Journal of the American College of Cardiology © 2012 by the American College of Cardiology Foundation and the American Heart Association, Inc Published by Elsevier Inc Vol 60, No 24, 2012 ISSN 0735-1097/$36.00 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2012.07.013 PRACTICE GUIDELINE 2012 ACCF/AHA/ACP/AATS/PCNA/SCAI/STS Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of Patients With Stable Ischemic Heart Disease A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines, and the American College of Physicians, American Association for Thoracic Surgery, Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons Writing Committee Members* Stephan D Fihn, MD, MPH, Chair† Julius M Gardin, MD, Vice Chair*‡ Jonathan Abrams, MD‡ Kathleen Berra, MSN, ANP*§ James C Blankenship, MD*ʈ Apostolos P Dallas, MD*† Pamela S Douglas, MD*‡ JoAnne M Foody, MD*‡ Thomas C Gerber, MD, PHD‡ Alan L Hinderliter, MD‡ Spencer B King III, MD*‡ Paul D Kligfield, MD‡ Harlan M Krumholz, MD‡ Raymond Y K Kwong, MD‡ Michael J Lim, MD*ʈ Jane A Linderbaum, MS, CNP-BC¶ The writing committee gratefully acknowledges the memory of James T Dove, MD, who died during the development of this document but contributed immensely to our understanding of stable ischemic heart disease This document was approved by the American College of Cardiology Foundation Board of Trustees, American Heart Association Science Advisory and Coordinating Committee, American College of Physicians, American Association for Thoracic Surgery, Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons in July 2012 The American College of Cardiology Foundation requests that this document be cited as follows: Fihn SD, Gardin JM, Abrams J, Berra K, Blankenship JC, Dallas AP, Douglas PS, Foody JM, Gerber TC, Hinderliter AL, King SB III, Kligfield PD, Krumholz HM, Kwong RYK, Lim MJ, Linderbaum JA, Mack MJ, Munger MA, Prager RL, Sabik JF, Shaw LJ, Sikkema JD, Smith CR Jr, Smith SC Jr, Spertus JA, Williams SV 2012 ACCF/AHA/ACP/AATS/PCNA/SCAI/STS guideline for the Downloaded From: http://content.onlinejacc.org/ on 10/21/2015 Michael J Mack, MD*# Mark A Munger, PHARMD*‡ Richard L Prager, MD# Joseph F Sabik, MD*** Leslee J Shaw, PHD*‡ Joanna D Sikkema, MSN, ANP-BC*§ Craig R Smith, JR, MD** Sidney C Smith, JR, MD*†† John A Spertus, MD, MPH*‡‡ Sankey V Williams, MD*† *Writing committee members are required to recuse themselves from voting on sections to which their specific relationship could apply; see Appendix for detailed information †ACP Representative ‡ACCF/ AHA Representative §PCNA Representative ʈSCAI Representative ¶Critical care nursing expertise #STS Representative **AATS Representative ††ACCF/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines Liaison ‡‡ACCF/AHA Task Force on Performance Measures Liaison diagnosis and management of patients with stable ischemic heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on, American Association for Thoracic Surgery, Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons J Am Coll Cardiol 2012;60:e44 –164 This article is copublished in Circulation Copies: This document is available on the World Wide Web sites of the American College of Cardiology (www.cardiosource.org) and American Heart Association (my.americanheart.org) For copies of this document, please contact Elsevier Inc Reprint Department, fax (212) 633-3820, e-mail reprints@elsevier.com Permissions: Modification, alteration, enhancement and/or distribution of this document are not permitted without the express permission of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Please contact Elsevier’s permission department: healthpermissions@elsevier.com/ Fihn et al Stable Ischemic Heart Disease: Full Text JACC Vol 60, No 24, 2012 December 18, 2012:e44–e164 ACCF/AHA Task Force Members Jeffrey L Anderson, MD, FACC, FAHA, Chair Jonathan L Halperin, MD, FACC, FAHA, Chair-Elect Alice K Jacobs, MD, FACC, FAHA, Immediate Past Chair 2009 –2011§§ Sidney C Smith, JR, MD, FACC, FAHA, Past Chair 2006 –2008§§ Cynthia D Adams, MSN, APRN-BC, FAHA§§ Nancy M Albert, PHD, CCNS, CCRN, FAHA Ralph G Brindis, MD, MPH, MACC Christopher E Buller, MD, FACC§§ Mark A Creager, MD, FACC, FAHA David DeMets, PHD e45 Steven M Ettinger, MD, FACC§§ Robert A Guyton, MD, FACC Judith S Hochman, MD, FACC, FAHA Sharon Ann Hunt, MD, FACC, FAHA§§ Richard J Kovacs, MD, FACC, FAHA Frederick G Kushner, MD, FACC, FAHA§§ Bruce W Lytle, MD, FACC, FAHA§§ Rick A Nishimura, MD, FACC, FAHA§§ E Magnus Ohman, MD, FACC Richard L Page, MD, FACC, FAHA§§ Barbara Riegel, DNSC, RN, FAHA§§ William G Stevenson, MD, FACC, FAHA Lynn G Tarkington, RN§§ Clyde W Yancy, MD, FACC, FAHA §§Former Task Force member during this writing effort 2.2.1.2 SAFETY AND OTHER CONSIDERATIONS TABLE OF CONTENTS POTENTIALLY AFFECTING TEST SELECTION e64 2.2.1.3 EXERCISE VERSUS PHARMACOLOGICAL TESTING e65 Preamble e47 2.2.1.4 CONCOMITANT DIAGNOSIS OF SIHD AND Introduction .e49 2.2.1.5 COST-EFFECTIVENESS e65 ASSESSMENT OF RISK e65 1.1 Methodology and Evidence Overview e49 1.2 Organization of the Writing Committee e50 1.3 Document Review and Approval e50 1.4 Scope of the Guideline e50 1.5 General Approach and Overlap With Other Guidelines or Statements e52 1.6 Magnitude of the Problem e53 2.2.2 Stress Testing and Advanced Imaging for Initial Diagnosis in Patients With Suspected SIHD Who Require Noninvasive Testing: Recommendations e66 2.2.2.1 ABLE TO EXERCISE e66 2.2.2.2 UNABLE TO EXERCISE e66 2.2.2.3 OTHER e67 2.2.3 Diagnostic Accuracy of Nonimaging and Imaging Stress Testing for the Initial Diagnosis of Suspected SIHD e68 2.2.3.1 EXERCISE ECG e68 1.7 Organization of the Guideline e54 2.2.3.2 EXERCISE AND PHARMACOLOGICAL STRESS 1.8 Vital Importance of Involvement by an Informed Patient: Recommendation e56 2.2.3.3 EXERCISE AND PHARMACOLOGICAL STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY e68 NUCLEAR MYOCARDIAL PERFUSION SPECT AND Diagnosis of SIHD e58 MYOCARDIAL PERFUSION PET e68 2.2.3.4 PHARMACOLOGICAL STRESS CMR WALL 2.1 Clinical Evaluation of Patients With Chest Pain e58 2.1.1 Clinical Evaluation in the Initial Diagnosis of SIHD in Patients With Chest Pain: Recommendations e58 2.1.2 History e58 2.1.3 Physical Examination e60 2.1.4 Electrocardiography e60 2.1.4.1 RESTING ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY TO ASSESS RISK: RECOMMENDATION e60 2.1.5 Differential Diagnosis e60 2.1.6 Developing the Probability Estimate e61 2.2 Noninvasive Testing for Diagnosis of IHD e62 2.2.1 Approach to the Selection of Diagnostic Tests to Diagnose SIHD .e62 2.2.1.1 ASSESSING DIAGNOSTIC TEST CHARACTERISTICS .e63 Downloaded From: http://content.onlinejacc.org/ on 10/21/2015 MOTION/PERFUSION e69 2.2.3.5 HYBRID IMAGING e69 2.2.4 Diagnostic Accuracy of Anatomic Testing for the Initial Diagnosis of SIHD e69 2.2.4.1 CORONARY CT ANGIOGRAPHY e69 2.2.4.2 CAC SCORING e70 2.2.4.3 CMR ANGIOGRAPHY e70 Risk Assessment e70 3.1 Clinical Assessment e70 3.1.1 Prognosis of IHD for Death or Nonfatal MI: General Considerations e70 3.1.2 Risk Assessment Using Clinical Parameters e71 3.2 Advanced Testing: Resting and Stress Noninvasive Testing e72 e46 Fihn et al Stable Ischemic Heart Disease: Full Text 3.2.1 Resting Imaging to Assess Cardiac Structure and Function: Recommendations e72 3.2.2 Stress Testing and Advanced Imaging in Patients With Known SIHD Who Require Noninvasive Testing for Risk Assessment: Recommendations e74 3.2.2.1 RISK ASSESSMENT IN PATIENTS ABLE TO EXERCISE e74 3.2.2.2 RISK ASSESSMENT IN PATIENTS UNABLE TO EXERCISE e74 3.2.2.3 RISK ASSESSMENT REGARDLESS OF PATIENTS’ ABILITY TO EXERCISE e74 3.2.2.4 EXERCISE ECG e75 3.2.2.5 EXERCISE ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY AND EXERCISE NUCLEAR MPI e76 3.2.2.6 DOBUTAMINE STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY AND PHARMACOLOGICAL STRESS NUCLEAR MPI e77 3.2.2.7 PHARMACOLOGICAL STRESS CMR IMAGING e77 3.2.2.8 SPECIAL PATIENT GROUP: RISK ASSESSMENT IN PATIENTS WHO HAVE AN UNINTERPRETABLE ECG BECAUSE OF LBBB OR VENTRICULAR PACING e77 3.2.3 Prognostic Accuracy of Anatomic Testing to Assess Risk in Patients With Known CAD e78 3.2.3.1 CORONARY CT ANGIOGRAPHY e78 3.3 Coronary Angiography e78 3.3.1 Coronary Angiography as an Initial Testing Strategy to Assess Risk: Recommendations e78 3.3.2 Coronary Angiography to Assess Risk After Initial Workup With Noninvasive Testing: Recommendations e78 Treatment e80 4.1 Definition of Successful Treatment e80 4.2 General Approach to Therapy e82 4.2.1 Factors That Should Not Influence Treatment Decisions e83 4.2.2 Assessing Patients’ Quality of Life e84 4.3 Patient Education: Recommendations e84 4.4 Guideline-Directed Medical