A HISTORY OF NATIONAL ACCOUNTING To the memory of Claude Gruson A History o f National Accounting A Vanoli IOS Press, 2005 © 2005 IOS Press All rights reserved vii Contents Foreword xv Acknowledgments xix Part I Emergence Chapter From Estimates of National Income to Construction of Accounts for the Nation 1665-1929: Two hundred and sixty years of intermittent estimates of national income 1.1 General overview of the works 1.2 The concept of productive activity 1.3 Methods of estimation 1930-1945: The fifteen-year transition towards a system of national accounts 2.1 Towards the accounting approach 2.2 The 1929 crisis and the trend towards official status 2.3 World War II and the take-off 2.4 A digression on Leontief’s work 2.5 The early stages of international normalization: the Stone memorandum (1945) Outlook Annotated bibliography Appendix The accounting system proposed by Richard Stone in 1945 Box Box Box Box Box The first estimate of national income, by William Petty Gregory King, an outstanding pioneer Why this English innovation at the end of the 17th century? Frangois Quesnay: Formula of the “Tableau Economique” A retrospective comparison of two estimates of British national income around 1800 Box The three approaches to national income according to Meade and Stone 3 11 13 15 16 17 20 23 24 26 28 32 11 12 14 21 Part II Systems and International Harmonization Chapter French National Accounting Follows its own Path The SEEF’s choice for autonomy 43 43 Contents viii A critical review of the first standardised system The SEEF’s conceptual framework Growth and extension of French national accounting (CNF) 4.1 Tables of financial transactions 4.2 Production and goods and services 4.3 “Tableau economique d’ensemble” [Overall Economic Account] 4.4 Enterprise accounts 4.5 Household accounts Among the most advanced countries Outlook Annotated bibliography Appendix Diagrammatic representations of National Accounts 45 56 61 65 68 69 71 71 76 77 80 82 Box Box Box Box 10 Box 11 47 55 58 60 Box 12 Box 13 Box 14 Box 15 First schemes of national accounts (1941-1952) Ingvar Ohlsson’s comments on the 1952 Standardised System Flowchart presented by Claude Gruson in his July 1950 Note Classification of social groups in the “Principles”, September 1952 (p 818) The elementary economic table or square table of the September 1952 “Principles” (Annexe 4, insert between pages 818 and 819) From Copeland’s money/lows accounts to the flow-of-funds accounts of the Federal Reserve Board Main steps followed by the former French National Accounting (1950-1975) The “Tableau economique d’ensemble” [Overall Economic Account] for 1959 Household appropriation accounts according to their socio-economic category (France 1956) Chapter Achievements in the International Harmonization of Accounting Frameworks The wave of the 1960s 1.1 The European Communities of Six hesitates Stone’s decisive intervention 1.2 The 1968 SNA 1.3 The 1970 ESA 1.4 Nothing new in the East? 1.5 Drastic change in the French national accounts system: The 1976 SECN 1.6 The USA standing aside The wave of the 1980s and 1990s 2.1 The 1993 SNA/1995 ESA 2.2 Towards universalization Outlook Annotated bibliography Appendix Investigating the decision process Box 16 General schedule of international harmonization Box 17 The 1968 SNA presentation in matrix form Box 18 Valuation of transactions on commodities (market goods and services) in the 1968 SNA Box 19 GDP and GNP Resident production units and resident production factors 62 64 66 72 75 87 87 88 90 96 100 102 103 104 104 124 126 127 130 88 92 97 98 Contents Box 20 Sector accounts sequence and balancing items, from 1952 SNA to 1993 SNA/1995 ESA Box 21 From the “Tableau economique d’ensemble” (TEE) of French National Accounts to the Integrated Economic Accounts of the 1993 SNA/1995 ESA Box 22 The input-output framework of the 1993 SNA/1995 ESA Box 23 Accounts for key sectors Chapter Trend towards Unification, and Persistent Accounting Problems ix 106 110 118 123 147 Exchanges or “operations” (transactions)? What is recorded? The problem of the extent of imputations 2.1 The case of financial intermediation services indirectly measured 2.2 Reality and appearance A single system or multiple systems? Micro/macro relationships Disputes about SAMs Broadening the scope of national accounts Outlook Annotated bibliography Appendix Broadening and flexibility of the system: satellite accounts and intermediate systems 147 151 154 158 164 167 169 171 173 177 Box 24 “Imputations” Box 25 From the opposition between real and financial to the concept of flows of economic value (or does the 1993 SNA resolve the F risch -A u kru st us Stone 150 conflict?) Box 26 A difficult and intensively debated imputation: the production and distribution among users o f Financial Intermediation Services Indirectly Measured (FISIM) Box 27 Re-routing Box 28 A pending imputation-re-routing case: the consumption of advertisingsupported television, radio broadcasts, etc services Box 29 An overview o f the Dutch