This page intentionally left blank P1: KNP 9780521881746pre CUFX158/Quigley 978 521 88174 July 31, 2007 SOVIET LEGAL INNOVATION AND THE LAW OF THE WESTERN WORLD The government of Soviet Russia wrote new laws for Russia that were as revolutionary as its political philosophy These new laws challenged social relations as they had developed in Europe over centuries These laws generated intense interest in the West To some, they were the harbinger of what should be done in the West and, hence, a source for emulation To others, they represented a threat to the existing order Western governments, like that of the Tsar, might be at risk if they held to the old ways Throughout the twentieth century, Western governments remade their legal systems, incorporating an astonishing number of laws that mirrored the new Soviet laws Western law became radically transformed over the course of the twentieth century, largely in the direction of change that had been charted by the government of Soviet Russia John Quigley is the President’s Club Professor in Law at the Moritz College of Law at the Ohio State University After earning his A.B., LL.B., and M.A at Harvard University, he was an instructor in Russian at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, a Research Fellow at the faculty of law of Moscow State University, and a research associate at Harvard Law School and has written three books regarding Russian law He has served as the editor of the Bulletin on Current Research in Soviet and East European Law and has published numerous articles on Soviet law i 17:6 P1: KNP 9780521881746pre CUFX158/Quigley 978 521 88174 July 31, 2007 OTHER BOOKS BY JOHN QUIGLEY Basic Laws on the Structure of the Soviet State The Soviet Foreign Trade Monopoly Law After Revolution Palestine and Israel: A Challenge to Justice The Ruses for War: American Interventionism Since World War II Flight into the Maelstrom: Soviet Immigration to Israel and Middle East Peace Genocide in Cambodia: Documents from the Trial of Pol Pot and Ieng Sary The Case for Palestine: An International Law Perspective The Genocide Convention: An International Law Analysis ii 17:6 P1: KNP 9780521881746pre CUFX158/Quigley 978 521 88174 SOVIET LEGAL INNOVATION AND THE LAW OF THE WESTERN WORLD John Quigley President’s Club Professor in Law, Moritz College of Law, the Ohio State University iii July 31, 2007 17:6 CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521881746 © John Quigley 2007 This publication is in copyright Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press First published in print format 2007 eBook (EBL) ISBN-13 978-0-511-34161-8 ISBN-10 0-511-34161-X eBook (EBL) ISBN-13 ISBN-10 hardback 978-0-521-88174-6 hardback 0-521-88174-9 Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate P1: KNP 9780521881746pre CUFX158/Quigley 978 521 88174 This book is dedicated to Harold J Berman v July 31, 2007 17:6 P1: KNP 9780521881746pre CUFX158/Quigley 978 521 88174 vi July 31, 2007 17:6 P1: KNP 9780521881746pre CUFX158/Quigley 978 521 88174 July 31, 2007 Contents Abbreviations page ix Preface xiii Acknowledgments xvii PART ONE THE SOVIET CHALLENGE The Industrial Revolution and the Law Economic Needs as Legal Rights Equality in the Family 17 Children and the Law 27 Crime without Punishment 34 A Call to “Struggling People” 47 The Withering Away of Law 53 PART TWO THE WEST ACCOMMODATES Panic in the Palace 65 Enter the Working Class 74 10 Social Welfare Rights 87 vii 17:6 P1: KNP 9780521881746pre CUFX158/Quigley 978 521 88174 July 