Electrical-testing-measurement-handbook-vol-7( Cẩm Nang Thí Nghiệm Máy Biến Áp - Phần 07)

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Electrical-testing-measurement-handbook-vol-7( Cẩm Nang Thí Nghiệm Máy Biến Áp - Phần 07)

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Electrical Testing & Measurement Handbook Volume Electrical Testing and Measurement Handbook Vol Published by The Electricity Forum The Electricity Forum Inc One Franklin Square, Suite 402 Geneva, New York 14456 Tel: (315) 789-8323 Fax: (315) 789 8940 E-mail: forum@capital.net The Electricity Forum 215 -1885 Clements Road Pickering, Ontario L1W 3V4 Tel: (905) 686-1040 Fax: (905) 686 1078 E-mail: hq@electricityforum.com Visit our website at w w w e l e c t r i c i t y f o r u m c o m ELECTRICAL TESTING AND MEASUREMENT HANDBOOK VOLUME Randolph W Hurst Publisher & Executive Editor Khaled Nigim Editor Cover Design Don Horne Layout Ann Dunbar Handbook Sales Lisa Kassmann Advertising Sales Carol Gardner Tammy Williams Printed in Canada The Electricity Forum A Division of the Hurst Communications Group Inc All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced without the written permission of the publisher ISBN-978-0-9782763-2-4 The Electricity Forum 215 - 1885 Clements Road, Pickering, ON L1W 3V4 © The Electricity Forum 2007 Electrical Testing and Measurement Handbook – Vol TABLE OF CONTENTS ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENT AND TESTING CONTACT-LESS SENSING AND THE AUTO-DETECT INFRASTRUCTURE Forward - Khaled Nigim DON’T RISK IT: USE CORRECT ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENT TOOLS AND PROCEDURES TO MINIMIZE RISK AND LIABILITY Larry Eccleston ISOLATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR RELIABLE INDUSTRIAL MEASUREMENTS National Instruments 11 RESISTANCE MEASUREMENTS, THREE- AND FOUR-POINT METHOD 15 CLAMP-ON GROUND RESISTANCE TESTER, MODELS 3711 & 3731 STEP-BY-STEP USAGE Chauvin Arnoux, Inc and AEMC® Instruments 21 MEASURING MAGNETIC FIELDS, ELECTRIC AND |MAGNETIC FIELDS Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Agency 23 ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELDS, MEASUREMENTS AND POSSIBLE EFFECT ON HUMAN HEALTH, WHAT WE KNOW AND WHAT WE DON’T KNOW IN 2000 California Department of Health Services and the Public Health Institute California Electric and Magnetic Fields Program 25 A NEW APPROACH TO QUICK, ACCURATE, AFFORDABLE FLOATING MEASUREMENTS Tektronix IsolatedChannel Technology 31 HIGH-VOLTAGE MEASUREMENTS AND ISOLATION -GENERAL ANALOG CONCEPTS NI Analog Resource Center .35 STANDARD MEASUREMENTS: ELECTRIC FIELDS DUE TO HIGH VOLTAGE EQUIPMENT Ralf Müller and Hans-Joachim Förster 39 IDENTIFICATION OF CLOSED LOOP SYSTEMS NI Analog Resource Center 43 SELECTING AND USING TRANSDUCERS FOR TRANSFORMERS FOR ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENTS William D Walden 45 HOW TO TROUBLESHOOT LIKE AN EXPERT, A SYSTEMATIC APPROACH Warren Rhude, Simutech Multimedia Inc .53 ELECTRICAL INDUSTRIAL TROUBLESHOOTING Larry Bush 55 THE ART OF MEASURING, LOW RESISTANCE Tee Sheffer and Paul Lantz, Signametrics 59 STANDARDS FOR SUPERCONDUCTOR AND MAGNETIC MEASUREMENTS National Institute of Standards and Technology 63 MULTI CHANNEL CURRENT TRANSDUCER SYSTEMS DANFYSIK 67 FALL-OF-POTENTIAL GROUND TESTING, CLAMP-ON GROUND TESTING COMPARISON Chauvin Arnoux, Inc 69 AN INTRODUCTION TO ANTENNA TEST RANGES, MEASUREMENTS AND INSTRUMENTATION Jeffrey A Fordham Microwave Instrumentation Technologies, LLC 71 Electrical Testing and Measurement Handbook – Vol DERIVING MODEL PARAMETERS FROM FIELD TEST MEASUREMENTS J.W Feltes, S Orero, B Fardanesh,E Uzunovic, S Zelingher, N Abi-Samra 79 TESTING ELECTRIC STREETLIGHT COMPONENTS WITH LABVIEW-CONTROLLED VIRTUAL INSTRUMENTATION Ahmad Sultan, Computer Solutions, Inc .85 ASSET MANAGEMENT, THE PATH TO MAINTENANCE EXCELLENCE Mike Sondalini, Feed Forward UP-TIME Publications 87 THINK SYNCHRONIZATION FIRST TO OPTIMIZE AUTOMATED TEST ni.com 89 USING NATIONAL INSTRUMENTS SYSTEM IDENTIFICATION, CONTROL DESIGN AND SIMULATION PRODUCTS FOR DESIGNING AND TESTING A CONTROLLER FOR AN UNIDENTIFIED SYSTEM ni.com 93 MAGNETO-MECHANICAL MEASUREMENTS FOR HIGH CURRENT APPLICATIONS Jack Ekin, NIST- Electromagnetic Division 101 A BASIC GUIDE TO THERMOGRAPHY Land Instruments International Infrared Temperature Measurement 105 104 Electricity Testing and Measurement Handbook – Vol Electricity Testing and Measurement Handbook – Vol 105 A BASIC GUIDE TO THERMOGRAPHY Land Instruments International Infrared Temperature Measurement THERMOGRAPHY ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM Thermography is a method of inspecting electrical and mechanical equipment by obtaining heat distribution pictures This inspection method is based on the fact that most components in a system show an increase in temperature when malfunctioning The increase in temperature in an electrical circuit could be due to loose connections or a worn bearing in the