Therapy e86 4.4.1 Risk Factor Modification: Recommendations e86 4.4.1.1 LIPID MANAGEMENT e86 4.4.1.2 BLOOD PRESSURE MANAGEMENT e88 4.4.1.3 DIABETES MANAGEMENT e89 4.4.1.4 PHYSICAL ACTIVITY .e91 4.4.1.5 WEIGHT MANAGEMENT .e92 4.4.1.6 SMOKING CESSATION COUNSELING e92 4.4.1.7 MANAGEMENT OF PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS e93 4.4.1.8 ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION e94 4.4.1.9 AVOIDING EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION e94 4.4.2 Additional Medical Therapy to Prevent MI and Death: Recommendations e95 4.4.2.1 ANTIPLATELET THERAPY e95 JACC Vol 60, No 24, 2012 December 18, 2012:e44–e164 4.4.4.2 SPINAL CORD STIMULATION e105 4.4.4.3 ACUPUNCTURE e105 CAD Revascularization e106 5.1 Heart Team Approach to Revascularization Decisions: Recommendations e106 5.2 Revascularization to Improve Survival: Recommendations e108 5.3 Revascularization to Improve Symptoms: Recommendations e109 5.4 CABG Versus Contemporaneous Medical Therapy e109 5.5 PCI Versus Medical Therapy e110 5.6 CABG Versus PCI e110 5.6.1 CABG Versus Balloon Angioplasty or BMS e110 5.6.2 CABG Versus DES e111 5.7 Left Main CAD e111 5.7.1 CABG or PCI Versus Medical Therapy for Left Main CAD e111 5.7.2 Studies Comparing PCI Versus CABG for Left Main CAD e111 5.7.3 Revascularization Considerations for Left Main CAD e112 5.8 Proximal LAD Artery Disease e112 5.9 Clinical Factors That May Influence the Choice of Revascularization e113 5.9.1 Completeness of Revascularization e113 5.9.2 LV Systolic Dysfunction e113 5.9.3 Previous CABG e113 5.9.4 Unstable Angina/Non–ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction e113 5.9.5 DAPT Compliance and Stent Thrombosis: Recommendation e113 5.10 Transmyocardial Revascularization e114 5.11 Hybrid Coronary Revascularization: Recommendations e114 5.12 Special Considerations e114 5.12.1 Women e115 5.12.2 Older Adults e115 5.12.3 Diabetes Mellitus e116 5.12.4 Obesity e117 5.12.5 Chronic Kidney Disease e118 5.12.6 HIV Infection and SIHD e118 5.12.7 Autoimmune Disorders e119 5.12.8 Socioeconomic Factors e119 5.12.9 Special Occupations e119 Patient Follow-Up: Monitoring of Symptoms and Antianginal Therapy e119 4.4.2.2 BETA-BLOCKER THERAPY e96 4.4.2.3 RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN-ALDOSTERONE BLOCKER THERAPY e97 4.4.2.4 INFLUENZA VACCINATION e98 4.4.2.5 ADDITIONAL THERAPY TO REDUCE RISK OF MI AND DEATH e99 4.4.3 Medical Therapy for Relief of Symptoms e100 4.4.3.1 USE OF ANTI-ISCHEMIC MEDICATIONS: RECOMMENDATIONS e100 4.4.4 Alternative Therapies for Relief of Symptoms in Patients With Refractory Angina: Recommendations e104 4.4.4.1 ENHANCED EXTERNAL COUNTERPULSATION e104 Downloaded From: http://content.onlinejacc.org/ on 10/21/2015 6.1 Clinical Evaluation, Echocardiography During Routine, Periodic Follow-Up: Recommendations e120 6.2 Follow-Up of Patients With SIHD e121 6.2.1 Focused Follow-Up Visit: Frequency e121 6.2.2 Focused Follow-Up Visit: Interval History and Coexisting Conditions e121 6.2.3 Focused Follow-Up Visit: Physical Examination e122 6.2.4 Focused Follow-Up Visit: Resting 12-Lead ECG e122 JACC Vol 60, No 24, 2012 December 18, 2012:e44–e164 6.2.5 Focused Follow-Up Visit: Laboratory Examination e122 6.3 Noninvasive Testing in Known SIHD e122 6.3.1 Follow-Up Noninvasive Testing in Patients With Known SIHD: New, Recurrent, or Worsening Symptoms Not Consistent With Unstable Angina: Recommendations e122 6.3.1.1 PATIENTS ABLE TO EXERCISE e122 6.3.1.2 PATIENTS UNABLE TO EXERCISE e123 6.3.1.3 IRRESPECTIVE OF ABILITY TO EXERCISE e124 6.3.2 Noninvasive Testing in Known SIHD—Asymptomatic (or Stable Symptoms): Recommendations e124 6.3.3 Factors Influencing the Use of Follow-Up Testing .e124 6.3.4 Patient Risk and Testing e125 6.3.5 Stability of Results After Normal Stress Testing in Patients With Known SIHD e126 6.3.6 Utility of Repeat Stress Testing in Patients With Known CAD e127 6.3.7 Future Developments e127 Appendix Author Relationships With Industry and Other Entities (Relevant) e159 Appendix Reviewer Relationships With Industry and Other Entities (Relevant) e161 Appendix Abbreviations List e163 Appendix Nomogram for Estimating–Year CAD Event-Free Survival e164 Preamble The medical profession should play a central role in evaluating the evidence related to drugs, devices, and