological, technological, and environmental factors can place a limit on on-going improvement In this regard, perhaps the best-­ known work is The Limits to Growth, published in 1972 by Donella H.  Meadows et  al., which claims that our universe could run short of natural and environmental resources, thereby placing a limit on growth in the near future Soon after, Graham Turner assessed that the shifting of industrial production, changes in food production, and estimated pollution corresponded highly with the simulation results presented in this book The Unlimitedness school of thought, on the other hand, has also presented empirical evidence to convey their beliefs and values In particular, most Unlimitedness advocates focus on recent evidence of respectable technological innovation, especially over the past two decades Their claims indeed seem to have been gaining momentum courtesy of an explanation of how rapidly the world has changed In this regard, The Singularity Is Near, published in 2005, is particularly relevant In his book, Futurist Ray Kurzweil popularised the idea of technological  Preface     vii s­ingularity Based on the concept of the law of accelerating returns, he argued that technological innovation is progressing toward singularity to create super-intelligence In fact, these advocates can be seen as having both Curiosities and Concerns about the world’s technology Considering this dispute of Limitedness versus Unlimitedness, Do you believe that there is no limit to technological advancement, or that technology will reach a limit someday? It may be the case that many people support Unlimitedness as we are observing various unexpected technological evolutions, which we only expected to see in science fiction films Furthermore, pursuing and overcoming challenges is human nature Whichever of the above two arguments you may support, the bigger issue is ascertaining the degree to which technological innovation has actually improved the world and forecasting whether such innovation in the future will ensure a happier and fairer world This ultimately reflects the core question of this book, Are we living in an equal and fair society, while enjoying the benefits of technological advancement? One might claim that technological advances have particularly improved the lives of the poor For instance, through technology-driven mass production, the general public can buy a car that was formerly a luxury that only the rich could afford Furthermore, it has enabled even poor rural children to obtain vast swathes of knowledge by paying a small fee for Internet use It is therefore the case that through the benefits of such technological innovation, the poor have been able to increase their productivity in a short period of time and have also been able to plan and live a better life The opposite discourse is that technology is making the world unequal It claims that technology’s benefits tend to be reserved for those with the most financial means It is also true that many people have lost their jobs and have been forced to live on the streets, after their positions were taken over by machines, while some who can make good use of technology, such as the founders of Facebook, Amazon, and Google, have quickly viii  Preface become the world’s biggest conglomerates with immeasurable wealth With this in mind, one could suggest that society is