Business and public policy responses to environmental and social protection processes

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Business and public policy responses to environmental and social protection processes

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www.ebook3000.com This page intentionally left blank Business and Public Policy It is increasingly common for businesses to face public policies and government regulation that demand some form of environmental or social protection These protective public policies have grown in number, complexity, and stringency over the last few decades, not only in industrialized countries but also in the developing world In this book, Jorge E Rivera presents a new theoretical framework for understanding the relationship between protective public policies and business compliance This framework explains different levels of business compliance in terms of three different factors: the link between the stages of protective public policies and different levels of business resistance, the effect of country context, and the effect of fi rm-level characteristics The second part of the book supports and elaborates on this framework by presenting empirical studies that examine two voluntary environmental programs: the US ski industry’s Sustainable Slopes Program and the Certification for Sustainable Tourism in Costa Rica jorge e river a is Associate Professor of Strategic Management and Public Policy at The George Washington University School of Business, Washington DC He is also an associate editor of the journals Policy Sciences and Business & Society www.ebook3000.com Business, Value Creation, and Society Series editors R Edward Freeman, University of Virginia Stuart L Hart, Cornell University and University of North Carolina David Wheeler, Dalhousie University, Halifax The purpose of this innovative series is to examine, from an international standpoint, the interaction of business and capitalism with society In the twenty-first century it is more important than ever that business and capitalism come to be seen as social institutions that have a great impact on the welfare of human society around the world Issues such as globalization, environmentalism, information technology, the triumph of liberalism, corporate governance, and business ethics all have the potential to have major effects on our current models of the corporation and the methods by which value is created, distributed, and sustained among all stakeholders€– customers, suppliers, employees, communities, and financiers Published titles in this series: Fort Business, Integrity, and Peace Gomez and Korine Entrepreneurs and Democracy Crane, Matten, and Moon Corporations and Citizenship Painter-Morland Business Ethics as Practice Yaziji and Doh NGOs and Corporations Forthcoming titles: Sachs, Rühli, and Kern Stakeholders Matter Maak and Pless Responsible Leadership Business and Public Policy Responses to Environmental and Social Protection Processes Jorg e E R i v e r a The George Washington University www.ebook3000.com CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo, Delhi, Dubai, Tokyo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521897815 © Jorge E Rivera 2010 This publication is in copyright Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press First published in print format 2010 ISBN-13 978-0-511-77671-7 eBook (NetLibrary) ISBN-13 978-0-521-89781-5 Hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate To my parents, Jorge and Leonor, and my wife Jennifer, with love www.ebook3000.com Contents page ix List of figures x List of tables Foreword xii Acknowledgments xiv Publication acknowledgments xvi 1â•… Introduction 2â•… Business responses to the protective policy process in the US 3â•… Country context and the protective policy process–business response relationship 44 4â•… Firm-level characteristics and business responses to environmental/social protection demands 69 5â•… Is greener whiter? Resistance strategies by the US ski industry 86 6â•… Is greener whiter yet? Resistance or beyond-compliance by the US ski industry 111 7â•… Institutional pressures and proactive environmental protection:€evidence from the Costa Rican hotel industry 144 8â•… Chief executive officers and proactive environmental protection:€evidence from the Costa Rican hotel industry 166 www.ebook3000.com vii viii Contents ╇ 9â•…Certified beyond-compliance and competitive advantage in developing countries 185 10â•… Conclusion 205 References 215 Index 243 ... resistance shown by business to environmental and social protection policy demands? (3) How firm-level characteristics affect the environmental and social protection policy process business response... and Pless Responsible Leadership Business and Public Policy Responses to Environmental and Social Protection Processes Jorg e E R i v e r a The George Washington University www.ebook3000.com... comes to business resistance to environmental and social policies, with countries with lower levels of democracy and income per capita evincing more business resistance to environmental and social

