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INSTRUCTOR SOLUTIONS MANUAL SEARS & ZEMANSKY’S COLLEGE PHYSICS 9TH EDITION HUGH D YOUNG Forrest Newman Sacramento City College Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City São Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo Executive Editor: Senior Project Editor: Editorial Manager: Managing Editor: Production Project Manager: Production Management and Compositor: Senior Marketing Manager: Nancy Whilton Katie Conley Laura Kenney Corinne Benson Beth Collins PreMediaGlobal Kerry Chapman Copyright © 2012, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Addison-Wesley, 1301 Sansome Street, San Francisco, CA 94111 All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America This publication is protected by Copyright and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, 1900 E Lake Ave., Glenview, IL 60025 For information regarding permissions, call (847) 486-2635 Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps or all caps ISBN 10: 0-321-69665-4 ISBN 13: 978-0-321-69665-6 CONTENTS Preface .v Chapter Mathematics Review 0-1 Mechanics Chapter Models, Measurements, and Vectors 1-1 Chapter Motion along a Straight Line 2-1 Chapter Motion in a Plane 3-1 Chapter Newton’s Laws of Motion 4-1 Chapter Applications of Newton’s Laws 5-1 Chapter Circular Motion and Gravitation 6-1 Chapter Work and Energy 7-1 Chapter Momentum 8-1 Chapter Rotational Motion 9-1 Chapter 10 Dynamics of Rotational Motion 10-1 Periodic Motion, Waves, and Fluids Chapter 11 Elasticity and Periodic Motion 11-1 Chapter 12 Mechanical Waves and Sound 12-1 Chapter 13 Fluid Mechanics 13-1 Thermodynamics Chapter 14 Temperature and Heat 14-1 Chapter 15 Thermal Properties of Matter 15-1 Chapter 16 The Second Law of Thermodynamics 16-1 © Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc All rights reserved This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher iii iv Contents Electricity and Magnetism Chapter 17 Electric Charge and Electric Field 17-1 Chapter 18 Electric Potential and Capacitance 18-1 Chapter 19 Current, Resistance, and Direct-Current Circuits 19-1 Chapter 20 Magnetic Field and Magnetic Forces 20-1 Magnetic Forces Chapter 21 Electromagnetic Induction 21-1 Chapter 22 Alternating Current 22-1 Chapter 23 Electromagnetic Waves 23-1 Light and Optics Chapter 24 Geometric Optics 24-1 Chapter 25 Optical Instruments 25-1 Chapter 26 Interference and Diffraction 26-1 Modern Physics Chapter 27 Relativity 27-1 Chapter 28 Photons, Electrons, and Atoms 28-1 Chapter 29 Atoms, Molecules, and Solids 29-1 Chapter 30 Nuclear and High-Energy Physics 30-1 © Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc All rights reserved This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher PREFACE This Instructor Solutions Manual contains detailed solutions to all end-of-chapter problems Solutions are done in the Set Up/Solve/Reflect framework used in the textbook In most cases rounding was done in intermediate steps, so you may obtain slightly different results if you handle the rounding differently We have made every effort to be accurate and correct in the solutions, but if you find errors or ambiguities it would be very helpful if you would point these out to the publisher © Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc All rights reserved This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher v UNITS, PHYSICAL QUANTITIES AND VECTORS 1.1 IDENTIFY: Convert units from mi to km and from km to ft SET UP: in = 2.54 cm, km = 1000 m, 12 in = ft, mi = 5280 ft ⎛ 5280 ft ⎞ ⎛ 12 in ⎞ ⎛ 2.54 cm ⎞ ⎛ m ⎞ ⎛ km ⎞ = 1.61 km EXECUTE: (a) 1.00 mi = (1.00 mi) ⎜ ⎝ mi ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ ft ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ in ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 102 cm ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 103 m ⎟⎠ 1.2 ⎛ 103 m ⎞⎛ 102 cm ⎞ ⎛ in ⎞⎛ ft ⎞ (b) 1.00 km = (1.00 km) ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ = 3.28 × 10 ft ⎜ km ⎟⎜ ⎟⎜ m ⎟⎟ ⎝⎜ 2.54 cm ⎠⎝ 12 in ⎠ ⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠ EVALUATE: A mile is a greater distance than a kilometer There are 5280 ft in a mile but only 3280 ft in a km IDENTIFY: Convert volume units from L to in.3 SET UP: L = 1000 cm3 in = 2.54 cm ⎛ 1000 cm3 ⎞ ⎛ in ⎞3 EXECUTE: 0.473 L × ⎜ ⎟⎟ × ⎜ ⎟ = 28.9 in ⎜ 1L 54 cm ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ EVALUATE: in.3 is greater than cm3 , so the volume in in.3 is a smaller number than the volume in 1.3 cm3 , which is 473 cm3 IDENTIFY: We know the speed of light in m/s t = d/v Convert 1.00 ft to m and t from s to ns SET UP: The speed of light is v = 3.00 × 108 m/s ft = 0.3048 m s = 109 ns 0.3048 m EXECUTE: t = = 1.02 × 1029 s = 1.02 ns 3.00 × 108 m/s EVALUATE: In 1.00 s light travels 3.00 × 108 m = 3.00 × 105 km = 1.86 × 105 mi 1.4 IDENTIFY: Convert the units from g to kg and from cm3 to m3 SET UP: kg = 1000 g m = 1000 cm EXECUTE: 19.3 ⎛ kg ⎞ ⎛ 100 cm ⎞ kg × × = 1.93 × 104 3 ⎜ 1000 g ⎟ ⎜ m ⎟ cm ⎝ m ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ g EVALUATE: The ratio that converts cm to m is cubed, because we need to convert cm3 to m3 1.5 IDENTIFY: Convert volume units from in.3 to L SET UP: L = 1000 cm3 in = 2.54 cm EXECUTE: (327 in.3 ) × (2.54 cm/in.)3 × (1 L/1000 cm3 ) = 5.36 L EVALUATE: The volume is 5360 cm3 cm3 is less than in.3 , so the volume in cm3 is a larger number than the volume in in.3 1.6 IDENTIFY: Convert ft to m and then to hectares SET UP: 1.00 hectare = 1.00 × 104 m ft = 0.3048 m © Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc All rights reserved This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher 1-1 1-2 Chapter ⎛ 43,600 ft ⎞ ⎛ 0.3048 m ⎞2 ⎛ 1.00 hectare ⎞ EXECUTE: The area is (12.0 acres) ⎜ = 4.86 hectares ⎟⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ 2⎟ ⎜ ⎝ acre ⎠ ⎝ 1.00 ft ⎠ ⎝ 1.00 × 10 m ⎠ EVALUATE: Since ft = 0.3048 m, ft = (0.3048) m 1.7 IDENTIFY: Convert seconds to years SET UP: billion seconds = × 109 s day = 24 h h = 3600 s ⎛ h ⎞ ⎛ day ⎞ ⎛ y ⎞ = 31.7 y EXECUTE: 1.00 billion seconds = (1.00 × 109 s) ⎜ ⎝ 3600 s ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 24 h ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 365 days ⎟⎠ EVALUATE: The conversion y = 3.156 × 107 s assumes y = 365.24 d, which is the average for one 1.8 1.9 extra day every four years, in leap years The problem says instead to assume a 365-day year IDENTIFY: Apply the given conversion factors SET UP: furlong = 0.1250 mi and fortnight = 14 days day = 24 h ⎛ 0.125 mi ⎞⎛ fortnight ⎞ ⎛ day ⎞ EXECUTE: (180,000 furlongs/fortnight) ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ = 67 mi/h ⎝ furlong ⎠⎝ 14 days ⎠ ⎝ 24 h ⎠ EVALUATE: A furlong is less than a mile and a fortnight is many hours, so the speed limit in mph is a much smaller number IDENTIFY: Convert miles/gallon to km/L SET UP: mi = 1.609 km gallon = 3.788 L ⎛ 1.609 km ⎞⎛ gallon ⎞ EXECUTE: (a) 55.0 miles/gallon = (55.0 miles/gallon) ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ = 23.4 km/L ⎝ mi ⎠⎝ 3.788 L ⎠ 1500 km 64.1 L = 64.1 L = 1.4 tanks 23.4 km/L 45 L/tank EVALUATE: mi/gal = 0.425 km/L A km is very roughly half a mile and there are roughly liters in a (b) The volume of gas required is gallon, so mi/gal ∼ 24 km/L, which is roughly our result 1.10 IDENTIFY: Convert units SET UP: Use the unit conversions given in the problem Also, 100 cm = m and 1000 g = kg ft ⎛ mi ⎞ ⎛ h ⎞⎛ 5280 ft ⎞ EXECUTE: (a) ⎜ 60 ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ = 88 h 3600 s mi s ⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠ m ⎛ ft ⎞ ⎛ 30.48 cm ⎞ ⎛ m ⎞ (b) ⎜ 32 ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ = 9.8 ft 100 cm s ⎝ s ⎠⎝ ⎠ ⎠⎝ g ⎞⎛ 100 cm ⎞ ⎛ kg ⎞ ⎛ kg (c) ⎜1.0 ⎟⎜ ⎟ = 10 ⎟ ⎜ m ⎝ cm ⎠⎝ m ⎠ ⎝ 1000 g ⎠ EVALUATE: The relations 60 mi/h = 88 ft/s and g/cm3 = 103 kg/m3 are exact The relation 1.11 32 ft/s = 9.8 m/s is accurate to only two significant figures IDENTIFY: We know the density and mass; thus we can find the volume using the relation density = mass/volume = m/V The radius is then found from the volume equation for a sphere and the result for the volume SET UP: Density = 19.5 g/cm3 and mcritical = 60.0 kg For a sphere V = 43 π r ⎛ 60.0 kg ⎞ ⎛ 1000 g ⎞ EXECUTE: V = mcritical /density = ⎜⎜ 3⎟ ⎟ ⎜ 1.0 kg ⎟ = 3080 cm 19 g/cm ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ 3V 3 = (3080 cm3 ) = 9.0 cm 4π 4π EVALUATE: The density is very large, so the 130-pound sphere is small in size r=3 © Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc All rights reserved This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher Units, Physical Quantities and Vectors 1.12 1-3 IDENTIFY: Convert units SET UP: We know the equalities mg = 10−3 g, µg 10−6 g, and kg = 103 g ⎛ 10−3 g ⎞⎛ μ g ⎞ EXECUTE: (a) (410 mg/day) ⎜ ⎟⎜ −6 ⎟ = 4.10 × 10 μ g/day ⎝ mg ⎠ ⎝ 10 g ⎠ ⎛ 10−3 g ⎞ = 0.900 g (b) (12 mg/kg)(75 kg) = (900 mg) ⎜ ⎜ mg ⎟⎟ ⎝ ⎠ ⎛ 10−3 g ⎞ −3 (c) The mass of each tablet is (2.0 mg) ⎜ ⎟ = 2.0 × 10 g/day The number of tablets required each ⎝ mg ⎠ day is the number of grams recommended per day divided by the number of grams per tablet: 0.0030 g/day = 1.5 tablet/day Take tablets each day 2.0 × 10−3 g/tablet 1.13 1.14 ⎛ mg ⎞ (d) (0.000070 g/day) ⎜⎜ −3 ⎟⎟ = 0.070 mg/day ⎝ 10 g ⎠ EVALUATE: Quantities in medicine and nutrition are frequently expressed in a wide variety of units IDENTIFY: The percent error is the error divided by the quantity SET UP: The distance from Berlin to Paris is given to the nearest 10 km 10 m EXECUTE: (a) = 1.1 × 10−3, 890 × 103 m (b) Since the distance was given as 890 km, the total distance should be 890,000 meters We know the total distance to only three significant figures EVALUATE: In this case a very small percentage error has disastrous consequences IDENTIFY: When numbers are multiplied or divided, the number of significant figures in the result can be no greater than in the factor with the fewest significant figures When we add or subtract numbers it is the location of the decimal that matters SET UP: 12 mm has two significant figures and 5.98 mm has three significant figures EXECUTE: (a) (12 mm) × (5.98 mm) = 72 mm (two significant figures) 5.98 mm = 0.50 (also two significant figures) 12 mm (c) 36 mm (to the nearest millimeter) (d) mm (e) 2.0 (two significant figures) EVALUATE: The length of the rectangle is known only to the nearest mm, so the answers in parts (c) and (d) are known only to the nearest mm IDENTIFY: Use your calculator to display π × 107 Compare that number to the number of seconds in a year SET UP: yr = 365.24 days, day = 24 h, and h = 3600 s (b) 1.15 1.16 ⎛ 24 h ⎞ ⎛ 3600 s ⎞ 7 EXECUTE: (365.24 days/1 yr) ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ = 3.15567…× 10 s; π × 10 s = 3.14159…× 10 s day h ⎠ ⎝ ⎠⎝ The approximate expression is accurate to two significant figures The percent error is 0.45% EVALUATE: The close agreement is a numerical accident IDENTIFY: Estimate the number of people and then use the estimates given in the problem to calculate the number of gallons SET UP: Estimate × 108 people, so × 108 cars EXECUTE: (Number of cars × miles/car day)/(mi/gal) = gallons/day (2 × 108 cars × 10000 mi/yr/car × yr/365 days)/(20 mi/gal) = × 108 gal/day 1.17 EVALUATE: The number of gallons of gas used each day approximately equals the population of the U.S IDENTIFY: Express 200 kg in pounds Express each of 200 m, 200 cm and 200 mm in inches Express 200 months in years © Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc All rights reserved This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher 1-4 Chapter SET UP: A mass of kg is equivalent to a weight of about 2.2 lbs.1 in = 2.54 cm y = 12 months 1.18 EXECUTE: (a) 200 kg is a weight of 440 lb This is much larger than the typical weight of a man ⎛ in ⎞ (b) 200 m = (2.00 × 104 cm) ⎜ ⎟ = 7.9 × 10 inches This is much greater than the height of a ⎝ 2.54 cm ⎠ person (c) 200 cm = 2.00 m = 79 inches = 6.6 ft Some people are this tall, but not an ordinary man (d) 200 mm = 0.200 m = 7.9 inches This is much too short ⎛ 1y ⎞ (e) 200 months = (200 mon) ⎜ ⎟ = 17 y This is the age of a teenager; a middle-aged man is much ⎝ 12 mon ⎠ older than this EVALUATE: None are plausible When specifying the value of a measured quantity it is essential to give the units in which it is being expressed IDENTIFY: The number of kernels can be calculated as N = Vbottle /Vkernel SET UP: Based on an Internet search, Iowa corn farmers use a sieve having a hole size of 0.3125 in ≅ mm to remove kernel fragments Therefore estimate the average kernel length as 10 mm, the width as mm and the depth as mm We must also apply the conversion factors L = 1000 cm3 and cm = 10 mm EXECUTE: The volume of the kernel is: Vkernel = (10 mm)(6 mm)(3 mm) = 180 mm3 The bottle’s volume is: Vbottle = (2.0 L)[(1000 cm3 )/(1.0 L)][(10 mm)3 /(1.0 cm)3 ] = 2.0 × 106 mm3 The number of kernels is then N kernels = Vbottle /Vkernels ≈ (2.0 × 106 mm3 )/(180 mm3 ) = 11,000 kernels 1.19 1.20 EVALUATE: This estimate is highly dependent upon your estimate of the kernel dimensions And since these dimensions vary amongst the different available types of corn, acceptable answers could range from 6,500 to 20,000 IDENTIFY: Estimate the number of pages and the number of words per page SET UP: Assuming the two-volume edition, there are approximately a thousand pages, and each page has between 500 and a thousand words (counting captions and the smaller print, such as the end-of-chapter exercises and problems) EXECUTE: An estimate for the number of words is about 106 EVALUATE: We can expect that this estimate is accurate to within a factor of 10 IDENTIFY: Approximate the number of breaths per minute Convert minutes to years and cm3 to m3 to find the volume in m3 breathed in a year ⎛ 24 h ⎞⎛ 60 ⎞ SET UP: Assume 10 breaths/min y = (365 d) ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ = 5.3 × 10 10 cm = m so ⎝ d ⎠⎝ h ⎠ 106 cm3 = m3 The volume of a sphere is V = 43 π r = 16 π d , where r is the radius and d is the diameter Don’t forget to account for four astronauts ⎛ 5.3 × 105 ⎞ EXECUTE: (a) The volume is (4)(10 breaths/min)(500 × 10−6 m3 ) ⎜ ⎟⎟ = 1× 10 m /yr ⎜ y ⎝ ⎠ 1/3 ⎛ 6V ⎞ (b) d = ⎜ ⎟ ⎝ π ⎠ 1.21 1/3 ⎛ 6[1 × 104 m3 ] ⎞ =⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜ π ⎝ ⎠ = 27 m EVALUATE: Our estimate assumes that each cm3 of air is breathed in only once, where in reality not all the oxygen is absorbed from the air in each breath Therefore, a somewhat smaller volume would actually be required IDENTIFY: Estimate the number of blinks per minute Convert minutes to years Estimate the typical lifetime in years SET UP: Estimate that we blink 10 times per minute.1 y = 365 days day = 24 h, h = 60 Use 80 years for the lifetime © Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc All rights reserved This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher 44-2 44.4 Chapter 44 IDENTIFY: In the annihilation the total energy of the proton and antiproton is converted to the energy of the two photons SET UP: The rest energy of a proton or antiproton is 938.3 MeV Conservation of linear momentum requires that the two photons have equal energies EXECUTE: (a) The energy will be the proton rest energy, 938.3 MeV, corresponding to a frequency of 2.27 × 1023 Hz and a wavelength of 1.32 × 10−15 m (b) The energy of each photon will be 938.3 MeV + 830 MeV = 1768 MeV, with frequency 42.8 × 1022 Hz and wavelength 7.02 × 10−16 m 44.5 EVALUATE: When the initial kinetic energy of the proton and antiproton increases, the wavelength of the photons decreases IDENTIFY: The kinetic energy of the alpha particle is due to the mass decrease SET UP and EXECUTE: 0n + 105 B → 73 Li + 42 He The mass decrease in the reaction is m( 01 n) + m(105 B) − m( 73 Li) − m( 42 He) = 1.008665 u + 10.012937 u − 7.016004 u − 4.002603 u = 0.002995 u and the energy released is E = (0.002995 u)(931.5 MeV/u) = 2.79 MeV Assuming the initial momentum is zero, mLivLi = mHevHe and vLi = ⎛ mHe m Li ⎜ m ⎝ Li mHe vHe mLi m v2 Li Li 2 + mHevHe = E becomes ⎞ ⎞ 2E ⎛ mLi −13 J ⎜ ⎟ E = 4.470 × 10 ⎟ vHe + mHevHe = E and vHe = + m m m He ⎝ Li He ⎠ ⎠ mHe = 4.002603 u − 2(0.0005486 u) = 4.0015 u = 6.645 × 10−27 kg mLi = 7.016004 u − 3(0.0005486 u) = 7.0144 u This gives vHe = 9.26 × 106 m/s 44.6 EVALUATE: The speed of the alpha particle is considerably less than the speed of light, so it is not necessary to use the more complicated relativistic formulas IDENTIFY: The range is limited by the lifetime of the particle, which itself is limited by the uncertainty principle SET UP: Δ E Δ t = =/2 EXECUTE: Δ t = 44.7 = (4.136 × 10−15 eV ⋅ s/2π ) = = 4.20 × 10−25 s The range of the force is 2Δ E 2(783 × 106 eV) cΔt = (2.998 × 108 m/s)(4.20 × 10−25 s) = 1.26 × 10−16 m = 0.126 fm EVALUATE: This range is less than the diameter of an atomic nucleus IDENTIFY: The antimatter annihilates with an equal amount of matter SET UP: The energy of the matter is E = (Δ m)c EXECUTE: Putting in the numbers gives E = (Δm)c = (400 kg + 400 kg)(3.00 × 108 m/s)2 = 7.2 × 1019 J 44.8 This is about 70% of the annual energy use in the U.S EVALUATE: If this huge amount of energy were released suddenly, it would blow up the Enterprise! Getting useable energy from matter-antimatter annihiliation is not so easy to do! IDENTIFY: With a stationary target, only part of the initial kinetic energy of the moving electron is available Momentum conservation tells us that there must be nonzero momentum after the collision, which means that there must also be leftover kinetic energy Therefore not all of the initial energy is available SET UP: The available energy is given by Ea2 = 2mc ( Em + mc ) for two particles of equal mass when one is initially stationary In this case, the initial kinetic energy (20.0 GeV = 20,000 MeV) is much more than the rest energy of the electron (0.511 MeV), so the formula for available energy reduces to Ea = 2mc Em EXECUTE: (a) Using the formula for available energy gives Ea = 2mc Em = 2(0.511 MeV)(20.0 GeV) = 143 MeV © Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc All rights reserved This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher Particle Physics and Cosmology 44.9 44-3 (b) For colliding beams of equal mass, each particle has half the available energy, so each has 71.5 MeV The total energy is twice this, or 143 MeV EVALUATE: Colliding beams provide considerably more available energy to experiments than beams hitting a stationary target With a stationary electron target in part (a), we had to give the moving electron 20,000 MeV of energy to get the same available energy that we got with only 143 MeV of energy with the colliding beams (a) IDENTIFY and SET UP: Eq (44.7) says ω = q B/m so B = mω / q And since ω = 2π f , this becomes B = 2π mf/ q EXECUTE: A deuteron is a deuterium nucleus (12 H) Its charge is q = + e Its mass is the mass of the neutral 12 H atom (Table 43.2) minus the mass of the one atomic electron: m = 2.014102 u − 0.0005486 u = 2.013553 u (1.66054 × 10−27 kg/1 u) = 3.344 × 10−27 kg B= 2π mf 2π (3.344 × 10−27 kg)(9.00 × 106 Hz) = = 1.18 T q 1.602 × 10−19 C (b) Eq (44.8): K = q B R [(1.602 × 10−19 C)(1.18 T)(0.320 m)]2 = 2m 2(3.344 × 10−27 kg) K = 5.471 × 10−13 J = (5.471 × 10−13 J)(1 eV/1.602 × 10−19 J) = 3.42 MeV K = 12 mv so v = 2K 2(5.471 × 10−13 J) = = 1.81 × 107 m/s m 3.344 × 10−27 kg EVALUATE: v/c = 0.06, so it is ok to use the nonrelativistic expression for kinetic energy 44.10 IDENTIFY: Apply Eqs (44.6) and (44.7) f = ω 2π In part (c) apply conservation of energy SET UP: The relativistic form for the kinetic energy is K = (γ − 1)mc A proton has mass 1.67 × 10−27 kg ω eB = = 3.97 × 107 /s π mπ EXECUTE: (a) f = (b) v = ω R = eBR = 3.12 × 107 m/s m (c) For three-figure precision, the relativistic form of the kinetic energy must be used, eV = (γ − 1)mc , (γ − 1)mc = 5.11 × 106 V e EVALUATE: The kinetic energy of the protons in part (c) is 5.11 MeV This is 0.5% of their rest energy If the nonrelativistic expression for the kinetic energy is used, we obtain V = 5.08 × 106 V (a) IDENTIFY and SET UP: The masses of the target and projectile particles are equal, so Eq (44.10) can be used Ea2 = 2mc ( Em + mc ) Ea is specified; solve for the energy Em of the beam particles so eV = (γ − 1)mc , so V = 44.11 EXECUTE: Em = Ea2 2mc − mc The mass for the alpha particle can be calculated by subtracting two electron masses from the 42 He atomic mass: m = mα = 4.002603 u − 2(0.0005486 u) = 4.001506 u Then mc = (4.001506 u)(931.5 MeV/u) = 3.727 GeV Em = Ea2 2mc − mc = (16.0 GeV) − 3.727 GeV = 30.6 GeV 2(3.727 GeV) (b) Each beam must have E a = 8.0 GeV © Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc All rights reserved This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher 44-4 44.12 Chapter 44 EVALUATE: For a stationary target the beam energy is nearly twice the available energy In a colliding beam experiment all the energy is available and each beam needs to have just half the required available energy qB IDENTIFY: E = γ mc , where γ = The relativistic version of Eq (44.7) is ω = mγ − v /c SET UP: A proton has rest energy mc = 938.3 MeV EXECUTE: (a) γ = E mc (b) Nonrelativistic: ω = = 1000 × 103 MeV = 1065.8, so v = 0.999999559c 938.3 MeV eB = 3.83 × 108 rad/s m eB = 3.59 × 105 rad/s m γ EVALUATE: The relativistic expression gives a smaller value for ω (a) IDENTIFY and SET UP: For a proton beam on a stationary proton target and since Ea is much larger Relativistic: ω = 44.13 than the proton rest energy we can use Eq (44.11): Ea2 = 2mc Em EXECUTE: Em = Ea2 = (77.4 GeV) = 3200 GeV 2(0.938 GeV) 2mc (b) IDENTIFY and SET UP: For colliding beams the total momentum is zero and the available energy Ea is the total energy for the two colliding particles EXECUTE: For proton-proton collisions the colliding beams each have the same energy, so the total energy of each beam is 12 Ea = 38.7 GeV 44.14 EVALUATE: For a stationary target less than 3% of the beam energy is available for conversion into mass The beam energy for a colliding beam experiment is a factor of (1/83) times smaller than the required energy for a stationary target experiment IDENTIFY: Only part of the initial kinetic energy of the moving electron is available Momentum conservation tells us that there must be nonzero momentum after the collision, which means that there must also be left over kinetic energy SET UP: To create the η , the minimum available energy must be equal to the rest mass energy of the products, which in this case is the η plus two protons In a collider, all of the initial energy is available, so the beam energy is the available energy EXECUTE: The minimum amount of available energy must be rest mass energy Ea = 2mp + mη = 2(938.3 MeV) + 547.3 MeV = 2420 MeV Each incident proton has half of the rest mass energy, or 1210 MeV = 1.21 GeV 44.15 EVALUATE: As we saw in Problem 44.13, we would need much more initial energy if one of the initial protons were stationary The result here (1.21 GeV) is the minimum amount of energy needed; the original protons could have more energy and still trigger this reaction IDENTIFY: The kinetic energy comes from the mass decrease SET UP: Table 44.3 gives m(K + ) = 493.7 MeV/c , m(π ) = 135.0 MeV/c , and m(π ± ) = 139.6 MeV/c EXECUTE: (a) Charge must be conserved, so K + → π + π + is the only possible decay (b) The mass decrease is m(K + ) − m(π ) − m(π + ) = 493.7 MeV/c − 135.0 MeV/c − 139.6 MeV/c = 219.1 MeV/c The energy released is 219.1 MeV EVALUATE: The π mesons not share this energy equally since they not have equal masses © Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc All rights reserved This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher Particle Physics and Cosmology 44.16 44-5 IDENTIFY: The energy is due to the mass difference SET UP: The energy released is the energy equivalent of the mass decrease From Table 44.3, the µ− has mass 105.7 MeV/c and the e− has mass 0.511 MeV/c EXECUTE: The mass decrease is 105.7 MeV/c − 0.511 MeV/c = 105.2 MeV/c and the energy equivalent is 105.2 MeV EVALUATE: The electron does not get all of this energy; the neutrinos also get some of it 44.17 IDENTIFY: Table 44.1 gives the mass in units of GeV/c This is the value of mc for the particle SET UP: m(Z0 ) = 91.2 GeV/c EXECUTE: E = 91.2 × 109 eV = 1.461 × 10−8 J; m = E/c = 1.63 × 10−25 kg; m(Z0 )/m(p) = 97.2 44.18 EVALUATE: The rest energy of a proton is 938 MeV; the rest energy of the Z0 is 97.2 times as great IDENTIFY: The energy of the photon equals the difference in the rest energies of the Σ and Λ For a photon, p = E/c SET UP: Table 44.3 gives the rest energies to be 1193 MeV for the Σ and 1116 MeV for the Λ EXECUTE: (a) We shall assume that the kinetic energy of the Λ is negligible In that case we can set the value of the photon’s energy equal to Q: Q = (1193 − 1116) MeV = 77 MeV = Ephoton (b) The momentum of this photon is Ephoton (77 × 106 eV)(1.60 × 10−18 J/eV) p= = = 4.1 × 10−20 kg ⋅ m/s c (3.00 × 108 m/s) EVALUATE: To justify our original assumption, we can calculate the kinetic energy of a Λ that has this value of momentum p2 E2 (77 MeV) = = = 2.7 MeV  Q = 77 MeV K Λ0 = 2m 2mc 2(1116 MeV) 44.19 44.20 Thus, we can ignore the momentum of the Λ without introducing a large error IDENTIFY and SET UP: Find the energy equivalent of the mass decrease EXECUTE: The mass decrease is m(∑ + ) − m(p) − m(π ) and the energy released is mc ( ∑ + ) − mc (p) − mc (π ) = 1189 MeV − 938.3 MeV − 135.0 MeV = 116 MeV (The mc values for each particle were taken from Table 44.3.) EVALUATE: The mass of the decay products is less than the mass of the original particle, so the decay is energetically allowed and energy is released IDENTIFY: If the initial and final rest mass energies were equal, there would be no leftover energy for kinetic energy Therefore the kinetic energy of the products is the difference between the mass energy of the initial particles and the final particles SET UP: The difference in mass is Δm = M Ω − − mΛ − mK − EXECUTE: Using Table 44.3, the energy difference is E = (Δ m)c = 1672 MeV − 1116 MeV − 494 MeV = 62 MeV 44.21 EVALUATE: There is less rest mass energy after the reaction than before because 62 MeV of the initial energy was converted to kinetic energy of the products IDENTIFY and SET UP: The lepton numbers for the particles are given in Table 44.2 EXECUTE: (a) μ − → e− + ve + vμ ⇒ Lμ : + ≠ −1, Le : ≠ +1 + 1, so lepton numbers are not conserved (b) τ − → e − + ve + vτ ⇒ Le : = +1 − 1; Lτ : + = +1, so lepton numbers are conserved (c) π + → e + + γ Lepton numbers are not conserved since just one lepton is produced from zero original leptons (d) n → p + e − + υe ⇒ Le : = +1 − 1, so the lepton numbers are conserved EVALUATE: The decays where lepton numbers are conserved are among those listed in Tables 44.2 and 44.3 © Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc All rights reserved This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher 44-6 Chapter 44 44.22 IDENTIFY and SET UP: p and n have baryon number +1 and p has baryon number −1 e + , e − , υe and γ 44.23 all have baryon number zero Baryon number is conserved if the total baryon number of the products equals the total baryon number of the reactants EXECUTE: (a) reactants: B = + = Products: B = + = Not conserved (b) reactants: B = + = Products: B = + = Not conserved (c) reactants: B = +1 Products: B = + + = +1 Conserved (d) reactants: B = − = Products: B = Conserved EVALUATE: Even though a reaction obeys conservation of baryon number it may still not occur spontaneously, if it is not energetically allowed or if other conservation laws are violated IDENTIFY and SET UP: Compare the sum of the strangeness quantum numbers for the particles on each side of the decay equation The strangeness quantum numbers for each particle are given in Table 44.3 EXECUTE: (a) K + → μ + + vμ ; SK + = +1, S μ + = 0, Svμ = S = initially; S = for the products; S is not conserved (b) n + K + → p + π ; Sn = 0, SK + = +1, Sp = 0, Sπ = S = initially; S = for the products; S is not conserved (c) K + + K − → π + π ; SK + = +1; SK − = −1; Sπ = S = +1 − = initially; S = for the products; S is conserved (d) p + K − → Λ + π ; Sp = 0, SK − = −1, S Λ = −1, Sπ = 44.24 S = −1 initially; S = −1 for the products; S is conserved EVALUATE: Strangeness is not a conserved quantity in weak interactions, and