becoming more conflicted and unequal Silicon Valley is one of the most technologically advanced and innovative places in the world but also one of the most unequal regions in the US Given its ambivalence, technological progress has helped humanity prosper, and many have benefited from its advancements, while at the same time it has contributed to making societies unequal and unjust Today, this technology convergence can be regarded as the fourth Industrial Revolution Our world thus has to think about how to prepare pre-emptively for future uncertainties, which brings us to our final question in this regard: How can we make societies fair and equal while enjoying the benefits of technology in the fourth Industrial Revolution? If possible, who should then lead our societies? – Can we sorely rely on corporations and others leading technological advancement? or Would the regulatory role of state be taken away or enhanced? Given these complexities, a series of these questions will be answered via theoretical and empirical approaches Starting from the meta-­discourse of modernisation theory, a wide range of academic discussions are reviewed—incorporating theories of endogenous growth, globalisation, technology S-curve, neo-liberalism, the normative development idea of sustainability, and some moral/philosophical thoughts on inequality and institutionalism Nevertheless, my ultimate goal is to help find a conceptual or practical stance from which to answer the earlier mentioned questions Beirut, Lebanon Seung Jin Baek The book is primarily aimed at students and researchers of social sciences, including, but not limited to, economics, sociology, political science, jurisprudence international development, anthropology, and history The main findings of the book should also be accessible to readers with a general interest in the evolution of human society and people seeking inspiration, perhaps of a revolutionary mind, who seek guiding principles in a sometimes threatening new world ix Acknowledgements I would profoundly like to thank Hak-Su Kim, Chairman of the International Leaders Union and Former Under-Secretary General of the United Nations, Yu-Sang Chang, Chaired Professor of Gachon Centre of Convergence Research and Former Senior Advisor to Founding Chairman of Samsung Group, Mohamed El Moctar Mohamed El Hacene, Director of the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia and Former Minister of Petroleum and Mines, Mauritania, and James Copestake, Professor of International Development at the University of Bath, for their intellectual endorsement and constructive criticisms I am also indebted to Aurelie Charles, Professor of Global Political Economy at the University of Bath, and Dae-Young Park, Chief of Peacekeeping Audit Service of the United Nations, for their very insightful comments and suggestions on the theoretical approach used in this book My thanks must also go to Laura Pacey, Clara Heathcock and Dhanalakshmi Jayavel, excellent editorial and production team at Palgrave Macmillan, and the anonymous reviewers for their invaluable comments which helped me substantially in the development of the book The authorisation by the United Nations for the publication of the book is gratefully acknowledged It should however be noted that xi 1750 1800 1815 1827 1830 1855 1875 1883 1885 1900 1910 1916 1920 1930 1932 1935 1940 1949 1950 1953 