JOAN ABELA is Senior Lecturer in the Legal History and Methodology Department at the University of Malta, Founding Member of the Notarial Archives Foundation and past Secretary of the Malta Historical Society She was the winner of the 2014 Boydell & Brewer Prize for the best doctoral thesis in maritime history.  Cover image: Fragment of a re-cycled portolan chart which served as a parchment binding to the acts of Notary Natale Parmisano for the administrative year 1670–1671 showing the Eastern and Central Mediterranean. Courtesy: Notarial Archives Malta Joan Abela JOAN ABELA Cover design by Greg Jorss Hospitaller Malta and the Mediterranean Economy in the Sixteenth Century Malta in the sixteenth century is usually viewed in military terms: the great bulwark of Christendom against Islam, the island ruled by the crusader Knights of St John – the Hospitallers – with its vast fortifications and its famous siege of 1565.  This book, however, which examines the development of the economy of Malta and its place in the wider Mediterranean economy in the period, paints a much more complex picture.  It shows how Malta was the hub of a large, complicated trading network, with Christians of various denominations, as well as Jews and Muslims, participating in commercial activity, and with well-developed instruments of trade and commercial law in place to support this network It demonstrates that trade was not just in grain, a necessary commodity for Malta as a barren island with insufficient agriculture, but in a much wider range of goods, including even the sale and ransom of slaves.  The book pays particular attention to the important commercial role of women, to safe conducts, which enabled Christians to trade in Muslim lands and vice versa, and to credit arrangements, which facilitated payments, even across the Christian-Muslim divide.  Overall, rather than a key strong-point in a closed frontier, Malta is shown to have been a major centre of international exchange.  Hospitaller Malta and the Mediterranean Economy in the Sixteenth Century JOAN ABELA HOSPITALLER MALTA AND THE MEDITERRANEAN ECONOMY IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY HOSPITALLER MALTA AND THE MEDITERRANEAN ECONOMY IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY Joan Abela THE BOYDELL PRESS © Joan Abela 2018 All Rights Reserved Except as permitted under current legislation no part of this work may be photocopied, stored in a retrieval system, published, performed in public, adapted, broadcast, transmitted, recorded or reproduced in any form or by any means, without the prior permission of the copyright owner The right of Joan Abela to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 First published 2018 The Boydell Press, Woodbridge ISBN 978 78327 211 The Boydell Press is an imprint of Boydell & Brewer Ltd PO Box 9, Woodbridge, Suffolk IP12 3DF, UK and of Boydell & Brewer Inc 668 Mt Hope Avenue, Rochester, NY 14620–2731, USA website: www.boydellandbrewer.com A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library The publisher has no responsibility for the continued existence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this book, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate This publication is printed on acid-free paper To Deborah For always being there for me Contents List of illustrationsviii Foreword by Maria Fusaroxi Prefacexiii Acknowledgementsxviii Abbreviationsxx Notesxxi Introduction1 New Institutions and Laws 1530–65 17 The Grain Trade66 Women and Economic Activities 112 Trade with North Africa and the Levant 151 Conclusion211 Appendix: Salvi conductus given to various persons to trade in merchandise or to redeem slaves in North Africa or the Levant (1530–65) 219 Bibliography229 Index252 Illustrations Figures Fig Detailed Map of Malta, by Giovanni Francesco Camocio, 1570 Cathedral Museum Malta. Fig Formula stating that property could be redeemed by its original owner – cum gracia seu facultatis redimendis National Archives Valletta, Notary Lorenzo Agius R 7/1, f (18.i.1524). Fig A declaration made by Mag Angelo Giliberto stating that he had been paid with profit by Matheo Chiappara National Library of Malta, Univ 13, f 446v (28.xi.1565). Fig Main Sicilian caricatori in 1532, from F Braudel, The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II (trans S Reynolds, vols, Berkeley, Los Angeles & London, 1995), vol 1, 580, after L Bianchini, Della storia economico-civile di Sicilia, (Naples, 1841) p 241. Fig Maltese women drawn by the Knight of Malta Fra Opizio Guidotti in c 1600 National Library of Malta, Libr MS 413/I, f 164a. Fig Plan of the fortress of Tripoli di Barbaria Private Collection, Malta. Fig Record from the Magna Curia Castellania showing the heterogeneous composition of Jurats at the Birgu Università National Archives Malta, MCC, Reg AO, ff 146v–147 (4.ix.1538). Fig Extract from a typical letter patent issued by the Magisterial Palace and given to Muslim traders so that they could travel freely between Malta and North Africa National Library of Malta, AOM, Lib Bull 425 f 207 (3.x.1555). Fig The signum and seal of Notary Pedro de Trugillo on one of the few certified true copies of his acts National Library of Malta, AOM 7559, f.105 (new numeration in pencil) (24.xi.1529). Fig 10 The signum of Notary Selvagi de Via and the signature of Notary Pedro de Trugillo on a copy of a contract drawn up in Tripoli in respect of a redemption agreement National Library of Malta, AOM, 6559, f.576 (25.ii.1550). 