www.ebook3000.com Global Green Infrastructure Over the last decade, research exploring green infrastructure planning has burgeoned Transferable green infrastructure messages between locations, though, are less well established and there remains a visible gap between the conceptual understanding of green infrastructure and its application in practice Drawing together evaluations of green infrastructure policy-making and practice from across the world, Global Green Infrastructure illustrates where successful practices can be identified Examples from major green infrastructure development areas in the UK, Europe and the USA highlight the variety of investment options that can deliver socio-economic benefits, whilst there is also a growing awareness of the added value of landscape planning in the rapidly developing cities of India and China Reflecting on ten international case studies, Global Green Infrastructure highlights the ways that ecological and engineered solutions can deliver successful urban development Based on in situ research with the growing community of green infrastructure researchers and practitioners, Global Green Infrastructure looks at the contradictions, consensus and expanding evidence base of successful investments This book also presents an in-depth commentary on the contemporary approaches to investment in urban greening and green infrastructure, and draws on the lessons we have learnt from a decade of experimentation, delivery and reflection Ian Mell is a Lecturer in Planning & Civic Design at the University of Liverpool He teaches and researches green infrastructure and planning issues across the world, evaluating the opportunities and disconnects between landscape planning strategy, policy and practice ‘This book is a rich source for anyone interested in environmental planning It brims over with the author’s natural enthusiasm and provides many opportunities to consider the potentials of green infrastructure It is the first text that provides a full picture of the growth, present situation and future possibilities for green infrastructure planning plus the theoretical background It gives useful contextual summaries of the antecedents of the concept and comments on the varying shades of green in related planning approaches, policies and methods It is persuasive in the way it addresses economic, stakeholder engagement and policy issues through the case study analyses This is not just an ideas book or an analysis of past achievements Through reflection on the global situation and extensive personal experience on the subject, Ian Mell gives a clear vision of the benefits and adaptability of a green infrastructure approach and its role as a natural successor to sustainability thinking in landscape planning’ Maggie Roe, Newcastle University, UK www.ebook3000.com Global Green Infrastructure Lessons for successful policy-making, investment and management Ian Mell First published 2016 by Routledge Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2016 Ian Mell The right of Ian Mell to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Names: Mell, Ian, author.Title: Global green infrastructure : lessons for successful policy-making, investment and management / Ian Mell.Description: Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2016 | Includes bibliographical references and index.Identifiers: LCCN 2015035054| ISBN 9781138854642 (pbk : alk paper) | ISBN 9781315720968 (ebook)Subjects: LCSH: Landscape protection | Greenways | Natural areas | Human ecology | Regional planning—Environmental aspects | City planning— Environmental aspects | Ecosystem services.Classification: LCC QH75 M387 2016 | DDC 333.73—dc23LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2015035054 ISBN: 978-1-138-85464-2 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-315-72096-8 (ebk) Typeset in Frutiger by Keystroke, Station Road, Codsall, Wolverhampton www.ebook3000.com Contents Preface Acknowledgements Acronyms vii ix xi Introduction: green infrastructure: what, where and why? The antecedents of green infrastructure: Olmsted, Howard and beyond 17 Green infrastructure: linking concepts with practice 42 The USA: water management in Chicago and the Atlanta Beltline development 59 UK: Cambridgeshire Green Infrastructure Strategy and the London Olympic Park 86 Europe: green infrastructure development in Paris (France) and Milan (Italy) 108 India: lessons in innovative green infrastructure planning in New Delhi and Ahmedabad 131 China: evaluating the value of green infrastructure planning in Shanghai and Suzhou 154 Global reflections of green infrastructure investment: successes and barriers 171 Bibliography Index 191 206 This page intentionally left blank www.ebook3000.com Preface The evolution of green infrastructure has been quite a personal one for me I was born in the smallish town of Wakefield in West Yorkshire, where Sandal Castle was the majestic landscape of my early childhood We then moved to north Lincolnshire in 1989–90 and the arable landscapes of the east of England became home While we played in fields and along the river bank, it never occurred to me that the difference between the urbanity of Wakefield and the rurality of Lincolnshire was one of multi-functional green infrastructure My friends and I played, walked, talked and explored the landscape that offered almost unlimited opportunities to interact with nature (Richard Louv would be proud) Now, of course, this is clearly framed as a broader understanding of the affordances offered by a diverse environment And then I went to university Moving to Newcastle to study Geography and Environmental Management provided me with new insights into how people, place and landscapes interact Furthermore, the coastline of Tyneside, the Northumbrian hills and, most importantly, the cultural heritage of Hadrian’s Wall all brought to the fore the value of landscape: socially, economically and ecologically If we move forward 20 years I sit in an office overlooking Liverpool’s two cathedrals and a minute from Abercrombie Square at the centre of the University of Liverpool campus Again, landscapes imbued with social and ecological meanings I also