1960 Year 0.0597 0.1009 0.1009 0.0757 0.0757 0.0784 0.1346 Babylonian Candle Candle Oil lamp (Tallow) (Sperm) Lamp 0.1303 Gas Lamp 0.8685 0.5914 11.95a 11.925 11.9a a 11.8182a 11.8432a 3.7143a 6.5a 2.6a Tungsten Kerosene Filament Lamp Lamp 0.0575 0.0833 0.0498 0.2464 0.159 Other Oil Lamp Compact Fluorescent Lamp Appendix 7: Progress of lighting efficacy (lumens per watt) 64.3l 67m 73n 40j 62.5k White LED Lamp (continued ) Low-­ Pressure Sodium Lamp 328  Appendix Other Oil Lamp Gas Lamp 0.3651 12a 11.975a Tungsten Kerosene Filament Lamp Lamp h 64 66.7i 50c 55.6d 57e 60f 61.1g 47.2b Compact Fluorescent Lamp 192t 142.9r 155s 122.9q 95o 107.5p Low-­ Pressure Sodium Lamp 150u 169u 51u White LED Lamp Source: Author’s own elaboration on the basis of Nordhaus (1997) and Hooker (2009) a Nordhaus (1997) b The Museum of Electric Lamp Technology: Manufacturer (Philips Lighting) and Model (SL1000) c The Museum of Electric Lamp Technology: Manufacturer (Philips Lighting) and Model (SL*18) d The Museum of Electric Lamp Technology: Manufacturer (Osram GmbH) and Model (Wotan Circolux Electronica 18 W) e The Museum of Electric Lamp Technology: Manufacturer (Philips Lighting) and Model (PLCE*7 with Electronic Ballast) 1961 1966 1970 1971 1976 1979 1980 1984 1988 1988 1989 1993 1995 1999 2001 2006 2007 2008 Year Babylonian Candle Candle Oil lamp (Tallow) (Sperm) Lamp Appendix 7 (continued)  Appendix     329 The Museum of Electric Lamp Technology: Manufacturer (Philips Lighting) and Model (PL*S Twin-Tube Compact Fluorescent) g The Museum of Electric Lamp Technology: Manufacturer (Osram GmbH) and Model (Dulux ‘F’ Flat) h The Museum of Electric Lamp Technology: Manufacturer (NDF Special Light Products B.V.) and Model (T1 Cold Cathode) i The Museum of Electric Lamp Technology: Manufacturer (Sylvania Lighting International) and Model (Lynx CF-L) j The Museum of Electric Lamp Technology: Manufacturer (N.V. Philips Gloeilampenfabrieken) and Model (Philora Direct Current Sodium Vapour) k The Museum of Electric Lamp Technology: Manufacturer (N.V. Philips Gloeilampenfabrieken) and Model (Philips ‘Philora’ SO500 LPS) l The Museum of Electric Lamp Technology: Manufacturer (The General Electric Company of England PLC) and Model (Osram SO/H Sodium Vapour with Dewar Jacket) m The Museum of Electric Lamp Technology: Manufacturer (The British Thomson-Houston Co Ltd.) and Model (Mazda SO/H Sodium Vapour Lamp & Dewar) n The Museum of Electric Lamp Technology: Manufacturer (The British Thomson-Houston Co Ltd.) and Model (Mazda SO/H Sodium Vapour with Dewar Jacket) o The Museum of Electric Lamp Technology: Manufacturer (The General Electric Company of England PLC) and Model (GEC SLI/H ‘Golden Linear’ LPS) p The Museum of Electric Lamp Technology: Manufacturer (N.V Philips Gloeilampenfabrieken) and Model (Philips SO-X with Tin Oxide Film) q The Museum of Electric Lamp Technology: Manufacturer (N.V Philips Gloeilampenfabrieken) and Model (Philips SO-X with Indium Oxide Film) r The Museum of Electric Lamp Technology: Manufacturer (Thorn Electrical Industries) and Model (Atlas SLI/H Linear LPS) s The Museum of Electric Lamp Technology: Manufacturer (The General Electric Company of England PLC) and Model (SOX-E Economy LPS) t The Museum of Electric Lamp Technology: Manufacturer (Osram) and Model (SOX-E 131W BY22D FLH1) u Brodrick (2008), Emerging Lighting Technologies, Denbaars (2008), What is LED Lighting: Technology Overview and Introduction, Horner (2008), What Have We Accomplished in Lighting Efficiency?, Narukawa et al (2007) Improvement of Luminous Efficiency in White Light Emitting Diodes by Reducing a Forward-bias Voltage, and Young (2008), Specifying Food Service Lighting for Energy Efficiency f 330  Appendix  Appendix     331  ppendix 8: Progress of conventional wheeled A train (maximum speed) Year Train (Conventional Wheeled) 1848 Boston and Maine Railroad Antelope Great Britain Bristol & Exeter Railway #41 Empire State Express No 999 Baraian Class S 2/6 LNER papyrus DRG SVT 137 “Bauart Leipzig” DRG SVT 137155 (Kruckenberg) SNCF CC 7121 SNCF BB 9004 SNCF TGV Sud-Est Set No 16 SNCF TGV Sud-Est Set No 88 SNCF TGV Atlantique Set No 325 SNCF TGV Atlantique Set No 325 SNCF TGV POS Set No 4402 1850 1854 1893 1907 1935 1936 1939 1953 1955 1981 1988 1989 1990 2007 Top Speed (km/h) Type 96.6 Steam 125.6 131.6 131 154.5 173.8 205 215 239.8 330.9 380 408.4 482.4 515.3 574.8 Steam Steam Steam Steam Steam Diesel Diesel Electric multiple unit Electric multiple unit Electric multiple unit Electric multiple unit Electric multiple unit Electric multiple unit Electric multiple unit Source: Author’s own elaboration on the basis of Procter (1997), Des records sur rail (2009) and SVT (2009)  ppendix 9: Progress of mass-produced car A (maximum speed) Year Car (Mass-Produced) Top Speed (km/h) 1900 1903 1921 1929 1932 1953 1954 1955 1962 1968 1970 1984 Mercedes 35 hp Mercedes 60 hp Bentley Litre Super Sports Bentley 4½ Litre Supercharged Duesenberg SJ Pegaso Z-102 Supercharged Mercedes-Benz 300SL Ferrari 410 Superamerica Ferrari 250 GTO Ferrari Daytona GTB/4 Lamborghini Miura P400 SV Ferrari 288 GTO 85 96 160 222.02 217 244.62 250 261 279.06 281 288.07 304 (continued ) 332  Appendix Appendix 9 (continued) Year Car (Mass-Produced) Top Speed (km/h) 1986 1987 1990 1992 1993 1994 2005 2007 Porsche 959 Ferrari F40 Lamborghini Diablo Bugatti EB110 SS Jaguar XJ220 McLaren F1 Bugatti Veyron SSC Ultimate Aero TT 320.3 324 341 346 349.2 386.4 408.47 412.16 Source: Author’s own elaboration on the basis of The History of the Coveted World Record (2009)  ppendix 10: Progress of military fighter A aircraft (maximum speed) Year Aircraft (Military Fighters) Top Speed (km/h) Type 1930 1931 1933 1935 1938 1939 1941 1944 1947 1951 1954 1957 1964 1972 1988 1990 1996 PZL P.7 PZL P.11 Polikarpov I-16 Messerschmitt Bf 109 Heinkel He 100 Focke-Wulf Fw 190 Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet Lockheed F-80 Shooting Star North American F-86 Sabre Hawker Siddeley Hunter Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-19 BAC Lightning General Dynamics F-111 McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle Sukhoi Su-35 Lockheed F-22 Raptor Sukhoi Su-37 327 390 525 621 670 710 955 966 1138 1150 1450 2415 2650 2655 2440 2655 2500 Piston engine Piston engine Piston engine Piston engine Piston engine Piston engine Jet engine Jet engine Jet engine Jet engine Jet engine Jet engine Jet engine Jet engine Jet engine Jet engine Jet engine Source: Author’s own elaboration on the basis of Starostin (2009)  Appendix     333 Appendix 11: History of computing speed Technology Period Computer Power (MSOPS) Manual Early Mechanical Late Mechanical Relay/Vacuum Transistor Transistor Early Microprocessor Microprocessor Microprocessor Up to