proposals in the second half of the 1980s 181 152 156 159 161 165 Part III Statistical Synthesis Chapter National Accounts as a Statistical Synthesis From scattered statistical data towards a system of economic statistics 1.1 Secondary use of available information as a starting point 1.2 Acting in advance of the information production process 1.3 Emergence of the concept of “system of economic statistics” 1.4 A more ambitious, but isolated effort: the French experience in the linkage with microeconomic accounts 1.5 Developing tools and frameworks for statistical integration 1.6 Statistical coordination at the international level The quest for consistency 2.1 Wide geographical extension, though with unequal coverage of the system 191 192 192 193 193 194 196 198 203 203 Contents X 2.2 Synthesizing and balancing 2.3 Goods and services and GDP 2.4 Institutional sector accounts and synthesis of the Tableau economique d’ensemble [Overall Economic Account] 2.5 The financial/non-financial adjustment: a problematic issue Reliability challenged 3.1 Isolated British attempt to estimate margins of error 3.2 Revision of estimates at benchmark operations 3.3 Comparing successive versions of the accounts 3.4 Accurately measuring changes, or absolute levels, or both at the same time? 3.5 Towards an economy more difficult to describe and measure 3.6 Trend of economic information systems to misadjust Outlook Annotated bibliography Appendix The GNP Committee and the GNP Inventories 204 206 Box Box Box Box Box 197 199 201 202 30 31 32 33 34 Box 35 Box 36 Box 37 Box 38 Box 39 Box 40 System of economic statistics Richard Stone’s attempt to design a system of demographic and social statistics Statistical system and environment Satellite accounts and extension of statistical syntheses Methods of national income estimates according to Studenski’s book The Incom e o f N ations (1958) Presentation of a statistical discrepancy in the United Kingdom Gaps in the measurement of total household consumption between household surveys and national accounts Diagram of a synthesis with an annual input-output table The United Kingdom gives up quantitative estimates of the accounts reliability Questioning the growth rates of the USSR and other economies with similar systems An opinion from the Federal Reserve Board (1991) on the issue of financial statistics 212 214 215 215 216 217 218 224 226 227 230 233 205 207 209 210 218 222 226 Part IV Concepts and Economic Theory Chapter Production, Value and Welfare A Controversies surrounding governm ent activities 241 The accounting design To include or not to include? Is there any double-counting? Measuring at factor cost? Interest on the public debt and national income compilation 5.1 Nature of interest in the SNA Outlook Annotated bibliography 244 246 251 255 265 267 268 271 Box 41 The 1993 SNA concept of production Box 42 The balances of market GDP and non-market GDP in the French 1976 SECN Box 43 The issue o f “consumption subsidies” 242 245 249 Subject Index - IOT, 91 market/non-market distinction, 90 matrix representation, 90, 91 sequence of accounts, 90, 106-108 statistical units, 90 valuation of transactions on market goods and services, 97 SNA 1993, 98, 99, 459, 464, 465 - preparation of, 137-145 SNA 1952, see Normalised System 1952 SNA 1993/ESA 1995, 104-108, 110-123 - accumulation accounts, 105 - appreciation, 109-124 - balance sheets, 105 - current accounts, 105 - Integrated economic accounts, 105 - IOT, 109, 118-123 - sequence of accounts, 105-108 - table comparing with the SNA 1952, SNA 1968, ESA 1970, 106-108 SNA/MPS comparisons, 101, 102 Social Accounting Matrices (SAM), 89, 169-171, 383, 441, 449, 460, 465 Social accounting ( = National accounting), 169-171, 427, 457 - Hicks, 426 Social accounts ( = national accounts), 26 Social groups (1952 French national accounting [CNF]), 57-60 Social indicators, 283, 292-294, 298, 454 Social product, 18 Social rate of return on investment, 337 Social transfers in kind, 251 SOEC, see Eurostat SOEC National Accounts working party (early 1960s), 133 Spain, 217, 235, 236 Special Drawing Rights, 315 Specialized accounts commissions, 444 Specific information system, 184, 185 Spillover effects, 323 Spiritual elevation, 290, 291 Stabilisation plan 1963/1964,445 Stagflation, 446 Standard efficiency units, 321 Standard o f living, 296 Standardised System 1952, 45-51, 55, 56, 155, 156, 464 - Ohlsson’s criticism, 55 - presentation of the six accounts, 49-51 - sectors, 46 - SEEF’s criticism, 45-56 Stationarity, 356 Stationary economy, stationary state, 365, 366, 368 Statistical coordination, 194, 198-201, 440 - and national accounting, 443, 464 509 - between central banks, 473 - between national statistical offices and central banks, 473 Statistical discrepancy, 54, 206-208, 225, 226, 372, 466 - see also Financial/Non-financial adjustment Statistical integration frameworks, 198 Statistical Program Committee (SPC), 473 Statistical synthesis - satellite accounts and, 191-203 Statisticians, 438^142, 457 - and