i Global Business Ethics ii THIS PAGE IS INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK iii Global Business Ethics Responsible decision making in an international context Ronald D Francis Guy Murfey iv Publisher’s note Every possible effort has been made to ensure that the information contained in this book is accurate at the time of going to press, and the publisher and authors cannot accept responsibility for any errors or omissions, however caused No responsibility for loss or damage occasioned to any person acting, or refraining from action, as a result of the ma­terial in this publication can be accepted by the editor, the publisher or either of the authors First published in Great Britain and the United States in 2016 by Kogan Page Limited Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licences issued by the CLA Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentioned addresses: 2nd Floor, 45 Gee Street 1518 Walnut Street, Suite 1100 London EC1V 3RS Philadelphia PA 19102 United Kingdom USA www.koganpage.com 4737/23 Ansari Road Daryaganj New Delhi 110002 India © Ronald D Francis and Guy Murfey, 2016 The right of Ronald D Francis and Guy Murfey to be identified as the authors of this work has been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 ISBN 978 7494 7395 E-ISBN 978 7494 7396 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Francis, Ronald D (Ronald David), 1931- author   Global business ethics : responsible decision making in an international context / Ronald D Francis, Guy Murfey   pages cm   Includes bibliographical references and index   ISBN 978-0-7494-7395-2 – ISBN 978-0-7494-7396-9 (ebk)  1.  Business ethics.  2.  International business enterprises–Moral and ethical aspects.  I.  Murfey, Guy, author.  II.  Title   HF5387.F7364 2016  174’.4 dc23 2015027326 Typeset by Graphicraft Limited, Hong Kong Print production managed by Jellyfish Printed and bound in India by Replika Press, Pvt Ltd v Co n t e n t s Preface ix Acknowledgements x Pa r t O n e  The necessity, justification and research into cross-cultural business ethics 1 01 Background to ethics 3 Introduction 3 Purpose of the book 3 Moral versus aesthetic values 4 The necessity for business ethics 5 Advantages of being ethical 8 Corporate governance 10 Goodwill 15 The Marlow Declaration 16 ‘Ends justifies the means’ debate 17 Is ethics a luxury? 18 Conclusion 18 Recommended reading 20 02 Justification for ethics 22 Introduction 22 Ethics is rational 23 Ethics is profitable 23 Ethics is mandated by law 26 Ethics helps companies maintain their relationship with shareholders 27 Ethics can facilitate opportunities 28 Ethics is essential for business record keeping 30 Ethics assists in the management of privacy 30 Ethics is core to the sustainability of the financial system 32 Discriminant analysis and decision making 35 Conclusion 36 Recommended reading 38 vi Contents 03 Cross-cultural issues in business ethics 40 Introduction 40 Hofstede’s model 41 National and environmental factors 43 Learning from other cultures 54 Corruption 56 Conclusion 57 Recommended reading 59 04 Organizational factors in business ethics 61 Introduction 61 The organization and ethics 62 Other organizational issues 79 Conclusion 82 Recommended reading 84 05 Individual factors in business ethics 87 Introduction 87 The individual and ethics 88 Psychological theories and ethics 95 Social 96 Physical factors 100 Conclusion 101 Recommended reading 104 Pa r t T w o Theoretical issues in business ethics 105 06 Theoretical approaches 107 Introduction 107 The nature of ethics 108 Ethical principles and exceptions 109 Theories of morality 109 Bases of ethical theories 115 Excellence 115 Conclusion 119 Recommended reading 122 Contents 07 Legal aspects of ethics 124 Introduction 124 Legal or moral? 