31, 2007 Contents 11 The State and the Economy 95 12 Equality Comes to the Family 103 13 Child-Bearing and Rights of Children 108 14 Racial Equality 115 15 Crime and Punishment 125 PART THREE THE BOURGEOIS INTERNATIONAL ORDER 16 Equality of Nations 133 17 The End of Colonies 143 18 The Criminality of War 148 19 Protecting Sovereignty 158 20 Military Intervention 165 PART FOUR LAW BEYOND THE COLD WAR 21 Triumph of Capitalist Law? 175 22 The Moorings of Western Law 180 23 The Impact of Change 188 Notes 195 Bibliography 239 Index 251 viii 17:6 P1: KNP 9780521881746bib CUFX158/Quigley 978 521 88174 August 1, 2007 Bibliography Dmytryshyn, Basil USSR: A Concise History (New York: Scribner, 1971) Dobb, Maurice Soviet Economic Development Since 1917 (New York: International Publishers, 1966) Douglas, William O The Battle for the Minds 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Insurance Law, Germany, 87 Acheson, Dean, 118, 119 administrative law, 93, 180, 181, 183 adoption, 21, 28, 79, 100, 108, 160 Africa, 47, 48, 123, 133, 145, 146, 208 African-Americans, 115, 120 Alexander II, Tsar, 59, 60 All-Russian Congress of Women, 43 American Law Institute, 127, 226 American Medical Association, 31 Arbenz, Jacobo, 166, 167 Archangelsk, 66, 67, 68, 70, 71 Asia, 47, 48, 51, 146 Australia, 162, 226 Austria, 6, 18, 41, 104 Bates, A Allan, 15, 198 Batkis, Dr Grigorii, 38, 126, 128, 204, 226, 227 Bebel, August, 14, 23, 35, 38, 40, 43, 198, 201, 205, 206 Berlin, 48, 109, 112, 140, 204, 208, 226 Berman, Harold J., v, xvii, 3, 99, 103, 121, 184, 185, 195, 200, 208, 210, 219, 220, 221, 225, 226, 237, 238 Bernstein, Edward, 38, 204, 205 Bismarck, Otto von, 87, 88, 208, 217 Bolivia, 176 Bolshevik party, xiv, 3, 4, 6, 9, 10, 17, 20, 25, 53, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 71, 74, 75, 76, 78, 87, 88, 89, 101, 103, 104, 106, 113, 125, 192, 208, 212 Bonger, Willem, 6, 41, 42, 84, 195, 204, 205, 217 Borah, William, 70, 71 Bosch, Juan, 169, 170 Boxer rebellion, 51 Brandeis, Louis, 80, 215 Briesen, Arthur von, 89 Britain, 7, 19, 48, 50, 65, 66, 69, 75, 78, 84, 85, 88, 91, 93, 98, 110, 112, 129, 133, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 149, 151, 153, 182, 195, 208, 218, 220, 223, 226 British Medical Association, 110 Brown v Board of Education, US Supreme Court, 117, 121, 122, 225 Bukharin, Nikolai, 42, 53, 54, 205, 209 Bullitt, William C., 68 Canada, 18, 162, 222 capital punishment, 35 capitalism, 5, 7, 9, 10, 22, 23, 38, 40, 41, 42, 43, 47, 50, 51, 73, 76, 77, 79, 89, 96, 97, 115, 141, 175, 177, 237 capitulations, 51, 52, 135, 136, 137 251 18:3 P1: KNP 9780521881746ind CUFX158/Quigley 978 521 88174 August 1, 2007 Index Carnegie Foundation, 89 Carr, E H., 67, 71, 208, 212, 213 Catholicism, Roman, 19 Central Council to Combat Prostitution, 44, 207 Central Executive Committee, ix, 56, 73, 197, 198, 199, 202, 203, 214 Central Intelligence Agency, US, 167, 168, 236 Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States, UN, 146, 220, 231 Cheka (secret police), 66 Chicherin, George, 67 child support, 25 child-birth, 14, 30 child-care See day care, for children China, 51, 52, 120, 135, 136, 160, 176, 228, 237 civil code, Russian, 11, 58 Clemenceau, Georges, 69, 77 Cold War, 117, 118, 119, 120, 158, 162, 165, 166, 179, 189, 191, 220, 224, 225 colonialism, 47, 48, 49, 50, 137, 140, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 185 Commissariat of Internal Affairs, 56, 210 Commissariat of Labor, 12, 198 Commission on Human Rights, UN, 115, 116, 118, 123, 224, 