Palgrave Studies in Economic History Series Editor Kent Deng London School of Economics London United Kingdom Palgrave Studies in Economic History is designed to illuminate and enrich our understanding of economies and economic phenomena of the past The series covers a vast range of topics including financial history, labour history, development economics, commercialisation, urbanisation, industrialisation, modernisation, globalisation, and changes in world economic orders More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/14632 David Hall Emerging From an Entrenched Colonial Economy New Zealand Primary Production, Britain and the EEC, 1945–1975 David Hall Victoria University of Wellington Wellington, New Zealand Palgrave Studies in Economic History ISBN 978-3-319-53015-4 DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-53016-1 ISBN 978-3-319-53016-1 (eBook) Library of Congress Control Number: 2017935474 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2017 This work is subject to copyright All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations Cover illustration: DPK-Photo / Alamy Stock Photo Printed on acid-free paper This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland For Margaret, Stephen, Susan and Evelyn whose support made this work possible Preface This book is based on the research I first conducted during my PhD studies in the School of History, Philosophy, Political Science and International Relations at Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand Those studies took place with considerable assistance from my supervisors Professor Jim McAloon and Professor Steve Behrendt Jim gave essential guidance on the key New Zealand issues and personalities to which the book gives prominence Steve, through his rigorous approach to how English should be written, made my writing far more concise and clear Dr Malcolm McKinnon also provided key guidance in the final stages of the work There has also been substantial and patient help from the staff at the New Zealand National Archives, National Library, Alexander Turnbull Library, Macmillan Brown Library and the Hawke’s Bay Museum-Theatre-Gallery Rod and Dee Fry, through their hospitality and by introducing me to their acquaintances in the Motueka farming community, have given me a far more thorough insight into New Zealand farming than I could ever have acquired from paper studies The studies have benefitted from valuable conversations with John Acland, Jim Bolger, Roger Buchanan, Brian Chamberlin, Professor Brian Easton, Rod Fry, Jared Fry, Paul Heyward, Evan Heyward, Tom Inglis, Brian Lynch, Sir Geoffrey vii viii Preface Palmer, Dr Judith Simon, Ian Stewart, Neil Taylor and Dr John Wood Professor Natalie Chablin at the University of Canterbury encouraged those conversations and provided financial support to conduct them as part of our joint work on New Zealand perceptions of the European Union Contents Introduction 1.1 General 1.2 Primary Producers: A Conservative or Innovative Community? 1.3 Chapter Themes 1.4 Sources 1 14 16 Changing Relationships 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Primary Production up to 1945 2.3 After World War II 19 19 19 23 A Brutal Snapping of the Anglo-New Zealand Nexus? 