125 Commonality between law and ethics 132 Codes of conduct as law 135 Conclusion 138 Recommended reading 140 Pa r t T h r e e   Solving problems 143 08 Ethical gradualism, culture, quantification and codes 145 Introduction 145 Ethical gradualism 147 Creating an ethical corporate culture 150 Fostering an ethical culture 161 Learning strategies 162 Sensitizing to ethical issues 165 The importance of a learning strategy for an ethical culture 166 Syllabus matters 166 Essential elements of an ethical corporate structure 167 The importance and principal features of ethical codes 169 Conclusion 171 Recommended reading 174 09 Investigating ethical breaches 175 Introduction 175 Should there be an investigation? 176 How to resolve an ethical dilemma 177 Other factors for consideration 185 Conclusion 193 Recommended reading 196 10 International standards and first principles 197 Introduction 197 OECD guidelines for multinational enterprises 198 OECD principles of corporate governance 203 First level principles 205 vii viii Contents Other issues relating to principles 210 Conclusion 212 Recommended reading 216 Ethical codes: ready reference guide (glossary of international codes related to ethics) 218 References 226 Index 232 Online resources to accompany this book are available at www.koganpage.com/GBE ix P r e face T he statement ‘in this rapidly changing world’ is so commonly used now it has become a cliché The community now accepts the pace of change as routine and this is dangerous The cumulative effect of our improved computers, our complex machines and our understanding of the natural world including our own biology is massive to the point of being incomprehensible We have eminent people such as Stephen Hawking (physicist) and Elon Musk (technology entrepreneur) calling for an ethics committee to rule over Artificial Intelligence projects, and we have Ray Kurzweil (director of engineering at Google) making statements that not only will the world change, our existing world will effectively cease to exist (Cellan-Jones, 2015, Schultz, 2015 and Zolfagharifard, 2015) Now is not the time for the world community to be treating business as ‘business as usual’ There are real risks, greater than we have ever known The time to resolve them is not after they have occurred; that will be too late The traditional mechanisms that we have relied upon for centuries to make adjustments between business and social responsibility will not work in this situation One of the crucial determinants of our future will be the morality of the executives that are overseeing these changes and the ethics of their corporations This book is an attempt to give a short but comprehensive understanding of the key issues in global business ethics and assist business students and business people to work through ethical problems Among the issues it canvasses is that it is a subject that should be of international ˛ significance, and as such it recognizes such approaches as Confucianism, Shari ah law, and the substantial cultural differences that commonly occur Here the stance adopted is that of noting that the intention to be ethical is a critical component If a legalistic approach is taken it is quite possible to subvert the good work of ethics Loopholing may be commonly used but, it is argued, it is contrary to the spirit and intention of being ethical If we disagree with the law then the proper action is to try to change it In this we need to recognize that laws may be ambiguous, but that the problem is in the nature of the wording of the law, and therefore this work recognizes that definitions may be soft rather than hard