case of mechanical equipment By observing the heat patterns in operational system components, faults can be located and their seriousness evaluated The inspection tool Figure The Thermal Image of electrical used by Thermographers is connector the Thermal Imager These are sophisticated devices which measure the natural emissions of infrared radiation from a heated object and produce a thermal picture Modern Thermal Imagers are portable with easily operated controls As physical contact with the system is not required, inspections can be made under full operational conditions resulting in no loss of production or downtime The Land Cyclops Thermal Imager is a device designed for plant condition Figure The inspection of electrical equipment monitoring, preventative using a Thermal Imager maintenance and process monitoring applications Potential applications include: • Inspection of electrical equipment • Inspection of mechanical equipment • Inspection of refractory lined structures The energy from a heated object is radiated at different levels across the electromagnetic spectrum In most industrial applications, it is the energy radiated at infrared wavelengths which is used to determine the object’s temperature Figure shows various forms of radiated energy in the electromagnetic spectrum including X-rays, Ultra Violet, Infrared and Radio They are all emitted in the form of a wave and travel at the speed of light The only difference between them is their wavelength which is related to frequency MEASUREMENT OF TEMPERATURE USING INFRARED METHODS When using a Thermal Imager it is helpful to have a basic knowledge of infrared theory BASICS PHYSICS An object when heated radiates electromagnetic energy The amount of energy is related to the object’s temperature The Thermal Imager can determine the temperature of the object without physical contact by measuring the emitted energy The human eye responds to visible light in the range 0.4 to 0.75 microns The vast majority of infrared temperature measurement is made in the range 0.2 to 20 microns Although emissions are mostly unable to be detected by a standard camera the Thermal Imager can focus this energy via an optical system on to a detector in a similar way to visible light The detector converts infrared energy into an electrical voltage which after amplification and complex signal processing is used to build the thermal picture in the operator’s viewfinder on board the Thermal Imager ENERGY DISTRIBUTION Figure shows the energy emitted by a target at different temperatures As can be seen, the higher the target temperature the higher the peak energy level The wavelength at which peak energy occurs becomes progressively shorter as temperature increases At low temperatures the bulk of the energy is at long wavelengths Figure Infrared energy and distribution across the Electromagnetic spectrum 106 Electricity Testing and Measurement Handbook – Vol EMISSIVITY It can be shown that there is a relationship between emissivity and reflectivity The amount of energy radiated from an object is dependant on its temperature and its emissivity An object which has the ability to radiate the maximum possible energy for its temperature is known as a Black Body In practice, there are no perfect emitters and surfaces tend to radiate somewhat less energy than a Black Body Figure shows why objects are not perfect emitters of infrared energy As energy moves towards the surface a certain amount is reflected back inside and never escapes by radiative means From this example, it can be seen that only 60% of the available energy is actually emitted The emissivity of an object is the ratio of the energy radiated to that which the object would emit if it were a Black Body Figure The Infrared energy reflected at a body surface Hence emissivity is expressed as Emissivity is therefore an expression of an object’s ability to radiate Infrared energy EMISSIVITY VALUES The value of emissivity tends to vary from one material to another With metals, a rough or oxidised surface usually has a higher emissivity than a polished surface Here are some examples: For an opaque object this is Emissivity + Reflectivity = 1.0 Hence, a highly reflective material is a poor emitter of infrared energy and will therefore have a low emissivity value EFFECTS OF EMISSIVITY If a material of high emissivity and one of low emissivity were placed side by side inside a furnace and heated to exactly the same temperature, the material with low emissivity would appear to the eye much duller This is due to the different emissivities of the materials causing them to radiate at different levels, making the low emissivity material appear cooler than the high emissivity material, even though they are at exactly the same temperature The Thermal Imager would see this in the same way as the eye and produce an error in making the temperature measurement The temperature of an object cannot be determined by simply measuring its emitted