economists, 227 Statistics, quarterly accounts (anticipation effects), 447 Status of national accounting, 425, 430, 435, 443, 484, 485 Stimulation (policy), 448 Stock o f fixed capital, 320-324, 394, 401, 467 Stocks/inventories, 242 Stocks of capital (wealth vs productive capital), 401 Stone’s 1945 memorandum, 24-26, 32-40, 131, 132 Straight-line depreciation, 320 Structural effects, see Volume Structural funds for regional development, 451 Subsidies (on products, others), 96, 97 - see also Indirect taxes (net of subsidies) Subsidy in kind, 257 Substitutability between produced capital and natural capital, 356 Successive approximations (models by), 442 Successive versions of the accounts (comparison of), 217, 235 Supply and Use tables (SUT), 12, 23, 24, 61, 66-69, 76, 91, 97-123, 149, 196, 205, 207-212, 372, 373, 375, 439, 454, 460, 461, 466 - at previous year’s prices, 375 - SNA 1993, 118-123 - see also Input-Output Surplus, 13 - terms of, 381-383, 386 Surplus accounts, 388-395, 445 - distribution, 389-391, 393 - formation of global productivity surplus, 389, 390, 393 - problems of interpretation, 390, 394, 395 Surplus (business accounting), 438 Survival functions (of equipment), 320 Sustainability, 341, 343 Sustainable development indicators, 296, 298 Sustainable income, 350, 355, 356, 365-369 Sweden, 18, 77, 79, 136, 164, 209, 211, 217, 233, 280, 287, 307, 378, 384, 395, 414, 436 Switzerland, 233 Symmetric “product-by-product” tables, 109, 121-123 510 Subject Index Symmetric “product-by-product” tables (cont d) - see also Input-Output; Supply and Use tables (SUT) Synthesizing and balancing, 204-212, 439, 440 - goods and services, 206-212 - institutional sectors, 212, 213 - Integrated Economic Accounts, 213, 214 System of balances, 101, 102 - balances of goods and material services, financial balance, other balances, 101 System of economic statistics, 193, 197, 228, 440 System of Social and Demographic Statistics (Stone), 198-200, 293 Tableau economique d’ensemble [Overall Economic Account] (TEE), 69-73, 105-117, 213, 214 - evolution from the TEE o f the French national accounts to the Integrated Economic Accounts o f the 1993 SNA/1995 ESA, 110-117 preliminary work by Aukrust, 110 by Froment, 110 in the UK, 110 - former French national accounts, 1959 TEE, 69-73 - synthesis, 213, 214 - see also Quesnay’s Tableau Economique Tables o f financial transactions (French national accounts), see Financial accounts Tastes, 275, 276 Tax evasion, see Concealed activities Tax on salt, 265 Taxes, subsidies on products, 96, 97 Teaching - National Accounting and the - o f Economics, 426, 456, 457 - of National Accounting, 426, 444 Technical and economic information (volume/price factoring for equipment goods, for consumption goods), 401, 402 Technical assistance, 104, 439, 464 Technical coefficients, 23, 461 Technological progress, 350, 356, 366, 369, 388, 400-402, 412 - incorporated, 323, 412 - its acceleration and difficulties in measuring growth and productivity, 453, 461 - non-incorporated, 323, 412 Terms o f trade, 376, 377, 380, 383 - see also Gains/losses resulting from changes in terms o f trade with the rest o f the world The Nation’s Economic Budget (USA), 445 Theoretical value of the capital stock, 355 Theoreticism, 461, 462 Theory of capital, 355 Theory of long-term optimal growth, 442 Timeliness vs quality of short-term statistics (contradiction), 447 Tobacco, alcohol, 291, 292 Tornqvist (indices), 379, 387, 421 - chain indices, 421, 422 Total consumption of the population (concept of), 102 Total wealth of a nation, 342 Trade network, 311 Transactions, 24-26, 57, 61, 63, 64, 68, 147, 148, 312, 434, 463 Transactions account, 72 Transactions in kind, 60, 63 Transactions on behalf o f , 159 Transactors, 15, 57, 61 Transfers, 154, 266-268 - capital transfer, see this term - social transfers in kind, see this term Transitivity (constraint, ICP), 406 Travel cost method, 348 Tripartite meeting United Kingdom-Canada-United States (Washington, September 1944), 130, 131 Tunisia, 211, 250, 464 Un-discounting, 340, 341 UN Statistical Commission, 26, 135 Uncompensated seizure, 315, 316 Unemployment, 446, 448 Unequal exchange, 379 United Kingdom, 9, 11, 26, 29, 47, 73, 76-80, 88, 89, 102, 110, 126, 130, 137, 143, 154, 167-219, 228, 230, 235, 236, 280, 293, 304, 305, 337, 358, 378, 384, 403, 414, 427, 429, 446, 463-466 - table o f sector accounts or social accounts, 48 United Nations, 26, 104, 132, 134, 138, 140, 141, 198, 233, 344-347, 403, 404, 407 - see also SNA 1968; SNA 1993 (preparation of) Units of homogeneous production, 61 University of Pennsylvania, 467 USA, 5, 14, 17-19, 23, 24, 26, 46-48, 51, 54, 64, 76-80, 103-126, 136, 138, 141, 155, 161-163, 168, 172, 203, 206, 209, 211, 219, 220, 226-228, 304, 306, 310, 318, 321, 322, 338, 372, 374, 375, 378, 384, 385, 395^101, 403, 409, 425, 427^129, 436, 440, 443, 445, 447, 454, 456, 457, 462, 463, 465-167, 486 - see also NIPA Use of income account, 100, 106, 107 User cost o f capital, 322, 323 User value, 395 Uses of