We have included a brief account of the various approaches to ethics that theorists have contributed We also include vignette cases, solved cases, discussion points and, importantly, issues of ethical gradualism and of the quantification of ethical matters Finally it is noted that the authors would welcome feedback and suggestions for improvement 224 Ethical Codes: Ready Reference Guide ●● Collect and appropriately report on the environmental impacts (including health and safety, and potential for improvement) of their operations OECD Guidelines Chapter VI paras 1&2 ●● Ensure that they have appropriate programmes, systems and monitoring (financial and ethical) to detect bribery OECD Guidelines Chapter VII, para ●● Have appropriate systems to monitor and report on the use of ‘agents’ starting with the hiring process through to the end of the relationship to protect against bribery OECD Guidelines Chapter VII, para See also ‘Accounting procedures’ and ‘Auditors’ Safety standards: Corporations should provide a safe working environment OECD Guidelines Chapter V, para 4(c): ●● provide reasonable and safe working conditions (including circumstances where workers may need to be retrenched); and ●● use local labour where possible and improve their skill levels See ‘Employment and industrial relations’ Science and technology: Corporations should, within the limits of intellectual property and commercial confidentiality, adopt strategies to disseminate technology and knowledge OECD Guidelines Chapter IX Secret commissions: It is unethical to take secret commissions or to solicit or receive compromising gifts See also ‘Bribery’ Shareholders: Shareholders should be granted a number of rights and those rights should be protected by the corporation Broadly these are the right to information and an effective say in material issues OECD Corporate governance Part I Chapter II In particular, minority and foreign shareholders should receive equal treatment OECD Corporate governance Part I Chapter III See also ‘Dispute resolution’ Slave labour: Corporations should ensure that their workforce and that of their supply chains does not involve any form of ‘forced labour’ They are also expected to work towards and assist with any suppression of this practice OECD Guidelines Chapter V, para 1(d), UN Human rights Article 4, ILO Declaration para 2(b) Stakeholders: Corporations should ensure that the rights of persons and organizations are recognized by law or by agreement as stakeholders OECD Corporate governance Part I, Chapter Taxes: Corporations should ensure that they pay their fair share of tax and not enter into arrangements that defeat the spirit of the law and deprive governments of revenue OECD Guidelines Chapter XI Transparency: See ‘Disclosure’ Ethical Codes: Ready Reference Guide Unions: See ‘Associations’ Vulnerable customers and traders: See ‘Consumers’ Withdrawal of harmful goods or services: Where it comes to the attention of providers of goods or services that the products are harmful, the goods or services should be withdrawn from sale and/or recalled See also ‘Consumers’ Working conditions: Maintain working conditions that are, as a minimum, the same as that of other local employers However, the remuneration should be sufficient to ensure that the worker and their family’s basic needs are meet OECD Guidelines Chapter V, para 225 226 Re f e r e n ce s American scams [online] https://www.ncjrs.gov/App/abstractdb/ AbstractDBDetails.aspx?id=242180 Ascalon, M E and Schleicher, M P B (2008) Cross-cultural social intelligence: as assessment for employees working in cross-national contexts, Cross-cultural Management: An International Journal, 15 (2), pp 109–30 Axelrod, T (1990) The Evolution of Cooperation, Penguin, London Barraquier, A (2011) Ethical behaviour in practice: decision outcomes and strategic implications, British Journal of Management, 22 (suppl 1), pp 28–46 Bastien, J R (1997) Can ethics improve the bottom line? 