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Formation of the EEC and Britain’s Dilemma 3.3 Britain’s Applications to Join the EEC and Responses in New Zealand 3.4 The Impact of EEC Enlargement on New Zealand 3.5 Conclusion 37 37 37 39 44 52 ix x Contents Meat and the British Market 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Continuation of Wartime Bulk Purchase 4.3 A More Belligerent Approach and the End of Bulk Purchase 4.4 Growing Doubts About Reliance on the British Market 4.5 The Threat from British Membership of the EEC 4.6 Losing Privileged Access to the British Market 4.7 Conclusion 53 53 54 62 70 79 87 98 Diversification of Meat Exports 5.1 Introduction 5.2 The First Tentative Steps in Exporting to the US Market 5.3 Attempts to Overcome the Resistance from US Producers 5.4 Diversification to the Japanese Market 5.5 Conclusion 101 101 Dairy and the British Market 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Domestic Organisation 6.3 The British Market 6.4 The Difficulties of a Free Market 6.5 The Acceptance of a Quota for New Zealand 6.6 Living with British Quotas in the Shadow of the EEC 6.7 Quotas Are Welcomed and Sales Continue to Increase 6.8 The Shadow of the EEC Passes 6.9 Renegotiation in Dublin 6.10 Conclusion 129 129 130 132 139 150 160 165 170 179 183 Diversification of Dairy Exports 7.1 Introduction 7.2 The Difficulties Accompanying the Growing Pressure for Diversification 7.3 Increased Prominence Given to Finding New Markets 185 185 103 111 121 126 186 195 324 Bibliography Ogawa, Hiroyuki, ‘Britain’s Commonwealth Dilemma: Discussions with Australia, Canada and New Zealand and Transition of British Trade Policy 1956−59’, Contemporary British History, Vol 17, no 3, 2003, pp 1−28 Robertson, Paul, and Singleton, John, ‘The Old Commonwealth and Britain’s First Application to join the EEC: 1961−3’, Australian Economic History Review, Vol 40, no 2, 2000, pp 159−177 Rooth, Tim, ‘Imperial Self−Insufficiency Rediscovered: Britain and Australia, 1945–51’, Australian Economic History Review, Vol 39, no 1, 1999, pp 29−51 Schedvin, C.B., ‘Staples and Regions of the Pax Britannica’, Economic History Review, Vol 43, no 4, 1990, pp 533−59 Singleton, John, and Robertson, Paul, ‘Britain, Butter and European Integration, 1957–1964’, Economic History Review, Vol L, no 2, 1997, pp 327−347 Singleton, John, ‘New Zealand, Britain and the Survival of the Ottawa Agreement, 1945−77’, The Australian Journal of Politics and History, Vol 43 no 2, 1997, pp 168−182 Ward, Lionel, ‘Wool Marketing: The Australian Experience’, Proceedings of a Seminar on Wool Marketing in the 1980s, ed Owen McCarthy and John Pride, Agricultural Economics Research Unit, Lincoln College, Lincoln, 21 October 1976, pp 49−59 Wilding, Peter, ‘A Southland Farmer’s View of Wool Marketing in the 1980s’, Proceedings of a Seminar on Wool Marketing in the 1980s, ed Owen McCarthy and John Pride, Agricultural Economics Research Unit, Lincoln College, Lincoln, 21 October 1976, pp 11−18 Wilkinson, The Hon Peter, ‘The New Zealand Economy in the 1980s’, Proceedings of a Seminar on Wool Marketing in the 1980s, ed Owen McCarthy and John Pride, Agricultural Economics Research Unit, Lincoln College, Lincoln, 21 October 1976, pp 1−10 Willis, Richard, ‘Farming in New Zealand and the EEC−the case of the Dairy Industry’, New Zealand Geographer, Vol 40, no 1, 1984, pp 2−11 Young, J., ‘The Parting of the Ways’?: Britain, the Messina Conference and the Spaak Committee, June – December 1955’, in British Foreign Policy, 1945– 56, ed M Dockrill and J Young, (London: Macmillan Press Ltd., 1989) Theses Bartley, C.M., The Accountability of the New Zealand