16 69 89 91 113 156 177 193 199 200 ILLUSTRATIONS   ix Charts Chart Selection of 300 contracts categorised as Debitum, Venditio and Mutuum which had to be repaid through a cash payment 85 Chart Individuals who were accused of usurious practice 144 Chart Average of credit advances in Scudi145 Maps Map The Maltese Islands c.1565 Map The Mediterranean Area xxvii xxviii Tables Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Notaries practising in the towns 1520–1600 Revenues of the Royal Crown in 1506 Prices and weight of bread in Malta during the sixteenth century  Pandetta or price list of various commodities issued in 1562 Various taxes imposed on cereals by the Università of Mdina 1552–88 Shipping destinations from the Malta harbour 1564–1600 Shipping destinations to Italian ports 1564–1600 Shipping destinations to Sicilian ports 1564–1600 xxi 37 96 98 107 182 183 183 250  HOSPITALLER MALTA AND THE MEDITERRANEAN ECONOMY –– ‘Sacra Militia, the Order of St John: Crusade, Corsairing and Trade in Rhodes and Malta 1460–1631’, in Fusaro, M., Heywood, C & Omri, M S (eds), Trade and Cultural Exchange in the Early Modern Mediterranean: Braudel’s Maritime Legacy (London and New York, 2010), 139–56 Wismayer, J M., The Fleet of the Order of St John – 1530–1798 (Malta, 1997) Zachariadou, E., ‘Monks and Sailors under the Ottoman Sultans’, Oriente Moderno, new series, 81:1, ‘The Ottomans and the Sea’ (2001), 139–47 Zemon Davis, N., ‘Women in Politics’, in Duby, G & Perrot, M (gen eds) & Zemon Davis, N & Farge, A (eds), A History of Women: Vol III Renaissance and Enlightenment Paradoxes (Cambridge, MA and London, 1993), 167–83 –– & Farge, A., ‘Women as Historical Actors’, in Duby, G & Perrot, M (gen eds) & Zemon Davis, N & Farge, A (eds), A History of Women: Vol III Renaissance and Enlightenment Paradoxes (Cambridge, MA and London, 1993), 1–7 Unpublished dissertations Abela, J., ‘A Window on Early Hospitaller Malta – A Study of the Acts of Notary Placido Abela, 1557–1558’ (BA Hons dissertation, University of Malta, 2003) –– ‘Port Activities in Mid-Sixteenth Century Malta’ (MA dissertation, University of Malta, 2007) Bezzina, D., ‘Early Hospitaller Birgu – A Study of the Acts of Notary Nicolò de Agatiis, 1538–1540’ (BA Hons dissertation, University of Malta, 2001) Bezzina, V., ‘The Administration of the Maltese Islands, A Study of the Acta Iuratorum et Consilii Civitatis Insulae Maltae’ (MA dissertation, University of Malta, 1999) Borg, V., ‘Birgu: A Demographic Overview 1558–1658’ (BA Hons dissertation, University of Malta, 1999) Buttigieg, E., ‘Fifteen Years into Hospitaller Rule – A Study of the Acts of Notary Juliano Muscat, 1545’ (BA Hons dissertation, University of Malta, 2002) Cachia, S., ‘The Family and the Land in Late Medieval Malta – A Study of the Acts of Notary J Zabbara, 1486–1488’ (BA Hons dissertation, University of Malta, 1999) Mercieca, S., ‘Community Life in the Central Mediterranean A Socio-Demographic Study of the Maltese Harbour Towns in Early Modern Times: Bormla 1587–1815’ (PhD thesis, University of Paris-IV Sorbonne, 2001–2) Rossi, D., ‘The Monte Di Pieta’ in Hospitaller Malta’ (BA Hons dissertation, University of Malta, 1998) Sant, M A., ‘Coinage Problems Facing the Order of St John in Malta’ (MA dissertation, University of Malta, 1967) Sciberras, J., ‘Women in Early Sixteenth-Century Malta’ (MA dissertation, University of Malta, 2004) Vassallo, A M., ‘Prices of Commodities in Malta and Gozo, 1530–1630’ (BA Hons dissertation, University of Malta, 1976) Internet Sources Alfani, G & Sardone, S., ‘Long Term Trends in Economic Inequality in Southern Italy The Kingdom of Napes and Sicily in the 16th–18th Centuries: First results’, http:// BIBLIOGRAPHY  251 eh.net/eha/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Alfani.pdf (accessed August 2016) Bibliographical reference to the role of slavery in European economic growth, http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199730414/ obo-9780199730414–0091.xml (accessed 30 January 2016) British History Online, http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=92249 (accessed May 2016) Brogini, A., ‘Marginalités et contrôle social dans le port de Malte l’époque moderne (XVIe–XVIIe siècles)‘, Cahiers de la Méditerranée, 69 (2004): http://cdlm.revues.org/ index786.html (accessed 26 April 2016) Cassar, M., ‘Vestiges of Arabic Nomenclature in Maltese Surnames’, 22nd International Congress of Onomastic Sciences, Pisa, September 2005, https://www.academia edu/183114/Vestiges_of_Arabic_Nomencalture_in_Maltese_Surnames (accessed 21 August 2016) Collins English Dictionary – Complete and Unabridged 10th Edition, Dictionary.com, http://www.dictionary.com/browse/razzia (accessed 22 August 2016) Curtis, D., ‘An Agro-town Bias? Re-examining the Micro-demographic Model for Southern Italy in the Eighteenth Century’, https://www.academia.edu/7913631/ An_agro-town_bias_Re-examining_the_micro-demographic_model_for_Southern_ Italy_in_the_eighteenth_century (accessed 13 March 2016) Fertig, G., ‘The Hajnal Thesis before Hajnal: The Pre-history of European Marriage Patterns’ (2004), http://www.uni-muenster.de/imperia/md/content/hist_sem_swg/ personen/fertig_g/download/hajnal.pdf (accessed 13 March 2016) Food and Argiculture Organization of the United Nations: http://www.fao.org/es/ faodef/fdef01e.htm (accessed 24 February 2016) Government of Malta Libraries Department, http://www.libraries.gov.mt (accessed 10 May 2016) Hershenzon, D B., ‘Early Modern Spain and the Creation of the Mediterranean: Captivity, Commerce, and Knowledge’ (unpublishded PhD thesis, University of Michigan, 2011), http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/89664/1/ hershenz_1.pdf (accessed April 2015) Lorenc, J A., ‘John of Freiburg and the Usury Prohibition in the Late Middle Ages: A Study in the Popularization of Medieval Canon Law’ (PhD thesis, University