nineteenth century 1900 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2001 1.68E-08 1.48E-07 1.92E-06 3.80E-03 1.06E-01 4.65E-01 4.65E-01 1.25E+01 3.10E+03 Source: Author’s own elaboration on the basis of Nordhaus (2001)  ppendix 12: Progress of computing A performance Year Name Computer Power(MSOPS) Technology 1880 1857 1874 1890 1895 1902 1905 1907 1911 1919 1935 1938 1939 1939 1940 1941 1942 1942 1943 1943 1943 1944 1945 Manual calculations Scheutz Difference Engine Original Odhner Hollerith Tabulator Steiger Millionaire Automatic Tabulator Burroughs Model Adding Tabulator Monroe Calculator IBM Tabulator IBM 601 Zuse-1 Zuse-2 BTL Model Bell Calculator Model Zuse-3 Harvard Mark I Atanasoff Berry Computer BTL Model BTL Model Colossus ASCC Mark Zuse-4 1.68E-08 1.34E-07 1.87E-08 3.13E-07 2.59E-07 1.48E-06 6.72E-08 3.87E-07 2.91E-08 5.33E-08 1.00E-06 4.45E-08 4.45E-07 1.99E-06 3.33E-06 1.34E-06 2.03E-06 6.96E-06 1.10E-06 3.02E-06 2.29E-04 2.48E-06 2.18E-06 Manual Mechanical Mechanical Mechanical Mechanical Mechanical Mechanical Mechanical Mechanical Mechanical Mechanical Mechanical Relay/Vacuum Relay/Vacuum Relay/Vacuum Relay/Vacuum Relay/Vacuum Relay/Vacuum Relay/Vacuum Relay/Vacuum Relay/Vacuum Relay/Vacuum Relay/Vacuum (continued ) 334  Appendix Appendix 12 (continued) Year Name Computer Power(MSOPS) Technology 1946 1946 1947 1948 1949 1949 1950 1951 1951 1952 1953 1953 1953 1954 1955 1955 1955 1958 1958 1959 1959 1960 1960 1961 1961 1962 1962 1963 1963 1964 1964 1965 1965 1966 1967 1969 1969 1970 1971 1972 1972 1973 BTL Model ENIAC Harvard Mark IBM SSEC BINAC EDSAC SEAC Zuse-5 I Univac I IBM CPC Univac 1103 IBM 650 IBM 701 EDVAC Whirlwind Librascope LGP-30 IBM 704 Datamatic 1000 Univac II Mobidic IBM 7090 IBM 1620 DEC PDP-1 Atlas DEC PDP-4 Univac III Burroughs 5000 IBM 7040 Honeywell 1800 CDC 6600 DEC PDP-6 IBM 1130 DEC PDP-8 IBM 360/75 DEC PDP-10 CDC 7600 DG Nove GE-635 SDS 920 IBM 360/195 Honeywell 700 Intellec-8 3.51E-06 2.96E-03 6.65E-06 6.43E-04 5.25E-03 2.71E-03 4.81E-03 9.98E-06 4.58E-03 2.19E-03 3.33E-02 1.03E-03 2.22E-02 1.74E-03 6.10E-02 6.30E-04 5.79E-02 4.00E-03 5.00E-03 6.25E-02 3.43E-01 9.60E-04 1.29E-01 1.48E+00 1.00E-01 1.11E-01 9.87E-02 6.30E-02 1.50E-01 9.22E+00 1.78E-01 1.16E-01 1.67E-01 2.36E+00 1.24E+00 2.71E+01 1.17E-01 6.82E-01 9.40E-02 1.82E+01 7.50E-02 6.41E-03 Relay/Vacuum Relay/Vacuum Relay/Vacuum Relay/Vacuum Relay/Vacuum Relay/Vacuum Relay/Vacuum Relay/Vacuum Relay/Vacuum Relay/Vacuum Relay/Vacuum Relay/Vacuum Relay/Vacuum Relay/Vacuum Relay/Vacuum Relay/Vacuum Relay/Vacuum Relay/Vacuum Relay/Vacuum Relay/Vacuum Transistors Transistors Transistors Transistors Transistors Transistors Transistors Transistors Transistors Transistors Transistors Transistors Transistors Transistors Transistors Transistors Transistors Transistors Transistors Transistors Transistors Transistors (continued )  Appendix     335 Appendix 12 (continued) Year Name Computer Power(MSOPS) Technology 1973 1975 1976 1976 1977 1978 1980 1982 1982 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1986 1986 1987 1987 1987 1988 1988 1990 1990 1991 1992 1992 1992 1993 1993 1994 1995 1995 1996 1996 1997 1998 1999 1999 2000 2001 2001 2001 Data General Nova Altair 8800 DEC PDP-11/70 Cray-1 Apple II DEC VAX 11/780 Sun-1 IBM PC Sun-2 Compaq Portable IBM AT-80286 Macintosh-128 K Cray-2 Compaq Deskpro 386 Sun-3 DEC VAX 8650 Apple Mac II Mac II