procedures for the detection, management, and prevention of disease When properly applied, expert analysis of available data on the benefits and risks of these therapies and procedures can improve the quality of care, optimize patient outcomes, and favorably affect costs by focusing resources on the most effective strategies An organized and directed approach to a thorough review of evidence has resulted in the production of clinical practice guidelines that assist physicians in selecting the best management strategy for an individual patient Moreover, clinical practice guidelines can provide a foundation for other applications, such as performance measures, appropriate use criteria, and both quality improvement and clinical decision support tools The American College of Cardiology Foundation (ACCF) and the American Heart Association (AHA) have jointly produced guidelines in the area of cardiovascular disease since 1980 The ACCF/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Task Force), charged with developing, updating, and revising practice guidelines for cardiovascular diseases and procedures, directs and oversees this effort Writing committees are charged with regularly reviewing Downloaded From: http://content.onlinejacc.org/ on 10/21/2015 Fihn et al Stable Ischemic Heart Disease: Full Text e47 and evaluating all available evidence to develop balanced, patient-centric recommendations for clinical practice Experts in the subject under consideration are selected by the ACCF and AHA to examine subject-specific data and write guidelines in partnership with representatives from other medical organizations and specialty groups Writing committees are asked to perform a literature review; weigh the strength of evidence for or against particular tests, treatments, or procedures; and include estimates of expected outcomes where such data exist Patient-specific modifiers, comorbidities, and issues of patient preference that may influence the choice of tests or therapies are considered When available, information from studies on cost is considered, but data on efficacy and outcomes constitute the primary basis for the recommendations contained herein In analyzing the data and developing recommendations and supporting text, the writing committee uses evidencebased methodologies developed by the Task Force (1) The Class of Recommendation (COR) is an estimate of the size of the treatment effect, with consideration given to risks versus benefits as well as evidence and/or agreement that a given treatment or procedure is or is not useful/effective or in some situations may cause harm The Level of Evidence (LOE) is an estimate of the certainty or precision of the treatment effect The writing committee reviews and ranks evidence supporting each recommendation, with the weight of evidence ranked as LOE A, B, or C according to specific definitions that are included in Table Studies are identified as observational, retrospective, prospective, or randomized as appropriate For certain conditions for which inadequate data are available, recommendations are based on expert consensus and clinical experience and are ranked as LOE C When recommendations at LOE C are supported by historical clinical data, appropriate references (including clinical reviews) are cited if available For issues for which sparse data are available, a survey of current practice among the clinicians on the writing committee is the basis for LOE C recommendations, and no references are cited The schema for COR and LOE is summarized in Table 1, which also provides suggested phrases for writing recommendations within each COR A new addition to this methodology is separation of the Class III recommendations to delineate whether the recommendation is determined to be of “no benefit” or is associated with “harm” to the patient In addition, in view of the increasing number of comparative effectiveness studies, comparator verbs and suggested phrases for writing recommendations for the comparative effectiveness of one treatment or strategy versus another have been added for COR I and IIa, LOE A or B only In view of the advances in medical therapy across the spectrum of cardiovascular diseases, the Task Force has designated the term guideline-directed medical therapy (GDMT) to represent optimal