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In D I Rhode, Moral Leadership: The theory and practice of power, judgment, and policy, Jossey Bass, San Francisco Zolfagharifard, E (2015) Don’t let AI take all our jobs and kill us: Stephen Hawking and Elon Musk sign open letter warning of robot uprising Daily Mail, 13 January [online] http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2907069/don-t-let-AI-jobs-kill-stephenhawking-elon-musk-sign-open-letter-warning-robot-uprising.html 231 232 I ND E X Note: Page numbers in bold indicate section headings This Index covers the main text pages of the book only, not the Roman-numbered preliminary pages absenteeism  24, 150 accountability  10, 13, 30, 119, 132, 203–04, 209, 214, 219 accounting practices  13, 26, 30, 51, 132, 152 advantages 4, 8, 9, 11, 26, 55, 112, 131–32, 134, 140, 148, 151, 158, 159, 161, 182, 190, 200, 201, 202, 208, 210, 219 aesthetic values  4, alcohol  101, 134, 157 altruism  96, 112 Amazon  34, 39, 126, 128 animals testing  159, 189, 205, 210 apologies 175, 189 appeals  8, 18, 80, 90, 114, 115, 129, 138, 147, 183 Apple  29, 45, 46, 128 Aristotle 112–13 Banamex  12, 21, 56 bankruptcy 75 banks  5, 12, 14, 21, 45, 51, 75, 97, 112, 134, 153, 186 biodiversity 200 Body Shop  159 bottom line  6, 13–14, 20, 70, 158 bribes  8, 29, 50, 54–56, 58, 72, 77, 79, 200 British Co-operative Society  15 Cadbury  15, 212 capitalism  14, 30, 44, 159 case studies  35–36, 58, 146, 164, 192 categorical imperative  115 charity  113, 176 charter 13 Chatham House Rules  175, 188 chemicals 101 Citibank  12, 45 corporate climate audit  145, 150, 151–52 co-operation  13, 15, 43, 72, 80, 88, 96, 97, 98, 102, 151, 197, 199 code of conduct and code of ethics distinguished  108 codes and law  99, 124 collectivism (see individualism–collectivism) competition  24–25, 33, 50, 63, 80, 96, 116–117, 202 compliance  5, 8, 25–26, 32, 50, 63, 65, 68, 70, 131, 136, 151, 162, 168 conflict of interest  10–11, 23, 27, 51, 59, 69, 97, 103, 157, 170, 179, 182, 194–95, 206–07, 219 conflict of laws (see also Private International law and legal pluralism)  133 conflict of principles  27, 164, 198, 211, 212, 214 conflict of values  23, 69, 88, 103, 164, 170, 206, 214 confucianism  3, 42, 107, 111, 120 conscience  23, 132 consequentialism  109–10, 120 contracts  3, 14, 23, 34, 45, 55, 81, 83, 98, 160, 194, 208, 210 convening an ethics committee  164 corporate corporate business climate  7, 145, 150, 151–52, 199 corporate ethical climate  7, 10, 145, 150, 151, 152 corporate governance  4, 10, 11–13, 18–19, 27, 32, 197–98, 214 corporate social responsibility (CSR)  25, 30, 33, 44, 51, 65, 67, 119, 146, 159, 168, 214 corruption  8, 28, 30, 56, 57, 173, 200 creativity  25, 30, 33, 131, 148–49, 175, 182, 188, 204–05 credit  5, 31–33, 148, 186 credit unions  15 crime  28, 32, 56, 66, 69, 77–78, 97, 100, 112, 129, 157, 176, 178 cross culture/cross–national  40 cross cultural ethical intelligence  92 Cross Cultural Ethics Maturity Scale  93 culpability  137, 189, 202 data  30, 31, 35, 41, 79, 95, 180, 203, 209 dealing with difficult people  16 debts  45, 51, 84, 112, 135 decision tree (see Figures 9.1–9.6) delay (see also promptness)  126–27, 178, 187 Delphi technique  153–54 deontology  107, 109, 110, 120 Index DEPHOGS 205 dignity  99, 131, 197, 205, 206, 210–11, 213–14 directors  10–11, 27 discriminant analysis  22, 35, 36 Disney 55 disposition of cases (see sanctions) dissemination of a code  161, 170 