of Toronto, 2013), https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/35887/1/Lorenc_ John_A_201306_PhD_thesis.pdf (accessed October 2016) Malanima, P., ‘The Italian Renaissance Economy (1260–1500)’, International Conference at Villa La Pietra, Florence May 2008, http://www.paolomalanima.it/default_file/ Papers/RENAISSANCE_ITALY.pdf (accessed August 2016) Mainoni, P., ‘I mundoaldi nella Puglia medievale: alcuni quesiti dalla lettura dei documenti (secc XII–XIV)’: https://www.academia.edu/19861050/Patrizia_Mainoni (accessed 29 April 2016) Mendola L., ‘Translation of the Deed of Donation of Malta, NLM, AOM, 70 with Additional Historical Material by Mallia-Milanes, V.’: https://www.orderofmalta.int/ wp-content/uploads/archive/pubblicazioni/Charlesv_donation.pdf New Advent Catholic Encyclopedia: http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03738a.htm (accessed May 2016) Index Abbate, Giliberto  18, 19 n.16 Abdala, Murgian de  193, 216, 222 Abela, Alexandro  147, 147 n.190 Abela, Bartholomeo  184 Abela, Gian Frangisk  49 Abela, Giovanni Luca  121 n.51 Abela, Notary Placido  55, 121, 123, 124, 137, 147 n.190, 170 n.130 accomandita contract  173, 173 n.148 Adamo, Beatrice de  149 Adorno, Baptista Pinelli  168 n.115 Adrian VI, Pope  39 Adriatic  189 n.232, 207 Africa, Mechamet de  192 Agatiis, Notary Nicolò de  50, 50 n.239, 75, 123, 124, 132, 133, 133 n.111, 134, 139, 167 n.105, 168, 168 n.114, 173, 175, 197, 200 n.288, 204 Agius, Notary Lorenzo  69 Agrigento  61 n.309, 88, 89, 91, 92, 183 Ajaza, Fra Francesco  198 Alcida, Johannes de  196 Alexandretta 182 Alexandria  70, 182 Alfonso, King of the Aragonese Crown  2–3, 19, 19 n.10, 23, 25, 31 n.111, 34 Algiers  56, 155, 182, 194, 194 n.254 Algnari, Nob Bayz Mahmet  191 Allegritta, Hon Catherina  144, 150, 215 Alma, Aoreibi de  168 Alonga, Pedro de  177 Amato, Hon Virgilus de  82 Ancona  74 n.46, 183 Andugar, Fra Ludovico de  45 n.203 Andreas, Peiron alias Bux  175 Antonio, Nob Paolo de  171 Antonori, Francesco  201–2 Apulia 183 Aquilina, Blasio  134 Aquilina, Donna Catherina 134 Arborei, Alessandro  207 Aspramonte, Knight Fra Jacobo de  140 Augusta  95 n.169, 183 Axac, Nob Salvus  143 Baldacchini, Domenica  133 Baldacchini, Paulo  133 Baldagno, Giuseppe  203 Balurdo, Gaspare  133 Banda, Antonio de  203 Barbara, Bartholomea  140 Barbara, Didacus  140 Barbara, Paulus  139 Barbara, Stephanus  125 Barbaria  156, 171, 203 Barbarossa brothers  155 Barbary  153, 166 n.89, 175, 178–9, 178 n.176, 182, 188 n.225, 190 coast  14, 166 corsairs  56, 152 n.8, 211 regencies 152 Barberi report  31 n.111, 36 Barberi, Carla  145 Barberi, Giovanni Luca  31 Barcelona  70, 74 n.46 Bari  74 n.46, 183 Barresi alias Mancaruso  202 Bartalus, Stefano  89 Bartoli, Don Antonio de  141 Bartulus, Simone  89 Baulino, Fra Johannes Bonifacius  75, 106 Belia, Johannes  188 Bellia, Hon Paolo  136 Bellomo, Fra Baptista de  Bellye, Juliano  102 Benwarrad 166 Bestardes, Vincentius  166 Bezzina, Blasio  122 bill of exchange  175, 196, 198, 201 Birgu building programme of  53–5 Conventual Church of  59 harbour area of  19, 55, 62 n.320, 74, 84, 113, 125, 150, 153, 194, 210, 211, 213, 215, 216 housing in  53–4, 130 n.98 population of  50–1, 55, 66–8, 128–9 slave community in  131 tribunal in  52, 53–4, 176 Birgu Università  50, 62 n.318, 97 n.183 in the grain trade  87, 91, 95 jurats of  88, 105 n.217 Birkirkara  46 n.211, 58, n.291, 62 n.319, 79, 107, 131 Bishop of Malta  23 n.42, 57–9, 117, 149 appointment of  58 court of  141–2, 146, 201–2, 217 jurisdiction of  59–65, 190 Bitirio, Giovanni  48 n.227 Bluiso, Hieronymus de Paulo  132 Bona, Petrus Antonius de  204 Bonanno, Fra Simone de  94, 94 n.165, 99, 196, 196 n.266 Bondino, Notary Giacomo  43, 43 n.194, 44 Bonello, Francesco  89 Bonello, Notary Paulus  166 Bonellu, Antonium  40, 40 n.171 Bonetiis, Notary Vincenzo Bonaventura de  118, 142, 142 n.165, 168 n.115, 169, 181, 205 Bonfiglio, Josephus de  196 Bonhomo, Hon Bernardinus 175 Boniet, Francesco  178 Bonifar, Knight Giovanni  174 Bonnichi, Giacomo  72 Bonnichi, Lazzaro  148 Bonnichi, Tommaso  71 Bonnici, Antonius  28 n.92 Bonnici, Ysolda  125 Bonnici, Zaccarias  125 Bordino, Nardo de  48 n.227 Borg, Blasio  89 Borg, Dun Filippo  58, 58 n.291 Borgius, Bartholomeo  75 Borgius, Hon Augustinus  75 Bormla  71, 145 Bosio, Giacomo  39, 41, 41 n.178, 42, 44, 46, 53 n.256, 55, 61 n.314, 79, 190 n.240 Bottigella, Fra Aurelio  178–80, 178 n.175, 179 n.178 Brancato, Donna Zarra de  121 Brancato, Egregius Gomes de  120 breach of contract  102, 129, 131, 140, 172, 177, 180, 189, 199, 202 bread  36, 99, 108, 164–5 biscuit  37, 61, 94, 94 n.169, 99, 164 excise duty on  88 pane misturato  86 INDEX   253 price of  38, 88, 94–6, 98 types of  86, 95 weight of loaf of  88 n.131, 95–6, 98, 111 Bresor, Fra Johannes  196 Brevisa  141, 141 n.160, Briffa, Notary Mattheo  143 n.175 Brindisi  38 n.158, 45 n.204, 171, 172 Broglia, Fra Luys  208 Bucalan, Georgio  173 Buhagiar, Johanna  134 Burdino, Leonardis di  102 Burlo, Brayto  105, 186 n.213 Burlo, Donna Catherina 134 Burlo, Johannes  134 Burlo, Johanni Raymondus  137 n.145 Burlo, Marianus  137 n.145 Burlo, Hon Mulier Agatha  137 n.145 Burlo, Salvus  205 Busco, Petrus de  29 n.97 Butigellis, Aurelio  47 Byzantine Empire  11, 78 n.74, Cabella  7, 29, 34–5, 37 Cachie, Georgius  76 Caena, Francesco  186 Caffaro, Andrea  26 n.82 Cafori, Stefano  71 Cairo 155 Calabro, Antonio  88 Calabro, Juliano  74 Calafato, Luca  186 n.213 Calava, Federico  25–6 Calava, Leonardo  92 n.154 Calava, Nobilis Giovanni  48 n.227 Calibachi, Federico  26 Callamia, Giovanni  148, 176 n.166 Callamia, Johannes  54, 142–3, 142 n.167, 204 Callus, Joseph  56 n.275 Caloriti, Giacomo  