infrared energy, a knowledge of the object’s emissivity must also be known The emissivity of an object can be determined as follows: 1) Consult manufacturers literature (always ensure these have been evaluated at the operating wavelength of your Thermal Imager as emissivity can vary with wavelength) 2) Have the object’s emissivity evaluated by a laboratory method There are two main ways to overcome the problem of emissivity a) Mathematically correct the temperature measurement value This is usually carried out within the signal processor of the Thermal Imager Most modern Thermal Imagers have a compensation setting which can quickly and easily be set by the operator b) It may be possible to paint the surface of a low emissivity target with a high and constant emissivity coating This tends to elevate the target to a much higher emissivity level, but this may not be possible on all process plants When carrying out Thermographic inspections, faults are often identified by comparing heat patterns in similar components operating under similar loads This is an alternative to very precisely predicting the emissivity of each individual component and obtaining absolute temperature values Thermal Imager being used to inspect electrical equipment With equal load and emissivities the temperature of the three measurement points should be the same Electricity Testing and Measurement Handbook – Vol THERMAL IMAGERS Thermal Imagers are sophisticated devices which measure the natural emissions of infrared radiation from a heated object and produce a thermal picture Modern Thermal imagers such as the Land TI814 are usually very flexible containing many standard and optional features Here are some of those of the TI814 107 d) Parameter changes: parameters saved with the stored image may be changed within the software These include emissivity, and background temperature e) Image enhancements: filtering, and zoom facility Figures to 12 show some of the available temperature measurement modes OPTICAL: A motorised focus is used to obtain a clear image at different distances from the thermal imager The focus distance is from 380mm/15 inches to infinity An electronic zoom function enables 2X and 4X magnification of the image IMAGE DISPLAY: The real time thermal image is displayed in colour on a 102mm / inch LCD screen The image may be colourised by any one of the eight different palettes available The real time thermal image is also displayed on the builtin high resolution colour viewfinder Figure Measuring the temperature at several points in the scene DIGITAL MEMORY: A built in non volatile memory system enables the simple capture of a large number of thermal images Thermal images are stored on a removable compact flash memory card This on board facility enables stored image recall to the viewfinder and selective image deletion Several seconds of digital voice clip may be stored with each image and replayed or re-recorded on board the imager The sound file can be replayed in by the imager or with image processing software A 256MB card is capable of storing up to 1000 thermal images and up to an eight second digital voice clip with each image Image file size including voice annotation is 256 KB Transfer to image processing software for further image processing and report generation is via a USB Compact Flash memory card reader Figure Measuring the average temperature within several rectangles in the scene TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT: Temperature measurement at single point in the scene is possible POST PROCESSING: This facility enables the generation of further temperature analysis in the imager viewfinder on stored images A single movable point enables spot measurement at any point in the scene and a movable cursor generates a temperature profile trace Figure Measuring the average temperature within several polygons in the scene IMAGE PROCESSING SOFTWARE Frames of interest may be stored as an image file for record purposes, or be subjected to a range of processing functions as follows: a) File handling: save, delete and directory facility b) Image colouring: the image may be colourised using any one of five colour palettes c) Temperature measurement: a variety of different modes are available to enable temperature measurement at any point in the scene, calculation of maximum, minimum or mean from within any defined area in the scene, profiles, histograms, and isotherms Figure 10 Measuring the temperature along several profiles in the scene 108 Electricity Testing and Measurement Handbook – Vol THERMAL IMAGERS IN PREDICTIVE MAINTENANCE APPLICATIONS Figure 11 Measuring the temperature distribution within a defined area in the scene In today’s industrial plants it is essential that unplanned breakdowns and the resultant costly loss of production is kept to an absolute minimum Predictive maintenance schemes have been introduced to identify potential problems and reduce downtime Thermography in