strangeness nonconserving reactions or decays can occur IDENTIFY and SET UP: Numerical values for the fundamental physical constant are given in Appendix F EXECUTE: (a) Using the values of the constants from Appendix F, e2 4π ⑀0=c = 7.29660475 × 10−3 = (b) From Section 39.3, v1 = , or 1/137 to three figures 137.050044 e2 But notice this is just 2⑀0 h ⎛ e2 ⎞ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ c, as claimed ⎝ 4π ⑀0=c ⎠ q1q2 e2 e2 , so has units of J ⋅ m =c has units of (J ⋅ s)(m/s) = J ⋅ m, so is 4π⑀0 4π ⑀0=c 4π ⑀0r indeed dimensionless IDENTIFY and SET UP: f has units of energy times distance = has units of J ⋅ s and c has units of m/s EVALUATE: U = 44.25 ⎡ f2⎤ f2 (J ⋅ m) and thus = EXECUTE: ⎢ ⎥ = is dimensionless −1 =c ⎣⎢ =c ⎦⎥ (J ⋅ s)(m ⋅ s ) f2 is dimensionless, it has the same numerical value in all system of units =c IDENTIFY and SET UP: Construct the diagram as specified in the problem In part (b), use quark charges −1 −1 as a guide u = + , d = , and s = 3 EVALUATE: Since 44.26 EXECUTE: (a) The diagram is given in Figure 44.26 The Ω − particle has Q = −1 (as its label suggests) and S = −3 Its appears as a “hole” in an otherwise regular lattice in the S − Q plane (b) The quark composition of each particle is shown in the figure EVALUATE: The mass difference between each S row is around 145 MeV (or so) This puts the Ω − mass at about the right spot As it turns out, all the other particles on this lattice had been discovered already and it was this “hole” and mass regularity that led to an accurate prediction of the properties of the Ω −! © Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc All rights reserved This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher Particle Physics and Cosmology 44-7 Figure 44.26 44.27 IDENTIFY and SET UP: Each value for the combination is the sum of the values for each quark Use Table 44.4 EXECUTE: (a) uds Q = 23 e − 13 e − 13 e = B = 13 + 13 + 13 = S = + − = −1 C = 0+0+0= (b) cu The values for u are the negative for those for u Q = 23 e − 23 e = B = 13 − 13 = S = 0+0= C = +1 + = +1 (c) ddd Q = − 13 e − 13 e − 13 e = − e B = 13 + 13 + 13 = +1 S = 0+0+0= C = 0+0+0= (d) d c Q = − 13 e − 32 e = −e B = 13 − 13 = 44.28 S = 0+0= C = − = −1 EVALUATE: The charge, baryon number, strangeness and charm quantum numbers of a particle are determined by the particle’s quark composition IDENTIFY: Quark combination produce various particles SET UP: The properties of the quarks are given in Table 44.5 An antiquark has charge and quantum numbers of opposite sign from the corresponding quark EXECUTE: (a) Q/e = 23 + 23 + − 13 = +1 B = 13 + 13 + 13 = S = + + ( −1) = −1 C = + + = ( ) (b) Q/e = 23 + 13 = +1 B = 13 + ( − 13 ) = S = + = C = + = (c) Q/e = 13 + 13 + ( − 32 ) = B = − 13 + ( − 13 ) + ( − 13 ) = −1 S = + + = C = + + = (d) Q/e = − 23 + ( − 13 ) = −1 B = − 13 + 13 = S = + = C = −1 + = −1 EVALUATE: The charge must always come out to be a whole number © Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc All rights reserved This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher 44-8 Chapter 44 44.29 IDENTIFY: A proton is made up of uud quarks and a neutron consists of udd quarks SET UP and EXECUTE: If a proton decays by β + decay, we have p → e + + n + ve (both charge and lepton number are conserved) EVALUATE: Since a proton consists of uud quarks and a neutron is udd quarks, it follows that in β + 44.30 44.31 decay a u quark changes to a d quark IDENTIFY: The decrease in the rest energy of the particles that exist before and after the decay equals the energy that is released SET UP: The upsilon has rest energy 9460 MeV and each tau has rest energy 1777 MeV EXECUTE: (mϒ − 2mτ )c = (9460 MeV − 2(1777 MeV)) = 5906 MeV EVALUATE: Over half of the rest energy of the upsilon is released in the decay IDENTIFY and SET UP: To obtain the quark content of an antiparticle, replace quarks by antiquarks and antiquarks by quarks in the quark composition of the particle EXECUTE: (a) The antiparticle must consist of the antiquarks so n = udd (b) n = udd is not its own antiparticle, since n and n have different quark content (c) ψ = cc so ψ = cc = ψ so the ψ is its own antiparticle EVALUATE: We can see from Table 44.3 that none of the baryons are their own antiparticles and that none of the charged mesons are their own antiparticles The ψ is a neutral meson and all the neutral 44.32 44.33 mesons are their own antiparticles IDENTIFY: The charge, baryon number and strangeness of the particles are the sums of these values for their constituent quarks SET UP: The properties of the six quarks are given in Table 44.5 EXECUTE: (a) S = indicates the presence of one s antiquark and no s quark To have baryon number there can be only one other quark, and to have net charge + e that quark must be a u, and the quark content is us (b) The particle has an s antiquark, and for a baryon number of −1 the particle must consist of three antiquarks For a net charge of − e, the quark content must be dd s (c) S = −2 means that there are two s quarks, and for baryon number there must be one more quark For a charge of the third quark must be a u quark and the quark content is uss EVALUATE: The particles with baryon number zero are mesons and consist of a quark-antiquark pair Particles with baryon number consist of three quarks and are baryons Particles with baryon number −1 consist of three antiquarks and are antibaryons (a) IDENTIFY and SET UP: Use Eq (44.14) to calculate v ⎡ (λ /λ ) − 1⎤ ⎡ (658.5 nm/590 nm) − ⎤ EXECUTE: v = ⎢ S ⎥ c = ⎢ ⎥ c = 0.1094c ⎢⎣ (λ0 /λ S ) + 1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ (658.5 nm/590 nm) + ⎥⎦ v = (0.1094)(2.998 × 108 m/s) = 3.28 × 107 m/s (b) IDENTIFY and SET UP: Use Eq (44.15) to calculate r v 3.28 × 104 km/s = = 1510 Mly EXECUTE: r = H (71(km/s)/Mpc)(1 Mpc/3.26 Mly) EVALUATE: The red shift λ0 /λS − for this galaxy is 0.116 It is therefore about twice as far from earth 44.34 as the galaxy in Examples 44.8 and 44.9, that had a red shift of 0.053 λ − λS IDENTIFY: In Example 44.8, z is defined as z = Apply Eq (44.13) to solve for v Hubble’s law λS is given by Eq (44.15) SET UP: The Hubble constant has a value of H = 7.1 × 104 EXECUTE: (a) + z = + 1+ z = ( λ − λS ) λS = m/s Mpc λ0 Now we use Eq (44.13) to obtain λS c+v + v/c 1+ β = = − v/c 1− β c−v © Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc All rights reserved This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher Particle Physics and Cosmology (b) Solving the above equation for β we obtain β = 44-9 (1 + z )2 − 1.52 − = = 0.3846 Thus, (1 + z )2 + 1.52 + v = 0.3846c = 1.15 × 108 m/s (c) We can use Eq (44.15) to find the distance to the given galaxy, v (1.15 × 108 m/s) = = 1.6 × 103 Mpc r= H (7.1 × 104 (m/s)/Mpc) EVALUATE: pc = 3.26 ly, so the distance in part (c) is 5.2 × 109 ly 44.35 (a) IDENTIFY and SET UP: Hubble’s law is Eq (44.15), with H = 71 (km/s)/(Mpc) Mpc = 3.26 Mly EXECUTE: r = 5210 Mly so v = H 0r = ((71 km/s)/Mpc)(1 Mpc/3.26 Mly)(5210 Mly) = 1.1 × 105 km/s (b) IDENTIFY and SET UP: Use v from part (a) in Eq (44.13) λ0 c+v + v /c EXECUTE: = = c−v − v /c λS 44.36 v 1.1 × 108 m/s λ + 0.367 = = 0.367 so = = 1.5 − 0.367 c 2.9980 × 108 m/s λS EVALUATE: The galaxy in Examples 44.8 and 44.9 is 710 Mly away so has a smaller recession speed and redshift than the galaxy in this problem IDENTIFY: Set v = c in Eq (44.15) km/s km/s Mpc = 3.26 Mly, so H = 22 SET UP: H = 71 Mpc Mly c 3.00 × 105 km/s = = 1.4 × 104 Mly H 22 (km/s)/Mly EVALUATE: (b) This distance represents looking back in time so far that the light has not been able to reach us IDENTIFY and SET UP: mH = 1.67 × 10−27 kg The ideal gas law says pV = nRT Normal pressure is EXECUTE: (a) From Eq (44.15), r = 44.37 1.013 × 105 Pa and normal temperature is about 27 °C = 300 K mole is 6.02 × 1023 atoms EXECUTE: (a) 6.3 × 10−27 kg/m3 1.67 × 10 −27 kg/atom = 3.8 atoms/m3 (b) V = (4 m)(7 m)(3 m) = 84 m3 and (3.8 atoms/m3 )(84 m3 ) = 320 atoms (c) With p = 1.013 × 105 pa, V = 84 m3 , T = 300 K the ideal gas law gives the number of moles to be n= pV (1.013 × 105 Pa)(84 m3 ) = = 3.4 × 103 moles RT (8.3145 J/mol ⋅ K)(300 K) (3.4 × 103 moles)(6.02 × 1023 atoms/mol) = 2.0 × 1027 atoms 44.38 EVALUATE: The average density of the universe is very small Interstellar space contains a very small number of atoms per cubic meter, compared to the number of atoms per cubit meter in ordinary material on the earth, such as air IDENTIFY and SET UP: The dimensions of = are energy times time, the dimensions of G are energy times length per mass squared The numerical values of the physical constants are given in Appendix F EXECUTE: (a) The dimensions of =G/c3 are 1/2 ⎡ (E ⋅ T)(E ⋅ L/M ) ⎤ ⎢ ⎥ (L/T)3 ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ 1/2 2 ⎡ E ⎤⎡T ⎤ ⎡L⎤ ⎡T ⎤ = ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ = ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ = L ⎣ M ⎦ ⎢⎣ L ⎥⎦ ⎣ T ⎦ ⎢⎣ L ⎥⎦ 1/ ⎛ (6.626 × 10−34 J ⋅ s)(6.673 × 10−11 N ⋅ m /kg ) ⎞ −35 m =⎜ ⎟⎟ = 1.616 × 10 ⎜ (3.00 10 m/s) π × ⎝ ⎠ EVALUATE: Both the dimensional analysis and the numerical calculation agree that the units of this quantity are meters ⎛ =G ⎞ (b) ⎜ ⎟ ⎝c ⎠ © Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc All rights reserved This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher 44-10 44.39 Chapter 44 IDENTIFY and SET UP: Find the energy equivalent of the mass decrease EXECUTE: (a) p + 12 H → 32He or can write as 11 H + 12 H → 32He If neutral atom masses are used then the masses of the two atomic electrons on each side of the reaction will cancel Taking the atomic masses from Table 43.2, the mass decrease is m(11 H) + m(12 H) − m(32 He) = 1.007825 u + 2.014102 u − 3.016029 u = 0.005898 u The energy released is the energy equivalent of this mass decrease: (0.005898 u)(931.5 MeV/u) = 5.494 MeV (b) 10 n + 32 He → 42 He If neutral helium masses are used then the masses of the two atomic electrons on each side of the reaction equation will cancel The mass decrease is m(10 n) + m(32 He) − m( 42 He) = 1.008665 u + 3.016029 u − 4.002603 u = 0.022091 u The energy released is the energy equivalent of this mass decrease: (0.022091 u)(931.15 MeV/u) = 20.58 MeV 44.40 44.41 EVALUATE: These are important nucleosynthesis reactions, discussed in Section 44.7 IDENTIFY: The energy released in the reaction is the energy equivalent of the mass decrease that occurs in the reaction SET UP: u is equivalent to 931.5 MeV The neutral atom masses are given in Table 43.2 EXECUTE: 3m( He) − m(12 C) = 7.80 × 10−3 u, or 7.27 MeV EVALUATE: The neutral atom masses include electrons on each side of the reaction equation The electron masses cancel and we obtain the same mass change as would be calculated using nuclear masses IDENTIFY: The reaction energy Q is defined in Eq (43.23) and is the energy equivalent of the mass change in the reaction When Q is negative the reaction is endoergic When Q is positive the reaction is exoergic SET UP: Use the particle masses given in Section 43.1 u is equivalent to 931.5 MeV EXECUTE: Δm = me + mp − mn − mve so assuming mve ≈ 0, Δm = 0.0005486 u + 1.007276 u − 1.008665 u = −8.40 × 10−4 u ⇒ E = (Δm)c = ( −8.40 × 10−4 u)(931.5 MeV/u) = −0.783 MeV and is endoergic 44.42 EVALUATE: The energy consumed in the reaction would have to come from the initial kinetic energy of the reactants IDENTIFY: The reaction energy Q is defined in Eq (43.23) and is the energy equivalent of the mass change in the reaction When Q is negative the reaction is endoergic When Q is positive the reaction is exoergic SET UP: u is equivalent to 931.5 MeV Use the neutral atom masses that are given in Table 43.2 EXECUTE: m12 C + m He − m16 O = 7.69 × 10−3 u, or 7.16 MeV, an exoergic reaction 44.43 EVALUATE: 7.16 MeV of energy is released in the reaction IDENTIFY and SET UP: The Wien displacement law (Eq 39.21) sys λ mT equals a constant Use this to relate λ m,1 at T1 to λ m, at T2 EXECUTE: λm,1T1 = λ m,2T2 ⎛ T2 ⎞ ⎛ 2.728 K ⎞ −3 ⎟ = 1.062 × 10 m ⎜ ⎟ = 966 nm 3000 K ⎠ T ⎝ ⎝ 1⎠ EVALUATE: The peak wavelength was much less when the temperature was much higher IDENTIFY: Use the Bohr model to calculate the ionization energy of positronium mm SET UP and EXECUTE: The reduced mass is mr = = m/2 For a hydrogen with an infinitely m+m λm,1 = λm,2 ⎜ 44.44 massive nucleus, the ground state energy is E1 = − me4 ⑀02 8n2 h2 = −13.6 eV For positronium, ⎛ me4 ⎞ = ⎜ − 2 ⎟ = −(13.6 eV)/2 = −6.80 eV The ionization energy is 6.80 eV ⎜⎝ ⑀0 8n h ⎟⎠ 8n h EVALUATE: This is half the ionization energy of hydrogen E1 = − mr e4 ⑀02 2 © Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc All rights reserved This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher Particle Physics and Cosmology 44.45 44-11 IDENTIFY and SET UP: For colliding beams the available energy is twice the beam energy For a fixedtarget experiment only a portion of the beam energy is available energy (Eqs 44.9 and 44.10) EXECUTE: (a) Ea = 2(7.0 TeV) = 14.0 TeV (b) Need Ea = 14.0 TeV = 14.0 × 106 MeV Since the target and projectile particles are both protons Eq (44.10) can be used: Ea2 = 2mc ( Em + mc ) (14.0 × 106 MeV) − 938.3 MeV = 1.0 × 1011 MeV = 1.0 × 105 TeV 2(938.3 MeV) 2mc EVALUATE: This shows the great advantage of colliding beams at relativistic energies IDENTIFY: The initial total energy of the colliding proton and antiproton equals the total energy of the two photons SET UP: For a particle with mass, E = K + mc For a proton, mpc = 938 MeV Em = 44.46 Ea2 − mc = EXECUTE: K + mpc = 44.47 hc λ ,K= hc λ − mp c = 652 MeV EVALUATE: If the kinetic energies of the colliding particles increase, then the wavelength of each photon decreases IDENTIFY: The energy comes from a mass decrease SET UP: A charged pion decays into a muon plus a neutrino The muon in turn decays into an electron or positron plus two neutrinos EXECUTE: (a) π − → µ− + neutrino → e − + three neutrinos (b) If we neglect the mass of the neutrinos, the mass decrease is m(π − ) − m(e − ) = 273me − me = 272me = 2.480 × 10−28 kg E = mc = 2.23 × 10−11 J = 139 MeV (c) The total energy delivered to the tissue is (50.0 J/kg)(10.0 × 10−3 kg) = 0.500 J The number of π − 44.48 0.500 J = 2.24 × 1010 2.23 × 10−11 J (d) The RBE for