national accounts, 431, 434, 435, 437-443, 445-447, 454 - accession criteria to the EMU, 472-478 - CGEM, 448, 449 - extended institutional and political role, 454 - first -United Kingdom, 20, 21 Subject Index - - USA, 23, 24 - relativisation, 458 - see also Short-term forecasting; Medium-term projections; Plan; Short-term economic analysis; Macroeconomic modeling; Productivity; Surplus accounts; Computable general equilibrium models USSR, 19, 80, 100-102, 124, 125, 221-223, 250, 372, 426 - overestimation of growth rates, 222, 223 Utility, 456 - cardinal, 348 - cardinal, ordinal, 410 - interpersonal comparisons of, 297 Utility equivalent, 274 Utility function, 297, 400 Utopia, 435 Valuables, 315 Valuation of market goods and services - from valuation at basic prices - SNA 1993 - to valuation at purchasers’ prices, 120-123 - SNA 1968, producer’s value all taxes included, approximate basic value, true basic value, approximate factor value, true factor value, 97 - valuation at purchasers’ prices in symmetric tables, 121-123 Value - intrinsic value of a non-renewable natural asset, 336, 338 - intrinsic value of a renewable natural asset, 343 - “real” value of an economy, 351, 354 Value added, 98, 99, 258, 323, 336, 347 - allocation of, 353 - at basic prices, 97, 118, 122 - at market prices, 260 - in volume, 373, 385, 387 and double deflation, 384—387 debate in the literature, 385-387 -chained indices according to SNA 1993, 387 - direct deflation of value added viewed as an autonomous economic value, 385, 386 - Durand’s proposal, 386, 387 -value added as a measure of production?, 385 generalisation, 384, 385 hesitations, 384 simple deflation, 384 chained indices, 387 see also Accounting balances Value added tax (VAT) (treatment of), 100 Value at factor cost, see Factor cost; Aggregates at factor cost 511 Variable costs (effect of the changes of the characteristics of equipment on), 396, 397 Venezuela, 143 Volume, 371, 373, 382, 395-399, 408-413 - an abstract notion, 411 - Courbis and the contract criterion, 382 - equipment goods, 395-397 - final interpretation of the measures, 411 - not a “quantity” of satisfaction, 410, 411 - not an objective physical reality, 411 - of factors of production, 388, 394 - tension with quantity, 409 - see also Quality; International comparisons Volume indices, 418 Voluntary work, 242 Waiting, 271 War, 426, 436 Wars and national accounting, 5, 17, 20, 22, 24, 27 Wealth, 352-354, 367 - evaluations of before national accounting, 303 first half of the 1950s, 304 see also Balance sheets - valuation of, greater difficulties in, 317-319 - wealth accounts, 466 Wealth inventories, surveys, 318 Welfare and national accounting, 273-299 - cardinal utility and aggregation of consumer surplus (Marshall, Pigou), 274-292, 295 - conclusions by national accounts compilers, 292, 293, 296, 297 - consumption of goods and services and distinction of means and ends, 290 - correcting national income or GDP?, 281-286 additions, 285, 286, 305 Danish welfare indicator, see this term household activities, see this term Japanese Net National Welfare, see this term leisure, see this term measurement of economic welfare according to Nordhaus and Tobin, 283-286, 294 reclassifications consumption/investment, 285, 286, 305 subtractions, 285, 286, 289, 290, 305 - externalities, see this term - Hicks and the Economica debate, 276-278, 296, 297 - income distribution, 275, 276, 293, 297 knowledge of its distribution determines that of its level (Graaf, Sen), 278 named goods, 279 New Welfare Economics, 276 utility possibility function (Samuelson), 278 value judgments, 279, 280, 293 - marginal/average utility, 274 512 Subject Index Welfare and national accounting (cont’d ) - models o f long-term optimal growth, 297-299 - ordinal utility, 276, 277 - physical bases for evaluation?, 273, 274 - Pigou’s analysis, 274, 275 - relationship GDP/welfare measurement according to the 1993 SNA, 282, 283 - search for a rigorous proof, 273-279 - ultimate objectives of economic activity (Kuznets), 279-281 Welfare economics, 276-279, 296-298 Welfare indicator (Denmark), 286, 288, 294 Windfalls, 369 Withdrawal from non-renewable resources - alternative proposals, 339-341 a peculiar proposal, 339 breakdown of resource rent (income/depletion elements), 339, 341, 343 non-produced assets considered in general as capital, 338, 341, 343 sustainability, 341 value of discoveries as production, 338, 339 value o f the extracted resource treated as sale o f non-produced asset, 339, 341, 343 - treatment in the 1993 SEEA, 345 - treatment in the 1993 SNA, 335, 339 Work-in-progress (notion of), 243 World Bank, 104, 138, 170, 171, 204, 233, 336-338, 342-344, 354, 404, 405, 429, 451, 454, 461, 465 - see also SNA 1993 - preparation of World Tourism Organization, 203 Yugoslavia, 124 Zero coupon bonds, 475 513 Index of Names Page numbers corresponding to bibliographical references are in bold type Institutions are mentioned when it is the case of collective bibliographical references A Aaheim, A., 361 