maintenance applications is based on the fact that most components show an increase in temperature when malfunctioning and faults steadily get worse before failure Routine inspection programmes using Thermal Imagers can often offer the following benefits: Inspections can be made under full operational conditions and hence there is no loss of production • Equipment life can be extended • Plant downtime may be reduced • Plant reliability may be increased • Plant repairs scheduled for the most convenient time • Quality of repair work may be inspected • Thermal Imagers are mainly used for industrial predictive maintenance in the following areas: • Electrical Installations • Mechanical Equipment • Refractory lined Structures INSPECTING ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS Figure 12 Using Isotherm to highlight areas of the scene within a selected temperature band The software system is menu driven, making it extremely easy to use Report Writer: The image processing system provides a report writing facility This may be used to provide a hard copy record of the thermal image accompanied by an imported photograph and any other information for reference purposes Faults in an electrical installation often appear as hotspots which can be detected by the Thermal Imager Hot spots are often the result of increased resistance in a circuit, overloading, or insulation failure Figure 14 shows a hot-spot created by a bad connection in a power distribution system Figure 14 Inspection of a power system Some of the components commonly inspected are as follows: Connectors: When looking at similar current carrying connectors, a poor connection shows a higher temperature due to its increased resistance Hot-spots can be generated as a result of loose, oxidised, or corroded connectors Figure 13 Typical items page in a report generated by the report writer facility Figure 15 Inspection of connectors Electricity Testing and Measurement Handbook – Vol Figure 15 Shows the fuses in the control panel of a machine A faulty connection on the top of a fuse has created the hot-spot which can easily be seen by the imager Three phase motors: Require balanced phases and correct operating temperatures It has been shown that if correct operating temperatures are exceeded, the insulation life can be considerably shortened Other commonly inspected components are: • Relays • Insulators • Capacitors • Switches 109 INSPECTION OF REFRACTORY LINED STRUCTURES The refractory structures of process plants can often have an increased lifetime if the degree of wear and erosion can be assessed Thermal patterns produced by viewing the outer walls of a structure can indicate hot-spots caused by worn refractories which may be corrected by appropriate maintenance INSPECTION OF MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT The type of mechanical equipment inspected is often rotating machinery Increased surface temperatures can be the result of internal faults Excessive heat can be generated by friction in faulty bearings due to wear, misalignment or inadequate lubrication As with electrical installations, it is desirable to perform the inspection with the system in operation wherever practically possible Interpretation of results should be based on comparison between components operating in similar conditions under similar loads or by trend analysis Equipment commonly inspected using thermal Imagers is as follows: • Bearings • Gears • Drive Belts • Couplings • Shafts and Pumps Figure 16 Inspection of bearing housing Figure 17 Inspection of a Kiln shell Figure 17 shows an abnormal heat pattern on the wall of a cement kiln, which has been caused by erosion of the refractory brick liner Equipment commonly inspected using Thermal Imagers is as follows: • Electric Arc Furnaces • Ladles, Heat Treatment Furnaces • Glass Furnaces • Rotary Kilns and Dryers 110 Electricity Testing and Measurement Handbook – Vol BUYER’S GUIDE struction and engineering, street and parking lot lighting installation and maintenance Now available - Power Quality field survey, monitoring and solutionsn to power quality problems 3M Canada PO Box 5757 London, Ontario N6A 4T1 Tel: (800) 3M Helps Fax: (519) 452-6286 E-mail: innovation@ca.mmm.com Web: www.mmm.com Description of products/services: Terminations and splices, using Cold Shrinkđ Technology, moulded rubber, resin and heat shrink • Motor lead connection systems Scotchđ vinyl insulation tapes, splicing and terminating tapes, corrosion protection sealing and general use tapes Scotchlocđ terminal, 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management we offer: material procurement, maintenance and training services, emergency repair, overhead and underground distribution con- CD Nova Ltd 5330 Imperial St Burnaby, BC V5J 1E6 Tel: (604) 430-5612 Fax: (604) 437-1036 Contat: Don Bealle E-mail: sales@cdnova.com Web: www.cdnova.com CD NOVA companies distribute and service, in Canada, Energy and power Systems and