Meat Producers Board to Famers from 1922–1985, Masters Book, University of Canterbury, 1987 Herman, Phillip, A History of Federated Farmers, Doctoral Book, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, 1974 Bibliography 325 McKinnon, Malcolm, The Impact of War: A Diplomatic History of New Zealand’s Economic Relations with Britain, 1939−1954, Doctoral Book, Victoria University Wellington, 1981 Neill, Carol, Trading Our Way: Developments in New Zealand’s Trade Policy 1930s to 1980s, Doctoral Book, Massey University, Palmerston North, 2010 Other Abbott, Malcolm, ‘Promoting Wool Internationally: The Formation of the International Wool Secretariat’, Working Paper Series 9723, December 1997, School of Economics, Victoria University Wellington Encyclopedia of New Zealand – Biographies, www.teara.govt.nz/en/biogra phies, accessed 15 February 2014 Index A Acland, John, 249, 264n200 Acland, Sir John (Jack), 15, 17, 132, 229, 232, 235, 238, 245, 249, 251–253, 255–260, 263–265, 270, 284, 288–292, 294, 299, 308, 311 Africa (excluding South Africa), 83, 133, 187, 195, 203 Andrew, John, 89 ANZUS, 32, 190 Argentina, 10, 55–57, 61–63, 63n40, 65, 70–73, 75–77, 89, 141, 143 Ashley, Percy, 281, 281n4 Ashwin, Bernard, 59, 66 Asia (The East, Far East), 2, 6, 81, 83, 93, 121–123, 125, 127, 130, 133, 137, 178, 185–188, 191, 193, 196–199, 201–205, 208, 209, 211, 272, 293, 298, 303, 305, 309 Associated Press, 64 Australia, 6, 10, 27, 31n56, 32, 33, 35, 39, 43, 55, 61, 62, 66, 67, 80, 81, 92, 105, 116, 117, 121, 124, 150, 152, 158, 166, 170, 188, 190, 194, 214–216, 219, 222, 235, 248, 254, 274, 282, 284–287, 289, 291, 293, 297, 300 B Baker, A B., 109 Barbados, 203 Begg, Alec, 85, 86, 260, 287, 290 Begg, Aubrey, 259, 267 © The Author(s) 2017 D Hall, Emerging from an Entrenched Colonial Economy, Palgrave Studies in Economic History, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-53016-1 327 328 Index Belgium, 38, 194, 219, 273, 282, 286, 297 Belich, James, 26, 47, 48, 50, 121, 182, 306, 311 Bewley, Joyce, 204, 206n94, 206n95, 208, 208n100 Bremner, Douglas, 248, 255, 267, 268, 270 Britain, 2n2 balance of payments, 90, 163, 309 bulk purchase, 5, 20, 23, 32, 53, 54, 56, 57, 59, 60, 62, 63, 66, 69, 70, 82, 98, 101, 102, 108, 109, 133, 135, 136, 138–140, 183, 186, 187, 194, 196, 209, 216, 217, 220, 274, 301, 302, 306 changing relationship with New Zealand, 2, 4, 5, 15, 16, 32, 35, 41, 44, 50, 53, 76, 78, 79, 85, 90, 92–96, 98, 99, 132, 138, 146, 157, 169, 188, 192, 229, 270, 302, 303, 306, 311 EEC membership and impact on New Zealand, 2, 11, 14–17, 19, 35, 37–52, 79–88, 91, 92, 95–99, 127, 130, 133, 149, 151, 152, 154–156, 158–162, 164–166, 170, 171, 175, 176, 178–184, 186, 207, 209, 210, 214, 226, 228–230, 274, 275, 303, 304, 309–312 EEC Referendum 1976, 142 exploiting New Zealand, 24, 54, 61, 133, 136 financially dependent on the USA, 29 food shortages, 31, 54, 61, 70, 78, 91, 98, 142, 170 free Trade, 20, 22, 55, 80, 93, 133, 134, 146, 225, 309 free and unrestricted access for New Zealand Produce, 34, 39, 40, 42, 53, 68, 75, 78, 79, 82, 85, 86, 88, 91, 92, 98, 99, 129, 133, 137, 138, 140–142, 146, 149, 151, 152, 154–156, 165, 170, 183, 190, 195, 302, 309 High Commissioner, 11, 15, 49, 84, 85, 158, 163 lamb import levies, 88, 94–96, 309 managed market, 89, 90, 126 Ottawa Agreements, (See also New Zealand), 22, 33–35, 72, 73, 75, 86, 225 provided the goods for New Zealand’s development, 20 quotas, 22, 71, 75, 90, 126, 129, 