Affichard, Joelle, 81, 209, 469 Ahlroth, Sofia, 358 Ahmad, Yusuf J., 361 Aidenof, Abraham, 91, 136, 490 Albert, Jean, 216, 230 Allard, Patrick, 470 Alphandery, Claude, 432, 433, 435 Archambault, Edith, 178, 179, 217, 220, 231, 314, 361, 364, 370, 457, 470, 471 Arkhipoff, Oleg, 30, 178, 300 Arrow, Kenneth, 385, 416 Arvay, Janos, 30, 124, 129 Ascues, Magda, 178 Atkinson, A.B., 279, 299 Atkinson, G., 342 Aubry, Jean, 433, 435 Augeraud, Patrick, 178 Aukrust, Odd, 18, 29, 29, 30, 49, 53, 70, 81, 81, 83, 96, 110, 110, 132, 134, 136, 144, 148, 148, 152, 152, 153, 154, 154, 155, 159, 169, 178, 258, 268, 271, 272, 353, 427, 463, 492 Avondoglio, Enea, 143, 144 B Baichere, Pierre, 433 Barberi, Benedetto, 427 Bama, Tibor, 318, 357 Barnett, G.E., Barquin-Stollemen, J., 399 Barre, Raymond, 137, 447 Bartelmus, Peter, 345, 361, 362, 471 Bartels, Hildegard, 133, 492 Barthelemy, Philippe, 220, 231 Barthelemy, Serge, 65, 433, 435 Bavelier, Louis, 432 Beales, Reginald, 102 Becker, Gary S., 306, 358 Beeke, Henry, 4, 14 Beer, Christine, 361 Begg, Iain, 157, 180 Begue, Jean, 81 Bell, Benjamin, 4, 14 Benard, Jean, 29, 431, 433, 435, 457, 468 Benedetti, Alain, xix, 178, 312, 359 Bensussan, Gerard, 29, 129 Bentolila, Marc, xx Bergson, Abram, 222 Bemdt, E.R., 415, 428 Bjerke, Kjeld, 427 Bjorklund, Anders, 358 Blades, Derek, 223, 360, 429 Blanc, Louis-Pierre, 57, 70, 431-433,435,468 Blanchet, Didier, 450, 470 Blaug, Mark, 459 Bloch-Laine, Francois, 44, 430, 432 Bloem, Adriaan, 143 Bodkin, Ronald G., 469 Boeda, Michel, 179, 217, 231, 314, 361, 364, 370, 471 Boisguillebert, Pierre Le Pesant de, 4, 5, 13 Bom, Alice, 338 Bos, Fritz, 26, 128 Bosch,Peter R., 180 Bourdieu, Pierre, 354 Bourguignon, Frangois, 458, 470 Bournay, Jacques, 157, 180 Bowley, Arthur L„ 19, 249, 251, 252, 271 Bowman, Mary Jean, 306, 358 Boyer, Robert, 443, 469 Bradford, D„ 369 Brilhault, Gwennaelle, 360 Brill, Dan, 64 Broesterhuizen, G.A.A.M., 220, 231 514 Index o f Names Broizat, Jean, 444 Brouwer, R., 350, 362 Brown, Alan, 169 Brunhes, Bernard, 178 Bruno, Michael, 385, 416 Bull, Peter, 474 Burge, R.W., 378, 380, 414, 414 C Cannan, Edwin, 252, 271 Carre, Jean Jacques, 388, 394, 414 Carson, Carol S., 18, 29, 30, 125, 128, 129, 138, 141-144, 154, 272, 427, 428,429, 469 Carter, Claudia, 362 Carter, James, 466 Castles, Ian, 404, 405, 417 CERC, 301, 388 Cette, Gilbert, 396, 397, 399, 416 Chaban-Delmas, Jacques, 435 Chadeau, Ann, 301 Champemowne, David G., 230 Champsaur, Paul, 103 Chander, Ramesh, 142 Chen, Y.-C, 399 Choo, Ching Hea, 178 Clark, Colin, 19, 20, 27, 30, 80, 193, 216, 222, 252, 254, 255, 271, 402, 403, 427, 455 Clemens, Michael, 338, 342, 342, 343, 362 Clinton, Bill, 482 Coghlan, timothy A., 15 Cole, R„ 399, 399 Coleman, J., 354 Colquhoun, Patrick, Colson, Clement, 19, 81, 304, 357 Commission interministerielle du patrimoine naturel, 361 Consolo, Georges, 81, 312, 359 Copeland, Morris A., 16, 28, 29, 30, 30, 59, 61, 64, 65, 81, 81, 149, 169, 269, 457, 460, 471 Cortes Arevalo, Mariana Magdalena, 221 Costanza, R., 363 Courbis, Raymond, 378-383, 386, 389, 390, 392, 393, 409, 410, 414-416, 469 Courcier, Michel, 136, 432, 433 Court, Andrew T., 400, 415 Cremeans, John E., 161, 161-163 Crepon, Bruno, 392, 416 Cripps, E, 378 Currie, Lauchlin, 22 D Dahlgreen, Einar, 18 Dalgaard, Esben, 360 Dalton, Hugh, 271 Danneman, Erick, 140 Darras, 437 Davenant, Charles, 10, 11 David, P.A., 386, 416 David, Martin M., 359 Dawson, John C., 81, 226, 457, 470, 471 de Boo, Abram J., 180 De Foville, Alfred, 304 De Gaulle, Charles, 429, 431, 434 De Haan, Mark, 180 de Michelis, Alberto, 473 de Ruyter, Willem, 179 Deane, Phyllis, 9, 11, 14 den Bakker, Gert P., 29, 30, 177 Denison, Edward E, 130, 131, 256, 283, 388, 395, 396, 400, 409, 413-415, 466 Denizet, Jean, 65, 432, 433, 435 Derksen, J.B.D., 18, 30, 131, 427 Desabie, Jacques, 209 Desaigues, Brigitte, 363 Desrosieres, Alain, 177, 195, 464, 468, 488, 489 Dessirier, Jean, 430 Diewert, W.E., 385, 416 Direction de la Prevision, 68, 437, 470 Divisia, Francois, 304, 352, 357 Dixon, John, 338 Dockes, Pierre, 29 Drechsler, Lazio, 250, 493 Du Pont de Nemours, 13 Dublin, L.I., 306 Dubois, Paul, 103, 297, 298, 300, 388, 394, 414 Duchatczek, Wolfgang, 476 Duge de Bernonville, Leopold, 19, 81 Dulberger, E., 399 Dumas, Raymond, 134 Dumontier, Jacques, 55, 430 Duncan, Joseph W., 29 Dupin, 304, 352, 357 Durand, Rene, 353, 386, 416 E Echard, Pierre, 68, 433 Economic Council of Japan, 300 Eff, Christoffer, 360 Eisner, Robert, 128, 161, 173, 283, 289, 290, 300, 333, 360, 367, 369, 466 Index o f Names 515 El Serafy, Salah, 341, 343, 361, 361 Eldin, Gerard, 433, 435 Elteto, O., 406 Enfrun, Bernard, 215 Engel, Ernst, 306 Erba, Piero, 96, 139 European Bank for Reconstruction and Devel­ opment, 222 Eurostat, 301, 336, 417, 473 Everaers, P., 177 Gini, Corrado, 293, 304, 306, 307, 357 Girardin, 304 Giscard d’Estaing, Valery, 435, 445 Godley, W., 378 Goldberger, Arthur S., 443 Goldschmidt-Clermont, Luisella, 301 Goldsmith, Raymond, 173, 304, 305, 319, 357, 358, 427, 466 Gordon, Robert J., 396, 398, 399, 402, 415, 486 