Managerial Competencies for Multinational Businesses Macarena López-Fernández University of Cádiz, Spain Pedro M Romero-Fernández University of Cádiz, Spain A volume in the Advances in Human Resources Management and Organizational Development (AHRMOD) Book Series Published in the United States of America by IGI Global Business Science Reference (an imprint of IGI Global) 701 E Chocolate Avenue Hershey PA, USA 17033 Tel: 717-533-8845 Fax: 717-533-8661 E-mail: cust@igi-global.com Web site: http://www.igi-global.com Copyright © 2019 by IGI Global All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or distributed in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, without written permission from the publisher Product or company names used in this set are for identification purposes only Inclusion of the names of the products or companies does not indicate a claim of ownership by IGI Global of the trademark or registered trademark Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Lopez-Fernandez, Macarena, 1980- editor | Romero-Fernandez, Pedro M., 1956- editor Title: Managerial competencies for multinational businesses / Macarena Lopez-Fernandez and Pedro M Romero-Fernandez, editors Description: Hershey, PA : Business Science Reference, [2018] Identifiers: LCCN 2017054599| ISBN 9781522557814 (hardcover) | ISBN 9781522557821 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Multinational work teams | Communication in management | Management Psychological aspects Classification: LCC HD66.5 M36 2018 | DDC 658/.049 dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017054599 This book is published in the IGI Global book series Advances in Human Resources Management and Organizational Development (AHRMOD) (ISSN: 2327-3372; eISSN: 2327-3380) British Cataloguing in Publication Data A Cataloguing in Publication record for this book is available from the British Library All work contributed to this book is new, previously-unpublished material The views expressed in this book are those of the authors, but not necessarily of the publisher For electronic access to this publication, please contact: eresources@igi-global.com. 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cust@igi-global.com • www.igi-global.com Editorial Advisory Board Jesús Barrena-Martinez, University of Cádiz, Spain Mar Bornay-Barrachina, Pablo de Olavide University, Spain Jesús de Frutos-Belizón, University of Cádiz, Spain Juan Pablo Dianez-Gonzalez, University of Cádiz, Spain Rosalía Diaz-Carrion, University of Cádiz, Spain Noelia Franco-Leal, University of Cádiz, Spain Susana Fernández-Pérez de la Lastra, University of Cádiz, Spain Paloma Gallurt, Pablo de Olavide University, Spain Félix Guerrero-Alba, University of Cádiz, Spain Jaime Guerrero-Villegas, Pablo de Olavide University, Spain Susana Pasamar, Pablo de Olavide University, Spain Marta Ruiz-Martínez, University of Cádiz, Spain  Table of Contents Preface xv Section Introduction Chapter Introduction to the International Managerial Competences Rosalia Diaz-Carrion, University of Cadiz, Spain Macarena López-Fernández, University of Cadiz, Spain Pedro M Romero-Fernandez, University of Cadiz, Spain Section Intrapersonal Competences Chapter From Emotional Intelligence to Emotional Competences in Management 21 Jesus Barrena-Martinez, University of Cadiz, Spain Chapter Managing Stress in an International Career 44 Susana Pasamar, Pablo de Olavide University, Spain Paloma Gallurt, Pablo de Olavide University, Spain Chapter Decision Making: International Managerial Skills 64 Alvaro López-Cabrales, Pablo de Olavide University, Spain Mar Bornay-Barrachina, Pablo de Olavide University, Spain Section Interpersonal Competences Chapter International Management Success: Communication as an Essential Skill 83 Jesús de Frutos-Belizón, University of Cadiz, Spain Susana Fernández Pérez de la Lastra, University of Cadiz, Spain Marta Ruiz-Martínez, University of Cadiz, Spain    Chapter A Practical Approach to Managing Multinational Teams 108 Natalia García-Carbonell, University of Cádiz, Spain Chapter International Meeting Management 126 Diego Asencio, Airbus, Spain Chapter Managing and Shaping Change in International Projects 150 Jürgen Janssens, asUgo Consulting, Belgium Chapter International Human Resource Management: How Should Employees Be Managed in an International Context? 