130, 145, 149, 154, 156, 157, 159–171, 183, 184, 205, 309, 312 rationing, 25, 136, 138 rebuilding its agriculture, 2, 14, 24, 29, 57, 90, 92, 98, 133, 164, 309 relations with China, 191 remained New Zealand’s best customer for sheepmeat, 98 remained New Zealand’s top single buyer of dairy produce, 182 Index renegotiation of terms of EEC membership, 43, 44, 179–181, 184, 311 sentimental links, see New Zealand strong trading relationship with New Zealand, Suez invasion, 29 textile industry, 2, 225, 228, 230, 271, 275, 306 weak financial state, 24, 29, 31, 54, 55, 301 British Embrace, 27, 168 Buchanan, Roger, 9, 12, 13, 105, 234, 243, 263, 264, 274, 282, 290, 293–295, 299 C Calder, Mick and Tyson, Janet, 15, 93, 98, 118, 123 Canada, 31–33, 35, 79, 107, 219, 273, 286, 297 Canberra Agreement, 32 Caribbean, 203, 204 Carter, Bill and MacGibbon, John, 12, 214n1, 235, 250, 253, 256, 259, 261n185, 262, 264, 290, 299 Chamberlin, Brian, 263, 264 Chile, 197 China, 126, 186, 191, 192, 196, 199, 207, 210, 211, 219, 225, 273, 306 Clarke, John, 256, 270–272 Collins, F.J., 279, 280 Colombo Plan, 193 Commonwealth, 11, 19, 20, 22, 24, 25, 27, 29–35, 37–40, 42, 43, 329 48, 71, 72, 74–76, 78–84, 86, 87, 136, 150, 152, 158–160, 166, 225, 228, 310, 311 D de Gaulle, Charles, 37, 42, 42n18, 43, 82, 87, 88, 92, 159, 160, 164, 166, 170 Denmark, 56, 57n10, 65, 135, 135n4, 140, 143, 150, 152, 158, 159, 163, 194, 219, 273, 286, 297, 302 Dick, A.D., 208 Dryden, Bruce, 246, 247 E Easton, Brian, 48–50, 87, 92, 182, 235, 263, 310, 311 Egypt, 29, 52, 97, 219, 273 England, 2n2, 9, 43, 56, 311 European Economic Community (EEC) applications for membership [by Britain], 40, 43, 43n20, 45, 80, 83, 84, 87, 88, 96, 133, 157–159, 166, 166n158, 170, 176, 228, 230 Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), 40, 83 impact on New Zealand, see Britain quotas, 129, 170, 170n181, 171, 177, 179, 181, 184, 186, 309, 312 sheepmeat regulations, 88, 97, 99, 310 Evans, B.L, 60, 217, 222, 234, 235, 241 330 Index F Fawcett, E.J., 142, 192, 196 Finland, 141, 143, 219, 273, 286, 297, 299 Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), 189 France/French, 37, 38, 82, 85, 140, 152, 161, 168, 194, 218, 219, 226, 234, 273, 282, 286, 297 Fraser, J.D., 296 Freer, Warren, 191, 192, 210 G General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs (GATT), 14, 30, 71–73, 75, 150–154, 190 Germany, 25, 33, 38, 140, 159, 163, 200, 201, 219, 225, 234, 273, 297 Godber, Joseph, 93 Graham, John, 65, 66 Greece, 50, 102, 114, 117, 118, 219, 273, 286, 297 Greensmith, Edward, 12, 13, 156, 216, 238–241, 262 Grigg, Gilbert, 54, 55, 57, 60, 61, 63, 65, 66 Gunn, William, 285, 289, 290, 294, 298 Gustafson, Barry, 9, 11, 15, 39, 41, 52, 64, 97, 228 H Hayward, Dai, 11 Heath, Edward, 27, 43, 94, 172, 180 Herman, Phillip, 22n4, 65, 269 Hilgendorf, Charles, 90 Holland, Sidney, 62, 72, 76, 136, 190 Hollard, M G., 91 Holloway, Phillip, 145 Holyoake, Keith, 9, 15, 17, 34, 41, 45, 46, 59, 60, 67, 68, 70, 72–76, 78–80, 82, 87, 91, 96, 114, 121, 123, 131, 134–140, 150, 151, 159, 163, 188, 193, 195–197, 222, 228, 229, 235 Hong Kong, 194, 199, 203, 225, 272, 273 Hopkirk, Robert, 108 I Imperial Preferences, 19, 20, 22, 24, 30, 33–35, 37, 40, 46, 47, 72, 80, 81, 86, 141, 310 India, 188, 193, 194, 196, 198–200, 219, 225, 273, 286, 297, 298 Indonesia, 188 International Federation of Agricutural Producers (IFAP), 148 Ireland, 141, 143, 153, 154, 158, 219, 273 Italy, 38, 46, 46n30, 194, 200, 