Gore, Al, 482 Gorter, Cornelis N., 165, 177, 180 F Graaff, J de V, 278, 299 Fabricant, Solomon, 384, 416 Graham, John W., 358 Fastbom, Lennart, 161 Greffe, Xavier, 220, 231 Faucheux, Sylvie, 338, 363 Griliches, Zvi, 227, 229, 395, 414, 442, 466 Faure, Edgar, 431, 435 Griining, Ferdinand, 17, 20 Feige, Edgar L., 231 Gruson, Claude, 44, 56, 56, 58, 59, 66, 82, 149, Fellner, William, 272 200, 269, 392, 430-435, 437, 442, 468, 479, Fenoalta, S., 386, 416 492, 494 Ferran, Bernardo, 134 Guerrien, Bernard, 458, 470 Ferrari, Guido, 179, 459, 471 Fisher, Irving, 16, 28, 30, 31, 169, 275, 282, Gutmann, Peter M., 231 306, 353, 355, 366, 369, 374, 375, 387, 406, Gutmann, Pierre, 378, 413, 413 420-422 Forman, Jane, 427 H Forslund, Anders, 358 Haberler, Gottfried, 254—258, 266, 267, 271, Foss, M.F., 415 272, 272, 333, 360 Fouquet, Annie, 312, 359 Hageman, Anja, 361 Fourgeaud, Claude, 433, 435 Hagen, Everett E„ 254-258, 266, 267, 271, Fourquet, Francois, 5, 80, 110, 435, 468, 489 272, 272, 333, 360 Franchet, Yves, 474, 476 Hague, D.C., 359, 370 Franz, Alfred, 180 Haig, B„ 157, 180 Freyssinet, Jacques, 417 Haig, R., 367, 369, 369 Friedman, Milton, 369, 369, 459 Hailey, B.F., 272 Frisch, Ragnar, 16, 17, 28, 53, 81, 83, 148, Hamaide, Andre, xix, 68, 81, 433, 435 152-154, 169, 258, 260, 268, 270, 271, 353, Hamel, Emmanuel, 432 410, 436 Hamer, Gunther, 133, 492 Froment, Rene, 26, 48, 55, 70, 81, 110, 430, Hamilton, Kirk, xx, 338, 342, 343, 362 432, 433 Harrison, Anne, 128, 142, 209, 230, 338, 341, G Gainsbrugh, Martin R., 425, 426 Galbis, Vicente, 414 Gallais, Alain, 217, 231 Ganilh, 13 Garagnon, Jacques, 81 Gavanier, Pierre, 55, 430 Geary, R.C., 372, 378, 380, 381, 389, 406, 407, 414 Gilbert, Milton, 22, 130, 132, 205, 254, 256, 257, 283, 403, 427 348, 361, 361, 368, 369, 370 Hartwick, John, 361 Hawrylyshyn, Oli, 288, 300, 301 Heckel, Thomas, 392, 416 Hervacian, N., 399 Herzog, Philippe, 469 Heston, Alan, 404 Hibbert, Jack, 360, 491, 492 Hicks, Earl, 134 Hicks, John R., 169, 179, 248, 248, 249, 251, 254, 255, 256, 256-259, 261-267, 271, 272, 272, 274, 276-279, 289, 292, 296-298, 299, 516 Index o f Names 299, 318, 319, 324, 325, 333, 334, 341, 355, 356, 359, 364-369, 370, 409, 410, 441, 456, 457, 461 Hicks, Ursula, 256 Hill, Peter, 104, 141-143, 148, 288, 301, 332, 338, 341, 360, 361, 368-370, 373, 404, 413, 416, 418, 427, 461, 469 Hodge, J., 399 Hollard, Michel, 417 Horz, K„ 280, 299 Hublart, Claude, 217 Hueting, Rufie, 350, 362 Hulten, Charles R., 459, 471 Hyams, David J., 358 351, 426, 331, 384, I IMF, 222, 413 INSEE, 83, 210, 232, 245 ISTAT (Istituto Nazionale di Statistica), 231 J Januard, Jean-Pierre, 90, 178 Jaszi, George, 103, 131, 134, 256 Jeantet, Antoine, 81 Jensen, Peter R., 300 Jones, C.E., 384, 416 Jorgenson, Dale W„ 322, 323, 327, 367, 395, 401, 414, 466 Juster, Thomas, 173, 283 K Kaldor, Nicolas, 276, 299 Kampmann, Viggo, 18, 372 Kendrick, John W., 128, 161, 173, 178, 283, 306-308, 354, 356, 358, 358, 384, 389, 416, 427, 443, 445, 455, 456, 459, 466, 469, 471, 483, 484, 494 Kenessey, Zoltan, 29, 29, 30, 177, 178, 471 Kenny, Peter, 230 Keuning, Steven, 177, 179, 179, 180, 180, 200, 230, 383, 449, 465 Keynes, John Maynard, 3, 13, 16, 19, 20, 20, 22, 24, 27-31, 56, 80, 82, 131, 154, 179, 194, 255, 304, 328, 353, 426, 430, 434, 436, 441, 446, 455, 456, 459, 460, 462, 479, 483, 485 King, W.I., King, Gregory, xvi, 4, 5, 6, 6-9, 10, 10, 11, 13, 15, 16, 26, 228, 303, 371, 402 Klein, Laurence R., 443, 469 Klotz, Gerard, 29, 276, 299 Kock, Karin, 18 Kocoglu, Yusuf, 396, 397, 416 Kokkelenberg, Edward C., 362 Koves, P., 406 Kravis, Irving, 403, 404, 467 Krijnse Locker, Hugo, 96 Kumar, Jagdish, 138, 493 Kunte, Mundhati, 338 Kurabayashi, Yoshimasa, 129, 378, 379 Kuznets, Simon, 17, 18, 22, 23, 27, 30, 45, 193, 205, 215, 246, 253-255, 256, 256-258, 267, 269, 271, 271, 272, 273, 274, 276, 279-281, 283, 287, 289-291, 296, 297, 299, 299, 304, 307, 310, 324, 328, 335, 357, 361, 402, 427, 455, 461, 466, 481 L Labica, Georges, 29, 129 Lai, Kishori, 178 Lancaster, Kelvin, 396, 409 Lautier, Bruno, 231 Lavoisier, 3, 4, 13-15 Le Brun, Pierre, 268 Le Noane, Jacques, 432, 433, 435 Le Port, Henri, 81 Lemaire, Maryvonne, 179, 185, 187 Leon, Patricio, 463 Leontief, Wassili, 13, 23, 23, 30, 31, 61, 66, 68, 81, 149, 152, 428, 460 Lequeret, Pierre, 433 Lequiller, Francois, xix, 401, 416 Levin, Jonathan, 140 Lindahl, Erik, 18, 256, 287 Lipsey, Robert E., 358 Little, I.M.D., 276, 299 Lofgren, Karl-Gustaf, 350, 369, 370 Lotka, A.J., 306 Lowe, Joseph, Lutfalla, Joseph, 12 Lutz, F.A., 359, 370 Lutz, Ernst, 361 Lutzel, Heinrich, 138, 143, 250 Luxton, George, 130 M Maddison, Angus, 223, 223, 388 Magniez, Pierre, xix Mahdavy, Khashayar, 377, 414 Maillet, Pierre, 433 Mairesse, Jacques, 320, 321, 360, 394, 396, 397, 399, 416, 416 Maki, Atsushi, 209 Index o f Names Malinvaud, Edmond, 300, 300, 368, 370, 388, 394, 414, 427, 433, 444, 457, 458, 458, 471 Malthus, 13 Mandler, Pablo, 138 Marchal, Jean, 444, 456 Marczewski, Jean, 29, 55, 83, 268, 427, 435, 457 Marer, Paul, 223 Marshall, Alfred, 13, 31, 44, 