174 Mar Bornay-Barrachina, Pablo de Olavide University, Spain Section Strategic Competences Chapter 10 The Relevance of Stakeholders in an International Context 196 Jaime Guerrero-Villegas, Pablo de Olavide University, Spain Chapter 11 Corporate Social Responsibility as an International Strategy 215 Cristina Márquez-Moreno, University of Cádiz, Spain Jose Luis Durán-Valenzuela, University of Cádiz, Spain Chapter 12 Understanding Industrial Relations in a Comparative Context 236 Jonathan Lavelle, University of Limerick, Ireland Chapter 13 The International Manager: Innovation as a Competitive Advantage 257 Ángel Jareño, Biguntek, Spain Juan José Gibaja, University of Deusto, Spain Amaia Arizkuren, University of Deusto, Spain Chapter 14 Networking: Creating and Maintaining Networks in Business Management 275 Mª del Carmen De la Calle-Durán, Rey Juan Carlos University, Spain  Chapter 15 Strategic Competences in International Business 303 Noelia Franco-Leal, University of Cádiz, Spain Juan Pablo Dianez-Gonzalez, University of Cádiz, Spain Chapter 16 Managerial Competences for the Future: Graduates and Postgraduate Students 318 Edgar Oliver Oliver Cardoso Espinosa, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico Mayra Alejandra Vargas Londoño, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico Compilation of References 332 About the Contributors 357 Index 362 Detailed Table of Contents Preface xv Section Introduction Chapter Introduction to the International Managerial Competences Rosalia Diaz-Carrion, University of Cadiz, Spain Macarena López-Fernández, University of Cadiz, Spain Pedro M Romero-Fernandez, University of Cadiz, Spain Considering that markets today are characterized by high levels of competition and dynamism, the managerial function is becoming increasingly complex Managers need to develop a series of skills to be able to respond to these changes in the environment These competences must cover a broad spectrum: (1) at the strategic level, analyzing opportunities, threats, and the strengths and weaknesses of the organization in order to ensure its survival; (2) at the group or collective level, managing people who work inside and outside the company, and (3) individually, the manager must be in control of him/herself before being able to manage those in his/her charge Thus, proactivity, creativity, team management, and stress or time management are just some of those skills that managers should not ignore This chapter focuses on analyzing the competences that managers must develop in order to be successful in both domestic and international markets Section Intrapersonal Competences Chapter From Emotional Intelligence to Emotional Competences in Management 21 Jesus Barrena-Martinez, University of Cadiz, Spain Emotions can affect the daily behavior and decisions of managers In an international environment where the context, culture, and values can be very different among individuals, it is important to understand and interpret the different kinds of emotions Contributions from human behavioral sciences have shed light on the extent to which the control of emotions by companies and managers is crucial to extract the best individual and collective results This chapter examines the management of emotions from an international perspective Specifically, the chapter analyzes the concept of emotion, its dimensions, the  Compilation of References Orpen, C (1996) Dependency as a moderator of the effects of networking behavior on managerial career success The Journal of Psychology, 130(3), 245–248 doi:10.1080/00223980.1996.9915006 Ortiz, J., Rendón, M., & Atehortúa, J (2009) Necesidad de un nuevo enfoque para la identificación, medición y desarrollo de competencias Linhart, 3(1), 48–54 Paik, Y., & Tung, R L (1999) Negotiating with East Asians: How to attain” win-win” outcomes MIR 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Compensation and Benefits Review, 35(5), 40–44 doi:10.1177/0886368703256932 356 357 About the Contributors Macarena López-Fernández, PhD, is an associate professor in the