devices, Transducer, Test and Measurement Instruments, Batteries, Chargers, UPS, Wireline and Wireless Comm systems, SCADA systems, Power Quality Analysers and systems Teleprotection, Transformers, Breakers Protective Relays, Gas and chemical Analysers, Stack sampline systems Duncan Instruments Canada Ltd 121 Milvan Drive Toronto, Ontario M9L 1Z8 Tel: 416 742-4448 Fax:416 749-5053 Email: sales@duncaninstr.com www.duncaninstr.com Description of products/services: Duncan Instruments Canada is a leading manufacturers’ representative and master distributor for a wide range of utility and electrical instrumentation We can offer you data loggers, power line analyzers power/energy/harmonics analyzers, power disturbance monitors and fused test leads/accessories In addition to sales, Duncan Instruments Canada can also provide: calibration – traceable to NRC, technical product support and application training, instrument repair/modifications, and rental of selected electrical instruments Registered to ISO 9001:2000 112 Flir Systems 5230 South Service Road #125 Burlington, ON Tel: (905) 637-5696 Fax: (905) 639-5488 Web: www.flirthermography.com FLIR Systems Ltd (Agema Inframetrics) designs, manufactures, calibrates, services, rents and sells many models of infrared imaging cameras and accessories Complete predictive maintenance solutions include the ThermaCam PM 695 radiometric camera with thermaland visual images, autofocus, voice and text messaging and of course Reporter analysis software with "drag-n-drop" image transfer software Level's 1, and Thermography training conducted on site or at ITC facility Camera accessories, such as close-up and telescopic optics, batteries, etc can be sourced directly from Canadian service/sales depot in Burlington, ON Ask about trade in allowances FLUKE ELECTRONICS Canada LP 400 Britannia Rd East Unit Mississauga, ON, Canada Electricity Testing and Measurement Handbook – Vol L4Z 1X9 Toll Free : 1-800-36-FLUKE Tel : (905) 890-7600 Fax : (905) 890-6866 Contact : Robin Bricker E-Mail : canada@fluke.com www.flukecanada.ca Fluke Electronics Canada (www.flukecanada.ca) offers complete families of professional test tools, including power quality, thermography, digital multimeters, clamp meters, insulation resistance testers, portable oscilloscopes, thermometers, process testing equipment and accessories, as well as educational and training resources A subsidiary of Fluke Corporation, Everett, Washington, Fluke Electronics Canada is headquartered in Ontario with offices across Canada The Fluke brand has a reputation for quality, portability, ruggedness, safety and ease of use and Fluke test tools are used by technical professionals in a variety of industries throughout the world G.T WOOD CO LTD 3354 Mavis Road Mississauga, ON L5C 1T8 Tel: (905) 272-1696 Fax: (905) 272-1425 E-Mail: lsnow@gtwood.com Website: www.gtwood.com/flash/splash.html Specializing in High-Voltage Electrical Testing, inspections, maintenance and repairs Refurbishing and repair of New and Reconditioned Transformers, Structures, Switchgear and Associated Equipment Infrared Thermography, Engineering Studies and PCB Management High Voltage, Inc 31 Rt 7A, P.O Box 408 Copake, NY 12516 USA Tel : (518) 329-3275 Fax : (518) 329-3271 Contact : Bob Tighe, E-Mail : sales@hvinc.com Manufacturers of High Voltage Test Equipment Products include portable AC-VLF, 1Hz, 05 and 0.2Hz Very Low Frequency hipots with sine wave output, switchgear and bottle testers up to 100 kVac Portable DC hipots up to 300 kV DC Aerial lift and bucket truck AC test sets up to 300 kVac according to ANSI standards Controlled energy cable fault locators, oil test sets and burners also offered LIZCO SALES R.R #3 Tillsonburg, ON N4G 4G8 Toll Free: 1-877-842-9021 Fax: (519) 842-3775 Contact: Robin Carroll Website: www.lizcosales.com We have the energy with Canada’s largest on-site directory: • New and Rebuilt Power/Padmount/Dry Transformers • New Oil-Filled “TLO” Unit Substation Transformers • New HV S&C fuses/loadbreaks/towers • High and low voltage: - Air Circuit Breakers – Molded Case Breakers - QMQB/fusible switches – Combination Starters • Emergency Service and Replacement Systems • Design/Build custom Application Systems Megger 4271 Bronze Way Dallas, TX 75237-1088 USA Tel: 1-800-723-2861 Ext 7360 (Toll Free) Tel: 214-331-7360 (Direct) Fax: 214-331-7379 Email: gary.guthrie@megger.com www.megger.com Megger is a leading provider of electrical test and measuring equipment for power, industrial, building wiring and communication applications Its wide range of products extends from equipment to test protective relays and other substation electrical apparatus, to insulation resistance and ground testers With three manufacturing facilities and sales offices located around the world, Megger is strategically positioned to provide customers with innovative products, hands-on technical assistance and superior service For additional information, visit our web site