132, 203, 252, 273, 275, 288, 291, 300, 429, 461 Martin, Robert F., 16, 30, 30 Marwah, Kanta, 469 Marx, Karl, 11, 13, 16, 29, 31, 44, 100, 100, 101, 129, 129, 268, 353, 434, 460 Masse, Pierre, 388, 392, 434, 434, 437, 445 Masson, Philippe, 103 Mastrodonato, Antonio, 307, 358, 358 Matolcsy, M., 372 Matthews, Robin, 288 Matthys, Gaston, 357 Mayer, Jacques, xix, 89, 133, 134, 427, 431, 433, 435, 442, 464, 469, 492 Me Culloch, John Ramsay, 11 McCarthy, D., 134 McGrath, William, 361 McLenaghan, John, 140 Meade, James, 20, 20, 21, 26, 47, 49, 80, 179, 230, 254, 255, 258, 264, 267 Meadows, D.H., 283 Mendelson, Morris, 358 Mendes France, Pierre, 430, 431, 434, 435 Mercier, Rene, 57, 195, 431^133, 492 Miller, N„ 416 Millet, Pierre, 433 Milot, J.P., 367, 370 Mirucki, Jean, 471 Mitchell, Wesley C., 64, 287, 460 Mod, Margaret, 102, 134 Melgaard, Elisabeth, 300 Monnet, Jean, 429, 430 Moore, Wilbert E., 300 Morgan, E.V, 305, 358 Moss, Milton, 173, 300 Mouyelo-Katoula, Michel, 138 Mulhall, H„ 304, 357 Muller, Pierre, xix, 141, 142, 178, 358, 468 N Nasse, Philip, 103, 127 Nataf, Andre, 433 National Research Council, 311, 362 517 Neuburger, Henry, 446, 469, 469 Newson, Brian, xx, 142, 143, 150 Nicholson, J.L., 260, 272, 376, 378 Nishiyama, Shigeru, 209 Noel, Jean-Frangois, 338, 363 Nora, Simon, 432-435 Nordhaus, William D„ 283-291, 294, 297, 300, 362, 466 Nyborg, K„ 361 O O’Connor, Kevin, 142-144 O’Connor, Martin, 349, 350, 362, 362 Ohlsson, Ingvar, 48, 55, 107, 154, 157, 164, 178, 258, 267, 272, 299, 376 Olive, Gaston, 469 Oomens, C.A., 133, 134, 492 Orand, Pierre, 433 P Pareto, Vilfredo, 306 Paretti, Vittorio, 96, 134, 245 Parker, Robert P., 178, 399, 422 Patinkin, Don, 27, 28, 29, 30, 455, 456, 459, 470, 484 Pauriche, Patrick, 416 Pearce, D.W., 342 Penin, Marc, 31 Perret, Bernard, 294, 301, 354 Perroux, Frangois, 44, 81, 167, 169, 246, 268, 272, 274, 357, 427, 433, 435, 467 Peskin, Henry, 173, 466 Petre, Jean, 96, 144, 145 Petty, William, 3, 4, 4, 5, 11, 13, 14, 27, 306, 358, 402 Phillips, A.W., 84, 84, 85 Pichot, Alain, 457 Pigou, Arthur Cecil, 31, 80, 248, 252, 254, 271, 272, 273-277, 281, 298, 307, 319, 328, 343, 351, 359, 461 Pinzon Santos, Romulo Enrique, 221 Piriou, Jean-Paul, xvii, 487, 488, 493 Pitt, 3, Point, Patrick, 363 Pommier, Philippe, 172 Poncet, Patrick, 215 Popkin, Joel, 358 Popov, Pavel Hitch, 20, 23, 30, 101, 129 Postner, Harry H., 178 Poullier, Jean-Pierre, 414 Prasada Rao, D.S., 417 518 Index o f Names Prokopovitch, S.N., 222 Prou, Charles, 57, 80, 167, 432, 433, 435, 492 Putnam, Robert, 301 Pyatt, Graham, 170, 171, 179, 460, 465, 471 Q Quelennec, Michel, 230 Quesnay, Franpois, 12, 13, 16, 27, 70, 82, 105 Quinet, Alain, 470 R Rabaud, Isabelle, 226, 231 Radishchev, A.N., Rao (professor), 427 Ravets, Christian, 217 Rawls, John, 301 Reich, Utz-Peter, 20, 29, 280, 299, 428, 463 Reid, Margaret, 288, 301 Renault, Eric, 458 Repetto, Robert, 338, 341, 361 Revell, Jack, 305, 312, 319, 358 Reynaud, Paul, 17, 430 Ricardo, 13 Rieu, Alain, 299 Ripert, Jean, 443, 444, 464 Rivet, Raymond, 19 Rizki, Uzair, 230 Robbins, Lionel, 459 Roberts, David, 404, 417 Roe, A.R., 179 Romier, Guy, 417 Roosevelt, F.D., 22 Rossini, Fabrizio, 361 Round, J.I., 179 Rousse, Francis, 178 Rowe, Geoff, 294, 301 Roy, Rene, 304, 352 Roy Choudhury, Uma, 143 Ruggles, Nancy and Richard, 125, 129, 132, 161, 161, 167, 169, 173, 173, 175, 178, 255, 283, 367, 427, 429, 450, 463, 466 Ryabushkin, T„ 100, 101, 129 Rymes, Thomas K., 353, 386 Ryten, Jacob, 229, 232, 404, 417 S Saint-Geours, Jean, 434 Salem, M„ 416 Sametz, A.M., 283, 300 Samuelson, Paul, 275, 276, 278, 279, 299, 355, 359, 365, 366, 368, 370, 409, 456, 461 Sato, K„ 385, 416 Saunders, Christopher T., 300, 357 Sauvy, Alfred, 19, 29, 430 Say, Jean Baptiste, 11, 13, 306 Schietz, Thomas, 133 Schreyer, Paul, 360 Schubert, Katheline, 449, 470 Schultz, Theodore W., 306, 358 Schwartz, 256 Scitovsky, Tibor, 276, 299 Scott, M„ 365, 366, 368, 369, 370 Seltzer, William, 141 Sen, Amartya, 278, 279, 293, 299, 301, 414 Sends, Philippe, 433 Serise, Jean, 57, 431, 432, 435 Seruzier, Michel, 230, 360 Seskin, Eugene P., 422 Sevaldson, Per, 427 Sheldon, Eleanor Bemert, 300 Shelton, William C., 29 Shoup, Carl S., 255, 266, 271, 271, 272 Siddiqi, Y.M., 416 Siesto, Vicenzo, 133, 492 Silver, Mick, 377, 413 Simons, H.C., 367, 370 Sims, C., 385, 416 Slater, Courtenay M., 359 Smee, W.E., Smith, Adam, 11, 13, 100, 306 Sobol, Valerian Antonovitch, 101, 129 Solow, Robert M„ 227, 388, 414 Soubie, Pierre, 103, 127 Spahr, C.B., Spash, Clive L., 362 Stahmer, Carsten, 180, 345 Stamp, Josiah, 19, 271, 304, 357 Steurer, Anton, xx, 349, 362 Stone, Giovanna, 456 Stone, Richard, 4, 6, 8, 10, 11, 19, 20, 20, 21, 24-26, 28, 30, 32, 44, 47^19, 53, 55, 61, 70, 74, 80, 81, 81, 82, 82, 88, 89, 91, 92, 94, 96, 97, 126, 127, 130-132, 134-136, 144, 148, 149, 152, 155, 156, 160, 167, 169-171, 179, 198, 199, 200, 201, 230, 244, 251, 252, 254259, 262, 264-267, 269-272, 283, 291, 293, 301, 305, 310, 319, 335, 351, 359, 361, 372, 373, 377, 380, 383, 384, 413, 414, 446, 455, 456, 456, 461, 469, 