225 Communist Manifesto, 21, 195, 201 Communist Party, 44, 95, 160, 205, 209 Congo, 47, 208 Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, 164, 235 Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Persons and of the Exploitation of the Prostitution of Others, 128, 227 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, ix, 83, 105, 107, 114, 130 252 Convention on the Law of the Sea, 162, 231, 235, 238 Convention on the Legal Status of Children Born Out of Wedlock, 113, 223 Convention on the Rights of the Child, 93, 111, 219, 224 Copenhagen, 109, 126, 226 criminal code, Russian, 32, 38, 39, 58 criminal justice, 34 criminal syndicalism, 75 Cuba, 168, 169, 221, 236 Czechoslovakia, 69 day care, for children, 108, 111, 114 Declaration on the Establishment of a New International Economic Order, UN, 146, 231 Decree on Land, 10 Depression, Great, 12, 13, 79, 90, 214 dictatorship of the proletariat, 54, 57 divorce, 19, 20, 21, 23, 24, 25, 103, 104, 106, 201 Dominican Republic, 169, 170, 236 Economic and Social Council, UN, ix, 123, 224, 225 Egypt, 161 Eisenhower, xv, 120, 167, 168 Employment Protection Act, United Kingdom, 85, 217 Engels, Friedrich, 9, 21, 22, 23, 35, 38, 195, 196, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 219 England, xiv, 3, 4, 6, 29, 35, 66, 72, 101, 110, 196, 203, 219, 226 Estonia, 148 Europe, i, ix, xiv, 4, 6, 7, 8, 10, 18, 19, 26, 29, 36, 37, 39, 41, 43, 47, 48, 49, 50, 54, 56, 58, 60, 69, 70, 72, 74, 75, 76, 77, 82, 87, 88, 89, 93, 98, 99, 100, 104, 112, 114, 120, 126, 127, 134, 137, 141, 164, 176, 18:3 P1: KNP 9780521881746ind CUFX158/Quigley 978 521 88174 August 1, 2007 Index 177, 180, 185, 189, 199, 200, 202, 205, 206, 208, 214, 216, 218, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 235 European Commission, 185 European Social Charter 1982, 82, 83, 92, 216 European Union, 114, 127, 185, 224 extraterritoriality See capitulations, family code, 24, 27, 28, 103, 104, 105, 106 family law, 20, 21, 25, 103, 104, 200, 201 Finland, 48 Food and Drug Administration, United States, 97 France, 3, 4, 6, 13, 17, 18, 19, 29, 35, 36, 37, 38, 48, 65, 66, 69, 82, 84, 85, 91, 98, 104, 107, 112, 133, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 199, 202, 208, 212, 217, 221, 223, 233 Francis, David, 66, 237 Fukuyama, Francis, 175, 177, 237 Fundamental Principles of Criminal Law, 37 General Assembly, UN, x, 83, 143, 144, 145, 146, 157, 159, 160, 161, 163, 219, 229, 234 Geneva Civilians Convention, 149 Genocide Convention, ii, 159 Germany, x, 3, 6, 18, 19, 23, 38, 48, 50, 65, 67, 68, 69, 74, 76, 77, 84, 87, 88, 110, 115, 126, 127, 133, 137, 140, 141, 142, 149, 151, 152, 153, 156, 163, 195, 199, 200, 212, 215, 217, 218, 235 Goikhbarg, A G., 55, 209, 210, 211, 220 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 177 Great War, 48, 51 Grenada, 170 Grodzinskii, M., 32, 203 Guatemala, 166, 167, 168, 236 guerrilla fighters, 145, 149, 150 Guest, L Haden, 110 Hayek, Friedrich von, 183, 184, 238 Health Service Law, United Kingdom, 91 Hejaz, 140 Henkin, Louis, 77, 215, 230 Herzen, Alexander, 60, 211 Hitler, Adolf, 151, 156 homosexuality, 38, 39, 127, 128 Hungary, 74, 76, 77, 165, 212 Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism, 50, 208 industrial revolution, vii, 4, 5, 8, 9, 12, 35, 40, 41, 186, 189, 191, 192 Industrial Workers of the World (I.W.W.), 75 International Court of Justice, 158, 159, 234 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 105, 111, 113, 127, 222, 223 International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights, 