distributive justice  207 no harm (Hippocrates)  99, 130, 131, 178, 208 early learning  9, 165, economics of ethical decision making  176 ego strength  87, 91 emergent company  66 emergent ethics  61, 80 empathy 92 ends and means  4, 17, 18–19, 129, 206 environment (commercial)  3, 7, 15, 18, 46, 50, 53, 54, 57, 74, 77, 81, 82, 83, 88, 89, 93, 94, 103, 107, 114, 133, 145, 146, 158, 159, 168, 169, 170, 178, 194, 195, 198, 205 environment (ethical)  177, 190 environment (physical)  7, 23, 26, 33, 40, 43, 49, 56, 100, 101, 130, 151, 158, 182, 187, 199, 200, 211, 213 equitability  13, 15, 28, 30, 51, 103, 170, 186, 188, 189, 204, 205, 206, 207, 210, 215 espionage  7, 157 ethics brain evolution and ethics  88, 100 diet and ethics  88, 100, 101 emergent ethics  61, 80 ethical audit  26, 30, 51, 66, 72, 152, 194, 198 ethical cultures (creating)  29, 57, 59, 69, 76, 138, 150, 177 ethical intelligence  87, 96, 102 ethical investment  27, 32, 127, 190 ethical principles in conflict  198, 211 ethics as a luxury  4, 9, 18, 19 ethics committees  66, 161, 164, 176–78, 188 ethics consultants  37, 145, 151, 152 ethics definitions  11, 13, 69, 93, 96, 103, 108, 113, 145, 147, 150, 153, 168, 172, 190 investigating ethical issues  8, 12, 20, 22, 29, 35, 56–57, 65, 128, 137, 171, 173, 175, 176, 178–81, 194–95 measures of ethical performance  66, 150, 161, 165, 173 overreach of ethics  176, 178, 194 relative and absolute ethics  108, 153, 198, 210 self-governance (self-regulation)  11, 26, 51, 91, 132, 138 sensitizing to ethics  8, 46, 51–52, 100, 146, 162, 165, 167 wind and ethics  100 ethno-centrism  89, 92–94, 102 etiquette  54, 167, 211 excellence  107, 113, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 173 exception proves the rule  56, 205 exploitation  6, 22–23, 34 families of law (legal pluralism)  133–34 finance  13, 18, 22, 26, 30, 31, 32, 34, 36, 45, 56, 58, 64,74, 75, 83, 84, 90, 99, 126, 128, 134–35, 136, 151, 157, 158, 166, 176 finance (Islamic)  135 financial reporting standards  136, 166, 169 Ford  64–65, 69, 137 Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (USA)  5, 29, 56, 72, 137 formal and informal codes  46–48, 54, 88, 103, 124–25, 128, 129, 131, 138, 148, 150, 166 fostering a code and culture  9, 147, 161, 163, 171 fraud  12, 18, 23, 25, 69, 76, 78, 84, 116, 194, 195 freedom of information  95, 108 gambling 134 games theory  98 geep 189 gifts  7, 54, 58–59, 157 global financial crisis (GFC)  5, 10, 14, 32, 50, 51, 75, 128 globalization  11, 25, 28, 30, 57 God’s ordinances  107, 114, 120 golden rule  108 goodwill 4, 15, 16–19, 26, 147, 205–06, 210 Google  31, 34, 80, 126 government (public service)  50, 57, 159, 167, 192, 208 gradualism  9, 138, 145, 147, 148–49, 171–72 Guanxi  111–12, 120, 122 hard/soft law  125, 132 Harley-Davidson  80, 117 Hart-Devlin debate  125, 129, 130, 139 Hershey  28, 128 hierarchy of needs (Maslow)  113–14 Hofstede’s principles  40, 41, 42–43, 46–47, 53, 57 honesty  11, 73, 99, 108, 113, 150, 157, 186, 197, 205, 208 human organs  hypotheticals 165 233 234 Index ideology  50, 159 importance (see urgency and importance) imposter syndrome  116 Indian court system  139, 187 indigenous 133–34 individualism-collectivism  41, 46 insider trading  11, 77, 160 intellectual property  151, 201–02 interest (cash)  14, 74, 134 International Financial Reporting Standards (does not include OECD code)  136, 212 internet  18, 31, 163–64, 187, 202, 209 investigating ethical issues  8, 12, 20, 22, 29, 35, 56–57, 65, 128, 137, 171, 173, 175–76, 178–80, 194–95 investment  27, 32, 127, 189, 190 Islamic financial terms  134–35 Japanese and American leadership styles  72, 74 Japanese culture  55, 73, 76–77, 90, 117–18 Johnson & Johnson (see Tylenol) journalists  