103 n.206, 148 Cancur, Consalvo  27 n.87 Candia, Giorgio Marino de  208 n.337 Caloriti, Giacomo  148, 103 n.206 Camilleri, Bertos  76 Camilleri, Inigo  75 Camilleri, Jacobo  139 Camilleri, Mattheo  75 Camilleri, Nardus  76 Camilleri, Paula  139 Campo, Girolamo  41 Canizaro, Paolo  103 Cannizaro, Fra Marco  201–2 canon law  115, 117 n.28 Cantera, Christopharo  177 Capitula Rodi 60 Carcella, Paolo de  26 254   INDEX Cardona, Don Antonio  25 caricatori  24, 67, 87, 91, 94, 101–2 Carisi, Antonio  175 Carli, Marietta de  145 Carreton, Johannes  205 Caruana, Peri  120, 120 n.41, 166 Carusu, Nob Gio Battista  90 Casali Sancta Caterina 118 Casar, Busert Bin Hahmet de  203 Casata, Ludovico  103 n.207 cash transactions  35, 84 Cassar, Bernardo  48 n.227, 89 Cassar, Bernardus  102 Cassar, Marietta  122 Cassar, Narducio  103 n.207 Cassar, Pietro  61 n.313 Cassaro, Matteo  89 Casseres, Alvarum de  40 Castellan of Birgu  22, 26–9, 36, 41, 52–3, 104–6 Castillata, Vincenzo  48 n.227 Castle of St Angelo  19, 19 n.16, 27–8, 31 n.112, 41, 43–4, 53 church of  43 Catalan  9–10, 74, 155 n.23,166, 176 n.166 Catania  19 n.10, 53 n.245, 119 n.37, 183 Catanio, Honofrio  167 Catharina, Donna  215 Cathedral Church of Mdina  22 Catherina, Hon Donna 133–4 Catherina, Hon Mulier 134 Catherina, slave 148 Catholic Church  78, 84, 148, 210 Apostolic Delegate  79 clergy  22, 58–9, 117, 153, 202 dispute with State  58 ecclesiastical privileges  202 parish priest  59 Catholic Reformation  1, 59, 112, 197, 214 n.13 Caxaro, Lucretia de  130 Celestis, Antonio de  121 Cephalonia 208 cereal production  67, 79–81, in Birkirkara  79 in Naxxar  79 in Siġġiewi 79 in Żebbuġ 79 Chabela, Antonio  175 Chabela, Salvus  131 Chalipha, Hagi Buabdella de  191–2 charge out rate  171–3 of hides  172 of oil  172 of sheepskin  172 of wine  172 of wool  172 Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor  2, 3, 17, 38–40, 44–5, 47, 61–2, 155, 162, 184, 187 Charreta, Magnificus Johannes  72 Chiabatio, Chayd  196 Chiappara, Matheo  89 Chilia, Antonella  145–6 Chilia, Giacomo  103 n.206 Chilia, Georgius  135 Chios 151 Christofaro, Hon Mulier Hysabella de  146 Christofaro, Michaelis de  146 Cilia, Philippo  193 Città Notabile  19 civil law  19, 119, 217 Civitavecchia 183 Clement VII, Pope  44, 44 n.200, 60, 190, 206 Codina, Gabriele  134 Coet, Martino  178 coin shortage  147, 202 common law  60, 213 compromissum agreement  176, 178–80 Confraternity of the Purification of the Blessed Virgin  42 Consolato del Mare  172 n.141, 185–8 Constantinople  11, 130, 152 n.8, 182, 195 n.262 Corbera, Knight Julianus  92 Coron 203 corsairing activities  passim by Arab-Muslims  151 by Jews  151 commissioned by the Order  185, 185 n.212, 188, 195 connected to slavery  14, 167, 169 n.118, 182–4, 201 n.292, 209 friendly shipping  185–6, 188 increase in  14, 49 licence of  186–9 regulations of  13, 33 surety for  188–9 Corso, Nob Francesco  178, 178 n.177 cotton  buyer 71–3 cutoni filati 73 exportation  23 n.53, 70–3 investor 71 labourer 71 production of  70 n.25, sale of  71–2, 75, 167 seller 71–3 spinning of  71–3, 132 Council of Trent  59, 112 n.2, 115, 146 Couppier, Fra Gullielmo  124 INDEX   255 credit  passim advances 145 market  8, 74–8, 148 trade credit  76, 142, 147–8, 210 Crete  151, 152 n.10 criminal law  60 Cucagni, Michaeli  185 Cumbo, Giovanni  100 Cumbo, Salvu  100 cumin  70 n.21 buyer 71 cultivator 74 exportation  70, 73 n.45 production of  23 n.53 sale of  71–2, 75–6 seller 71 Cussein, Turkish slave  203 Cyprus  151, 152 n.10 d’Alagaria, Valerio  48 n.227 d’Aligrito, Franchino  48 n.227 d’Alva, Conte  80–1 D’Armenia, Luca  48 n.227, 90 D’Armenia, Mariano  48 n.227 d’Autun, Jean Quintin  66 n.5, 112 D’Homedes, Grand Master Juan  55–6, 182 n.197 Dalli, Paula  145, 215 Dalmatia 182 Darmanin, Petrus  166 Daudi, Franciscus  166 Dearmenia, Francesco  72 Deassufunio, Stephani  146 Debitum contract  67, 84–5, 169 Debuttino, Donnus Michael  173–4 Decrinnas, Ma Fernando 140 Degaribaldo, Stephano  199–200, 200 n.288 Degisberto, Hon Petrus  137 Degisberto, Lucia  137 Dejma  21, 21 n.27 del Quadro report  80–1, 104 del Quadro, Diego  80–1, 81 n.98, 104–5 Delia, Amatore  135 Delia, Catherina  135 Delixandro, Marco Antonio  203 dello Re, Matteo  88, 88 n.137 dello Re, Nicola  88, 88 n.137, 102–3 Demitiri, Hon Nicolaus  141 Derando, Caterina  130 Derando, Pancrati  130 Djerba  47 n.222, 155, 191, 192, 197 Djidjelli 155 Dodecanese  12 n.63, 189, 211 domestic work  129–32 verbal agreements  129 work conditions of  131 Dominican Church of the Annunciation, Birgu 141–2 Dusina, Mons Pietro  79, 79 n.79 Eastern Orthodoxy  152 Egypt  56, 189 Ellum, Madalena  134 Exarcopulo, Simon  54 Faga, Nicola  173 Falere, Don Bastiano 177 Fallon, Hon Mag Johannes 143 Fallon, Hon Mulier Venture 143 Falson, Mariecta  143 Falson, Nardo  105 Falzoni, Antonio  48 n.227 Falzoni, Massimo  48 n.227 Falzono, Granata de  125 Falzono, Johannes de  125 Falzuni, Hon Leonardo  208 famine  62, 67 n.10, 80 n.91, 85, 88, 95, 108–9, 186 Faraone, Bartholomeo  143 Fava, Hon. 134 Felici, Hon Oliverios 131 Ferdinand the Catholic, King of Sicily  21 n.31, 31 n.111, 36 n.149, 49, 155, 167 n.103 Fernando, Alvarus  131 Ferrer, Melchiore  74–6, 176 n.166 Flanders  69 n.18, 182 Formosa, Carolus  139 France  2, 72, 116 n.20, 177, 181–2, 187 n.222, 189 n.232 Francesco Platamone, Antonio di  48 n.227 Franchiscus, Giovanni Domenico de  103 n.206 Franzese, Mag Vincenzo 147 Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor  18, 24 n.61 freight  90–1, 168 n.116, 169–73, 178, 181, 185, 196, 201, 208, 214 gabellotto 34 Gaglego, Georgio  72 Galanti, Hon Stammato  208 Galia, Don Matheus  23 Gallipoli  168 n.108, 183 Gallipoli, Nasuph