medical therapy as defined by ACCF/AHA guideline (primarily Class I)–recommended therapies This new term, GDMT, will be used herein and throughout all future guidelines e48 Fihn et al Stable Ischemic Heart Disease: Full Text JACC Vol 60, No 24, 2012 December 18, 2012:e44–e164 Table Applying Classification of Recommendations and Level of Evidence A recommendation with Level of Evidence B or C does not imply that the recommendation is weak Many important clinical questions addressed in the guidelines not lend themselves to clinical trials Although randomized trials are unavailable, there may be a very clear clinical consensus that a particular test or therapy is useful or effective ‫ء‬Data available from clinical trials or registries about the usefulness/efficacy in different subpopulations, such as sex, age, history of diabetes, history of prior myocardial infarction, history of heart failure, and prior aspirin use †For comparative effectiveness recommendations (Class I and IIa; Level of Evidence A and B only), studies that support the use of comparator verbs should involve direct comparisons of the treatments or strategies being evaluated Because the ACCF/AHA practice guidelines address patient populations (and healthcare providers) residing in North America, drugs that are not currently available in North America are discussed in the text without a specific COR For studies performed in large numbers of subjects outside North America, each writing committee reviews the potential influence of different practice patterns and patient populations on the treatment effect and relevance to the ACCF/AHA target population to determine whether the findings should inform a specific recommendation The ACCF/AHA practice guidelines are intended to assist healthcare providers in clinical decision making by describing a range of generally acceptable approaches to the Downloaded From: http://content.onlinejacc.org/ on 10/21/2015 diagnosis, management, and prevention of specific diseases or conditions The guidelines attempt to define practices that meet the needs of most patients in most circumstances The ultimate judgment about care of a particular patient must be made by the healthcare provider and patient in light of all the circumstances presented by that patient As a result, situations may arise in which deviations from these guidelines might be appropriate Clinical decision making should involve consideration of the quality and availability of expertise in the area where care is provided When these guidelines are used as the basis for regulatory or payer decisions, the goal should be improvement in quality of care The Task Force recognizes that situations arise in which JACC Vol 60, No 24, 2012 December 18, 2012:e44–e164 additional data are needed to inform patient care more effectively; these areas will be identified within each respective guideline when appropriate Prescribed courses of treatment in accordance with these recommendations are effective only if followed Because lack of patient understanding and adherence may adversely affect outcomes, physicians and other healthcare providers should make every effort to engage the patient’s active participation in prescribed medical regimens and lifestyles In addition, patients should be informed of the risks, benefits, and alternatives to a particular treatment and should be involved in shared decision making whenever feasible, particularly for COR IIa and IIb, for which the benefit-to-risk ratio may be lower The Task Force makes every effort to avoid actual, potential, or perceived conflicts of interest that may arise as a result of industry relationships or personal interests among the members of the writing committee All writing committee members and peer reviewers of this guideline were required to disclose all such current health care-related relationships, including those existing 24 months (from 2005) before initiation of the writing effort The writing committee chair may not have any relevant relationships with industry or other entities (RWI); however, RWI are permitted for the vice chair position In December 2009, the ACCF and AHA implemented a new policy that requires a minimum of 50% of the writing committee to have no relevant RWI; in addition, the disclosure term was changed to 12 months before writing