Department of Business Management, Faculty of Economics and Business, at the University of Cádiz (Spain) She has undertaken various courses specializing in Management competences, HRM and Business Organizations She also teaches undergraduate and postgraduate students in subjects such as, HRM, Managerial Skills, and Organizational Behavior Her research interest covers different aspects of Human Resource Management in organizations and Socially Responsible HRM Pedro Miguel Romero-Fernández is Professor of the Business Management Department of the University of Cadiz His teaching experience (over 15 years) covers an extensive background in subjects such as Strategy, Human Resources, Organizational Behaviour and Personnel Management He has published in the field of Human Resource Management in highly prestigious journals such as the International Journal of Human Resource Management, British Journal of Management and the Journal of Business Research nationally and internationally He also coordinates the Master’s Programme in Human Resource Management *** Amaia Ariskuren is a Professor of Deusto University (since 2013) Human Resource Department of University of Deusto (since 1991) Doctor in Economics and Business Sciences (1997) Bachelor in Economics and Business Sciences (1991) Diego Asencio is a Bachelor in Engineering, Universidad de Cadiz 1998 20 years experience in different international companies and several sectors Manufacturing Industrial and Quality background, with over 10 years improving the way of working in Airbus Group through our Excellence System and Cultural change initiatives Jesus Barrena-Martinez is Assistant Professor in the Faculty of Business and Economics at the University of Cadiz (Spain) His PhD dissertation received a special mention from the Santander Chair of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) for the best PhD in CSR in Spain in 2014 He published in journals such as the International Journal of Human Resource Management, Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, Intangible Capital, European Research on Management and Business Economics, European Journal of Management and Business Economics, and Journal of Human Values He also published Book Chapters for IGI Global, InTechOpen and Business Expert Press His  About the Contributors teaching and research interests include human resource management, corporate social responsibility, intellectual capital Currently, he leads a project about Socially Responsible Human Resource Management and Emotional Capital Mar Bornay-Barrachina is an Assistant Professor in the Management and Marketing Department, Pablo de Olavide University (Seville) She obtained her doctorate in 2007 on Organizational Behavior Her research area is focused on human resource management, strategic leadership, team creativity and innovation She is publishing her research in international journals as Journal of Business and Psychology, British Journal of Management, International Career Development, International Journal of Human Resource Management and Personnel Review among others Edgar O Cardoso, PhD is Professor - Researcher since 2009 on Division of Postgraduate Studies and Research of the Superior School of Commerce and Administration (ESCA) of the National Polytechnic Institute (IPN), Mexico City In his position conducts research projects focused on the management and development of education in educational programs at senior level He teaches courses Methodological Seminar I, II and III to Master’s and Research Seminars I, II and III as well as Research Visits I, II, III and IV to PhD level Dr Cardoso earned his doctorate at the IPN He has a master of science in management and development of education in the ESCA-IPN His research includes evaluation of educational programs and executive education Jesús de Frutos-Belizón is a member from the Business Management Department of the University of Cadiz At present, he is working on academic Intellectual Capital His teaching and research interests are focused on the human resource management, academic intellectual capital and knowledge creation Mª del Carmen De la Calle-Durán has more than 15 years’ teaching and research experience She is a