the electrons that are produced is 1.0, so the equivalent dose is 1.0(50.0 Gy) = 50.0 Sv = 5.0 × 103 rem EVALUATE: The π are heavier than electrons and therefore behave differently as they hit the tissue IDENTIFY: Apply Eq (44.9) SET UP: In Eq (44.9), Ea = ( mΣ + mK )c , and with M = mp , m = mπ − and Em = (mπ − )c + K , mesons required is K= Ea2 − (mπ − c ) − ( mp c ) 2mp c − (mπ − )c (1193 MeV + 497.7 MeV) − (139.6 MeV) − (938.3 MeV) − 139.6 MeV = 904 MeV 2(938.3 MeV) EVALUATE: The increase in rest energy is (mΣ + mK − mπ − − mp )c = 1193 MeV + 497.7 MeV − 139.6 MeV − 938.3 MeV = 613 MeV The EXECUTE: K = 44.49 threshold kinetic energy is larger than this because not all the kinetic energy of the beam is available to form new particle states IDENTIFY: With a stationary target, only part of the initial kinetic energy of the moving proton is available Momentum conservation tells us that there must be nonzero momentum after the collision, which means that there must also be leftover kinetic energy Therefore not all of the initial energy is available SET UP: The available energy is given by Ea2 = 2mc ( Em + mc ) for two particles of equal mass when one is initially stationary The minimum available energy must be equal to the rest mass energies of the products, which in this case is two protons, a K + and a K − The available energy must be at least the sum of the final rest masses © Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc All rights reserved This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher 44-12 Chapter 44 EXECUTE: The minimum amount of available energy must be Ea = 2mp + mK + + mK- = 2(938.3 MeV) + 493.7 MeV + 493.7 MeV = 2864 MeV = 2.864 GeV Solving the available energy formula for Em gives Ea2 = 2mc ( Em + mc ) and Em = Ea2 − mc = (2864 MeV) − 938.3 MeV = 3432.6 MeV 2(938.3 MeV) 2mc Recalling that Em is the total energy of the proton, including its rest mass energy (RME), we have 44.50 K = Em – RME = 3432.6 MeV – 938.3 MeV = 2494 MeV = 2.494 GeV Therefore the threshold kinetic energy is K = 2494 MeV = 2.494 GeV EVALUATE: Considerably less energy would be needed if the experiment were done using colliding beams of protons IDENTIFY: Charge must be conserved The energy released equals the decrease in rest energy that occurs in the decay SET UP: The rest energies are given in Table 44.3 EXECUTE: (a) The decay products must be neutral, so the only possible combinations are π 0π 0π or π 0π +π − (b) mη0 − 3mπ = 142.3 Me V/c , so the kinetic energy of the π mesons is 142.3 MeV For the other reaction, K = (mη0 − mπ − mπ + − mπ − )c = 133.1 MeV 44.51 EVALUATE: The total momentum of the decay products must be zero This imposes a correlation between the directions of the velocities of the decay products IDENTIFY: Baryon number, charge, strangeness and lepton numbers are all conserved in the reactions SET UP: Use Table 44.3 to identify the missing particle, once its properties have been determined EXECUTE: (a) The baryon number is 0, the charge is + e, the strangeness is 1, all lepton numbers are zero, and the particle is K + (b) The baryon number is 0, the charge is − e, the strangeness is 0, all lepton numbers are zero and the particle is π − (c) The baryon number is −1, the charge is 0, the strangeness is zero, all lepton numbers are and the particle is an antineutron (d) The baryon number is the charge is + e, the strangeness is 0, the muonic lepton number is −1, all other lepton numbers are and the particle is μ + 44.52 EVALUATE: Rest energy considerations would determine if each reaction is endoergic or exoergic IDENTIFY: Apply the Heisenberg uncertainty principle in the form Δ E Δt ≈ =/2 Let Δt be the mean lifetime SET UP: The rest energy of the ψ is 3097 MeV EXECUTE: Δ t = 7.6 × 10−21 s ⇒ Δ E = ΔE mψ c 44.53 = = 1.054 × 10−34 J ⋅ s = = 6.93 × 10−15 J = 43 keV 2Δ t 2(7.6 × 10−21 s) 0.043 MeV = 1.4 × 10−5 3097 MeV EVALUATE: The energy width due to the lifetime of the particle is a small fraction of its rest energy IDENTIFY and SET UP: Apply the Heisenberg uncertainty principle in the form Δ E Δt ≈ =/2 Let Δ E be the energy width and let Δt be the lifetime = (1.054 × 10−34 J ⋅ s) = = 7.5 × 10−23 s 2Δ E 2(4.4 × 106 eV)(1.6 × 10−19 J/eV) EVALUATE: The shorter the lifetime, the greater the energy width IDENTIFY and SET UP: φ → K + + K − The total energy released is the energy equivalent of the mass decrease EXECUTE: 44.54 (a) EXECUTE: The mass decrease is m(φ ) − m(K + ) − m(K − ) The energy equivalent of the mass decrease is mc (φ ) − mc (K + ) − mc (K − ) The rest mass energy mc for the φ meson is given Problem 44.53, and © Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc All rights reserved This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher Particle Physics and Cosmology 44-13 the values for K + and K − are given in Table 44.3 The energy released then is 1019.4 MeV − 2(493.7 MeV) = 32.0 MeV The K + gets half this, 16.0 Mev EVALUATE: (b) Does the decay φ → K + + K − + π occur? The energy equivalent of the K + + K − + π mass is 493.7 MeV + 493.7 MeV + 135.0 MeV = 1122 MeV This is greater than the energy equivalent of the φ mass The mass of the decay products would be greater than the mass of the parent particle; the decay is energetically forbidden (c) Does the decay φ → K + + π − occur? The reaction φ → K + + K − is observed K + has strangeness +1 and Κ − has strangeness −1 , so the total strangeness of the decay products is zero If strangeness must be conserved we deduce that the φ particle has strangeness zero π − has strangeness 0, so the product K + + π − has strangeness −1 The decay φ → K + + π − violates conservation of strangeness Does the decay φ → K + + μ − occur? μ − has strangeness 0, so this decay would also violate conservation of strangeness 44.55 IDENTIFY: Apply dN = λ N to find the number of decays in one year dt SET UP: Water has a molecular mass of 18.0 × 10−3 kg/mol EXECUTE: (a) The number of protons in a kilogram is ⎛ 6.022 × 1023 molecules/mol ⎞ 25 (1.00 kg) ⎜ ⎟⎟ (2 protons/molecule) = 6.7 × 10 Note that only the protons in the −3 ⎜ 18.0 10 kg/mol × ⎝ ⎠ hydrogen atoms are considered as possible sources of proton decay The energy per decay is mpc = 938.3 MeV = 1.503 × 10−10 J, and so the energy deposited in a year, per kilogram, is ⎛ ln(2) ⎞ −10 (6.7 × 1025 ) ⎜⎜ J) = 7.0 × 10−3 Gy = 0.70 rad ⎟ (1 y)(1.50 × 10 18 ⎟ 1.0 10 y × ⎝ ⎠ (b) For an RBE of unity, the equivalent dose is (1)(0.70 rad) = 0.70 rem EVALUATE: The equivalent dose is much larger than that due to the natural background It is not feasible for the proton lifetime to be as short as 1.0 × 1018 y 44.56 IDENTIFY: The energy comes from the mass difference SET UP: Ξ− → Λ + π − pΛ = pπ = p EΞ = EΛ + Eπ mΞc = 1321 MeV mΛ c = 1116 MeV mπ c = 139.6 MeV mΞc = mΛ2 c + p 2c + mπ2 c + p 2c EXECUTE: (a) The total energy released is mΞc − mπ c − mΛ c = 1321 MeV − 139.6 MeV − 1116 MeV = 65.4 MeV (b) mΞc = mΛ2 c + p 2c + mπ2 c + p 2c mΞc − mΛ2 c + p 2c = mπ2 c + p 2c Square both sides: mΞ2 c + mΛ2 c + p 2c − 2mΞc EΛ = mπ2 c + p 2c EΛ = KΛ = Eπ = KΛ = mΞ2 c + mΛ2 c − mπ2 c 2mΞc mΞ2 c − mΛ2 c + mπ2 c 2mΞc mΞ2 c + mΛ2 c − mπ2 c 2mΞc − mΛ c Eπ = EΞ − EΛ = mΞc − Kπ = mΞ2 c − mΛ2 c + mπ2 c 2mΞc mΞ2 c + mΛ2 c − mπ2 c 2mΞc − mπ c Putting in numbers gives (1321 MeV) + (1116 MeV) − (139.6 MeV)2 − 1116 MeV = 8.5 MeV (13% of total) 2(1321 MeV) (1321 MeV) − (1116 MeV)2 + (139.6 MeV)2 − 139.6 MeV = 56.9 MeV (87% of total) 2(1321 MeV) EVALUATE: The two particles not have equal kinetic energies because they have different masses Kπ = © Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc All rights reserved This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher 44-14 44.57 Chapter 44 IDENTIFY and SET UP: Follow the steps specified in the problem dR dR/dt HR EXECUTE: (a) For this model, = HR, so = = H , presumed to be the same for all points on dt R R the surface dr dR (b) For constant θ , = θ = HRθ = Hr dt dt (c) See part (a), H = (d) The equation dR/dt R dR = H R is a differential equation, the solution to which, for constant dt H , is R (t ) = R0e H 0t , where R0 is the value of R at t = This equation may be solved by separation of dR/dt d = ln(R ) = H and integrating both sides with respect to time R dt EVALUATE: (e) A constant H would mean a constant critical density, which is inconsistent with variables, as 44.58 uniform expansion dR IDENTIFY: H = R dt r SET UP: From Problem 44.57, r = Rθ ⇒ R = θ EXECUTE: dR dr r dθ dr dθ since = − = = So dt θ dt θ dt θ dt dt dv d ⎛ r dR ⎞ d ⎛ dR ⎞ dR dr dr dr ⎛ dR ⎞ = = ⇒v= =⎜ =0= ⎟ r = H 0r Now ⎜ ⎟= ⎜θ ⎟ dθ dθ ⎝ R dt ⎠ dθ ⎝ dt ⎠ R dt Rθ dt r dt dt ⎝ R dt ⎠ ⇒θ dR dR θ K dR K dθ ⎛K⎞ = K where K is a constant ⇒ = ⇒ R = ⎜ ⎟ t since = ⇒ H0 = = = dt R dt Kt θ t dt θ dt θ ⎝ ⎠ So the current value of the Hubble constant is where T is the present age of the universe T EVALUATE: The current experimental value of H is 2.3 × 10−18 s −1, so T = 4.4 × 1017 s = 1.4 × 1010 y 44.59 IDENTIFY: The matter density is proportional to 1/R3 SET UP and EXECUTE: (a) When the matter density was large enough compared to the dark energy density, the slowing due to gravitational attraction would have dominated over the cosmic repulsion due to dark energy and ρDE 1/3 1/3 ⎛ρ ⎞ = ⎜ now ⎟ If ρm ⎜ ρ past ⎟ ρ ⎝ ⎠ are the present-day densities of matter of all kinds and of dark energy, we have ρDE = 0.726ρcrit (b) Matter density is proportional to 1/R , so R ∝ Therefore 1/3 R ⎛ 1/ρ past ⎞ =⎜ ⎟ R0 ⎝ 1/ρ now ⎠ and ρm = 0.274ρcrit at the present time Putting this into the above equation for R/R0 gives 1/3 ⎛ 0.274 ⎞ ρ R ⎜ 0.726 DE ⎟ =⎜ ⎟ = 0.574 R0 ⎜ ρ DE ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎝ ⎠ EVALUATE: (c) 300 My: speeding up ( R/R0 = 0.98); 10.2 Gy: slowing down ( R/R0 = 0.35) 44.60 IDENTIFY: The kinetic energy comes from the mass difference, and momentum is conserved SET UP: pπ + y = pπ − y pπ + sin θ = pπ − sin θ and pπ + = pπ − = pπ mK c = 497.7 MeV mπ c = 139.6 MeV © Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc All rights reserved This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher Particle Physics and Cosmology 44-15 EXECUTE: Conservation of momentum for the decay gives pK = pπ x and pK2 = pπ2 x pK2 c = EK2 − mK2 c EK = 497.7 MeV + 225 MeV = 722.7 MeV so pK2 c = (722.7 MeV) − (497.7 MeV) = 2.746 × 105 (MeV) and pπ2 x c = [2.746 × 105 (MeV) ]/4 = 6.865 × 104 (MeV)2 Conservation of energy says EK = Eπ Eπ = EK = 361.4 MeV Kπ = Eπ − mπ c = 361.4 MeV − 139.6 MeV = 222 MeV pπ2 c = Eπ2 − ( mπ c ) = (361.4 MeV) − (139.6 MeV) = 1.11 × 105 (MeV)2 The angle θ that the velocity of the π + particle makes with the + x-axis is given by cos θ = pπ2 x c 2 pπ c 6.865 × 104 = 1.11 × 105 , which gives θ = 38.2o 44.61 EVALUATE: The pions have the same energy and go off at the same angle because they have equal masses IDENTIFY: The kinetic energy comes from the mass difference SET UP and EXECUTE: K Σ = 180 MeV mΣ c = 1197 MeV mn c = 939.6 MeV mπ c = 139.6 MeV EΣ = K Σ + mΣ c = 180 MeV + 1197 MeV = 1377 MeV Conservation of the x-component of momentum gives pΣ = pnx Then pn2xc = pΣ2 c = EΣ2 − ( mΣ c) = (1377 MeV) − (1197 MeV) = 4.633 × 105 (MeV) Conservation of energy gives EΣ = Eπ + En EΣ = mπ2 c + pπ2 c + mn2c + pn2c EΣ − mn2c + pn2c = mπ2 c + pπ2 c Square both sides: EΣ2 + mn2c + pn2 x c + pn2y c − EΣ En = mπ2 c + pπ2 c pπ = pny so EΣ2 + mn2c + pn2 x c − EΣ En = mπ2 c and En = En = EΣ2 + mn2c − mπ2 c + pn2 x c 2 EΣ (1377 MeV) + (939.6 MeV)2 − (139.6 MeV)2 + 4.633 × 105 (MeV)2 = 1170 MeV 2(1377 MeV) K n = En − mn c = 1170 MeV − 939.6 MeV = 230 MeV Eπ = EΣ − En = 1377 MeV − 1170 MeV = 207 MeV Kπ = Eπ − mπ c = 207 MeV − 139.6 MeV = 67 MeV pn2c = En2 − mn2c = (1170 MeV) − (939.6 MeV)2 = 4.861 × 105 (MeV)2 The angle θ the velocity of the neutron makes with the + x-axis is given by cos θ = 44.62 pnx 4.633 × 105 = and θ = 12.5o below the pn 4.861 × 10 + x-axis EVALUATE: The decay particles not have equal energy because they have different masses IDENTIFY: Follow the steps specified in the problem The Lorentz velocity transformation is given in Eq (37.23) SET UP: Let the +x-direction be the direction of the initial velocity of the bombarding particle v0 − vcm EXECUTE: (a) For mass m, in Eq (37.23) u = − vcm , v ′ = v0 , and so vm = For mass − v0 vcm /c M , u = −vcm , v′ = 0, so vM = −vcm (b) The condition for no net momentum in the center of mass frame is mγ mvm + M γ M vM = 0, where γ m and γ M correspond to the velocities found in part (a) The algebra reduces to © Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc All rights reserved This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher 44-16 Chapter 44 v0 v , β ′ = cm , and the condition for no net momentum becomes c c β0 m mv0 m(β0 − β ′ )γ 0γ M = M β ′γ M , or β ′ = = β0 vcm = M m + M − (v0 /c)2 m + M − β0 1+ mγ (c) Substitution of the above expression into the expressions for the velocities found in part (a) gives the M m , vM = − v0γ After some more algebra, relatively simple forms vm = v0γ m + Mγ mγ + M β mγ m = (β0 − β ′ )γ 0γ M , where β0 = γm = m + Mγ 2 m + M + 2mM γ ,γM = M + mγ m + M + 2mM γ , from which mγ m + M γ M = m + M + 2mM γ This last expression, multiplied by c , is the available energy Ea in the center of mass frame, so that Ea2 = (m + M + 2mM γ )c = (mc ) + (Mc ) + (2 Mc )(mγ 0c ) = (mc ) + ( Mc ) + Mc Em , which is Eq (44.9) EVALUATE: The energy Ea in the center-of-momentum frame is the energy that is available to form new particle states © Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc All rights reserved This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher ... permission in writing from the publisher PREFACE This Instructor Solutions Manual contains detailed solutions to all end-of-chapter problems Solutions are done in the Set Up/Solve/Reflect framework used... 28-1 Chapter 29 Atoms, Molecules, and Solids 29-1 Chapter 30 Nuclear and High-Energy Physics 30-1 © Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc All rights reserved This material is... Optical Instruments 25-1 Chapter 26 Interference and Diffraction 26-1 Modern Physics Chapter 27 Relativity 27-1 Chapter 28 Photons, Electrons, and Atoms

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