www.megger.com OPTIMUM ENERGY PRODUCTS LTD #333, 11979 - 40 St SE Calgary, AB T2Z 4M3 Toll Free (877) 766-5412 Main (403) 256-3636 Fax (403) 256-3431 E-mail: info@optimumenergy.com Optimum Energy Products Ltd are specialists in Power Quality and Power Metering products We represent Fluke, AEMC Instruments, Electro Industries, and many other manufacturers We sell portable PQ instruments for engineers and troubleshooters in many industries From Plug based voltage disturbance meters to three phase Class A Power Quality instruments We also supply permanent power and power quality meters for use in residential, commercial and industrial applications For complete product range and information, please visit our specialty websites: www.PQMeterStore.com www.PowerMeterStore.com www.ElectricityMetering.com www.MyMeterStore.com Raytech USA 90 C Randall Avenue Woodlyn, PA 19094 Tel: 610-833-3017 Fax: 610-833-3018 email: sales@raytechusa.com Web: www.raytechusa.com RAYTECH is an employee owned company that specializes in the design and manufacture of precision test equipment for the Electrical Industry With extensive experience in the design and application of test equipment, RAYTECH offers products that truly meet the needs of the testing industry Our durable products are used by Manufacturers, Rebuild Shops, Field Test Crews, Utilities, Rural Electrical CO-OP's, Universities and Research Engineers RHCtest.com 610 Ford Drive Suite 248 Oakville Ontario L6J 7W4 Canada Tel : (905) 828-6221 Fax : (905) 828 -6408 Contact : John Riddell E-Mail : jriddell@rhctest.com RHCtest.com Inc is a Canadian owned and operated Distributor of Electrical Test and Measurement Equipment We carry various products lines such as Kyoritsu, Thurlby Thandar, Dataq Instruments, Topward Instruments, Nidec Shimpo, High Voltage and Midtronics We distribute products such as; Multimeters, Voltage Testers, Clamp Meters, Clamp Adapters, Voltage and Current Loggers, Power Loggers, Power Analyzers, Insulation Testers, Earth Resistance Testers, Test leads, DC/AC Hipots, VLF Hipots, TAN Delta Cable Diagnostics, Thumpers, Cable and Fault locating products, Power Supplies, Spectrum Analyzers, RF Generators, DDS Generators, Arbitrary Waveform Generators, Function Generators, LCR Meters, Micro Ohm Meters, Frequency Counters, DMM’s DC Loads, Strobescopes, Hand Held Tachometers, Panel Mount Tachometers, Data Acquisition Starter Kits, Stand Alone Data Loggers, Thermocouple Data Acquisition Systems, DC Connected Data Acquisition Systems and Battery Testers SKM Systems Analysis Inc 1040 Manhattan Beach Blvd Manhattan Beach, CA 90266 USA Toll Free : 1-800-232-6789 Fax : 1-310-698-4708 E-Mail : sales@skm.com SKM Power*Tools software helps you design and analyze electrical power systems Interactive graphics, rigorous calculations and a powerful database efficiently organize, process and display information Associate projects with multiple one-line diagrams and TCC drawings with customized data fields Generate better design with 'what if' scenarios by comparing study results in a single table Also includes thousands of validated equipment libraries and the ability to export project data into AutoCAD DXF and XREF format Multiple one-line diagrams can be associated with each project for better systems organization and presentation Powerful drawing tools quickly create a structured, interactive one- line diagram system model SKM Systems Analysis, Inc is a California-based corporation founded in 1972 with a desire to automate electrical design calculations SKM has been a leader in the electrical engineering software industry for more than 30 years, providing quality software, training and support to thousands of satisfied customers throughout the world SKM Systems Analysis, Inc is also chosen by 39 of the top 40 Electrical Engineering firms in the world techniCAL Systems 2002 Inc 436 Jacqueline Blvd Hamilton, Ontario L9B 2R3 Canada: 1-86-MEASURE-1 (1-866-327-8731) Tel: 905-575-1941 Fax: 905-575-0386 E-mail: sales@technical-sys.com Web-site: www.technical-sys.com techniCAL provides electrical contractors and utilities with Test, Measurement, Calibration, Control & Recording Instrumentation Representing Best-of-Breed Manufacturers; techniCAL provides such products as; Power Quality Analyzers, Micro-Ohmmeters, Megohmmeters, Insulation Testers, Leakage Current Meters, Ground Resistance Testers, Data Loggers, High Voltage Ammeters, Power Transducers, Panel Meters, CT’s, PT’s, Shunts, etc… ... book may be reproduced without the written permission of the publisher ISBN-97 8-0 -9 78276 3-2 -4 The Electricity Forum 215 - 1885 Clements Road, Pickering, ON L1W 3V4 © The Electricity Forum 2007... are built around plug-and-play infrastructure which is based on the IEEE 1451.4 standard that brings plug-and-play capabilities to the world of transducers With plug-and-play technology, the... THREE- AND FOUR-POINT METHOD 15 CLAMP-ON GROUND RESISTANCE TESTER, MODELS 3711 & 3731 STEP-BY-STEP