di  168 Garibo, Mag Leonardo  143 Gatana, Emanuele  148 Gela  170 n.128, 183 Genoa  11, 70, 73 n.46, 183 Genoese colonies  151 Gerbini, Nob Honifirio Capitanio  168 n.115 256   INDEX Ghymes, Johannes  133 Giliberto, Mag Angelo  19 n.16, 89 Ginen el Firen 30 Giovanni, Hon Giovan di  109 Gittard, Notary Theronimus  140 Golena, Mabrayadi di  185 Golette 193 Gonsalvo de Monroy, Don  20 n.22, 25 Gozo  3, n.26, 19, 21 n.30, 22 n.33, 30, 40, 45–6, 48, 53, 56, 61, 62, 66, 83, 108, 190, 199, 206, 214 Gozo Università  17, 24, 33, 52, 62 n.320, 82 n.102, 90, 214 accattapani 53 Castellan 53 Credenziero 53 Guardian of the Citadel Gate  53 jurats of  48, 48 n.227, 53 Portulano of  53 Secreto of  53 Secrezia  31, 57 n.279 Vice-Admiral of  53 Vicesecreto of  29, 53 grain bakers 94–9, bandi  55, 104, 157 n.28, 163 barley  exportation of  28 n.93, 33 n.128, 80, 94, 106 production of  23 n.53, 70 n.25, 79–80 sale of  83, 86, 97, 160 bastasi 92 consumption of  75, 79–81, 97, 104 dependence on Sicily  70, 111 distribution of  66, 68, 89, 92, 97 n.183, 102 duty-free  30, 39, 61–2, 65–6, 80, 81, 86, 87, 90, 104, 105, 110, 214 exportation of  23, 28, 33 n.128, 80, 81, 86, 90, 91, 93–4, 105–6 freight charges of  90–1 Gozitan barley  83 importation of  79, 85–90 indirect tax on  88, 111 local production of  7, 28, 75, 85–6 merchant  82, 87, 90–2 meslin  35 n.144, 64, 79, 80, 86, 95, 97, 107, 108 meta of  8, 74, 82 n.104, 88 n.138 millers 94–9 port dues on  33, 90 quotas  30, 39, 61, 62, 66, 68, 80, 81, 90, 110, 214 shareholders  88, 169 n.120, 176 ships 108–10 smuggling 81 wheat price of  81–6, 88–90, 95, 99, 108 shortage of  11, 24, 66, 73, 109, 186 Grand Harbour  62 Grasu, Don Thomaso 177 Gratiana, Domina Helena  148 Gratiana, Gianna di Monolj di  145 Great Siege of 1565  4, 16, 40 n.175, 84 n.112, 211, 213 Greci, Johannes  130 Greci, Marietta  130 Greece 182 Greek merchants  9, 60, 206–9 Gregory IX, Pope  10 Grima, Bartholomeo  140 Grima, Imperia  140 Grini, Jurlando  102 Griscti, Notary Vittorio  181 n.194 Guascan, Giovanni  176 n.166 Guascon, Stephanus  54 Guevara, Family de  32, 41, 57 n.279 Guevara, Johannes  28 n.92 Guevara, Thomeus  28 n.92 Guevara, Notary Giuseppe de  71, 84, 169 Guevara, Reverend Philippus de  135 Guglielmo, Antonio  179 Guymaran, Fra Bernardo de  110 n.244 Habel, Andreotta  173 Habel, Bartholomeo  103 n.206, 186 n.213 Habel, Matteo  172, 176 n.166 Habel, Paulus  54 Habell, Alfonso  105 Habell, Luis  105 Hagius, Agnetis  138 Hagius, Hon Johannes  138 Hajius, Francesco  76 Ħakem  3, 21, 21 n.25 Ħal Bisqallin  71 n.31 Ħal Lew  202 Hanseatic League  Haxixe, Mag Paulo  145 Henry VIII, King of England  39 Hernandes, Didaco  131 n.104 Holy See  10, 58–9, 150 n.201 Holy War  2, 195, 212 Hospitaller Order of St John allegiance to Charles V  2, 47, 187 as milites Christi 187 Chancery of the  182, 190 crisis of identity of  donation of Malta to  38–51 annual feudal payment  47 deed of donation  38, 61 promise to observe privileges  3, 17, 25, 48, 64–5 transition of power  48, 50 establishment in Malta of  4–5, 9–10, 39, 49–59 galleys of  87, 87 n.125, 105, 109 n.234, 109 n.238, 133, 167, 168 n.113, 175, 192, 203 n.308, 208 Receiver of the  77, 93–4, 99, 196 Treasurer of the  63, 105, 164, 198 Vice-Chancellor of the  184 hypothec  143, 147–50, 199 importation of goods  22 n.35, 28, 159, 208 infidels  13, 87 n.124, 154, 158 n.30, 159, 160 n.48, 171, 190, 190 n.239, 193–6, 195 n.262, 204 Inguanes, Antonio  100 Inguanez, Giacomo  48 n.227 Inguanez, Giacomo Ingeraldo  40 n.171, 45 n.205 Innocent IV, Pope  10 Inquisitor  117, 143, 150, 189 appointment of  59 jurisdiction of  59 insurance  90, 166, 176 contract  72, 100–1, 100 n.192 maritime  72, 99, 100 policy  72 n.37, 72 n.39 travel insurance  214 Inter Multiplices 141 Islam  152, 163 law  8, 11 island-state model  65 Istanbul  152, 155 Italy  n.34, 11, 18 n.9, 44 n.200, 68, 93 n.163, 114 n.13, 115, 115 n.13, 141, 172, 182–3 James I the Conqueror  Jewish community  21, 21 n.30, 21 n.31, 31 n.114, 34 n.134, 151, 152 n.6, 165, 188 n.225, 201 n.292, 202, 216 Johannes, Nob Marino de  171–2 juspatronatus 117 Khair ud-Dìn  162 Kirkham Chapone, Sarah  126 Knights of the Grand Cross  81, 81 n.95, 164 L’Isle Adam, Grand Master Philippe Villiers de  38 n.158, 39 n.170, 44, 44 n.200, 46, 51, 53, 55, 61 n.312, 62 La Carruba, Clara  148 La Giorgentana, Madonna  146 La Quattara 30 INDEX   257 Lapernich, Mundus  197–8 Laspatara, Clara  132, 150, 215 Latappera, Angelina  145, 150, 215 Latin Christianity  152 Lauda, Antonio de  54 Laura, Fra Johannes  196 Laureto 196 Leghorn 183 Leonti, Nob Thoma de  196 Lesbos 151 lettere secrete  87, 88 n.133 Levant  9–11, 57 n.277, 109 n.234, 151–210 passim Liber Bullarum  162 n.67, 167, 182 n.198, 184, 185 n.212 Licata freight from  169–70, 181 Maltese consul in  24, 88, 90 price of wheat in  86 Secreto of  92 supply of grain from  72, 85, 88, 88 n.137, 90–1, 93, 100–3, 109, 183 Vice-Portulan of  94, 100 Lindo, Manoli de  135 linen sale of  167, 167 n.98 Lisbon 131 Livorno 194 Lmaia 162 loan 141–9 passim at a profit  78, 84, 137 n.141, 144–6, 202, 197 contract  75 n.55, 84, 121, 175 friendly loan  75–6, 84, 121, 121 n.52, 170 n.129 interest  84, 87–8, 104, 106, 125, 137 n.141, 141, 145, 148, 180, 197–8 hidden interest  78, 136, 142, 150, 198 n.282 sea loan  72, 99, 174 n.155 security of  120, 121 n.48, 143, 145, 149–50, 174, 199 Locampesi, Olivaro  179 Lorenza, Donna  134, 150 Lufalato, Guglielmo  197–8 Lukis, Antoni  22 n.36 Lyon 134 Maghreb 184 Maghribi coast  154 Magna Carta Libertatis  3, 23 Magna Curia Castellania  29, 52, 54, 103, 133, 140, 142, 202 Magro, Giacomo alias Causiri 175 Majorca 9–10 258   INDEX Malta act of cession of  17 agrarian