look at the images in Fig 1.1 on my office wall: landscapes For better or worse, green infrastructure has influenced my research, hence this book, my teaching and my hobbies Understanding what motivates us to use and value landscapes, as well as the more technical and bureaucratic nuances of green infrastructure planning, are therefore at the centre of this, and at the heart of this book Throughout it reflects on over two decades of landscape and urban greening and includes over ten years of my own work in the field On occasions this presents more individual assessments of practice based on my own interactions with planners, politicians and developers, while in other places we hear from respected commentators in the field (pun intended) Over the last decade research exploring green infrastructure planning has burgeoned Globally, there is a growing consensus of what, where and how investment in green infrastructure should be implemented, which is, in many locations, supported by an innovative and integrated policy-making and advocacy arena Green infrastructure can therefore be considered the ‘go-to’ approach to contemporary landscape planning as it holistically addresses climate change, social development and economic valuation simultaneously viii Preface Transferable green infrastructure messages between locations are less well established Moreover, there is a visible gap between the conceptual understanding of green infrastructure and its application in practice This, partially, reflects the versatility of the concept to meet a number of landscape planning objectives simultaneously, but also illustrates the variability in policy and practice across the world As a result there has been, to date, no global synthesis of green infrastructure policy and planning which draws on case study material from more than one location A number of authors (Austin, 2014; Rouse & Bunster-Ossa, 2013; Kambites & Owen, 2006; Benedict & McMahon, 2006; Beatley, 2000) all contextualised their understanding of green infrastructure in a single location, be it at a city or continental scale This book aims to be the first to comprehensively draw together primary assessments and evaluations of green infrastructure policy-making and practice in its major development areas (the UK, Europe and the USA) It will also be the first to explore the growing value of green infrastructure in expanding regions such as India and China, highlighting the value of green infrastructure as a multi-functional and integrated approach to urban development and management The following book presents evidence from across the globe, examining the development, role and utility of green infrastructure in urban landscape management By drawing on a discussion of a number of key thematic principles (multi-functionality, scale, temporal change, investment policy formation/structures, and delivery focus) it evaluates each, debating the ex-ante opportunities, as well as the ex-post successes, that green infrastructure offers to local-, regional- and national-level planners Based on in situ research undertaken with the growing green infrastructure community of researchers and practitioners in the UK, USA, Europe, India and China, the book looks at the contradictions, consensus, expanding evidence base and benefits proposed for green infrastructure planning This presents the first in-depth and comprehensive commentary on the contemporary approaches to investment in urban greening/green infrastructure, where innovations have proved successful, but will also draw on the lessons we have learnt from investment over the previous decade Overall, the book offers insights into how green infrastructure is and can be developed in different locations By drawing together case studies from around the world, the following chapters ask the big questions: who is developing green infrastructure, why, and how? Ian Mell December 2015 www.ebook3000.com Acknowledgements Many people should take credit for this book Since 2005 I have had the incredible support of a number of amazingly insightful people who have helped to shape my understanding of green infrastructure These include colleagues in academia, planning practice and local government; but also family and friends who have pushed me all the way to presenting these ideas I would first like to thank Maggie Roe at Newcastle University, without whom none of this would have been possible; also in Newcastle, Geoff Vigar, Clive Davies and Rob MacFarlane for their initial and ongoing support The support provided by the University of Massachusetts and Jack Ahern was also invaluable in helping me get to where I am today I’d like to thank John Henneberry and the team at the University of Sheffield for the opportunities they provided on the VALUE project, and in particular Berna Keskin for being a rare thing: a great colleague and friend In local authority in the UK, all the people at East Cambridgeshire District Council who worked on the Ely Country Park and Planting Parishes projects, particularly Julie Cornwell; green infrastructure really did turn out to be a ‘win–win’ situation Also, everyone who worked on the second Cambridgeshire Green Infrastructure Strategy in local government and local environmental sector Moreover, everyone in the community forest sector in the North-West and North-East (Pete Stringer, Paul Nolan, Chris McGloin, Donna Murphy, among others), who have been a massive help, and still are Many people have also been crucial in helping put this book together around the world In India, Manoj Dabas (Aravali Foundation & Centre for Urban Green Spaces, New Delhi); Surman Rai (Life and Leaf, Darjeeling), Saswat Bandyopadhyay and Sejal Patel (CEPT University, Ahmebadad), and all those people who were interviewed or took part in research activities, thank you all In the USA my thanks go to the staff and students in Landscape Architecture & Regional Planning at the University of Massachusetts, the EPC and Parks & Recreation Department in New York, Abby Cristimoso formerly of Metro Planning, Louise Young at CMAP, Cathy Geraghty at Wilderness, Deborah Shore at the Chicago MWRD, Nancy Williamson with the Illinois DNR, Harriet