201, 219, 225, 273, 286, 297 Index J Japan, 6, 13, 32, 78, 101, 102, 121–127, 125n98, 178, 189, 192, 194, 196, 199–202, 205, 206, 219, 226, 250, 272, 273, 275, 286, 297, 306, 311 Johnson, Lyndon, 116 Johnstone, F., 67 K Kinne, Ivan, 250, 251, 256, 257 Kirk, Norman, 45, 162, 174, 186, 223 Kneebone, John, 176 L Latin America, 83, 190, 211 LendLease, 28, 29 Lind, Clive, 12, 182, 311 Linton, Andrew, 84, 131, 132, 149–154, 156–162, 166–168, 202, 203, 207, 208, 312 Luxembourg, 38 Luxembourg Protocol (EEC special arrangements), 44, 46, 170–175, 177–179, 181, 311 M Macmillan, Harold, 40, 42, 42n18, 144n65, 159 Maiden, A.C.B., 291, 292, 296 331 Malaya, 188, 193, 194, 199, 201, 202 Marshall, John (Jack), 10, 15, 17, 34, 41–47, 45n29, 46n30, 87, 95, 112, 155, 159, 165, 167, 175, 177, 179, 205, 228, 236–238, 250n142, 262, 310, 311 Marshall, William, 131, 132, 135–138, 143, 188, 193, 195–198 Martin, D.L., 135, 136 Mauritius, 203 McAloon, Jim, 9, 26, 31, 33n65, 34n70, 45n29, 48, 50, 51, 144n66, 182, 301 McCarthy, Owen, 270 McIntosh, Alister, 189 McKinnon, Malcolm, 56n8, 62n37, 68 McLuskie, Robert, 81, 85, 87, 228 McNab, Tom, 267–269 Mein Smith, Philippa, 49, 311 Menzies, Robert, 27 Mexico, 218, 273, 299 Middle East, 44, 88, 102, 193, 204, 209 Morocco, 218, 219 Moyle, Colin, 267, 268 Muldoon, Robert, 15, 25, 46, 47, 50, 52, 64, 98, 173 Mulholland, Walter, 57 Murphy, Stan, 162, 171, 174, 180, 199, 202, 204, 205, 209, 210 332 Index N Nash, Walter, 22, 23, 30, 35, 78, 187, 191, 281n3 Neill, Carol, 7, 22n9, 243 Netherlands (Holland), 38, 143, 194, 200, 219, 225, 273, 286, 297 New Zealand adapting to change, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 10–16 aerial topdressing, 60, 98 affinity with Britain, 75, 76 Agricultural Development Conference, 203 Aid for Britain campaign, 30, 31 Amalgamated Dairies, 134 Battelle Report, 250–256, 252n148, 264, 287, 292, 295 Borthwick, 78, 111, 113, 115, 122, 123 Britain’s farm and colony, 4, 25, 26, 48, 74, 301, 306, 312 Bulk Purchase, see Britain Cabinet and its Committees, 10, 33, 35, 41, 67, 72, 73, 76, 114, 141, 149, 156, 163, 193, 272, 291 Comparative advantage, 1, 2, 301 Comptroller of Customs, 72 Co-operative Dairy Company, 143 C.S.Stevens, 123 Dairy amalgamation, 196–198, 208, 265, 305 artificial insemination, 206, 208, 305 Awahura Dairy Company, 31 bulk purchase, (See also Britain) butter, 7, 8, 12, 22, 35, 80, 122, 129, 130, 135, 138–149, 151–158, 160–172, 175, 176, 178–183, 185–191, 193, 195–197, 199, 202, 205–209, 304, 308 butterfat, 134, 189, 197, 199, 200, 206, 208, 305 buyers’ market, 133, 134, 187, 190 Cardiff Co-operative Dairy Company, 197 casein, 7, 8, 168, 169, 171, 186, 192, 199–201, 207, 208, 210, 305 cheese, 7, 8, 12, 22, 129, 130, 132, 138, 139, 141–143, 147, 160, 161, 168–173, 178, 180–182, 184–188, 190–193, 196, 197, 199, 202, 205, 207–10 Dairy Beef Diversification Scheme, 120, 169 Dairy Board, 4, 11, 12, 16, 21, 74, 84, 87, 131, 132, 138, 139, 142, 144, 147–53, 155, 160, 162, 168, 171–174, 176–180, 183, 193, 196, 202–206, 208–210, 228, 305 dairy factories, 3, 17, 196, 201, 206 dairy factory supppliers and average herd size, 198, 206, 305 Index dairy produce marketing, 130, 132, 137, 147, 155, 160, 162, 173, 185, 195, 201, 202, 204, 208, 211 Dairy Products Marketing Commission, 4, 16, 130–133, 137–139, 141, 153, 188, 192, 195, 197–200, 202 Dairy Reserve Account, 135, 141, 144, 148, 161, 168, 183 diversification, 130, 170–172, 183, 185, 186, 191, 193, 195, 