based economy of  7, 38, 68 Common Treasury of  93, 105, 164, Consul of  90 defence system of  4, 15, 29, 33, 34, 40, 41, 43, 53, 55, 61, 62–4, 68, 73 demographic influx in  50, 53, 55, 66, 67, 71, 72, 77, 149, 213, 216 direct royal government of  economic development of  passim enfeoffment of  3, 47 fortifications of  102 n.203, 103, 106–8 Governor of  18, 47, 63, 178 n.175 harbours of  2, 4, 6, 24, 41, 55, 62, 74, 84, 87, 109, 113, 125, 150, 153, 182, 186, 209–11, 213–16 lack of resources of  190 municipal government of  3, 19, 28 report on state of  40–1 Secrezia  28, 30, 31 strategic location of  2, 41 trade with North Africa  151–210 trade with Sicily  passim Maltese urban elites  32 Burdino  32, 102 Calibachi  26, 32 Caxaro  28 n.92, 32, 130 Desguanes 32 Guevara  28 n.92, 32, 41, 57 n.279, 71, 84, 135, 169, 202 Mazzara  25, 32 Sillato 32 Vaccaro  25, 32 Xahica 32 Manara, Andriota  48 n.227 Manara, Nardo  48 n.227 Manero, Ambrosio  147 Manero, Mariecta  145 Manero, Michaelis  145 Manete, Angela di  145 Manete, Veronica di  145 Mannara, Johannes  102 Manuele, Donna Juana de, Duchess of Medina Celi & Vice-Queen of Sicily  121 Margallion, Augustino  176 n.166 Margerita, slave 135 Marino, Masius de  166 Marmara, Antonio  181 n.184 Marrazza, Thomasina  146 marriage 112–50 passim contract 122–6 passim coverture 125 types of  122–4 Greek custom  122–4 Latin custom  122–3, 215 Maltese custom  123–5 Rhodian custom  124 Roman custom  123–4, 215 Marsala 183 Marseilles  178, 182 Marsiglia, Knight Fra Michael de  196 Martin I, King of Sicily  n.15, 33 Marullo, Mag Johannes Carolo  145 massarie  30, 30 n.102, 30 n.103 Maxama, slave 135 Mazara 124 Mazara, Johannes de  28 n.92 Mazzara, Simone de  25 Mdina  as seat of government  53 Cathedral Church of  22 grain stores of  92 Jewish community in  21 nobility of  47–51, 57 rent of shops in  31 Mdina Università  accattapani of  52 administrative duties of  23 Captain of the Rod of  21 n.25, 53 Captaincy-at-Arms of  21 Church participation in  22 composition of  52 Credenziero of  52 elections of  32 financial records of  63 institutional changes in  5, 17 judex juratorum of  24 jurats of  3, 20, 26, 29, 40, 48, 54, 82 jurisdiction of  19–24 Maestro Portulano of  22 Massaro of  7, 52, 52 n.253 parlamentu generali of  22, 40 Portulano of  52, 53, 106 prerogatives of  24, 47 resistance to the Hospitaller Order of St John by  22, 41, 43, 44 Royal Captain of  3, 20, 21, 26 n.81, 27, 48, 52, 63 Vice-Admiral of  22, 52 Vice-Portulan of  104–6 Meante, Nob Aloisius  178 n.173 Mediterranean  passim Eastern Mediterranean  12 n.66, 151, 152, 184 economy of  passim history of  passim Ottoman-Christian connectivity in the  11–15 merchandise candles 185 cheese  93, 93 n.163, 98, 165, 173, 175, 185 cloth  35, 72, 74, 76, 76 n.67, 85, 133–5, 147, 185 n.213, 201 cotton  7–8, 23 n.53, 37, 70–5, 85, 125 n.75, 167, 181, 203, gold  133–4, 144, 148, 174 n.152, 186 oil  33, 35, 82 n.106, 125, 143, 165, 172, 175, 180, 190, 203, 205, 209 pepper  86, 174, 174 n.152 pulses  94, 106, 185, 190 salted meat  131 n.104, 185 silk  6, 186 spices  86, 174 n.152, 186 wax  168 n.115, 185, 192 wine  7, 23–5, 28, 33–5, 62, 64, 82 n.106, 93, 165, 173, 175, 177, 181, 190, 208 wood  40, 93, 161 n.55, 161 n.59, 181 Messina  19, 19 n.10, 39, 39 n.170, 71, 72, 75 n.54, 80 n.90, 88 n.137, 95 n.169, 109, 119, 119 n.37, 121, 127, 142, 148, 171 n.135, 180, 183, 191 n.240, 196, 203–4, 208 Messina Università 109 Messina, Antonio di  105 Metaxi, Sydero  208 Micallef, Hon Johannes  71–2 Michele, Bartolomeo  178 Middle East  56 Mifsud, Petrus  128 Mihallef, Antonio  88 Milan 196 Milanesa, Bernardina  147, 150 Modica, Nob Donna Beatrice de  134 Modon  44, 46, 189 n.234, 191 n.240 Moncada, Ugo  163 Monesterio, Rays Ahmet del  193 money changers  76–7 Monte di Pietà  141, 150, 150 n.202 Monte di Redenzione 140 Montero, Nob Ferdinandus  136 Montpellier  n.52, 70 Moors 151–210 passim Morena, Hon Helena 133 Morenam, Elena  133 Morisco  151, 151 n.1, Morsello, Giovanni  71 Mountains of Barqah  166, 166 n.92 and n.94, 167 n.103, 195 Mqabba 138 mundualdus  114–15, 118–22, 130, 133, 135 Muràd Aghà  162, 162 n.65 Muscat, Bertho  76 Muscat, Johannes  71 Muscat, Notary Juliano  120 INDEX   259 Muscat, Petrus  71, 76 Muscat, Vincenzo  83 Mutuum contract  82 n.106, 84–5 Nalluni, Nob Petrus 179 Naples  n.8, n.14, n.22, 39, 47 n.220, 180, 183 Naso, Paulo de  63, 63 n.328 naulum contract  169 n.122, 170, 181 Nava, Alvaro de  41, 43 Nava, Family de  41, 57 n.279 Naxxar  46 n.211, 62 n.319, 79, 79 n.83, 107 Nicolai, Nicolò de  162 n.65 Nicolò, Nob Franco de  134 North Africa  3–5, 9, 10, 12 n.68, 39, 56, 151–210 passim, 216 Notarial Archives, Palermo  93 Notarial Archives, Valletta  71, 149, 173, 198, 211 Officio delle Case 53 Oliviero, Jannoto  175 Ordinationes Domorum 53 Orthodox monks of Patmos  12 Otranto  171, 172 Ottoman  administration 152 as a Mediterranean power  1–8 passim economic role of  14 Empire  13–14, 13 n.72, 152, 163 n.73, 189 Sultan  12, 151, 152 n.12 territory  11–12, 153–4, 190, 216 Pace, Agatha  122 Palermo  20 n.20, 21 n.31, 22 n.39, 28 n.93, 77, 86, 86 n.121, 90, 99, 119 n.37, 122, 134, 140, 160 n.48, 175, 183, 197, 198 Palermo Università  20 n.20, 99 Palermo, Raymondus de  175 Pandectae et Ordinationes 55 Panthuineno, Nicola  148 Papadopulo, Hon Stammato  208 papal delegates  59 Paradal, Fra Alfonso  41–4 Pasquali, Angelo de  208 patria potestas 115 pawnbroker 141 pawning  33 n.124, 34 n.131, 141, 145 Payanum, Johannes Antonio  175 Pera 151 Peralta, Petrus de  175 Peregrino, Jacobus de  32 n.117 Peso, Alonso  199 Petrollo, Simon de  54 Philip II, King of Spain  57, 121 n.49 260   INDEX Qrendi 138 notaries of  118, 119, 123 