Festing at the Center for Neighborhoods, and Tom Price with Conservation Design Forum and others all in Chicago Erica Davies, Catherine Owen, Lee Harrop, Paul Morris and Kevin Burke at the Atlanta Beltline and Robby Bryant of HDC Inc in Atlanta for their insights into the development of the Beltline 198 Bibliography for Practitioners Journal of Environmental Planning and Management DOI: 10.1080/09640568.2015.1042152 Lerner, J & Allen, W.L (2012) Landscape-Scale Green Infrastructure Investments as a Climate Adaptation Strategy: A Case Example for the Midwest United States Environmental Practice, 14(1), 45–56 Li, F., Wang, R., Paulussen, J & Liu, X (2005) Comprehensive Concept Planning of Urban Greening Based on Ecological Principles: A Case Study in Beijing, China Landscape and Urban Planning, 72(4), 325–336 Liebenath, M., Blum, A & Sturzriemer, S (2010) Transboundary Cooperation in Establishing Ecological Networks: The Case of Germany’s External Borders Landscape and Urban Planning, 94(2), 84–93 Lindsey, G., Maraj, M & Kuan, S (2001) Access, Equity, and Urban Greenways: An Exploratory Investigation The Professional Geographer, 53(3), 332–346 Little, C (1990) Greenways for America Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press London Legacy Development Corporation (2012) Your Sustainability Guide to Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park 2030 London: London Legacy Development Corporation London Legacy Development Corporation (2013) A Walk Around Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park London: London Legacy Development Corporation London Organising Committee for the Olympic and Paralympic Games (2007) Design Principles for the Olympic Park London: LOCOG London Organising Committee for the Olympic and Paralympic Games (2009) Towards a One Planet 2012: Sustainability Plan, 2nd Edition London: LOCOG London Organising Committee for the Olympic and Paralympic Games (2011) A Blueprint for Change, Sustainability Report London: LOCOG London Organising Committee for the Olympic and Paralympic Games (2012) London 2012 Sustainability Report April 2011 London Louv, R (2005) Last Child in the Woods: Saving Our Children from Nature-Deficit Disorder Chapel, Hill, NC: Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill Lowenthal, D (1985) The Past is a Foreign Country Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Macdonald, S & Keil, R (2012) The Ontario Greenbelt: Shifting the Scales of the Sustainability Fix? The Professional Geographer, 64(1), 125–145 Madureira, H., Andresen, T & Monteiro, A (2011) Green Structure and Planning Evolution in Porto Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 10(2), 141–149 Mahadevia, D (2011) Branded and Renewed? Policies, Politics and Processes of Urban Development in the Reform Era Economic and Political Weekly, 46(31), 56–64 Mairie de Paris (2014) Reinventer.paris Retrieved September 2015, from www reinventer.paris/en Mansor, M & Said, I (2008) Green Infrastructure Network as Social Spaces for Well-Being of Urban Residents in Taiping, Malaysia International Conference on Environmental Research and Technology (ICERT 2008), 28–30 May 2008 Parkroyal Penang, Malaysia Manthur, N (2012) On the Sabarmati Riverfront: Urban Planning as Totalitarian Government in Ahmedabad Economic and Political Weekly, 47(47–48), 64–75 Marcucci, D.J & Jordan, L.M (2013) Benefits and Challenges of Linking Green Infrastructure and Highway Planning in the United States Environmental Management, 51(1), 182–197 Marshall, T (2009) Planning and New Labour in the UK Planning Practice and Research, 24(1), 1–9 Mayor of London (2014) London Infrastructure Plan 2050: A Consultation London www.ebook3000.com Bibliography Mazza, L., Bennett, G., De Nocker, L., Gantioler, S., Losarcos, L., Margerison, C., et al (2011) Green Infrastructure Implementation and Efficiency Institute for European Environmental Policy McDonald, L., Allen, W., Benedict, M.A & O’Connor, K (2005) Green Infrastructure Plan Evaluation Frameworks Journal of Conservation Planning, 1(1), 12–43 McHarg, I.L (1969) Design with Nature Chichester: John Wiley & Sons McKinsey Global Institute (2010) India’s Urban Awakening: Building Inclusive Cities, Sustaining Economic Growth New Delhi McPherson, E.G., Nowak, D., Heisler, G., Grimmond, S., Souch, C., Grant, R., et al (1997) Quantifying Urban Forest Structure, Function, and Value: The Chicago Urban Forest Climate Project Urban Ecosystems, 1(1), 49–61 Mell, I.C (2007) Green Infrastructure Planning: What are the Costs for Health and Well-Being? The International Journal of Environmental, Cultural, Economic and Social Sustainability, 3(5), 117–124 Mell, I.C (2008) Green Infrastructure: Concepts and Planning FORUM: E-Journal, 8, 69–80 Mell, I.C (2009) Can Green Infrastructure Promote Urban Sustainability? Proceedings of the ICE: Engineering Sustainability, 162(1), 23–34 Mell, I.C (2010) Green Infrastructure: Concepts, Perceptions and Its Use in Spatial Planning Thesis, School of Architecture, Planning and Landscape Newcastle University Mell, I.C (2011a) Green Infrastructure Planning: A Contemporary Approach for Innovative Interventions in Urban Landscape Management Journal of Biourbanism, 1(1), 29–39 Mell, I.C (2011b) The Changing Focus of England’s Community Forest Programme and Its Use of a Green Infrastructure Approach to Multi-Functional Landscape Planning International Journal of Sustainable Society, 3(4), 431–446 Mell, I.C (2013a) Can You Tell a Green Field from a Cold Steel Rail? Examining the ‘Green’ of Green Infrastructure Development Local Environment: The International Journal of Justice and Sustainability, 18(2), 37–41 Mell, I.C (2013b) Managing India’s Urban Green Spaces: Translating Global Green Infrastructure Lessons to Indian Cities urbaNature, 14–17 Mell, I.C (2013c) The Greater Good Town and Country Planning, 82(3), 143–145 Mell, I.C (2014) Aligning Fragmented Planning Structures through a Green Infrastructure Approach to Urban Development in the UK and USA Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 13(4), 612–620 Mell, I.C (2015a) Green Infrastructure Planning: Policy and Objectives, in: Sinnett, D., Burgess, S., & Smith, N (eds), Handbook on Green Infrastructure: Planning, Design and Implementation (pp 105–123) Farnham: Ashgate Mell, I.C (2015b) Establishing the Rationale for Green Infrastructure Investment in Indian Cities: Is the Mainstreaming of Urban Greening an Expanding or Diminishing Reality? AIMS Environmental Science, 2(2), 134–153 Mell, I.C (2016) Public Health Promotion in England’s Community Forest Partnerships, in: Coutts, C (ed.), Green Infrastructure and Public Health (pp 245–268) Abingdon: Routledge Mell, I.C & Roe, M (2007) Green Infrastructure: Innovative Landscape Planning for Multi-Functional Environments? Fábos Landscape Planning and Greenways Symposium, 31 March 2007, Amherst, MA Mell, I C & Roe, M (2010) Evaluating the Demands of Green Infrastructure Development: People, the Landscape and the Economy, in: Proceedings of the 3rd Fábos Conference (pp 1–9) Mell, I.C., Henneberry, J., Hehl-Lange, S & Keskin, B (2013) Promoting Urban Greening: Valuing the Development of Green Infrastructure Investments in 199 200 Bibliography the Urban Core of Manchester, UK Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 12(3), 296–306 Merk, O., Saussier, S., Staropoli, C., Slack, E & Kim, J.-H (2012) Financing Green Infrastructure: OECD Regional Development Working Papers 2012/10 London: OECD Mersey Forest (2013a) The Mersey Forest Plan: Final Draft, September 2013 Risley Moss Mersey Forest (2013b) Summary of Natural Choices for Health & Wellbeing Evaluation Report Risley Moss Mertins, G & Paal, M (2009) Regional Planning within the German Institutional Planning Framework: Instruments and Effectiveness Investigación & Desarrollo, 17(2), 242–267 Morrison, N (2010) A Green Belt Under Pressure: The Case of Cambridge, England Planning Practice and Research, 25, 157–181 Nagendra, H & Gopal, D (2010) Street Trees in Bangalore: Density, Diversity, Composition and Distribution Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 9(2), 129–137 Nagendra, H., Nagendran, S., Paul, S & Pareeth, S (2012) Graying, Greening and Fragmentation in the Rapidly Expanding Indian City of Bangalore Landscape and Urban Planning, 105(4), 400–406 Nallathiga, R (2010) India Infrastructure Report 2010: Infrastructure Development in a Low Carbon Economy, in: 3iNetwork (ed.), India Infrastructure Report New Delhi: Oxford University Press, pp 355–373 Nandi, J (2014) Scrap Yamuna Riverfront Project, Panel Says The Times of India Retrieved 17 February 2015, from http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/ Scrap-Yamuna-riverfront-project-panel-says/articleshow/34215905.cms Nassauer, J (1995) Culture and Changing Landscape Structure Landscape Ecology, 10(4), 229–237 Natural England & Landuse Consultants (2009) Green Infrastructure Guidance Peterborough Netusil, N.R., Levin, Z., Shandas, V & Hart, T (2014) Valuing Green Infrastructure in Portland, Oregon Landscape and Urban Planning, 124, 14–21 New York City Environmental Protection (2010) NYC Green Infrastructure Plan: A Sustainable Strategy for Clean Waterways New York Newman, O (1973) Defensible Space: People and Design in the Violent City London: Architectural Press North West Green Infrastructure Think Tank (2006) North West Green Infrastructure Guide Retrieved October 2015, from www.greeninfrastructurenw.co.uk/ resources/GIguide.pdf Office of the Deputy Prime Minister (2002a) Sustainable Communities: Delivering through Planning London Office of the Deputy Prime Minister (2002b) Planning Policy Guidance 17: Open Space, Sport and Recreation London Office of the Deputy Prime Minister (2003) Sustainable Communities: Building for the Future London Office of the Deputy Prime Minister (2005a) Creating Sustainable Communities: Greening the Gateway Implementation Plan London Office of the Deputy Prime Minister (2005b) Planning Policy Statement 1: Delivering Sustainable Development London Office of the Deputy Prime Minister (2006) Planning Policy Statement 9: Planning for Biodiversity and Geological Conservation – A Guide to Good Practice London Oxford Brookes University (2010) Literature Review: Olympic Venues – Regeneration Legacy London www.ebook3000.com Bibliography Pauleit, S., Slinn, P., Handley, J & Lindley, S (2003) Promoting the Natural Greenstructure of Towns and Cities: English Nature’s Accessible Natural Greenspace Standards Model Built Environment, 29(2), 157–170 Payne, S (2013) Barratt Profits as Houses Shrink, but Don’t Blame the Builder The Conversation Retrieved December 2014, from http://theconversation.com/ barratt-profits-as-houses-shrink-but-dont-blame-the-builder-20117 Pearce, G & Ayres, S (2012) Back to the Local? 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Force (1999) Towards a Strong Urban Renaissance London Retrieved October 2015, from www.urbantaskforce.org/UTF_final_report.pdf Vandermeulen, V., Verspecht, A., Vermeire, B., Van Huylenbroeck, G & Gellynck, X (2011) The Use of Economic Valuation to Create Public Support for Green 203 204 Bibliography Infrastructure Investments in Urban Areas Landscape and Urban Planning, 103(2), 198–206 van der Velde, R & de Wit, S (2015) Representing Nature: Late Twentieth Century Green Infrastructures in Paris, in: Nijhuis, S., Jauslin, D & van der Hoeven, F (eds), Flowscapes: Designing Infrastructure as Landscapes (pp 205–228) Delft: TU Delft Walmsley, A (2006) Greenways: Multiplying and Diversifying in the 21st Century Landscape and Urban Planning, 76(1–4), 252–290 Wang, L., Shen, J & Chung, C.K.L (2015) City Profile: Suzhou – A Chinese City Under Transformation Cities, 44, 60–72 Weber, T (2007) Ecosystem Services in Cecil County’s Green Infrastructure Technical Report for the Cecil County Green Infrastructure Plan Weber, T & Wolf, J (2000) Maryland’s Green Infrastructure: Using Landscape Assessment Tools to Identify a Regional Conservation Strategy Environmental Managment and Assessment, 63(1), 265–277 Weber, T., Sloan, A & Wolf, J (2006) Maryland’s Green Infrastructure Assessment: Development of a Comprehensive Approach to Land Conservation Landscape and Urban Planning, 77(1–2), 94–110 Werquin, A.C., Duhem, B., Lindholm, G., Oppermann, B., Pauleit, S & Tjallingii, S (eds) (2005) Green Structure