197, 201, 205, 206n94, 207–209, 211, 303–305, 310 Dumping, 129, 130, 133, 134, 140, 142, 144–154, 157, 166, 186, 189, 190, 201, 303–305 free and unrestricted entry, 34, 39, 40, 42, 129, 133, 137, 138, 140–142, 146, 149, 151, 152, 154–156, 165, 170, 183, 190, 195, 302, 309 Friesian, 7, 208, 305 guaranteed price, 23, 130, 131, 224 increase in productivity, 7, 25, 201, 206, 305 Jersey, 7, 208, 305 milk powder, 7, 8, 138, 168, 171, 172, 185, 186, 189–193, 196–202, 204, 206, 209–211, 305 Price Authority, 131 333 Prices, 23, 129, 130, 133–136, 138–143, 145–148, 157, 158, 161–164, 167–171, 174, 176, 178–181, 183–185, 187–190, 192, 193, 196, 197, 202, 203, 208, 302, 305, 310 Ruawai Dairy Company, 192 Dalgety’s, 110, 123, 225, 226, 228 Department (Ministry) of Agriculture, 25, 74, 75, 160, 162, 189, 222 Dominant breed of sheep, 215, 236, 237, 249 EEC impact on New Zealand, 16, 39, 44–46, 50, 86, 88, 95–99, 152, 154, 158, 160, 161, 163, 165, 168, 170–178, 180, 182–184, 228–230, 275, 306, 310 Electoral College/Committee, 58, 65, 65n51, 66, 88, 91, 102, 231, 238, 242, 246, 247, 249, 251–253, 255, 257, 258, 261, 262, 269, 283, 291 Exporters, 3, 52, 53, 74, 78, 108, 115, 123, 126, 304, 311 External/Foreign Affairs Ministry, 79, 177, 189, 196, 199 Farms, number and size, 7, 8, 20, 120, 198, 264, 265 Federated Farmers Dairy Council, 157, 158, 160, 162, 164 334 Index New Zealand (cont.) Dairy Section, 135–137, 171, 181, 182, 190, 192, 195 Dominion Conference, 165, 196 Dominion Council, 121, 247 Dominion Dairy Conference, 143, 154, 157, 158, 165, 188, 196 Dominion President, 25, 69, 74, 76, 77, 85, 107, 142, 175, 181, 260, 263 Formation, 21, 21n4 Gisbourne President, 112 Meat and Wool Section, 61, 85, 218, 222, 223, 227, 229, 233, 237, 240, 242, 244, 246, 251, 253, 257, 258, 260, 267–269, 287, 288 Fertiliser, 60, 164 Grassland farming, 1, 27, 60 High Commission in London, 152, 177 Horticulture, 13, 14 House of Representatives, 46, 165, 177, 264 Importance of primary production, 1, 3, 9, 16, 70, 161, 312 International Wool Secretariat (IWS) Australian dominance, 284, 285, 287, 293 change in the IWS, 283–285, 287 criticism of the IWS, 236, 280, 283–285, 288, 294–299 demise, 300 formation, 214 Woolmark, 286, 292, 300 Korean War impact on New Zealand, 62, 63, 67, 136, 137, 213, 216, 221–223, 225, 275, 302 Landed gentry, 66, 132, 264 Land Reforms, 20 living standards, 59, 74, 130, 183, 189, 192, 203, 302, 304, 309 Meat Beef, 7, 8, 22, 55, 56, 70–72, 75, 78, 83, 96, 99, 102, 103, 105–107, 109–111, 116, 119, 120–123, 126, 127, 141, 146, 169, 170, 249, 277, 303, 304, 311 bulk purchase, see Britain diversification, 11, 61, 77, 99, 101–103, 115, 120, 121, 123, 125–127, 249, 303, 304, 311 failure to send agreed increases, 54, 57–59, 78, 101 free and unrestricted entry, 34, 39, 40, 42, 68, 78, 79, 85, 86, 88, 91, 92, 98, 99, 137, 302, 309 Freezing factories, 3, 4, 17, 102, 112, 113, 115, 126, 305 Lamb, 8, 23, 35, 55, 62, 70, 71, 81, 82, 88, 89, 94, 96, 99, 103–119, 121, 124, 125, 125n98, 126, 127, 304, 308, 309 Index Meat Board, 10, 11, 15–17, 23, 54–70, 72–75, 77–79, 81–84, 88–91, 93, 95–98, 101–103, 107–116, 118, 119, 121–124, 126, 127, 157, 304, 311 Meat Board Reserve, 60, 69, 101, 113–115 Meat Export Development Company (DEVCO), 112–119, 127 meat exports to Britain, 19, 20, 22, 31, 32, 53, 57, 58, 68–70, 74, 82, 83, 86–88, 96, 101, 102, 301, 302 to Japan, 102, 122, 124–126, 311 to others, 96, 97 to the USA, 103, 105, 108, 109, 111–115, 