n.65, 142 Ribera, Guglielmo  48 n.227 Ribes Altes, Johannes  43, 43 n.196 Roman law  82 n.106, 114–15, 118 n.33 Diritto Romano of  118 legal reforms in  115 Romana, Katherina  121 Romano, Gerolamo  83 Rome  58, 180, 183 Romedio, Hon Magistri Francesco 129 Romedio, Hon Mulier Angelina 129 Romegas, Knight  103, 103 n.208 Ros, Giovanpaolo  103 Ros, Hon Giovanni 174 Ros, Johannes  188 Ros, Laurentius  54 Ros, Lorenzo  71 Ros, Pietro  103 n.207 Rosset, Knight Fra. 149 Royal Crown  47 n.220, 94 n.165 bookkeeper of  90 Chief Notary of  31 Commissioner of  24–6, 34, 41, 45, 54 Royal Court  99 Russo, Michele  89, 89 n.139 Rabat, Malta  22, 48 n.229, 64, 102, 107, 135 Rabat, Gozo  199 Ragusa 171 Randazo, Alessandro de  103 Randun, Hon Galceranus  138 Randun, Oliveria  138 Rayz, Mahometo  192 Reggio 183 Regia Curia  19 n.11, 46, 90, 167 Regia Gran Corte 18–19 Registrum Usurariorum Melitae 141 Regno  18–21, 26–7, 31 n.111, 33, 47, 57, 65, 106, 167, 213 Reis, Turgut  n.26, 24 n.58, 55, 56, 197 religious ideologies  153, 210 Rhochion, Francesco  198 n.282 Rhodes  9, 130 conquest of  loss of  4, 155 siege of  41 n.178, 42, 42 n.187, 44 under Hospitaller rule  10–12, 38 n.159, 42 n.191, 45, 47, 52, 57, 59, 60 n.301, 61 n.309, 63, 65, 141, 150, 162, 184, 187, 188, 190, 216 Rhodiot community  5, 128 in Birgu  42 n.188, 54 integration with Maltese  60, 206 n.324, 211 safe conduct certificate  8, n.49, 162 n.67, 167, 168 n.113, 170, 180–6, 208 letter patent of  191, 193 in corsairing  186–90 to enemy ships  197 to Muslim merchants  190–4 to ransomed slaves  201 n.292, 216 to spy  208 n.337, 209 typical example of  191–2 Sagona, Nicolo  48 n.227 Saliba, Johannes  135 Sanctorum, Matheum Andree  48 n.227 Sansone, Florio  48 n.227 Sansun, Matheus  199 Santande, Francesco  163 n.74 Santi, Andriota di  48 n.227 Santo Spirito Hospital, Rabat  22 Sardinia  n.34, 183 Sayti, Giovanni  71 Scala, Thomasius  99 Scarpello, Antonio  71, 131 Scarpello, Antonius  172 Scarpello, Bartholomeo  186 n.213 Schembri, Marchus  133 Sciacca  61 n.309, 183 Scicli  42, 170, 181, 183 Seger, Nicola  178 Sengle, Grand Master Claude de la  55, 191, 193 n.250, Phokaea 151 Picullus, Knight Fra Hieronymus  149 Pignatelli, Ettore  19 n.12, 39–45, 61 n.314, 155 n.25, 167 Pino, Nicola  133 piracy  49, 155 n.23, 182, 186 Pisa 178 plague  42, 44 n.200 Pollastra, Nicola  92 n.151 Pontremolo, Rodrigo  48 n.227 Pornicudine, Clara  133 port regulations  177 portolan charts  Portughes, Johannes  54 Pozzallo 183 Pragmaticae Rhodiae 60 Prior of the Conventual Church  60, 190 promissory note  77 property  community of  19, 119 donation of  114, 119, 121, 124, 135 right of redemption of  68–9, 78, 125, 134, 136–9 Senglea 143 Sicily  passim caricatori of  24, 67, 87, 91, 94, 101, 102 credit market in  74 economic development of  passim Portulan of  94, 105, 109 Secretus of  92 Università 25 Viceroy of  passim Siġġiewi  46 n.211, 62 n.319, 71, 79, 107 sindicaturi  25 n.64, 34 Sirera, Vincenzo  202 slave  African  10 n.59, 195 age bracket  204 black  10 n.59, 131 n.104, 159–60, 168, 174 n.152, 195, 205, 206 Ethiopian 195 financial exploitation of  205–6 importation of  166 n.89, 195 manumission agreements of  15 manumission of  15, 135, 182 n.197, 206 market  14, 204 n.316 price of  196–7 ransom of  10, 10 n.59, 12–15, 140, 150, 159, 193, 201, 206, 216 redemption agent of  200 redemption ancillary expenses of  198 redemption appeals of  201 redemption contracts of  168 n.115, 169, 196, 203 n.307 redemption money of  68 n.17, 140, 168, 203, 204 redemption services for  134, 157, 167, 168, 185, 200, 202, 216 socio-economic status of  196 testa de rasato 204–5 value of  195–6 Smyrna  162 n.68, 182 societas agreement  67, 71, 76, 169, 173–5, 181, 189 Spagnol, Knight Augustino  197 Spain  18 n.9, 21 n.30, 21 n.31, 116 n.20, 151, 153, 155, 182, 187, 189 n.232 King of  2, 21 n.30, 56 n.275, 57, 81, 110 n.244, 121 n.49 Spanish Crown  44 n.199, 53, 56, 64, 67, 110, 151 n.1, 154, 155 n.25, 178 n.177, 213 Stambol, Bali Hagi de  203 Statuti ed Ordinazioni 51 Stunica, Domina Clara de  120 Stupoglo, Hon Georgi  133 Süleyman the Magnificent  2, 152 n.12, 154, 155 n.19, 213 n.11 INDEX   261 Syracuse  38, 46 n.212, 74 n.46, 95 n.169, 105, 124, 132–4, 142, 166, 178–80, 183, 195, 198, 204 Tabone, Petro  186 n.213 Tagiura  162, 162 n.67 Talavera, Didacus  175 Taranto 183 Tavares, Knight Fra Antonio 131 tax  collection  28 n.93, 29, 34 European common system  33 evasion of  35 n.139, 161, 165 fraud 165 on anchorage  37 on animals  37 on barbers  35, 37 on barley  64, 108 on biscuits  37 on bread  37, 88 on cereals  107 on corsairing  33–4 on cotton  37 on cumin  37 on customs  158 on dye  37 on essentials  33 on exports  37 on flour  99 on games  35 on Gozo ferry  34 n.134, 35 on imports  37 on land  37 on leather  35, 37 on linen  37 on local wine  35 on meat  34–5 on meslin  64 on oil  33 on payments in kind  35 on port dues  33 on real estate  107 on redemption of slaves  37 on tailors  35 on wheat  64, 108 on wine  7, 23, 28 n.90, 33–5, 62, 64 records  79, 127, 157 Tazora 192 Terra Heraclia  170, 181 Terranova  91, 102, 104, 109, 170 n.128, 183 Tradeno, Ambrosio  99 Trapani  49, 99, 119 n.37, 163, 183 Trapani, Martino di  109 Tribunale degli Armamenti  187, 187 n.222 Trinchera, Francescus  168 n.115 262   INDEX Tripoli  administrative system of  161 as Christian base  157 Castle  105, 121 n.51, 135, 154–61, 162 n.67, 164, 165, 173, 175, 196 corsairing activities in  174, 182, 184, 186, 189, 195 fortress of  n.26, 75 n.54, 105, 154, 157, 161, 162, 163, 167, 168, 171, 174, 175, 191, 197, 203 loss of  184, 197 n.270, 198 population of  154, 161–2, 165, 193, 205, 208, 209 Porta della Marina in  159 Porta