32, 128, 137, 210 jurisprudence 130 justice delayed is justice denied  187 Kantian ethics  89, 107, 110, 115, 120 Kohlberg’s stages  62, 88–89, 91, 102 language  11, 41, 52, 53, 65, 71, 87, 92, 148, 177, 205 late payment of accounts  56 law legal pluralism (conflict of laws)  125–26, 133, 139 legal weight of codes  124, 125, 135 legislation  5, 6, 11, 29, 32, 75, 80, 99, 113, 126, 129, 131, 132, 133, 135, 138, 146, 151, 170, 192, 206, 210 leadership (see also ‘Japanese and American leadership styles’)  10, 13, 24–25, 51, 53, 61, 69, 72, 74, 82, 94, 97, 116, 151, 161, 168, 204, 208 learning strategies  54, 145–47, 162, 160–64, 166, 171–72, 201 lectures 146, 163, 164 legislature (parliament)  113 Lehman Brothers  75, 128 liability  31, 189 Lloyd Morgan’s principle (Occam’s razor)  205 locus of control  87, 91 loyalty  17, 23, 42, 46–47, 54, 73–74, 88, 99, 157, 164, 190, 211 Luxembourg leaks  127, 128, 131, 202 Machiavelli 79 malice 186 Marlow Declaration  4, 16, 17 masculinity-femininity continuum  41, 49 Maslow (see hierarchy of needs) Matsushita  90, 118, 185, 214 means and ends (see ends and means) media  6, 31, 40, 43–45, 67, 76, 163, 187 mentoring 146, 165 mergers  10, 79, 157 Mill, John Stuart  110 millennium bug  95, 189 ministerial control  138 modes of managing morality (MMM)  62, 68 Moore G E  110 moral development stages (see also Kohlberg)  61, 62–63, 72, 73, 88, 89, 90, 91, 102, 124, 138, 169 moral insanity (psychopathy)  96 morale  11, 14, 24, 32, 151, 186, 190, 194 morals and ethics distinguished  109 motives  13, 15–16, 25, 27, 30, 97, 118, 192 National Business Ethics Survey  170 native advertising  10, 209, 210 natural justice  124–25, 132, 139, 181–82 naturalistic fallacy  107, 115, 120 necessary and sufficient conditions  204, 208 Nestlé 45 New Lanark  15 News of the World  137 Nike 65–66 nominal group technique  153–54 non-verbal communication  53 obligation to have a code  5, 51, 74, 110, 125, 129, 136, 162, 192, 214 Occam’s razor (see Lloyd Morgan’s principle) 205 OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) competition  202 consumers  201 corporate governance  203 disclosure  198 employment and industrial relations  199 environment  199 human rights  198 market economy  209 multinational enterprises  198 principles  205 privacy  203 science and technology  201 standards and first principles  198 taxation 202 office politics  97 Index ombudsman  66, 138 online training  146, 163, 164 openness  15, 27, 56, 147, 157, 197, 205, 208–09, 213–14 opportunity  6, 8, 11, 13, 17, 28, 30, 31, 54, 56, 61, 77, 82, 103, 114, 121, 132, 162, 165, 181, 183, 185, 210 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (see OECD) Owen, Robert (see New Lanark) Parkinson’s Law  97 parliament (see legislature) personnel  41, 149, 173, 179  pervasiveness of actions  198, 211 philanthropy  118, 207 Plato  108, 147 policies  10–12, 24, 30, 59, 66, 121, 166, 178, 193, 199, 201, 204 political systems and the law  40, 44, 50 pollution  100, 199, 211 power distance  41, 47 pragmatism  44, 53, 75, 116, 118, 147 prevention of ethical problems  194, 197, 205, 210, 213–14 price fixing  202 principles in conflict  88, 157, 164, 198, 206, 211, 212, 214 printing (3D)  prisoner’s dilemma (tit-for-tat strategy)  97–98, 102 privacy 22, 30, 31–32, 36, 138, 176, 184, 186, 197, 201, 209, 214 (see also OECD) private international law  133 (see conflict of laws and legal pluralism) Procter & Gamble (see Rely tampon) professions 88, 99 profitability  6–7, 9, 25–28, 36, 70–74, 127, 139, 158, 168–69 promises  132, 215 prompt  26, 33, 117, 127, 175, 185, 187, 200, 204 prudence  111, 153, 197, 205, 207, 208, 213 psychological reactance  95 public opinion  6, 17, 40, 44, 50, 51–52 