committee initiation The present guideline was developed during the transition in RWI policy and occurred over an extended period of time In the interest of transparency, we provide full information on RWI existing over the entire period of guideline development, including delineation of relationships that expired more than 24 months before the guideline was finalized This information is included in Appendix These statements are reviewed by the Task Force and all members during each conference call and meeting of the writing committee and are updated as changes occur All guideline recommendations require a confidential vote by the writing committee and must be approved by a consensus of the voting members Members who recused themselves from voting are indicated in the list of writing committee members, and specific section recusals are noted in Appendix Authors’ and peer reviewers’ RWI pertinent to this guideline are disclosed in Appendixes and 2, respectively Comprehensive disclosure information for the Task Force is also available online at http://www.cardiosource.org/ACC/ About-ACC/Who-We-Are/Leadership/Guidelines-andDocuments-Task-Forces.aspx The work of the writing committee is supported exclusively by the ACCF, AHA, American College of Physicians (ACP), American Association for Thoracic Surgery (AATS), Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association (PCNA), Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions (SCAI), and Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS), without commercial support Writing committee members volunteered their time for this activity Downloaded From: http://content.onlinejacc.org/ on 10/21/2015 Fihn et al Stable Ischemic Heart Disease: Full Text e49 The recommendations in this guideline are considered current until they are superseded by a focused update or the full-text guideline is revised Guidelines are official policy of both the ACCF and AHA Jeffrey L Anderson, MD, FACC, FAHA Chair, ACCF/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines Introduction 1.1 Methodology and Evidence Overview The recommendations listed in this document are, whenever possible, evidence based An extensive evidence review was conducted as the document was compiled through December 2008 Repeated literature searches were performed by the guideline development staff and writing committee members as new issues were considered New clinical trials published in peer-reviewed journals and articles through December 2011 were also reviewed and incorporated when relevant Furthermore, because of the extended development time period for this guideline, peer review comments indicated that the sections focused on imaging technologies required additional updating, which occurred during 2011 Therefore, the evidence review for the imaging sections includes published literature through December 2011 Searches were limited to studies, reviews, and other evidence in human subjects and that were published in English Key search words included but were not limited to the following: accuracy, angina, asymptomatic patients, cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR), cardiac rehabilitation, chest pain, chronic angina, chronic coronary occlusions, chronic ischemic heart disease (IHD), chronic total occlusion, connective tissue disease, coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) versus medical therapy, coronary artery disease (CAD) and exercise, coronary calcium scanning, cardiac/coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA), CMR angiography, CMR imaging, coronary stenosis, death, depression, detection of CAD in symptomatic patients, diabetes, diagnosis, dobutamine stress echocardiography, echocardiography, elderly, electrocardiogram (ECG) and chronic stable angina, emergency department, ethnic, exercise, exercise stress testing, follow-up testing, gender, glycemic control, hypertension, intravascular ultrasound, fractional flow reserve (FFR), invasive coronary angiography, kidney disease, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) lowering, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), medication adherence, minority groups, mortality, myocardial infarction (MI), noninvasive testing and mortality, nuclear myocardial perfusion, nutrition, obesity, outcomes, patient