professor of Business Organization at Rey Juan Carlos University (Madrid-Spain), where she teaches subjects related to Human Resource Management and Strategic Management She also collaborates with leading business schools in the teaching of master’s degrees in the field of Human Resource Management, and she has been a teacher and researcher at Cádiz university She holds a Phd in Economics and Business from Cádiz University, and a degree in Economics and Business Sciences from Sevilla University She has undertaken research sojourns at Texas A&M University (us) and at Carlos III University of Madrid She has taken part in numerous national and international congresses, where she has spoken about her different lines of research in the field of human resource management, including such highlights as (1) talent management, and (2) functional flexibility She has published a guide to the fundamentals of human resources called “Fundamentos de Recursos Humanos” (currently in its third edition) and articles in top-tier journals Juan Pablo Diánez-González is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Business Management in the University of Cádiz His research line is mainly focused on academic entrepreneurship, highlighting as main results the presentation of more of twenty contributions to international workshops and conferences as well as the publication of nine articles and book chapters in high impact journals and books Rosalia Diaz-Carrion, PhD, is an associate professor in the Department of Business Organisation, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, at the University of Cádiz (Spain) Doctorate in 358 About the Contributors Sustainable Human Resource Management (HRM) (2016) Teacher of undergraduate and postgraduate programmes in areas related to HRM, Business strategy, International business, Organizational Behaviour, etc Visiting lecturer at Manchester Business School –University of Manchester– (2014), the University of Seville (2017), among others Research interest focused on different aspects of HRM and sustainability José Luis Durán-Valenzuela is Professor in the Department of Marketing and Communication at the University of Cadiz His teaching experience includes the topics of Marketing Management, Market Research, Digital Marketing and Custome Relationship Management Susana Fernández-Pérez de la Lastra, PhD, is an Assistant Professor in the Business Management Department of the University of Cádiz During her PhD, she studied how ambidexterity is created and managed in haute cuisine restaurants Additionally, her teaching and research interests are related to strategic human resource management and intellectual capital Noelia Franco-Leal joined the University of Cádiz during the 2012-2013 academic year Franco-Leal’s research activity is derived from her doctoral thesis and the research projects in which she has actively participated She has published five book chapters and three journal articles Likewise she has participated in fourteen communications in national and international congresses She has also participated in three research projects, of which two have been granted by the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness In relation to her teaching activity, she has taught various subjects in undergraduate, postgraduate and doctoral courses and participated in two teaching innovation projects In addition, seven communications are provided in conferences and seminars of a teaching nature at national and international level Noelia Franco-Leal completed the doctorate in Social and Legal Sciences in 2016 with the qualification of outstanding cum laude, obtaining the extraordinary doctorate award In addition, she has received the extraordinary award in the Master in Business Administration and the Bachelor in Business Administration and Management Franco-Leal also completed two pre-doctoral stays at the University of Lancaster and the University Pablo de Olavide (Seville) Paloma Gallurt, PhD in Management, is an Associate Professor at the University of Pablo de Olavide, Spain, where she teaches subjects related to Organizational Theory Natalia García-Carbonell, PhD, is an Assistant Professor in the Business Management Department