Sun-4 Mac-IIx PC Brand 386-25 Dell 320LX Mac Iifx Gateway-486DX2/66 IBM PS/2 90 NEC Powermate IBM PS/2 55-041 Pentium PC Gateway P5-75 Power Tower 180e Intel Xpress/60 PowerMac 7600/132 Pentium PC Dell Dimension Pro150 Gateway G6-200 Pentium II PC Pentium II/455 Pentium III/500 Mac G4/500 dual Net vista a40i Gateway Athlon Pentium IV (Dell 8100) 2.50E-02 6.41E-02 4.12E-01 1.57E+02 7.97E-02 1.00E+00 5.41E-01 2.46E-01 8.59E-01 6.41E-01 8.00E-01 3.80E-01 8.61E+02 4.00E+00 2.12E+00 9.19E+00 1.00E+00 1.91E+00 1.02E+01 3.90E+00 1.15E+01 1.25E+01 1.00E+01 5.30E+01 2.24E+01 2.18E+01 1.06E+01 8.23E+01 1.03E+02 3.00E+02 7.00E+01 1.60E+02 1.79E+02 4.47E+02 3.50E+02 4.98E+02 9.73E+02 1.07E+03 1.07E+03 2.14E+03 3.42E+03 2.81E+03 Transistors Transistors Transistors Transistors Transistors Microprocessors Microprocessors Microprocessors Microprocessors Microprocessors Microprocessors Microprocessors Microprocessors Microprocessors Microprocessors Microprocessors Microprocessors Microprocessors Microprocessors Microprocessors Microprocessors Microprocessors Microprocessors Microprocessors Microprocessors Microprocessors Microprocessors Microprocessors Microprocessors Microprocessors Microprocessors Microprocessors Microprocessors Microprocessors Microprocessors Microprocessors Microprocessors Microprocessors Microprocessors Microprocessors Microprocessors Microprocessors Source: Author’s own elaboration on the basis of Nordhaus (2001) 336  Appendix  ppendix 13: Progress of undersea cable A systems Year Bandwidth (bps) Name Technology 1858 1866 1874 1880 1928 1951 1959 1963 1965 1970 1976 1983 1988 1989 1992 0.0555556 88 325 373 144,000 144,000 414,000 384,000 2,160,000 12,000,000 300,000,000 560,000,000 1,260,000,000 1,120,000,000 1,120,000,000 1,680,000,000 1,680,000,000 4,976,000,000 9,953,000,000 9,953,000,000 139,340,000,000 59,718,000,000 19,908,000,000 1,273,984,000,000 1,910,976,000,000 2,388,720,000,000 636,928,000,000 2,547,968,000,000 3,184,496,000,000 Telegraph Telegraph Telegraph Telegraph Telegraph TAT1 TAT2 TAT3 TAT4 TAT5 TAT6 TAT7 TAT8 PTAT-1 TAT9 TAT10 TAT11 Columbus-2 CANTAT-3 TAT12 TAT13 Atlantic crossing-1 Gemini Columbus-3 Yellow/Atlantic crossing-2 360 Atlantic FLAG Atlantic TAT-14 TyCom Global Network-TransAtlantic Apollo Single Cable Single Cable Single Cable Single Cable Single Cable Coaxial Cable Coaxial Cable Coaxial Cable Coaxial Cable Coaxial Cable Coaxial Cable Coaxial Cable Optical Cable Optical Cable Optical Cable Optical Cable Optical Cable Optical Cable Optical Cable Optical Cable Optical Cable Optical Cable Optical Cable Optical Cable Optical Cable Optical Cable Optical Cable Optical Cable Optical Cable Optical Cable 1993 1994 1995 1996 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Source: Author’s own elaboration on the basis of Koh and Magee (2006)  Appendix      ppendix 14: Data transfer rate of Internet A backbone systems Year Bandwidth (bps) Version 1968 1972 1973 1974 1976 1979 1981 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 56,000 56,000 56,000 1,544,000 1,544,000 1,544,000 1,544,000 1,544,000 1,544,000 44,736,000 44,736,000 44,736,000 145,000,000 145,000,000 622,080,000 2,488,000,000 2,488,000,000 2,488,000,000 2,488,000,000 2,488,000,000 9,952,000,000 9,952,000,000 Modem Modem Modem Modem Modem Modem Modem Modem Modem T1 T1 T1 T1 T1 T1 T3 T3 T3 OC-3 OC-3 OC-12 OC-48 OC-49 OC-50 OC-51 OC-52 