della Vittoria in  159 seat of Government in  163 slave market in  204 taxation system of  161 Treasurer of the Order in  198 Tripoli, Syria  182 Trugillo, Notary Pietro de  197–203 Tunis  18 n.9, 153 n.17, 182, 191, 193 Tunisia  168 n.115, 196 Turgut Reis  n.26, 24 n.58, 55, 56, 197 Turkey  153, 168 n.108 Turkish Armada  57 n.277, 84 n.112, 86 Turkish incursion of 1551  24 n.58, 53, 53 n.254 usury  25, 78, 125, 137, 141–50, 197, 201–6, 215 Vaccaro, Angelo  25 Vagnolo, Vito  48 n.227 Valestrero, Cola Petro  199 Valette, Grand Master Jean Parisot de  37, 40 n.175, 56–7, 97, 163, 167 n.105, 184 n.203 Valletta building of  4, 40, 40 n.175 Conventual Church of  59 Vallistera, Discreta Mulier Hyerene 129 Vanoni, Hon Aloisius  178 n.173 Vassallo, Graziano  48 n.227 Vassallus, Johannes  75 Vega, Giovanni de  87 n.124 Vella, Fernando  88 n.132, 102 Vella, Franciscu alias Bercax  28 n.92 Vella, Hon Mariano  136 Vella, Juliano  54, 88 n.132, 145 Vella, Luca  54 Vella, Martino  140 Vella, Matheus  102 Venditio contract  84 Venetian colonies  151 Venice  n.20, 10 n.57, 11, 72 n.36, 74 n.46, 87 n.123, 99 n.189, 166 n.20, 152, 179, 183, 186, 188 n.225, 189 n.232 Vera, Petro de  54 Verasi, Petro  175 Via, Nob Antonio de  148 Victoria, slave 124 witchcraft 143 women  apprenticeships 132–3 as business partners  136–7, 215 as child guardians  134–5, 115, 118 n.33 as domestic servants  129–32 as hostel owners  127, 134, 134 n.126, 149 as lease-holders  137–8 as married women  138–41 as shop owner  150 dowry of  150, 114 n.13, 115 n.13, 118, 119 n.37, 122–30, 135, 138, 215 economic activities of  112–50 passim foreign women  133, 149–50 in cession of land  117 in contracts of obligation  118–20, 138–41, 143, 215–16 in domestic labour  126 in family-run businesses  134–5 in immoveable property  124–5 in midwifery  132 in politics  116 in property  135–8 in usurious practice  141–9 inheritance rights of  115, 149 legal persona of  113–14, 118, 120, 124–5, 214 legal prejudice of  115 legal rights of  115, 118, 135 legittima of  120 male guardian of  114–15, 118–22, 130, 133, 135 noblewomen 117 occupations of  127 property rights of  118, 122, 125, 127, 140, 215 prostitution of  113, 132, 215 ratification of acts by  121, 125, 137, 139–40 reproduction by  113 self-employment of  133 spinning by  73, 132 sword making by  132–3, 149 virginity of  127, 132 Xara, Cola  22 n.36 Xarricato, Bartolomeo  102 Xicorta, Mag Cosimi 90 Xikilune, Antoni  22 n.36 Żabbar 133 Żabbara, Notary Giacomo  69, 69 n.19 Zacaria, Theodorius  54 Zaharia, Hon Mariano 82 Zahra, Domenico  202 Zakynthos  203, 208 Zammit, Antonio  48 n.227 Zante 208 Zante, Giorgio Serviantis del  203 Zanzor, Mahometo Hamidan Benalli de  193 Zanzùr 162 Zarb, Johanna  119 INDEX   263 Zarb, Paulj  119 Zarb, Ysmiralda  119 Żebbuġ  62 n.319, 79, 107 Żejtun  28, 28 n.93, 46 n.211, 62 n.320, 71 n.31 Zerbino, Yahaleph  167 Zograf, Hon Constantini  130 Zoppardi, Agatha  118 Zuàga 162 Żurrieq  46 n.211, 62 n.320, 72, 75, 76 JOAN ABELA is Senior Lecturer in the Legal History and Methodology Department at the University of Malta, Founding Member of the Notarial Archives Foundation and past Secretary of the Malta Historical Society She was the winner of the 2014 Boydell & Brewer Prize for the best doctoral thesis in maritime history.  Cover image: Fragment of a re-cycled portolan chart which served as a parchment binding to the acts of Notary Natale Parmisano for the administrative year 1670–1671 showing the Eastern and Central Mediterranean. Courtesy: Notarial Archives Malta Joan Abela JOAN ABELA Cover design by Greg Jorss Hospitaller Malta and the Mediterranean Economy in the Sixteenth Century Malta in the sixteenth century is usually viewed in military terms: the great bulwark of Christendom against Islam, the island ruled by the crusader Knights of St John – the Hospitallers – with its vast fortifications and its famous siege of 1565.  This book, however, which examines the development of the economy of Malta and its place in the wider Mediterranean economy in the period, paints a much more complex picture.  It shows how Malta was the hub of a large, complicated trading network, with Christians of various denominations, as well as Jews and Muslims, participating in commercial activity, and with well-developed instruments of trade and commercial law in place to support this network It demonstrates that trade was not just in grain, a necessary commodity for Malta as a barren island with insufficient agriculture, but in a much wider range of goods, including even the sale and ransom of slaves.  The book pays particular attention to the important commercial role of women, to safe conducts, which enabled Christians to trade in Muslim lands and vice versa, and to credit arrangements, which facilitated payments, even across the Christian-Muslim divide.  Overall, rather than a key strong-point in a closed frontier, Malta is shown to have been a major centre of international exchange.  Hospitaller Malta and the Mediterranean Economy in the Sixteenth Century JOAN ABELA .. .HOSPITALLER MALTA AND THE MEDITERRANEAN ECONOMY IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY HOSPITALLER MALTA AND THE MEDITERRANEAN ECONOMY IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY Joan Abela THE BOYDELL PRESS... xxii  HOSPITALLER MALTA AND THE MEDITERRANEAN ECONOMY Notaries practising in Malta gathered and bound their registers from September to 31 August, the administrative year corresponding to the Indictional... of Mdina The arrival of the Order and the subsequent establishment of new cities in the harbour area resulted in an ever-increasing number of notaries practising in the port city of Birgu and,