follow-up, patient education, prognosis, proximal left anterior descending (LAD) disease, physical activity, reoperation, risk stratification, smoking, stable ischemic heart disease (SIHD), stable angina and reoperation, stable angina and revascularization, stress echocardiography, radionuclide stress testing, stenting versus CABG, unprotected left main, weight reduction, and women Appendix contains an list of abbreviations used in this document e50 Fihn et al Stable Ischemic Heart Disease: Full Text JACC Vol 60, No 24, 2012 December 18, 2012:e44–e164 To provide clinicians with a comprehensive set of data, the absolute risk difference and number needed to treat or harm, if they were published and their inclusion was deemed appropriate, are provided in the guideline, along with confidence intervals (CIs) and data related to the relative treatment effects, such as odds ratio (OR), relative risk (RR), hazard ratio, or incidence rate ratio 1.2 Organization of the Writing Committee The writing committee was composed of physicians, cardiovascular interventionalists, surgeons, general internists, imagers, nurses, and pharmacists The writing committee included representatives from the ACP, AATS, PCNA, SCAI, and STS 1.3 Document Review and Approval This document was reviewed by external reviewers nominated by both the ACCF and the AHA; reviewers nominated by the ACP, AATS, PCNA, SCAI, and STS; and 19 content reviewers, including members of the ACCF Imaging Council, ACCF Interventional Scientific Council, and the AHA Council on Clinical Cardiology Reviewers’ RWI information was collected and distributed to the writing committee and is published in this document (Appendix 2) Because extensive peer review comments resulted in substantial revision, the guideline was subjected to a second peer review by all official and organizational reviewers Lastly, the imaging sections were peer reviewed separately, after an update to that evidence base This document was approved for publication by the governing bodies of the ACCF, AHA, ACP, AATS, PCNA, SCAI, and STS 1.4 Scope of the Guideline These guidelines are intended to apply to adult patients with stable known or suspected IHD, including new-onset chest pain (i.e., low-risk unstable angina [UA]), or to adult patients with stable pain syndromes (Figure 1) Patients who have “ischemic equivalents,” such as dyspnea or arm pain with exertion, are included in the latter group Many patients with IHD can become asymptomatic with appropriate therapy Accordingly, the follow-up sections of this guideline pertain to patients who were previously symptomatic, including those who have undergone percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or CABG This guideline also addresses the initial diagnostic approach to patients who present with symptoms that suggest IHD, such as anginal-type chest pain, but who are not known to have IHD In this circumstance, it is essential that the practitioner ascertain whether such symptoms represent the initial clinical recognition of chronic stable angina, reflecting gradual progression of obstructive CAD or an increase in supply/demand mismatch precipitated by a change in activity or concurrent illness (e.g., anemia or infection), or whether they represent an acute coronary syndrome (ACS), most likely due to an unstable plaque causing acute thrombosis For patients with newly diagnosed stable angina, this guideline should be used Patients with ACS have either acute myocardial infarction (AMI) or UA For patients with AMI, the reader is referred to the “ACCF/AHA Guidelines for the Management of Patients With ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction” (STEMI) (2,3) Similarly, for patients with UA that is believed to be due to an acute change in clinical status attributable to an unstable plaque or an abrupt change in supply (e.g., coronary occlusion with myocardial supply through collaterals), the reader is referred to the “ACCF/AHA Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Unstable Angina/non–ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction” (UA/NSTEMI) (4,4a) There are, however, patients with UA who can be categorized as low risk and are addressed in this guideline (Table 2) A key premise of this guideline is that once a diagnosis of IHD is established, it is necessary