of the University of Cádiz She completed her PhD on the influence of top management team’s human capital in the HRM strategy formulation process in 2013 Her teaching and research interests are focused on the HRM strategy, human capital and top management teams’ composition She is also a co-author of different research articles published in international journals such as The European Management Journal, The Business Research Quarterly, The Management Research Review and The International of Journal of Organizational Analysis Juan José Gibaja is Associate Professor (since 2011) Quantitative Methods Department University of Deusto (since 1997) Doctor in Economics and Business Sciences (2000) Bachelor in Mathematics (Statistics and Operations Research, 2004) and Master in Mathematics (Statistics, 2010) 359 About the Contributors Jaime Guerrero-Villegas earned his PhD in Economics and Business from the University of Pablo de Olavide (Spain) He is currently an associate professor at Management and Marketing Department, and he is teaching corporate social responsibility in an international context into master courses His research interests include topics as Corporate Social Responsibility, Corporate Governance, Board of Directors He has several books and has published in journals such as Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, Management Decision, Management International Review, Journal of Organizational Change Management, and Ethical Perspectives, among others Jürgen Janssens is Senior Manager at asUgo Consulting, with a focus on Project & Portfolio Management His experience includes projects in Energy & Utilities, Press & Publishing, Glass Manufacturing, Autonomous Driving, and Professional Services; in diverse locations: Belgium, France, Italy, Spain, Czech Republic, Brazil Jürgen has been co-author for different publications His main focus is the intersection between Management and Technology: Big Data & Digital Transformation, Change Management, Project Management and Portfolio Management He holds a Master in Architectural Engineering from the KU Leuven (Belgium) and an MBA in Finance from the International University of Monaco (Monaco); and pursued Executive Education programs in Strategy & Data Platforms at Columbia University (USA) and MIT (USA) He has collaborated on several newsletters & forums His professional interests include Cross-domain ecosystems, Global dynamics, Digital transformation, Project management, Strategy and Creativity Angel Jareño is a PhD in Business Competitiveness and Economic Development, Deusto, 2017 More than 20 years in various senior management roles (international industrial and local FCMG family firms) PDG IESE 2005 Bachelor in Economics and Business Sciences, Deusto, 1991 Jonathan Lavelle is a Senior Lecturer at the Department of Personnel and Employment Relations, Kemmy Business School, University of Limerick He is a former IRCHSS Post-doctoral fellow, IRCHSS Government of Ireland Scholar and Marie Curie Scholar He has published in leading international journals such as the Journal of International Business Studies, Industrial and Labor Relations Review, Human Relations, Human Resource Management, Human Resource Management Journal, and the Journal of World Business, as well as co-authoring a book and a number of book chapters Alvaro Lopez-Cabrales is an Associate Professor of Human Resource Management in the Business Administration Department, Pablo de Olavide University (Seville), where he obtained his Doctorate in 2003 He has been a Visiting Scholar at the Texas A&M University, in the USA His current work focuses on research in human capital, employment relationships, organizational capabilities and innovation He is publishing his research in international journals such as Human Resource Management, R&D Management, Personnel Review, British Journal of Management or The International Journal of Human Resource Management Cristina Marquez Moreno is an Associate Professor in the Department of Marketing and Communication at the University of Cadiz Her teaching experience includes the topics of Marketing Management and Market Research Her main research interests deal with Corporate Social Responsibility