118, 127, 311 mutton, 8, 55, 71, 82, 89, 99, 102, 104, 121, 123–127, 311 prices, 23, 54–57, 61–65, 67, 69, 70, 73, 78, 83, 88, 95, 98, 108, 113, 115, 116 responding to the need for change, 7, 10, 11, 53, 59, 61, 79, 89, 90, 92, 94, 98, 99, 102, 126, 127 sheepmeat (lamb and mutton), 10, 82, 83, 88, 95–99, 109, 111, 118, 123–125, 307, 310 335 Minister for Industries and Commerce, 75, 122, 127, 138, 145, 189, 286, 298 Minister of Overseas Trade, 10, 34, 112, 155 New Zealand Legion, 64, 66 Officials Committee on Economic and Financial Policy, 173, 174 Oil price shocks, 44, 52, 88, 97, 178, 303, 312 Ottawa Agreements and Imperial Preferences, 22, 33–35, 71–73, 85, 86, 255 Persuasive strategic narrative, 310 Primary Production Advisory Committee, 59, 60, 62 Producer Boards, 11, 15, 20, 46, 48, 59, 83, 84, 245, 303 Recolonisation, 26 Refrigeration, 19, 20, 26, 27, 215 Reserve Bank, 141, 144, 147, 148, 217, 223 Secondary industry, 7, 32, 209 Sentimental links, 2, 5, 19, 23, 26, 31, 40, 54, 61, 67, 69–71, 76, 78, 82, 86, 96, 133, 136, 137, 142, 181, 184, 302, 306, 309 Shipping, 3–6, 28, 109, 122, 193, 194, 200, 246, 301, 302 Straight Furrow, 16, 17, 24, 25, 48, 49, 56, 58, 74, 77, 85, 92, 108, 164, 172, 173, 188, 195, 238, 245, 254, 268, 269, 279, 281, 281n4 Swindon dairy distribution centre, 182 336 Index New Zealand (cont.) Synthetics attitudes towards synthetics, 214, 215, 229, 236, 264, 265, 274, 279, 281, 283, 285, 288, 292, 300, 306, 307 blending wool with synthetics, 237, 281, 286, 294, 296 disadvantages of branding, 282 quality control, 279, 280, 282 rayon, 281, 281n3, 296 Trade Commissioners, 122, 126, 127, 188 Trade Promotion Council, 172 Trade Talks with Britain, 34, 62, 67–69, 74, 75, 77–79, 91, 108, 141–143, 161, 168, 175, 196 Treasury, 12, 59, 73, 156, 189, 239 Wellington Meat Export Company, 104 Westfield Freezing Works, 102 Wool Auctions, 177, 185, 186, 190, 191, 195, 201, 206, 211 compulsory acquisition, 193, 195, 196, 197, 198, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 208, 209, 210, 211, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 222 Director of Trade Promotion, 230 Fragmentation, 197, 201, 208, 221, 222 Great Wool Debate, 204, 211, 217 Joint Organisation, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177 overseas promotion of raw wool, 172, 195, 200, 225, 231, 232, 236, 237, 238, 239, 241, 250 prices, 171, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 192, 193, 194, 196, 197, 199, 207, 209, 215, 216, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 228, 230, 231, 233, 235 referendum on wool reform, 193, 195, 206, 207, 209, 210, 214, 215, 216, 218, 219, 222 reform, 13, 213, 222, 230, 231, 233, 241, 243–248, 250, 253–255, 259–261, 263, 264, 269–271, 274, 276, 277, 295, 308, 311 standard wool types, 242, 245 stockpiles, 214, 216, 217, 220, 221, 241, 274, 306, 307 Wool Board, 4, 12, 15, 17, 21, 87, 105, 131, 215, 219–221, 225, 227, 229–233, 237, 238, 240, 242, 244–249, 251, 253–262, 264–268, 270, 272, 276, 280, 281, 283–285, 288–296, 300 Wool Board Marketing Plan, 219, 244, 245, 247, Index 250–253, 260, 265, 276, 292 Wool Board’s Scientific Adviser, 249 woolbrokers, 3, 4, 17, 236, 243, 246, 248, 250, 276 wool buyers, 17, 232, 235–237, 243, 246–248, 250, 251, 254, 256, 258, 261, 263, 276 Wool Commission, 12, 16, 17, 216, 220, 221, 223, 224, 227, 229, 230, 232–235, 237–246, 248, 258, 263, 266, 276, 288, 291, 292 Wool Committee, 21, 214, 215 Wool Conference, 1945, 