in most patients to assess their risk of subsequent complications, such as AMI or death Because the approach to diagnosis of suspected IHD Noninvasive Testing Asymptomatic (SIHD) *Features of low risk unstable angina: • Age, 70 y • Exertional pain lasting $10,000 of the fair market value of the business entity; or if funds received by the person from the business entity exceed 5% of the person’s gross income for the previous year A relationship is considered to be modest if it is less than significant under the preceding definition Relationships noted in this table are modest unless otherwise noted *Significant relationship AATS indicates American Association for Thoracic Surgery; ACCF, American College of Cardiology Foundation; ACP, American College of Physicans; AHA, American Heart Association; NIH, National Institutes of Health; PCNA, Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association; SCAI, Society for Cardiovascular Interventions and Angiography; and STS, Society of Thoracic Surgeons Downloaded From: http://content.onlinejacc.org/ on 10/21/2015 JACC Vol 60, No 24, 2012 December 18, 2012:e44–e164 APPENDIX ABBREVIATIONS LIST ACE ϭ angiotensin-converting enzyme ACS ϭ acute coronary syndrome AMI ϭ acute myocardial infarction ARB ϭ angiotensin-receptor blocker AV ϭ atrioventricular BMI ϭ body mass index BMS ϭ bare-metal stent BP ϭ blood pressure CABG ϭ coronary artery bypass graft CAC ϭ coronary artery calcium CAD ϭ coronary artery disease CCS ϭ Canadian Cardiovascular Society CCTA ϭ coronary/cardiac computed tomography angiography CKD ϭ chronic kidney disease CMR ϭ cardiac magnetic resonance CT ϭ computed tomography DAPT ϭ dual antiplatelet therapy DES ϭ drug-eluting stent ECG ϭ electrocardiogram EDTA ϭ ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid EECP ϭ enhanced external counterpulsation EF ϭ ejection fraction FDA ϭ U.S Food and Drug Administration FFR ϭ fractional flow reserve GDMT ϭ guideline-directed medical therapy HbA1c ϭ hemoglobin A1c Downloaded From: http://content.onlinejacc.org/ on 10/21/2015 Fihn et al Stable Ischemic Heart Disease: Full Text e163 HDL ϭ high-density lipoprotein HIV ϭ human immunodeficiency virus IHD ϭ ischemic heart disease LAD ϭ left anterior descending LBBB ϭ left bundle-branch block LDL ϭ low-density lipoprotein LGE ϭ late gadolinium enhancement LIMA ϭ left internal mammary artery LV ϭ left ventricular LVEF ϭ left ventricular ejection fraction MACE ϭ major adverse cardiac event MET ϭ metabolic equivalent MI ϭ myocardial infarction MPI ϭ myocardial perfusion imaging NSTEMI ϭ non–ST-elevation myocardial infarction PAD ϭ peripheral artery disease PCI ϭ percutaneous coronary intervention PET ϭ positron emission tomography PHQ ϭ Patient Health Questionnaire RCT ϭ randomized controlled trial SAQ ϭ Seattle Angina Questionnaire SIHD ϭ stable ischemic heart disease SPECT ϭ single-photon emission computed tomography STEMI ϭ ST-elevation myocardial infarction TMR ϭ transmyocardial revascularization UA ϭ unstable angina UA/NSTEMI ϭ unstable angina/non–ST-elevation myocardial infarction e164 Fihn et al Stable Ischemic Heart Disease: Full Text JACC Vol 60, No 24, 2012 December 18, 2012:e44–e164 Appendix Nomogram for Estimating 2-Year CAD Event-Free Survival (i.e., Freedom From CAD Death or Nonfatal MI) by Using Percent Ischemic Myocardium in Intermediate-Likelihood Patients by Post-Stress LV CAD indicates coronary artery disease, LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; MI, myocardial infarction; and SPECT, single-photon emission computed tomography Reproduced with permission from Shaw et al (276) Downloaded From: http://content.onlinejacc.org/ on 10/21/2015 ... al Stable Ischemic Heart Disease: Full Text JACC Vol 60, No 24, 2012 December 18, 2012: e44–e164 ACCF /AHA Task Force Members Jeffrey L Anderson, MD, FACC, FAHA, Chair Jonathan L Halperin, MD, FACC,... Hochman, MD, FACC, FAHA Sharon Ann Hunt, MD, FACC, FAHA§§ Richard J Kovacs, MD, FACC, FAHA Frederick G Kushner, MD, FACC, FAHA§§ Bruce W Lytle, MD, FACC, FAHA§§ Rick A Nishimura, MD, FACC, FAHA§§ E... Cardiovascular Risk in Asymptomatic Adults (5) ACCF /AHA 2010 Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery (9) ACCF /AHA 2011 Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (10) ACCF /AHA/ SCAI 2011 Secondary Prevention and