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  • TABLE OF CONTENTS

    • ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENT AND TESTING CONTACT-LESS SENSING AND THE AUTO-DETECT INFRASTRUCTURE

    • DON’T RISK IT: USE CORRECT ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENT TOOLS AND PROCEDURES TO MINIMIZE RISK AND LIABILITY

    • ISOLATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR RELIABLE INDUSTRIAL MEASUREMENTS

    • RESISTANCE MEASUREMENTS THREE- AND FOUR-POINT METHOD

    • CLAMP-ON GROUND RESISTANCE TESTER

    • MEASURING MAGNETIC FIELDS

    • ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELDS MEASUREMENTS AND POSSIBLE EFFECT ON HUMAN HEALTH — WHAT WE KNOW AND WHAT WE DON’T KNOW

    • A NEW APPROACH TO QUICK, ACCURATE, AFFORDABLE FLOATING MEASUREMENTS

    • HIGH-VOLTAGE MEASUREMENTS AND ISOLATION – GENERAL ANALOG CONCEPTS

    • STANDARD MEASUREMENTS: ELECTRIC FIELDS DUE TO HIGH VOLTAGE EQUIPMENT

    • IDENTIFICATION OF CLOSED LOOP SYSTEMS

    • SELECTING AND USING TRANSDUCERS FOR TRANSFORMERS FOR ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENTS

    • HOW TO TROUBLESHOOT LIKE AN EXPERT A SYSTEMATIC APPROACH

    • ELECTRICAL INDUSTRIAL TROUBLESHOOTING

    • THE ART OF MEASURING LOW RESISTANCE

    • STANDARDS FOR SUPERCONDUCTOR AND MAGNETIC MEASUREMENTS

    • MULTI CHANNEL CURRENT TRANSDUCER SYSTEMS

    • FALL-OF-POTENTIAL GROUND TESTING, CLAMP-ON GROUND TESTING COMPARISON

    • AN INTRODUCTION TO ANTENNA TEST RANGES, MEASUREMENTS AND INSTRUMENTATION

    • DERIVING MODEL PARAMETERS FROM FIELD TEST MEASUREMENTS

    • TESTING ELECTRIC STREETLIGHT COMPONENTS WITH LABVIEW-CONTROLLED VIRTUAL INSTRUMENTATION

    • ASSET MANAGEMENT

    • THINK SYNCHRONIZATION FIRST TO OPTIMIZE AUTOMATED TEST

    • USING NATIONAL INSTRUMENTS SYSTEM IDENTIFICATION, CONTROL DESIGN AND SIMULATION PRODUCTS FOR DESIGNING AND TESTING A CONTROLLER FOR AN UNIDENTIFIED SYSTEM

    • MAGNETO-MECHANICAL MEASUREMENTS FOR HIGH CURRENT APPLICATIONS

    • A BASIC GUIDE TO THERMOGRAPHY

    • BUYER’S GUIDE

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