and Urban Plannng: Final Report Luxembourg: Office of Official Publications of the European Commission Wilker, J & Rusche, K (2013) Economic Valuation as a Tool to Support DecisionMaking in Strategic Green Infrastructure Planning Local Environment, 19(6), 702–713 Williamson, K.S (2003) Growing with Green Infrastructure Doylestown: Heritage Conservancy Willsher, K (2014) Paris Awaits Result of Referendum on How to Spend €20m of City Budget Guardian Retrieved from www.theguardian.com/world/2014/ oct/01/paris-awaits-referendum-budget-results Wilson, E.O (1990) Biophilia Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press Wise, B.S (2008) Green Infrastructure Rising Incentive, 74, 1–5 Wolf, K.L & Forest Resources (2003) Ergonomics of the City: Green Infrastructure and Social Benefits, in: Kollin, C (ed.), Engineering Green Proceedings of the 2003 National Urban Forest Conference (p 5) Washington, DC: American Forests Wright, H (2011) Understanding Green Infrastructure: The Development of a Contested Concept in England Local Environment: The International Journal of Justice and Sustainability, 16(10), 37–41 Wu, F (2015) Planning for Growth: Urban and Regional Planning in China The RTPI Library Series London: Routledge Xu, C., Ye, H & Cao, S (2011) Constructing China’s Greenways Naturally Ecological Engineering, 37(3), 401–406 Xu, X., Duan, X., Sun, H & Sun, Q (2011) Green Space Changes and Planning in the Capital Region of China Environmental Management, 47(3), 456–467 Young, R.F (2010) Managing Municipal Green Space for Ecosystem Services Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 9(4), 313–321 Young, R.F & McPherson, E.G (2013) Governing Metropolitan Green Infrastructure in the United States Landscape and Urban Planning, 109(1), 67–75 Zagari, F & Selleri, B (2015) Moving Forest: Expo Milano 2015 Landscape Melfi: Libria, maggio Zérah, M (2007) Conflict between Green Space Preservation and Housing Needs: The Case of the Sanjay Gandhi National Park in Mumbai Cities, 24(2), 122–132 www.ebook3000.com Bibliography Zhang, L & Xu, Y (2013) A Study on Shanghai’s Practice Based on the Organic Evolution Theory of Urban Green Space System Modern Landscape Architecture: Proceedings of the 6th WSEAS International Conference on Landscape Architecture, Nanjing, China, 17–19 November Zmelik, K., Schindler, S & Wrbka, T (2011) The European Green Belt: International Collaboration in Biodiversity Research and Nature Conservation along the Former Iron Curtain Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research, 24(3), 273–294 205 Index Note: page numbers in italic type refer to Figures; those in bold type refer to Tables accessibility 25, 38, 52, 175, 176 Advocate Lutheran General Hospital Patient Tower, Chicago, USA 68, 68–9 Ahern, Jack 26 Ahmedabad Development Plan 2021 142–4, 150 Ahmedabad University, Ahmedabad, India 146 Ahmedabad Urban Development Authority (AUDA) 57, 142, 143–4, 146, 148, 149, 150, 151, 176 Ahmedabad, India, case study 15, 57, 131–2, 141–2, 142, 150–1, 173, 174, 178 development planning and administration 142–3 green belt 25 green infrastructure network 142, 144–50, 175 main theme 55 Sabarmati Riverfront development 31, 132, 136, 141, 143, 144, 145, 146–8, 150, 176, 183, 186 allotments, Milan, Italy 119, 125, 128 AMC (Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation) 57, 142, 143–4, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 176 AMCOL Corporate Headquarters, Chicago, USA 69, 69 Americans with Disabilities Act (1990) 78 ANGSt (Accessible Natural Green Space Standards), England 25 Aravali Biodiversity Park, Delhi, India 138 ARUR (Plan Locale d’Urbanisme), Paris, France 110 Asian Development Bank, Green Urbanization programme 47 Asian Green City Index 47 Atlanta Beltline Arboretum 79 Atlanta case study/Atlanta Beltline 60, 74–6, 84–5, 173, 174, 174 activities 82–3 barriers and constraints 83–4 collaboration, partnership and engagement 81–2, 179–80, 189 focus and design 77–80 funding 80–1 main theme 55 map 74 policy 37, 59–60 AUDA (Ahmedabad Urban Development Authority) 57, 142, 143–4, 146, 148, 149, 150, 151, 176 Austin, G 38 Babu, C.R 138 Barton, H 23 Beatley, T 27, 35, 37, 39, 176 Benedict, M.A 7, 33, 35, 36, 39, 52 Bengaluru ‘garden city,’ India 46, 47, 47, 51, 130, 178 Berlin, Germany 108 biodiversity planning 18, 91 Biodiversity Recovery Plan, Chicago 64 biophilia 28 bioswales Chicago 68, 70 blue infrastructure management 30, 30–2, 31 see also water management Bois de Boulogne, Paris, France 116, 116, 117, 129 Bosco Verticale, Milan, Italy 126, 127–8, 183 Boston Back Bay Fens, Boston, USA 20 Boston Common, Boston, USA 20, 21 Boston, USA 33, 59 greenways 20, 20–1 Bryant Park, New York, USA 13, 53, 54 Bund, The, Shanghai, China 160, 162, 183, 183 Cambridgeshire case study 12, 15, 56, 87–90, 89, 106–7, 173, 174, 181, 185, 189 Ely Country Park, Cambridgeshire, UK 54, 90, 93–6, 94, 96, 174 www.ebook3000.com Index Green Infrastructure Strategies 4, 86–7, 89, 90–3, 92, 93, 182 main theme 55 Cambridgeshire County Council (CCC) 87, 88, 94, 95, 107 Cambridgeshire Horizons 87–8, 90 Canada: green belts 25 greenways 21, 25, 175 see also Greater Toronto Area and Niagara Peninsula, Canada; Vancouver/Vancouver Island, Canada Catskill watershed, USA 31 CCC (Cambridgeshire County Council) 87, 88, 94, 95, 107 CDWM (Chicago Department of Water Management) 71 CEMDE (Centre for Environmental Management of Degraded Ecosystems) 138 Centennial Park, Atlanta, USA 74, 75 Center for Neighborhood Technology (CNT), Chicago 61, 70–1, 176 Centre for Environmental Management of Degraded Ecosystems (CEMDE) 138 Century Park, Pudong, China 154, 158, 159 CEPT University, Ahmedabad, India 146, 148–9, 150 Changfeng Ecology Business Areas No and No 2, Shanghai, China 161–2, 162 Changfeng Park, Shanghai, China 16, 157 Chavasse Park, Liverpool, UK 53–4 Chen, W.Y 34 Chesapeake Bay, Maryland, USA 33, 45 Chicago Department of Water Management (CDWM) 71 Chicago Metropolitan Agency for Planning see CMAP (Chicago Metropolitan Agency for Planning) Chicago Wilderness Project 63–4, 65, 66, 66, 67, 84, 85, 176, 177–8, 179 Chicago, USA, case study 15, 57, 59–60, 61–2, 62, 84, 85, 173, 174, 175, 