216, 217 Wool Corporation, 251–272, 276, 277 Wool Disposal Account, 217 Wool Disposals Ltd., 217 wool exports, 20, 51, 213, 214, 218, 219, 222, 224, 225, 231, 275, 277, 288, 294, 297, 298, 306, 307 Woolgrowers Action Committee, 261, 262, 265–272 Wool Industry Reserve Account, 217, 239, 240, 288 Wool Marketing Authority, 242, 243, 245, 248, 276 337 Wool Marketing Committees, 242, 244, 247, 248 Wool Marketing Study Group, 231–233, 241, 244, 247, 248, 292 wool merchants, 239, 243, 246, 276 W and R Fletcher, 111 Nixon, Richard, 97, 199, 210 Nordmeyer, Arnold, 40, 41 Northern Ireland, 2n2 O Onion, Frank, 168, 171, 172 Organisation for European Economic Cooperation (OEEC), 148, 149 Ormond, John, 10, 15, 17, 42, 53, 62–68, 70–99, 102, 103, 117, 118, 122, 125, 126, 132, 138, 141, 151, 157–159, 161, 302, 304, 309, 311 O’Shea, Alec, 85, 106, 109, 112, 113, 303 Ottawa Agreements, see New Zealand P Pacific Basin, 74, 76, 172, 207 Pacific Ocean, 4, 7, 24, 32, 41, 103, 106, 121, 207 Pacific Rim, 197 Pakistan, 188, 193, 225, 273 Panama, 190, 194, 200 Parker, J.B., 173 338 Index Parsons, J.J., 164, 166, 167, 207 Patrick, Charles, 209, 210 Peart, Fred, 90–92, 164 Peru, 197, 200 Philippines, 194, 199, 201, 202 Pickering, H.I., 293 Plummer, P S., 89, 90 Poland, 148, 219, 273 R Ralph, H, 256, 257 Randall, David, 195 Rayon, 281, 296 Robertson, Paul, 7, 10, 15, 45, 50, 80, 87, 182, 229, 311 Rowling, Bill, 180, 181 S Sandys, Duncan, 42, 46, 47, 82–85, 157, 228, 310, 311 Scott Davidson, J., 71 Scott, P.J., 89 Shore, Peter, 180 Sinclair, Keith, 25, 301 Singapore, 193, 194, 199, 201–203 Singleton, John, 7, 15, 34, 45, 47, 50, 80, 87, 145n69, 182, 229, 311 Skinner, C.F., 1, 46, 149 South Africa, 31, 143, 216, 219, 222, 273, 284, 285, 289, 297, 300 South America, 203, 204 Staples Trap, 26 Sterling Area, 30, 55 Styles, Herb, 262 Suez Canal Invasion, 29 Sutch, W., 11, 27 Sweden, 141, 143, 145, 219, 273, 286, 297 Syria, 52, 97, 218 T Tait, Peter, 64, 66 Talboys, Brian, 242, 243 Thorneycroft, Peter, 33 The Times, 24, 85 Trolove, B.S., 293–296 Turkey, 218, 286, 297 U United Kingdom, 2n2 USA Agricutural Attaché, 106 conflict of interest, 188, 189, 303 Education, Compatible Lamb Program, 117 Farm Bureau Federation, 114 The National Woolgrower, 105 protests to, by New Zealand, 189–191 self-service retailing, 108 The Shepherd, 113, 116 South Pacific Armed Forces, 103 Index special relationship [with Britain], 29, 38, 42n18 tariff protection, 30, 104, 108, 111, 112, 178, 200 Western Livestock Journal, 113 USSR, 158, 218, 219, 225, 272, 273, 275 V Vines, Bill, 236, 285, 287, 289, 291, 297, 299 339 W Ward, Arthur, 11 Wardell, Harry, 283, 284 Ward, Stuart, 27, 40, 81 Webb, D.N.R., 164 Weber, Rex, 12, 13, 239, 241, 265, 266, 268, 269, 272 West Indies, 79, 194, 202 Wilson, Harold, 43, 43n20, 44, 92, 166, 179, 181 Woolerton, Ralph, 154, 157, 158, 160–162, 164, 182 ... the EEC, the responses in New Zealand, and the actual and perceived impact when Britain became a member in 1973 Chapters 4–9 analyse change, or lack of change, in the New Zealand meat, dairy and. .. 5.4 Fig 5.5 Organisational schematic of primary production in New Zealand in 1961 Destinations of New Zealand exports in 1949 and 1975 (New Zealand digital yearbook [NZDYB]) New Zealand exports... cigarettes in New Zealand. 31 But in the GATT negotiations of the 1970s New Zealand agreed that more tobacco could be exported to New Zealand from the USA in return for nil duty on New Zealand carpet