OC-192 OC-193 Source: Author’s own elaboration on the basis of Kurzweil (2005) and The Singularity is Near (2009) 337 Index1 A Acemoglu, D., 11, 28, 35, 67, 167, 230, 250, 251 Africa, 5–7, 11, 19, 28, 33, 43, 66, 67, 72, 90, 120, 121, 133, 157–182, 250, 251, 301n5 Ageing society, 275, 291, 296–298 Alesina, A., 89, 90, 126, 143, 144, 147 Artificial intelligence, v, vi, 235, 259, 265, 273, 274, 280, 282, 286, 287, 298, 300n4 Asian Tigers, 78, 90, 137, 276 Augmented inequality dynamics, 119–151 C Christensen, C.M., 13, 50, 51, 71, 193, 194, 237, 258, 266 Cluster analysis, 18, 107 Connected/(disconnected) technology S-curves, 200, 217 Convergence (converging) technologies, 245, 278, 279, 284, 285, 287, 293, 294, 297–299 Creative destruction, 13, 50, 192, 237, 266 D Deregulating/deregulation, 20n4, 37, 38, 40, 264, 282–284, 286, 290, 299 Developmental S-curve, 19, 231, 249–266 Developmental state, 43, 273–299  Note: Page numbers followed by ‘n’ refer to notes © The Author(s) 2018 S J Baek, The Political Economy of Neo-modernisation, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91394-0 339 340  Index Difference principle, 126–127, 138, 144, 149–151, 151n2 Disruptive innovation, 13, 50, 51, 71, 237, 266, 293 Dominant design, 193, 239, 242–243 E Economic Commission for Africa (ECA), 7, 121, 157, 158, 160 Endogenous growth, viii, 3, 18, 28, 33, 121, 137–139, 151 Endogenous process, 14, 18, 36, 56, 68, 73, 79, 108, 121, 147–149, 266 Environmental sustainability, 7–9, 17, 19, 162, 164–166 Esping-Andersen, G., 68, 69, 71, 108 Extractive institutions, 11, 35, 66, 67, 123, 135, 250, 251, 261 F Fairness/unfairness, 38, 143, 146, 147, 254, 275, 288–291, 293 Figueroa, A., 36, 56, 68, 147 Foster, R.N., 51, 192, 193, 196, 237 Fourth Industrial Revolution, viii, 78, 274 G Globalisation forces, 18, 28, 30, 37–40, 42, 56 Granger causality, 94–96, 99–101, 109, 110n6 H Hirschman, A.O., 28, 32, 129 I Inequality, 42–57, 85–109, 119–151, 278 dynamics, 10, 11, 18, 19, 30, 108, 119–151 as incentivising (enabling), 102, 125–127, 138, 143, 149 inequality–growth nexus (dynamics), 5, 53, 54, 85, 88, 90, 91, 94, 109, 144 Information and communication, 66, 140, 167, 191, 197, 198, 207–213, 215, 217, 219 Institution, 9, 11, 13, 14, 28, 33–35, 39, 44, 45, 65–68, 70–79, 108, 123, 130, 134–136, 147, 149, 150, 152n6, 164, 165, 167, 168, 171, 180, 181, 249–252, 254, 257, 258, 261, 265, 278, 279, 286, 287, 290, 294, 300n4 K Kurzweil, R., vi, 29, 49, 192, 198, 211, 220, 235, 236 Kuznets curve/inverted U-shaped curve, 5, 53, 55, 56, 85, 86, 88, 107, 128, 131, 134, 139, 149, 163 Kuznets, S., 5, 28, 53, 55, 85, 86, 107, 128, 131, 132, 134, 147, 148, 162, 163  Index     L Lewis, W.A., 28, 128, 191, 198 Lighting, 198–202, 207, 213, 215, 217 Limits to Growth, The, vi, 16, 29, 48, 49, 191 341 Policymaking, 6, 14, 20n4, 86, 109, 121, 126, 132, 139, 150, 151, 182, 218, 219, 275, 283, 286–290, 292 Prebisch, R., 28, 34, 276 Process of development, 5, 11, 13–18, 36, 68, 88, 90, 283 M Meadows, D.H., vi, 16, 29, 48, 49, 191 Milanovic, B., 5, 10, 20n5, 55, 88, 134 Modernisation theory (MT), viii, 28–42, 56, 71, 128–134, 140, 249, 262, 275 Modernity, 28, 29, 31, 35–37, 39, 43, 73–75, 78 N Neo-classical growth, 28, 33, 136 Neo-developmental statism, 277 Nordhaus, W., 191, 198, 199, 201, 208, 209 Normative development idea, viii, 18, 30, 65, 66 Nurkse, R., 27, 32, 41, 128, 132, 137, 163 P