179 governance and management 63–4, 64 main theme 55 map 60 Millennium Park and Maggie Daley Park 61, 62, 73–4, 183 MWRD (Metropolitan Water Reclamation District) 64, 65, 66, 67, 71, 85, 176, 177 policy 30, 37, 65–7, 66 stormwater/water resource management 67–73, 68, 69, 71, 176, 177–8 China: green infrastructure policy 34, 39, 46–7, 188 see also Shanghai/Suzhou, China, case study City of Crystal Lake, USA 64, 178 CMAP (Chicago Metropolitan Agency for Planning) 63, 64, 66, 67 GOTO 2040 Comprehensive Regional Plan for Chicago 63, 64, 66, 68, 179 Commission for a Sustainable London (CSL) 98, 103 communication 185–6 Community Forest Partnerships, England 12, 25–6, 32, 35, 44, 86 comprehensive networks 21 Congress coalition government, India 46 connectivity 7, 14, 38, 52, 175, 176, 188 Conservation Design Forum 72 Conservation Fund, USA 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 43, 45 green infrastructure typology Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition government, UK 23, 41n4, 44 context, of green infrastructure policy environment 43–8, 171, 173, 182 Cook County, USA 65, 67 Copenhagen, Denmark 108, 176 Frederiksberg green space map 27 corridors, in Shanghai’s green infrastructure planning 156, 156–7 COST Action C11 108 Countryside Agency, England 12, 24, 25, 32, 34, 35, 39, 86 see also Natural England Countryside In and Around Towns (CIAT) agenda 24, 25 Davies, C 9, 17, 39, 187 DCLG (Department for Communities and Local Government), UK 12 DCMS (Department of Culture, Media and Sport), UK 94–5, 99 DDA (Delhi Development Authority) 133, 134, 137, 138, 139, 140, 150, 151 De Vlaamse Landmaatschappij (VLM), Belgium 33 defensible spaces 169–70 Defra (Department for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs), UK 99, 103 Delhi Development Authority (DDA) 133, 134, 137, 138, 139, 140, 150, 151 Delhi Ridge, India 53, 132, 135, 137, 150, 151 Delhi Secretariat 138, 139 Department for Communities and Local Government (DCLG), UK 12 Department for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra), UK 99, 103 Department of Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS), UK 94–5, 99 developers 34, 50–1, 51 DNR (Illinois Department for Natural Resources) 63, 168 Dushu Park, Suzhou, China 166, 166–7 207 208 Index East Cambridgeshire Strategic Area 4: Eastern Fens and Towns 91, 92 East London see London Olympic Park case study East of England Regional Spatial Strategy (RSS) 88 Eastside Trail, Atlanta, USA 77, 78, 78–9, 79, 82 ecological corridors (greenways) 21 ecosystem services 9, 18, 29, 36, 179 ELC (European Landscape Convention) 52–3, 175, 179 Ely Country Park, Cambridgeshire, UK 54, 90, 93–6, 94, 96, 174 Emerald Necklace, Boston, USA 21, 59 English Nature 86 ENGOs (environmental non-governmental organisations) 49, 90, 186 Ente Regionale Per I Servizi All’Agricoltura Alle Foreste (ERSAF), Milan, Italy 119–20, 123, 124, 129 Environment Agency, UK 91, 99, 101 environmental education: Atlanta, USA 82–3, 83 Cambridgeshire, UK 95 ‘Space to Grow’ schools programme, Chicago, USA 70, 71, 71–2, 84 environmental stewardship schemes, Cambridgeshire 88–9 EPA (Environment Protection Agency), USA 14, 30–1, 33, 37, 45, 48, 63–4, 175 EPPGHV (Establissement Public de Parc et de la Grande Halle de la Villette) 113 EPPV (Establissement Public de Parc de la Villette) 113 EU (European Union): ELC (European Landscape Convention) 52–3, 175, 179 green belts 25 green infrastructure policy 33–4, 188 WFD (Water Framework Directive) 10, 52, 175, 179 Europe: overview of green infrastructure 40, 108–9 see also EU (European Union); London Olympic Park case study; Milan, Italy, case study; Paris, France, case study European Landscape Convention (ELC) 52–3, 175, 179 Fábos Landscape and Greenways Planning Conferences 33 flooding: Chicago 61, 65 London Olympic Park 101 see also stormwater management Forestry Commission, UK 3, 12, 86 forests: in Shanghai’s green infrastructure planning 156, 156–7 urban forestry, Milan, Italy 109, 119, 120, 124–5, 128 see also trees Franklin, Shirley 75, 80 Frederiksberg green space map, Copenhagen, Denmark 27 funding 185 Cambridgeshire case study 92–3, 93, 94–6 London Olympic Park 103–5 Milan, Italy 124 garden cities: Bengaluru, India 46, 47, 47, 51, 130, 178 UK 9, 10–11, 17, 21–3 garden greening, in Shanghai’s green infrastructure planning 157 Germany 33, 46 GLA (Greater London Authority) 97, 98, 103, 104 Glendinning, Parris 190 Golden Horseshoe green belt, Canada 25 government departments and officers, engagement with green infrastructure policy 48 Great Fen, Cambridgeshire, UK 88, 89 Greater London Authority (GLA) 97, 98, 103, 104 Greater Toronto Area and Niagara Peninsula, Canada 25, 52 green belt: Ahmedabad, India 130, 141 Delhi, India 132 Greater Toronto Area and Niagara Peninsula, Canada 25 Milan, Italy 123 New York State, USA 31 UK 17, 23–5, 24, 175 green infrastructure: barriers to development 19 consolidation phase of development 37–9, 54 contextual policy environment 43–8, 171, 173 current status of 4–6 definition and description 6–9, 8, 35 development of policy and advocacy 32–4 economic value of 37–8 evaluation process 42–3 expansion phase of development 36–7, 54 exploration phase of development 34–6, 35, 54 future development 187–90 geographical rise of 39–40 importance of 9–11 leadership in 11–13, 184 overview of planning, 2005-2009 40 www.ebook3000.com Index scalar differences 52–4, 53, 171, 173, 174–6 stakeholder engagement with 48–51, 171, 173 temporal differences 54, 171, 173 thematic differences 54, 55, 56, 171, 173, 177–9 green roofs 59 Chicago 61, 68, 69 XJTLU (Xi’an Jiaotong Liverpool University) Campus, Suzhou, China 167 green space planning 10–11 green urbanism 17, 26–7 Greenpeace India 130, 135, 151 greenways 9, 10–11, 19–20, 52, 59 Ahmedabad, India 175 Atlanta, USA 76 Boston, USA 20, 20–1 Canada 21, 25, 175 Indianapolis, USA 21, 52 London, UK 175 North America 17 Paris, France 111–12, 113 Grey-Green Continuum Groundwork 24, 35, 39, 86 Gucheng Park, Shanghai, China 153, 160–1 Gurgaon, India 139, 140, 150 Haussmann, G.