applied to the scope of Universities She also participated in various research projects about CSR at Universities 360 About the Contributors Susana Pasamar, PhD in Management, is an Associate Professor at the University of Pablo de Olavide, Spain, where she teaches subjects related to HRM Her research interests focus on organisational learning and work–life balance She has published articles in journals such asInternational Journal of Manpower,PersonnelReview,European Management Journal and The International Journal of Human Resource Management, among others Marta Ruiz-Martinez is a lecturer in the Department of Business Management at the University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain Her research focuses on Social Capital and Diversity She has been a visiting researcher (PhD candidate) at University of Limerick, in the Kemmy Business School, Department of Personnel and Employment Relations Mayra Vargas Londoño is Colombian with a Bachelor in English Language Teaching and student of a Master’s Degree in Administration and Management of Education at the Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN) Currently part of the CONACYT fellowship program un Mexico 361 362 Index A customer orientation 72-73, 303-305, 307-308, 314 affective commitment 263, 267, 269-270 Altruism 43 Assertiveness 43 autonomy 43, 69, 74, 108, 168, 178, 247, 263, 265, 270 D B E behavior 3, 21-23, 30, 45, 68, 74-75, 78-79, 84, 86, 126, 134, 142, 153, 179-180, 208-209, 211, 215, 217, 219, 223, 229-230, 233, 257-259, 261-267, 269-270, 276, 291, 331 burnout 45, 49, 162, 267-268 business overview 303-306, 308, 314-315 business reality 201, 276-277, 320 effective resource management 303-305, 311, 314 effectiveness 68, 74, 128, 139, 279, 318, 329, 331 efficiency 5, 10, 15, 35, 48, 72, 77, 93, 112, 127-128, 130-131, 165, 211, 310, 318, 320, 324, 328-329, 331 emotional intelligence 6, 21-22, 27-28, 30, 32-35, 328 emotions 21-28, 32-33, 35-36, 43, 48, 59-60, 69, 73, 84, 95, 105, 264 empathy 32-33, 43, 90, 328 employees 3, 5, 10-11, 17-18, 21-23, 28, 30, 39, 4445, 47, 49-57, 59-60, 66-73, 76-79, 84, 89, 93, 108-109, 111-112, 115, 121, 125, 131, 146, 153, 164, 168, 174-177, 179, 181-183, 189, 196, 198, 200, 205, 209-210, 212, 215, 217, 223-225, 230, 236, 238, 243, 246, 248, 262, 264-267, 270, 275, 282, 298-299, 307-308, 319 environment 1-2, 10, 21, 23, 46-48, 51, 53, 58, 64, 69-71, 74, 76, 78, 83-84, 101, 108, 111, 128, 131, 153-154, 157, 160, 164, 167-168, 197-199, 201, 203, 205, 208, 210-211, 215-217, 219, 227, 230, 259, 261, 264, 269-270, 275-276, 284, 297, 303-308, 310-311, 318-319, 321 ethics code 227 evolution 7, 11, 21, 71, 146, 169, 200, 220, 306 expatriates 51-54, 56, 58, 177, 183, 185-187, 190-191 C change diagnostics 154, 170 cognitive process 23 collective agreements 246-252 collective bargaining 236-240, 243, 245-253 communication process 86-87, 90, 98, 127, 131 Company Culture 153-154 comparative HRM 176 Competence Profile 125 competences 1-8, 10-11, 17-18, 21-23, 28-30, 32-33, 38, 56, 65-67, 70, 109, 115, 118, 120, 170, 186, 259, 270, 300, 303-308, 311, 314, 318-329 Configurations of Human Capital 75-76 contact 105, 112, 191, 196, 209, 265, 275-276, 282285, 287-289, 291-293, 296, 298, 300 cooperation 69, 115, 152, 163, 205, 208, 240, 295, 325 Cronbach’s Alpha 325, 331 Cross-Cultural Adjustment 52 cross-cultural management 176 CSR reports 233 Cultural Diversity 125   Decision-Making Capacity 43 digitalization 2, 153 F feelings 21, 27, 34, 36, 46, 51, 84, 103, 105-106, 112, 217-218 Index G M Gartner 156-157 good practice 15, 132, 135, 139 government 78, 151, 163, 177, 197, 211, 238-239, 241, 310, 318 groups 3, 22, 28, 30, 33, 48, 66, 72, 75, 79, 84, 87, 109, 113, 125, 143, 153, 162, 180, 196-197, 200, 205, 209-210, 224, 229-230, 266, 283, 287, 294-295, 300, 321, 329 management practices 109, 120, 125, 178, 190, 266, 269-270 managerial competences 1-2, 4, 28, 32, 56, 318-320, 322, 324-328 managerial skills 2, 4, 17, 64-65, 71, 78, 109, 118, 150, 283, 326-327 maturity 150-151, 153, 155-162, 166-167, 170 members 7, 43, 47-48, 68-69, 79, 109, 112, 115, 121, 127, 129-130, 138, 143-144, 159, 163, 210, 238239, 241, 243-245, 265, 267, 283, 288, 294-295, 320, 326, 