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  • Half-title

  • Series-title

  • Title

  • Copyright

  • Dedication

  • Contents

  • Figures

  • Tables

  • Foreword

  • Acknowledgments

  • Publication acknowledgments

  • 1 Introduction

    • Main book ideas and propositions

      • Empirical studies

    • Notes

  • 2 Business responses to the protective policy process in the US

    • Neo-institutional theory and public policies

    • Classification of business responses to policy process demands

      • Measuring resistance

    • The protective public policy process in the US

    • Protective policy process–business response in the US: an inverted U relationship

      • Initiation stage

      • Formulation-selection stage

      • Implementation stage

    • Notes

  • 3 Country context and the protective policy process–business response relationship

    • Political context

      • Level of democratization

        • Freedom of the press and speech

        • Freedom of association

        • Freedom of political participation and the right to vote

      • Policy network style: pluralistic versus corporatist systems

    • Regulatory approach: command-and-control versus incentive-based

    • Economic context

    • Notes

  • 4 Firm-level characteristics and business responses to environmental/social protection demands

    • Resource-related firm characteristics

      • Financial performance

      • Firm size

      • Micro-businesses and the protective policy process

    • Industry type

    • Firm ownership characteristics

      • Multinational corporation subsidiaries

      • Stock market participation

    • Export orientation to advanced industrialized countries

    • Industry association membership

    • Top manager demographic characteristics

      • Formal education level

      • Academic major

      • Advanced industrialized country nationality

    • Limitations to the influence of firm characteristics

    • Notes

  • 5 Is greener whiter? Resistance strategies by the US ski industry

    • The US ski industry and the Sustainable Slopes Program

    • Theory and hypotheses

    • Methodology

    • Results

    • Discussion

    • Conclusions

    • Notes

  • 6 Is greener whiter yet? Resistance or beyond-compliance by the US ski industry

    • Conceptual framework

      • Motivations for participation in VEPs

      • Effectiveness of VEPs

    • The context of western skiing: principal actors and programs

      • The ski industry and the USFS

    • The Sustainable Slopes Program: 2000–5 implementation

    • Methodology

      • Statistical analysis

      • Data and measures

    • Results and discussion

      • Adoption of the SSP

      • Environmental effectiveness of the SSP

    • Conclusions

    • Notes

  • 7 Institutional pressures and proactive environmental protection: evidence from the Costa Rican hotel industry

    • The Certification for Sustainable Tourism

    • Tourism and the evolution of the Costa Rican hotel industry

    • Theory and hypotheses

    • Research methodology

      • Data collection and sample

      • Data analysis

      • Variable measures

    • Results and discussion

      • Descriptive statistics

      • Participation in the CST program

      • Beyond-compliance environmental performance

    • Conclusions

    • Limitations and future research

    • Notes

  • 8 Chief executive officers and proactive environmental protection: evidence from the Costa Rican hotel industry

    • Methods

      • Data collection

      • Data analysis

      • Variable measurements

    • Findings

      • CST participation and CEO education and expertise

      • CST participation and CEO nationality

      • Beyond-compliance environmental performance and CEO education and expertise

      • Beyond-compliance environmental performance and CEO nationality

    • Discussion

    • Conclusions

    • Notes

  • 9 Certified beyond-compliance and competitive advantage in developing countries

    • Voluntary environmental programs and.. economic benefits to firms

      • Resource-based theory of the firm

      • Resource-based theory and voluntary environmental programs

    • Research methods

      • Sample selection

      • Statistical analysis techniques

      • Application of the two-stage methodology to assess price/sales benefits of the CST program

      • Dependent variable measures

      • Independent variable measures

    • Results

      • CST environmental performance and differentiation advantage benefits

        • Price premium benefits

      • Sales benefits

    • Research limitations and implications for future research

    • Conclusions

      • CST program and differentiation advantage benefits

    • Notes

  • 10 Conclusion

    • Protective policy process–business response relationship in the US

    • Moderating effect of country context

    • Evidence from empirical research: the Costa Rican hotel industry and the US ski industry

    • Future research agenda

    • Notes

  • References

  • Index

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