-E 108, 111–12, 129 health Cambridgeshire, UK 91 and garden cities 22 and green space 36 and green urbanism 27 Paris, France 111–12 Helsinki, Finland 31 HGF (Strategic Housing Growth Funding) 89–90, 94, 95 High Line, New York, USA 28, 53, 112, 175, 175, 186 Historic Fourth Ward Park, Atlanta, USA 77, 79, 81 Hong Kong, China 34 Howard, Ebenezer 22, 23, 190 Humble Administrators Garden, Suzhou, China 163, 164, 170 IIM Ahmedabad, Ahmedabad, India 146, 148–9, 150 Ỵle aux Cygnes, Paris, France 111 India: green infrastructure, as a term green space policy 34, 39, 46, 47, 47, 130–2, 188 see also Ahmedabad, India, case study; New Delhi and National Capital Region (NCR), India, case study India Gate, Delhi, India 137, 178 Indiana, USA 63, 65 see also Chicago, USA, case study Indianapolis, USA 21, 52 Jardin de Reuilly, Paris, France 113 Jim, C.Y 34 Jongman, R 29 Kambites, C 36 Kankaria Lake, Ahmedabad 143, 144, 146, 150, 176 Kishwaukee River Corridor Green Infrastructure Plan 65 Lake County, USA 63, 64, 178 Lake Shore Driveway, Chicago, USA 73 Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013, India 133–4 landscape ecology 10–11, 18, 28–9, 52, 176 Landscape Institute (LI) 7, 12, 50, 172, 174 Landuse Consultants 8, 8–9, 24 Law Gardens, Ahmedabad, India 145–6 Lea Valley, London, UK 98, 100, 101 leadership 1–13, 184 Letchworth Garden City, UK 22 Lingering Garden, Suzhou, China 163 Lions Forest Garden, Suzhou, China 163, 165 Little, C 21, 34 Liverpool University: XJTLU (Xi’an Jiaotong Liverpool University) Campus, Suzhou, China 167–9, 168, 169, 186 Liverpool, UK 172 Chavasse Park 53–4 LLDC (London Legacy Development Corporation) 98, 99, 104, 105 LOCOG (London Organising Committee for the Olympic Games) 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 105, 107 London Legacy Development Corporation (LLDC) 98, 99, 104, 105 London Olympic Park case study 12, 15, 85n5, 86, 87, 96–9, 98, 106–7, 173, 174, 175, 183, 188 consultation and collaboration 99, 180, 186, 189 design, development and functionality 100, 100–1 green belt 23 LOCOG objectives 101, 102 main theme 55 site conversion and long-term management 102–6, 104, 105 London Organising Committee for the Olympic Games (LOCOG) 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 105, 107 London, UK 38, 110, 180 see also London Olympic Park case study Louv, R 28, 114 Lowenthal, David 29, 180 209 210 Index Maggie Daley Park, Chicago 61, 62, 73, 74, 183 Malmö, Sweden 31, 108 McHarg, I.L 27, 34, 190 McMahon, E.T 7, 33, 35, 36, 39, 52 ‘meanwhile’ spaces 149, 170n1 Merseyside, UK 24 Mersey Forest 26 Metropolitan Milano project 119, 120, 123–4, 125, 174, 175 Metropolitan Water Reclamation District (MWRD), Chicago, USA 64, 65, 66, 67, 71, 85, 176, 177 Midlothian Creek Green Infrastructure mapping 65 Milan, Italy, case study 108–9, 119, 119–20, 128–9, 173, 174, 174, 179 Bosco Verticale 126, 127–8, 183 main theme 55 Metropolitan Milano project 119, 120, 123–4, 125, 129, 174, 175 Milano Expo 2015 120, 121, 122–3, 128 Parco Nord Milano 122, 124–7, 128 Millennium Park, Chicago 61, 62, 73–4 Ministry of Environment and Climate Change, India 133 Ministry of Urban Development, India 133, 134 Modi, Narendra 136, 142, 146, 150 multi-functionality 4, 7, 14, 38, 53, 177, 182–3, 188, 190 National Health Service (NHS), UK 12, 44 National Institution for Transforming India (NITI) Aayog 133 National Parks Service, USA 48–9 National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF), UK 23, 44, 187 National Sustainable Habitat Mission, India 133 Natural England 12, 24, 32, 44, 49, 94, 95, 99, 101, 103 green infrastructure typology 8, 8–9 see also Countryside Agency, England Natural Land Institute, USA 64 NDD (nature-deficit disorder) 97 New Delhi and National Capital Region (NCR), India, case study 15, 34, 53, 130–3, 131, 132, 150–1, 173, 174, 178 biodiversity parks 138–9 Delhi Ridge, India 53, 132, 135, 137, 150, 151 development planning and administration 133–4 green infrastructure investment 134–5, 139, 139–40 main theme 55 New Delhi Development Plan 134, 135, 136, 137 New Labour government, UK 23, 43–4, 86 New York City, USA: green infrastructure policy 31, 33, 37, 45, 59, 176 High Line 28, 53, 112, 175, 175, 186 NITI (National Institution for Transforming India) Aayog 133 nodes, in landscape ecology 28 Noida, India 139, 140 non-governmental organisations (NGOs) 49 Northern Park, London Olympic Park 97, 104, 105–6 NPPF (National Planning Policy Framework), UK 23, 44, 187 ODA (Olympic Development Authority) 100, 103 ODPM (Office of the Deputy Prime Minister), UK 23 Olmsted, Frederick Law 17, 20–1, 22, 190 Olympic Development Authority (ODA) 100, 103 Olympic Park Legacy Corporation (OPLC) 97, 103 Olympic Park Development Corporation (OPDC) 99 OPDC (Olympic Park Development Corporation) 99 OPLC (Olympic Park Legacy Corporation) 97, 103 Paramal Gardens, Ahmedabad, India 145–6, 147, 152n8 Parc André Citröen, Paris, France 115, 116–17, 129 Parc de Bercy, Paris, France 117 Parc de la Villette, Paris, France 113–14, 114, 128 Parco Agricolo Sud Milano, Milan, Italy 124 Parco Nord Milano, Milan, Italy 122, 124–7, 129 Parco Siempione, Milan, Italy 125 Paris, France, case study 108–12, 109, 110, 118, 128–9, 173, 174 Bois de Boulogne 116, 116, 117, 129 green space per person 110 main theme 55 Parc André Citröen 115, 116–17, 129 Parc de Bercy 117 Parc de la Villette 113–14, 114, 129 policy 33–4, 45–6, 179 Promenade Planteé 6, 112, 112–13, 117, 175 parks/gardens, in Shanghai’s green infrastructure planning 156, 156–7 parkways 19, 20 People’s Park, Shanghai, China 155 Philadelphia, USA 37, 45, 59 Plan d’Occupation des Sols, Paris 110 Plan Locale d’Urbanisme (ARUR), Paris, France 110 www.ebook3000.com Index Planning Policy Guidance notes (PPGs), UK 43–4 Planning Policy Statements (PPSs), UK 43–4 pocket parks 53, 54, 184 policy 32–3, 35–6 contextual environment 43–8, 171, 173, 182 porch greening, in Shanghai’s green infrastructure planning 157 porous pavements Chicago 70 XJTLU (Xi’an Jiaotong Liverpool University) Campus, Suzhou, China 167 PPGs (Planning Policy Guidance notes), UK 43–4 PPPs (public-private partnerships): Atlanta 60, 81 Cambridgeshire 88 London Olympic Park 99 PPSs (Planning Policy Statements), UK 43–4 President’s Council on Sustainable Development 34 préverdissement 112–13 Promenade