83, 92, 216, 219 International Labor Organization, 76, 77, 78, 79, 113, 182, 196, 215, 217 International Law Commission, UN, 157, 163, 164, 235 Iraq, 48 Ireland, 90 Israel, ii, 161 Italy, 49, 66, 77, 81, 82, 216 Japan, 115, 162, 177, 224 Johnson, Hiram, 70, 208, 217, 218, 228, 236 Johnson, Lyndon B., 169 Kellogg-Briand Pact, 148 Kennedy, John F., 168, 236 Keynes, John Maynard, 97 253 18:3 P1: KNP 9780521881746ind CUFX158/Quigley 978 521 88174 August 1, 2007 Index Khrushchev, Nikita, 57, 144, 168, 210, 236 Kolchak, Adm Alexander, 68, 70, 71 Kollontai, Alexandra, 23, 25, 29, 42, 43, 45, 105, 106, 107, 201, 202, 206, 207, 222 Korea, 160, 161, 177 Kurskii, Dmitri, 24, 25, 201 Lancet, 110, 223 Large Soviet Encyclopedia, 39, 127, 129, 205, 226, 227 Laski, 4, 195 Lassalle, Ferdinand, 38, 88 Latvia, 148 League of Nations, x, 78, 128, 134, 135, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 153 Lebanon, 48 Lenin, xiv, xv, xvi, 10, 12, 23, 25, 26, 30, 41, 42, 49, 50, 66, 76, 141, 195, 196, 197, 202, 205, 208, 229 lev´ee en masse, 150 Llewellyn, Karl, 126, 226 Lloyd George, David, 72, 77, 140, 141 Lodge, Henry Cabot, 167 London, 38, 41, 60, 72, 109, 128, 156, 201, 203, 208, 212, 217, 218, 219, 220, 222, 224, 226, 227, 228, 229, 232, 233 Luther, Martin, mandate system, 137, 139, 140, 141, 142 mandate territories, 139 marriage, ix, x, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 32, 40, 43, 103, 104, 105, 190, 200, 201, 202, 222 Marx, Karl, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 12, 21, 23, 90, 122, 177, 187, 193, 195, 196, 201, 202, 219 Marxism, 9, 122, 180, 187, 189, 192, 195, 201, 205, 209 Marxist See Marxism 254 Maryasin, M., 56, 210 Meren, G., 32, 203 Mexico, 176 Middle East, ii, 48, 133, 161 Molotov, Vyacheslav, 152, 153, 232 Moscow, i, 38, 42, 45, 66, 68, 197, 200, 201, 204, 205, 207, 208, 209, 211, 212, 214, 215, 221, 222, 226, 228, 230, 231, 232, 233 Murder, 37, 203 Napoleon Bonaparte, 4, 6, 11 National Labor Relations Act, United States, 79, 215 nationality, 19, 20, 21, 48, 104, 105, 118, 137 Netherlands, 18, 36, 41, 84 New Deal, United States, 80, 90, 97, 216, 218, 220 New York, iv, 91, 120, 195, 196, 198, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 214, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 232, 233, 234, 236, 237 Nicaragua, 167, 168 Norway, 18, 19, 162 Nuremberg Tribunal, 154, 233 Old Age Insurance Law, Germany, 87 Orthodox Church, Russian, 10, 19 Ottoman See Ottoman Empire Ottoman Empire, 48, 133, 137, 141 Pact of Paris, 148, 154, 155 Palestine, ii, 48, 200 Panama, 170 Pasche-Oserski, Nikolai, 127, 226 Pashukanis, Evgenii, 53, 55, 209, 210 paternity, 22, 27, 28, 108 peasantry, Russian, 10, 42, 43, 60 Permanent Court of International Justice, 153 18:3 P1: KNP 9780521881746ind CUFX158/Quigley 978 521 88174 August 1, 2007 Index Persia, 52, 135, 136, 228 Peter the Great, Tsar, 60 Poland, 48, 148, 223 Pound, Roscoe, 6, 8, 178, 195, 196, 237, 238 pregnancy, 30, 44 Preobrazhenskii, Evgenii, 42, 205, 226 prison, 36 Prophylactoria, 45 prostitution, 9, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 126, 128, 129, 130, 228 Reagan, Ronald, 178 Reichstag, German, 38, 87, 88 Renner, Karl, 6, 196 Republican National Committee, United States, 120 retribution, in criminal law, 34, 125 Rheinstein, Max, 17, 199, 200 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 80, 81, 82, 90, 91, 96, 97, 98, 120, 151, 152, 155, 216, 219, 220, 232, 233 Rumania, 69, 148 Rusk, Dean, 115, 170, 224, 237 Rykov, Aleksei, 141 Saudi Arabia, 