483, 484, 492, 494 Studenski, Paul, 7, 8, 11-13, 28, 29, 30, 143, 169, 204, 205, 215, 216, 222, 233, 258, 262, 266, 270, 272, 300, 413, 425, 426, 489,490 Index o f Names Stuvel, G„ 29, 171, 376, 378, 380, 381, 383, 414, 414 Summers, Robert, 404, 406 Sunga, Preetom S., 268, 272, 367, 370 Szulc, Bogdan, 406 T Tamborra, Marialuisa, 349, 362 Tanzi, Vito, 231 Taylor, Stephen P., 64, 64, 81, 226 Teillet, P., 367, 370, 468 Temple, Philippe, 103, 388, 389, 390, 390-392, 415 Tengblad, Ake, 161 Terray, Aude, 433-435, 468, 489 Theys, Jacques, 362 Thionet, Pierre, 433 Thompson, G.F., 84, 84, 85 Thomsen, Annette, 360 Thorbecke, E., 179 Timmer, Marcel, 417 Tinbergen, Jan, 18, 427, 436, 443 Tobin, James, 283-291, 294, 297, 300, 466 Tornqvist, Leo, 282, 379, 387, 421, 422 Triplett, Jack E„ 323, 395-397, 399, 399-401, 409, 415, 428, 467 Tucker, George, 14 Turgot, 13 Tyrman, Henry, 232 U UN, 178, 301, 338, 345, 359, 373, 417 Uno, Kimio, 292, 292, 300, 361, 362, 471 Uri, Pierre, 430 Usher, Dan, 288, 300, 365-368, 370 V Vacher, Jacques, 103 van Ark, B., 417 van Bochove, C.A., 147, 165, 177, 177, 179, 200, 367, 369 van Cleeff, Ed, 16, 30 Van den Bogaard, Adrienne, 468 Van der Laan, Paul, 165, 177 519 van der Weide, Th.D., 357 van Sorge, W., 367, 369 van Tongeren, Jan, 141-143, 178, 345 van Tuinen, H.K., 147, 165, 177, 200 van Wijk, Hans, 474, 476, 477 Vanoli, Andre, 29, 89, 98, 102, 104, 107, 128, 129, 133, 138-145, 160, 178, 178, 179, 180, 181, 187, 245, 257, 272, 301, 309, 314, 317, 325, 327, 330, 331, 341-344, 347, 350, 360, 360, 361, 362, 362, 364, 367, 370, 427, 435, 443, 462^164, 471, 493 Varga, S., 372 Varjonen, Johanna, 301 Vauban, 4, 5, 5, 14 Veblen, 460 Viet, Vu Quang, 178 Vincent, L Andre, 16, 26, 30, 53, 81, 194, 385, 386, 388, 389, 416 Von Hayek, Friedrich A., 319, 351, 359, 366, 461 W Walras, Leon, 13, 27, 154, 460 Walzer, Michael, 301 Warburton, Clark, 18 Weale, Martin, 157, 180 Webb, Roy H„ 358 Weber, Jean-Louis, 179, 185, 187, 344, 361 Weerakkody, Ishani, 230 Weitzman, Martin L„ 298, 350, 356, 362, 367369, 370, 410 Wells, Michael, 361 Wicksell, Knut, 154 Wilson, Thomas, 11 Winkler, W„ 357 Wolff, Edward, 173, 427 Wolfson, Michael, 294, 301 World Bank, 222, 223, 362 Wright, Stephen, 157, 180 Wroe, David, 230 Y Young, Allan H., 231 521 Acronyms ACN AEA APU BEA BLS BRE CEPE CEPI CERC CGEM CIA CMEA CMFB CNF CPEs CREDOC CIT CSO DGINS DP ECSC EMU ESA EU Eurostat FCF Fed FISIM GDDS GDP GFCF GFP GNI GNP IARIW IBS IC ICOP ICP ICT IEA IMF Association de comptabilite nationale [National Accounting Association] American Economic Association Administrations publiques [General government] Bureau o f Economic Analysis Bureau o f Labor Statistics Budget de reconstruction et d’equipement* Centre d’etudes des programmes economiques Centre d’etudes et de previsions intemationales Centre d’etude des revenus et des couts Computable General Equilibrium Models Central Intelligence Agency Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (Comecon) Committee on Monetary, Financial and Balance of Payments Statistics Comptabilite nationale franpaise [French National Accounting] Centrally Planned Economies Centre de recherche et de documentation sur la consommation Communications and information technology Central Statistical Office (United Kingdom) General Directors of National Statistical Institutes Direction de la prevision [Directorate of Economic Forecasting] European Community for Steel and Coal European Monetary Union European System of Accounts European Union Statistical Office of the European Communities Fixed Capital Formation Federal Reserve Board Financial Intermediation Services Indirectly Measured General Data Dissemination System Gross Domestic Product Gross Fixed Capital Formation Global Factor Productivity Gross National Income Gross National Product International Association for Research in Income and Wealth Imputed Banking Services Intermediate Consumption International Comparisons of Output and Productivity International Comparison Project Information and Communication Technology Integrated Economic Accounts International Monetary Fund 522 INSEE Acronyms Institut national de la statistique et des etudes economiques [French National Statistical Office and of Economic Studies] IOT Input-Output Table IPECODE Institut de previsions economiques et financieres pour le developpement des entreprises ISEA Institut de science economique appliquee ISIC International Standard Industrial Classification ISUP Institut de statistique de l’universite de Paris LDC Less Developed Country MFP Multi Factor Productivity MPS Material Product System NA National Accounts, or National Accounting NAMEA National Accounts Matrix with Environmental Accounts NBER National Bureau of Economic Research NDP Net Domestic Product NI National Income NMS Non Market Services NNI Net National Income NNP Net National Product NPISH Non Profit Institutions serving Households OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development OEEC European Organization for Economic Cooperation OFCE Office fran