Planteé, Paris, France 6, 112, 112–13, 117, 175 Pudong, Shanghai, China 157–8, 159, 169–70, 178, 183 quasi-government organisations, engagement with green infrastructure policy 48–9 Queen Elizabeth Country Park see London Olympic Park case study railway sites, regeneration of: High Line, New York, USA 28, 53, 112, 175, 175, 186 Promenade Planteé, Paris, France 6, 112, 112–13 see also Atlanta case study/Atlanta Beltline rain chains/rain gardens, Chicago 68, 69 ‘RainReady’ homes and communities programme, Chicago, USA 70–1, 84, 176, 184 Red Rose Forest, UK 26 Regional Development Agencies (RDAs), England 25 Reinventer Paris programme 110–11 rings (loops), in Shanghai’s green infrastructure planning 156, 156–7 River Lea 98, 100, 101, 103 River Ouse 88, 91 Roe, M 26, 52 RSS (Regional Spatial Strategy), England 25–6, 33, 36, 41n4, 43, 44 East of England Regional Spatial Strategy (RSS) 88 RTPI (Royal Town Planning Institute) 12 Sabarmati Riverfront Development Corporation (SRFDCL) 146, 147 Sabarmati Riverfront, Ahmedabad, India 31, 132, 136, 141, 143, 144, 145, 146–8, 150, 176, 183, 186 Sandström, U 35, 39 scale, in green infrastructure 4, 38, 52–4, 53, 171, 173, 174–6 School of Planning and Architecture (SPA), India 133, 134 schools: ‘Space to Grow’ schools programme, Chicago, USA 70, 71, 71–2 Section 106 funding 87, 88, 95 Sefton Park Meadows, Liverpool, UK 49, 50 SEMAEST (Société d’économie mixte d’aménagement de l’Est Parisien) 112 Shanghai Urban Planning Exhibition 154, 155, 155–7, 156, 159, 160–1, 161 Shanghai/Suzhou, China, case study 15, 153–4, 154, 169–70, 173, 174, 183, 183, 186 green space main theme 55 Shanghai Urban Planning Exhibition 154, 155, 155–7, 156, 159, 160–1, 161 Suzhou Chinese Garden City 153, 154, 162–9, 164, 165, 166, 168, 169, 170, 172, 175, 178 SIP (Singapore Industrial Park), Shanghai, China 153, 162–3, 167, 178 small projects, value of 184 social allotments, Milan, Italy 119, 125, 128 Société d’économie mixte d’aménagement de l’Est Parisien (SEMAEST) 112 South Yorkshire Forest Partnership, UK 26 Southern Plaza, London Olympic Park 97, 104, 105–6 ‘Space to Grow’ schools programme, Chicago, USA 70, 71, 71–2, 84 stakeholder engagement with green infrastructure 48–51, 171, 173, 179–80, 185 Cambridgeshire case study 90–1 Chicago case study 64, 64, 179 developers 50–1, 51 government departments and officers 48 local interest groups/public 50 London Olympic Park 99 NGOs (non-governmental organisations) and ENGOs (environmental nongovernmental organisations) 49 quasi-government organisations 48–9 stormwater management: Chicago 61, 65 see also flooding; water management Strategic Housing Growth Funding (HGF) 89–90, 94, 95 SUDS (sustainable urban drainage systems) 59 211 212 Index Chicago 70, 178 London Olympic Park 97–8, 103 Milan, Italy 120, 122 River Ouse 91 sustainable communities 7, 17, 23, 188 Cambridgeshire, UK 91 Suzhou Chinese Garden City 153, 154, 162–9, 164, 165, 166, 168, 169, 170, 172, 175, 178 Suzhou Park, Suzhou, China 153, 165–6, 166 Tate, A 176 temporal differences in green infrastructure 54, 171, 173 thematic differences in green infrastructure policy 54, 55, 56, 171, 173, 177–9 Theophius Schmid Elementary School, Chicago, USA 71, 72 Times of India 135, 151 Toronto, Canada 21, 175 Town and Country Planning Association (TCPA) 8, 12, 22, 32, 49 Town and Country Planning Organisation (TCPO), India 133, 134 transferability 15, 186–7 trees: Ahmedabad, India 5, 148, 148–9, 151 Atlanta Beltline Arboretum 79 Cambridgeshire, UK 94 Chicago, USA 61, 85n4 Forestry Commission guidance India 130 London Olympic Park 101 New Delhi, India 131, 137, 139–40 Shanghai, China 157, 158 see also forests; urban forestry, Milan, Italy Tschumi, Bernard 113–14 UDPFI (Urban Development Plans Formulation and Implementation) 134 UK 12, 178–9 garden cities 9, 10–11, 17, 21–3 planning 7, 40, 86, 187 policy 32–3, 35–6, 43–4, 188 University of Massachusetts 26, 33 Urban Development Plans Formulation and Implementation (UDPFI) 134 urban forestry, Milan, Italy 109, 119, 120, 124–5, 128 Urban Futures Conference, Bengaluru, 2014 130, 137, 152n3 Urban Greening Guidelines, India 46 urban groves, Ahmedabad, India 149–50 USA: policy 33, 36–7, 44–5, 188 quasi-government organisations 48–9 water-centric approach to landscape planning 14, 18, 30, 30–1, 37, 38, 59–60, 175 see also Chicago, USA, case study VALUE (Valuing Attractive Landscapes in the Urban Economy) programme, UK 26, 183 Vancouver, Vancouver Island, Canada 2, 4, 10, 21, 177, 186 Verband Region Stuttgart (VRS), Germany 33 VLM (De Vlaamse Landmaatschappij), Belgium 33 VRS (Verband Region Stuttgart), Germany 33 Water Framework Directive (WFD) 10, 52, 175, 179 water management 9, 18, 185 Chicago, USA 61, 62, 64, 67–73, 68, 69, 71, 176, 177–8 Milan, Italy 120, 122 New Delhi, India 138 water-sensitive green infrastructure design 30, 30–2, 31 XJTLU (Xi’an Jiaotong Liverpool University) Campus, Suzhou, China 167–8 Weber, T 36, 52 wedges (pegs), in Shanghai’s green infrastructure planning 156, 156–7 Westside Trail, Atlanta, USA 77, 77–8, 79–80, 80, 82–3, 83, 84 Wicken Fen National Nature Reserve, Cambridgeshire, UK 28, 88 Wildlife Trust, UK 88, 95, 101, 103 Wisconsin, USA 63, 65 see also Chicago, USA, case study Woodland Trust 94, 95 XJTLU (Xi’an Jiaotong Liverpool University) Campus, Suzhou, China 167–9, 168, 169, 186 Yamuna Biodiversity Park 138–9 Yamuna River Development Authority 136 Yamuna River, Delhi, India 16–137, 132, 135, 151 Yuyuan Gardens, Shanghai, China 160–1 ZAC (Zones d’Aménagement Concreté), Paris, France 110, 112 www.ebook3000.com ... sustainability thinking in landscape planning’ Maggie Roe, Newcastle University, UK www.ebook3000.com Global Green Infrastructure Lessons for successful policy- making, investment and management Ian Mell... Cataloging in Publication Data Names: Mell, Ian, author.Title: Global green infrastructure : lessons for successful policy- making, investment and management / Ian Mell.Description: Abingdon, Oxon ; New... green roofs Natural and semi-natural urban greenspaces Woodland and scrub, grassland (e.g downland and meadow), heath or moor, wetlands, open and running water, wastelands and disturbed ground),