140 Securities and Exchange Commission, United States, 97 Security Council, UN, x, 145, 160, 161, 165, 166, 167, 169, 170, 235, 236 Semashko, Nikolai, 44, 206, 207 Sherman, John, 7, 196 Siam, 135 Siberia, 48, 68, 69, 70, 71 Sickness Insurance Law, Germany, 87, 88 Smith, Reginald Heber, xvii, 89, 196, 217, 218, 233 Social democracy, 81, 82, 88 social democrat, 35, 38, 88, 104, 141 Social Revolutionary Party, 66 sodomy, 37, 38, 39, 46, 126, 127, 129 Somoza, Anastasio, 168 spousal support, 25 St Petersburg, xiii, xvi, 20, 42 Stalin, Joseph, 151, 152, 202, 232 state socialism, 96 Steffens, Lincoln, 190 Stockholm, 70 Strogovich, Mikhail, 58, 211 Subcommission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, UN, 115, 124, 225 Subcommission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, 124 surname, 20, 21, 104 sweden, 18, 19, 114 Switzerland, 109, 110, 200, 222 Sykes–Picot treaty, 140 Syria, 48, 140 Tadevosian, V S., 57, 210 Taiwan, 160, 177 Talmadge, Herman, 120, 225 Taussig, Dr F J., 109, 223 taxation, 42, 93, 181 Thatcher, Margaret, 178 tort, law of, 180 Trainin, Aaron A., 153, 154, 155, 156, 233 treaties, 49, 51, 128, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 148, 158, 159, 171, 190, 208 Trotsky, Leon, 26, 49, 202, 203 Tsarapkin, Semyon, 167 Tsarist law, xiii, 21, 53 Tumanov, V A., 60, 209, 210, 211 Tunc, Andre, 184, 199, 221, 238 Turkey, 51, 52, 136, 137, 141, 163, 208, 209, 228 Tuzmukhamedov, R A., 144, 230 Ukraine, 65, 156 UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, 113, 223 255 18:3 P1: KNP 9780521881746ind CUFX158/Quigley 978 521 88174 August 1, 2007 Index unemployment, 13, 45, 197, 224 United Kingdom See Britain United Nations, ix, x, xi, 83, 91, 92, 105, 113, 115, 116, 118, 119, 124, 135, 143, 145, 146, 152, 157, 158, 160, 163, 165, 171, 175, 182, 190, 219, 224, 225, 226, 227, 229, 230, 231, 232, 234 United States of America, iv, x, xv, 4, 7, 8, 18, 19, 34, 48, 66, 67, 70, 71, 73, 74, 75, 76, 79, 80, 82, 89, 90, 91, 96, 98, 99, 101, 110, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 124, 126, 127, 130, 134, 136, 137, 139, 147, 151, 152, 153, 160, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 176, 178, 182, 196, 198, 199, 200, 214, 221, 222, 225, 232, 233, 235, 236 venereal disease, 45 Venezuela, 165, 176 256 Versailles, Allied meeting, x, 66, 76, 77, 78, 88, 134, 135, 137, 138, 139, 140, 214, 215 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 171, 234, 237 Vladivostok, 69, 71 war crimes, 151, 152 wedlock, children born out of, 28, 29, 32, 40, 108, 112, 113, 121 Wilde, Oscar, 38 Wilson, Woodrow, 48, 67, 68, 69, 70, 72, 74, 76, 134, 138, 139, 140, 141, 229 Wolfenden Committee, United Kingdom, 127 World League for Sexual Reform, 109, 112, 126, 128, 222, 223, 226, 227 World War, ii, 15, 42, 49, 52, 65, 71, 80, 81, 82, 98, 115, 128, 129, 133, 134, 141, 149, 151, 153, 154, 161, 182, 191 18:3 ... stroke of a pen, what then of the law of other countries? Could the common law of England, or the Roman law of Europe, as easily be turned aside? As matters developed, the leaders of the Western world. .. 88174 SOVIET LEGAL INNOVATION AND THE LAW OF THE WESTERN WORLD John Quigley President’s Club Professor in Law, Moritz College of Law, the Ohio State University iii July 31, 2007 17:6 CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY. .. befall them through the playing out of the forces of the market The overthrow of the tsar and his law set an uncomfortable precedent for the West If the law of Russia could be overturned at the