328 mentoring 52, 167, 275, 277, 287, 290-291, 299, 310 motivation 3, 6, 10, 15, 17, 28, 35, 43, 47, 57, 75-77, 91, 93, 103, 106, 263, 267, 270, 276 MSCEIT 35-36, 38, 43 multinational teams 108, 111-113, 115, 117-118, 120-121, 125 H higher education 321-322 Hofstede 22, 78-79, 179-180 I ideation 261 implementation 5, 108, 208, 215-216, 227-228, 247, 258-261, 263, 265, 270, 319 individual characteristics 65, 72-73 industrial relations 176, 236-237 innovation 70, 72-73, 77, 143, 164-165, 170, 249, 257267, 269-270, 298, 319-321, 323, 326, 328-329 Innovative Work Behavior 257-258, 261-267, 269-270 interfunctional orientation 303-305, 311, 314 international business 2, 11, 22, 102, 183, 201, 212, 303, 307-308, 311, 314 International Management 11, 65, 83, 177 International Managerial Skills 64 international market 17, 205, 304, 308-309 international organizations 202, 236-237 internationalization 67, 85, 92, 108, 174-175, 181, 187, 196, 201, 203-206, 208-209, 211, 236-237, 305, 309, 313 interpersonal 2, 28, 112 K Karoshi 45, 49 knowledge management 112, 269, 319 L leader 7, 17, 23, 27, 30, 32, 35, 55, 71-72, 89, 125, 136, 138-141, 245, 264-265, 294 learning process 17 legitimacy 201, 209, 215, 243, 248, 276, 300 Likert Scale 325, 331 N negotiation 161, 209, 249, 251-252, 270, 303-305, 313-315 networking 275-300, 303-305, 308, 310, 314 Networking Planning 292-293 networking skills 275, 278, 290, 293, 299, 308, 310 non-governmental organizations 196-197, 209, 211 non-verbal language 84 O organizational characteristics 48, 64, 66 organizational communication 88, 103 owners 153, 197, 205, 209, 220, 223, 225 P participative leadership 264-265, 270 people management practices 266, 270 personal efficiency 5, 10, 15, 320 personal traits 56 postgraduate course 322, 325-327 program 156-157, 159, 180, 188, 190, 290, 325, 328, 331 project portfolio 150, 152, 161, 164 psychological response 23 Q quantitative study 318 363 Index R repatriates 189-191 report 34, 36, 66, 83, 99-100, 103, 186, 228, 230, 241, 265, 291 resilience 27, 43, 56 resource management 67-68, 108, 113, 156, 158, 161-162, 174, 176, 236-237, 269, 303-305, 311, 314, 322 responsibility 3, 10-11, 27, 43, 45, 55, 57, 136, 151, 178, 215-216, 218, 220-224, 227-231, 290, 294, 318, 326 risk 46, 50, 52-53, 67, 92, 111, 129, 140, 156-157, 159-161, 164, 206-210, 257, 313 S self-confidence 43, 293 self-control 35, 43, 328 Self-Criticism 6, 43 shareholders 22, 27, 84, 196-198, 200, 209-210, 212, 216, 220, 224-225, 230, 275 silos 163 social capital 276, 278 social networks 28, 98, 275, 277, 287-288, 299 social responsibility 215-216, 218, 220-224, 227-228, 230-231, 318, 326 stakeholders 27, 36, 94, 153-155, 160-162, 170, 196201, 205, 208-212, 216, 219-220, 223-225, 227231, 275, 300, 305 strategic competences 4, 10-11, 303-307, 314 strategy 4-5, 15, 35, 67-68, 72, 77, 85, 115, 127, 150151, 158-161, 164-166, 168-170, 180, 187, 203, 206-207, 211, 215-216, 224, 227, 246, 264-265, 290-291, 293, 295, 307-308, 319, 321, 328 364 stress 1, 6, 44-60, 63, 112, 128, 138, 210, 260 stressors 44-48, 51-52, 55-56, 60 structure of a meeting 126 synergies 10, 109-110, 112-113, 115-118, 125, 170, 203, 208 Synergy Bias 125 T team dynamics 109, 152 Team Manager 118, 120, 125 Team Spirit 43 techniques 4, 18, 39, 45, 47, 56-57, 78, 83, 91, 102, 125, 142-143, 154, 167, 208, 246, 264, 275-277, 287, 299 trade union density 241-243, 249-250 trade union engagement 244, 252 trade unions 236-241, 243-249, 251-253 triple bottom 231 types of meetings 127-128 types of networking 277, 280-281, 283 V visibility and exposure events 275, 277, 287, 289 W WORK ENGAGEMENT 267 work experience 263-264, 318, 325-327 WRITTEN TEXTS 99 .. .Managerial Competencies for Multinational Businesses Macarena López-Fernández University of Cádiz, Spain Pedro M Romero-Fernández... Lopez-Fernandez, Macarena, 1980- editor | Romero-Fernandez, Pedro M., 1956- editor Title: Managerial competencies for multinational businesses / Macarena Lopez-Fernandez and Pedro M Romero-Fernandez, editors... higher performance (Prahalad & Hamel, 1990) Cockerill et al (1995) differentiate between threshold competences, necessary for performing a job but not associated with superior performance, and