public service  50, 57, 151, 159, 167, 192, 208 punishment  5, 70, 169, 200 punitive approaches  65, 108, 137, 169, 182 rationalization  6, 33, 63, 68, 84, 128 recruitment  24, 31, 68, 120, 168, 173 regulation  5, 11, 13, 19, 26, 44, 51, 74, 77, 81, 124–28, 131, 136, 149, 158, 162, 190, 202 relations (formal versus informal)  97 relative and absolute ethics  210 Rely tampon  207–08 reporting  10, 13, 30, 51, 136, 158–59, 161, 163, 166, 169, 173, 179, 198, 200, 212 reputation  6, 9, 11, 14, 18, 20, 24, 26–27, 30, 38, 53, 72, 84, 121, 148–49, 176, 187 rewards  26–27, 70, 74, 160, 168 risk management  10, 11, 22, 24, 27, 31, 52, 53, 63, 66, 68, 69, 146, 177 Rousseau  108, 114 safety  17, 33, 66, 80, 99, 100, 113–14, 133, 151, 190, 193, 200, 206, 210 sanctions  20, 32, 51, 54, 70, 78, 128, 168–69, 176, 181, 182, 183, 185–86, 195 Sarbanes-Oxley Act  51–52, 136 secret commissions (see also bribes)  54 self-regulation  11, 44, 51, 52, 54, 91, 125, 138 seminars  161, 164 sensitivity  8, 46, 51–52 sequencing  145, 153–54, 160, 165, 191 sex  7, 37, 54, 89, 96, 131 shadow economy  33, 51 shareholding  5, 6, 10, 13–14, 20, 22, 27–30, 33–34, 36, 46, 73–74, 119, 198, 204, 212 Shariʿah law  3, 134 simulations 146, 164 Smith, Adam  14  Snow Brand milk  26, 63, 69 sociobiology  96 soft law/hard law (see hard law soft law) solutions  37, 116, 126, 148, 175, 204 sources of information  31, 190–91 spirit of the law  131, 177, 203 staging  62–63, 88, 89, 91, 93, 102 Starbucks  34, 126 stremes (strategic themes)  81 suffering  23, 101, 115, 190, 197, 205, 207, 210, 211–14 surveillance 31 sustainability  10, 13, 22, 25, 32, 158, 192, 202, 204 syllabus 149, 166 quantification  9, 35, 119, 145, 152, 153, 157 Ralph Lauren  72 rank order  154–57, 190, 212 rational 22, 23, 33, 36, 51, 96, 112, 159 rationale  35, 37, 45 tax  6–7, 23, 33–34, 36, 50, 126–128, 176–177, 202, 203 teaching  7, 17, 54, 147, 157 technology  5, 6, 9, 30, 36, 78, 82, 125, 163, 164, 201, 203 235 236 Index three quick tests  186 tit-for-tat (see prisoner’s dilemma) TOMS Shoes  67, 69 total quality management (TQM)  116 training (see also online training)  17, 66, 91, 92, 112, 131, 147, 148, 149, 161, 164, 166, 167, 169, 184, 185, 191 transparency  13, 56, 136, 161, 179, 182, 185, 204 tribalism  54, 96, 134 triple bottom line  13, 14, 158 trust  17, 30, 32, 48, 67, 69, 73–74, 77, 80, 82, 90, 92–93, 135, 186–87, 214–15 tutorials 164 Tylenol  26, 66, 69, 186 United Airlines  16 United Nations  80, 159, 198 Universal Principles of International Commercial Contracts (UPICC)  134 urgency and importance  145, 160, 162 utilitarianism 107, 110, 111, 120–21, 140 victims  31, 127–28, 199 videos  5, 16, 163, 165 virtue ethics  107, 112, 113, 120, 147 (see also Aristotle) vulnerability  46, 99, 166, 189, 201, 208 Walmart 8 Wegmans 148 Whistleblowers Protection Act (USA)  190 whistleblowing  7, 175, 186, 190, 191–94 Wigand, J  192 working to rule  129 writing codes  131, 169 237 THIS PAGE IS INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 238 THIS PAGE IS INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK ...i Global Business Ethics ii THIS PAGE IS INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK iii Global Business Ethics Responsible decision making in an international context Ronald D Francis Guy Murfey... Congress Cataloging -in- Publication Data Francis, Ronald D (Ronald David), 1931- author   Global business ethics : responsible decision making in an international context / Ronald D Francis, Guy Murfey... essential for business record keeping 30 Ethics assists in the management of privacy 30 Ethics is core to the sustainability of the financial system 32 Discriminant analysis and decision making 35 Conclusion 36