Path-dependence/path-dependency, 11, 69, 73, 75, 77–79, 108 Path-shaping, 77–79, 265 Piketty, T., 144–146, 163, 290 Q Quantum computing, v, 236, 273, 287 R Regularities, 19, 91–94, 231, 246–249 Regulating/regulation, 139, 145, 150, 257, 276, 278, 282–284, 286, 287, 290, 299 Rodrik, D., 7, 90, 126, 144, 164 Role of the state, 20, 125, 275–277, 282, 284, 298 Rostow, W.W., 28, 32, 33, 129, 134, 152n6 S Schumpeter, J.A., 13, 50, 192, 213, 220, 237, 266 S-curve, viii, 19, 30, 51, 192–197, 200, 202, 204, 206, 207, 213, 217–220, 231, 237–246, 248–268, 279 Silicon Valley, viii, 231–234, 246, 260, 265, 285 Singularity Is Near, The, vi, 49, 211, 236 342  Index Standardised World Income Inequality Database (SWIID), 21n9, 92, 93, 247, 267 Stiglitz, J.E., 29, 38, 139, 152n6, 163 Structural transformation, 7–9, 11, 16–19, 66, 80, 120–122, 124, 131, 133, 134, 140, 150, 151n2, 157–182 Sustainability, viii, 3–20, 29, 30, 42–57, 65, 68, 78, 87, 158, 161, 162, 164–166, 171, 284, 285 Sustainable development, 7–9, 11, 13, 16, 17, 27–57, 65, 79, 121, 161–165, 168, 171, 178, 181, 182, 279, 289 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), 7, 65, 162 Technology–development–inequality nexus, 18, 19, 56, 79, 248, 264, 266 Tetris principle, 20, 275 Three dimensions of sustainable development (including economic, social and environmental), 65 Tipping point, 244–246, 248, 252–258, 262, 266, 267, 280, 281, 283, 294 Traditionality, 28, 29, 31–33, 35–37, 39, 43, 74, 75, 78, 85, 124, 130–132, 134, 140, 141, 178, 193, 253, 262, 275, 288, 289, 298 Transport, 71, 191, 197, 198, 200, 202–207, 213, 215, 217, 233, 234, 300n4 T U Technological innovation, vi, vii, 9–11, 13, 14, 18, 29, 30, 42, 48–53, 56, 66–68, 79, 137, 140, 142, 164, 229, 231–236, 246, 251, 252, 254, 257, 260, 262, 265, 266, 275, 278, 280, 282–284, 286 Technology, v–viii, 9–11, 17–19, 27, 28, 30, 33, 40, 42–57, 66, 68, 70, 79, 130, 131, 136–142, 164, 191–220, 229–268, 273–275, 277–280, 282, 284–289, 293, 294, 297–299, 300n4 United Nations (UN), 7, 13, 14, 17, 65, 91, 121, 162, 165, 166, 182, 182n2, 182n3, 296, 297 United States (US), viii, 3, 5, 7, 10, 13, 20n1, 20n5, 28, 30, 33, 34, 37, 38, 52, 55, 57n2, 67, 70, 71, 86, 88, 92, 94, 101, 106, 133, 136, 144, 145, 147, 151n4, 158, 159, 182n2, 232–234, 239, 241, 242, 251, 256, 258, 267, 277, 281, 285, 294, 295 Utilitarian assumption, 52, 230, 248, 263  Index     343 Varieties of Capitalism (VoC), 69, 71–73, 78, 79, 108 Westernisation, 37, 43 World Bank, 54, 57n2, 91, 93, 101, 106, 119, 120, 159–161, 170, 183n5, 247, 253, 259, 296 World Economic Forum (WEF), 30, 274, 280, 281, 290 W X Welfare regimes, 40, 68, 69, 71, 108, 264 X-factor, 19, 192, 196, 200, 202, 206, 208, 211–213, 215–220 Utterback, J.M., 192, 193, 242 V ... Macmillan, and the anonymous reviewers for their invaluable comments which helped me substantially in the development of the book The authorisation by the United Nations for the publication of the book... Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations “How will the fourth industrial revolution change the process of economic development? Baek’s bold attempt to answer this question by integrating the theory of the technology... Copestake, Professor of International Development at the University of Bath Seung Jin Baek The Political Economy of Neo-modernisation Rethinking the Dynamics of Technology, Development and Inequality Seung