IT training prentice hall a practical guide to fedora and red hat enterprise linux 5th edition feb 2010

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IT training prentice hall a practical guide to fedora and red hat enterprise linux 5th edition feb 2010

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™ A Practical Guide to Fedora and Red Hat Enterprise Linux ® ® FIFTH EDITION Mark G Sobell Upper Saddle River, NJ • Boston • Indianapolis • San Francisco New York • Toronto • Montreal • London • Munich • Paris • Madrid Capetown • Sydney • Tokyo • Singapore • Mexico City From the Library of Skyla Walker Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed with initial capital letters or in all capitals The author and publisher have taken care in the preparation of this book, but make no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assume no responsibility for errors or omissions No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of the use of the information or programs contained herein The publisher offers excellent discounts on this book when ordered in quantity for bulk purchases or special sales, which may include electronic versions and/or custom covers and content particular to your business, training goals, marketing focus, and branding interests For more information, please contact: U.S Corporate and Government Sales (800) 382-3419 corpsales@pearsontechgroup.com For sales outside the United States, please contact: International Sales international@pearson.com Visit us on the Web: informit.com/ph Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Sobell, Mark G A practical guide to Fedora and Red Hat Enterprise Linux / Mark G Sobell.—5th ed p cm Includes index ISBN 978-0-13-706088-7 (pbk.) Linux Operating systems (Computers) I Title QA76.76.O63S5945 2010 005.4'32—dc22 2009053421 Copyright © 2010 Mark G Sobell All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America This publication is protected by copyright, and permission must be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise For information regarding permissions, write to: Pearson Education, Inc Rights and Contracts Department 501 Boylston Street, Suite 900 Boston, MA 02116 Fax: (617) 671-3447 ISBN-13: 978-0-13-706088-7 ISBN-10: 0-13-706088-2 Text printed in the United States at Edwards Brothers in Ann Arbor, Michigan First printing, February 2010 From the Library of Skyla Walker Brief Contents Contents xiii Preface xxxvii Welcome to Linux PART I Installing Fedora and Red Hat Enterprise Linux 21 Installation Overview 23 Step-by-Step Installation 51 PART II Getting Started with Fedora and Red Hat Enterprise Linux 87 Introduction to Fedora and Red Hat Enterprise Linux 89 The Linux Utilities 147 The Linux Filesystem 187 The Shell 223 PART III Digging into Fedora and Red Hat Enterprise Linux 253 Linux GUIs: X and GNOME 255 The Bourne Again Shell 279 10 Networking and the Internet 357 xi From the Library of Skyla Walker xii Brief Contents PART IV 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 PART V 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 401 Using Clients and Setting Up Servers 619 OpenSSH: Secure Network Communication 621 FTP: Transferring Files Across a Network 643 sendmail: Setting Up Mail Clients, Servers, and More 669 NIS and LDAP 695 NFS: Sharing Filesystems 727 Samba: Integrating Linux and Windows 749 DNS/BIND: Tracking Domain Names and Addresses 773 iptables: Setting Up a Firewall 819 Apache (httpd): Setting Up a Web Server 841 PART VI 27 28 System Administration System Administration: Core Concepts 403 Files, Directories, and Filesystems 467 Downloading and Installing Software 497 Printing with CUPS 519 Rebuilding the Linux Kernel 543 Administration Tasks 555 Configuring and Monitoring a LAN 595 Programming Tools Programming the Bourne Again Shell The Perl Scripting Language 975 PART VII Appendixes A Regular Expressions 1023 B Help 1033 C Security 1043 D The Free Software Definition 885 887 1021 1063 Glossary 1067 Index 1117 From the Library of Skyla Walker Contents Preface xxxvii Chapter 1: Welcome to Linux The GNU–Linux Connection The History of GNU–Linux The Code Is Free Have Fun! The Linux 2.6 Kernel The Heritage of Linux: UNIX What Is So Good About Linux? Why Linux Is Popular with Hardware Companies and Developers Linux Is Portable Standards The C Programming Language Overview of Linux 10 Linux Has a Kernel Programming Interface 10 Linux Can Support Many Users 10 Linux Can Run Many Tasks 11 Linux Provides a Secure Hierarchical Filesystem 11 The Shell: Command Interpreter and Programming Language 12 A Large Collection of Useful Utilities 14 Interprocess Communication 14 System Administration 14 xiii From the Library of Skyla Walker xiv Contents Additional Features of Linux 14 GUIs: Graphical User Interfaces 15 (Inter)Networking Utilities 16 Software Development 16 Conventions Used in This Book 16 Chapter Summary 19 Exercises 19 PART I Installing Fedora and Red Hat Enterprise Linux 21 Chapter 2: Installation Overview 23 The Desktop Live CD and the Install DVD 24 Planning the Installation 24 Considerations 25 Requirements 25 Processor Architecture 26 Interfaces: Installer and Installed System 28 Which Are You Installing: Fedora or Red Hat Enterprise Linux? 28 Upgrading an Existing Fedora/RHEL System Versus Installing a Fresh Copy Setting Up the Hard Disk 30 RAID 37 LVM: Logical Volume Manager 38 The Installation Process 39 The Medium: Where Is the Source Data? 40 Downloading a CD/DVD (FEDORA ) 41 The Easy Way to Download a CD ISO Image File 41 Finding a Mirror Site to Download From 42 Using BitTorrent to Download a CD/DVD ISO Image File 44 Checking and Burning the CD/DVD 45 Checking the File 45 Burning the CD/DVD 46 Rescue Selection of the Install DVD 46 Gathering Information About the System 46 Finding the Installation Manual 47 More Information 48 Chapter Summary 48 Exercises 49 Advanced Exercises 49 Chapter 3: Step-by-Step Installation 29 51 Running a Fedora Live Session 52 Booting the System 52 From the Library of Skyla Walker Contents xv Installing Fedora/RHEL 55 Installing from a Live Session 55 Installing/Upgrading from the Install DVD 55 The Anaconda Installer 57 Firstboot: When You Reboot 66 Initializing Databases and Updating the System 67 Installation Tasks 68 Modifying Boot Parameters (Options) 68 Partitioning the Disk 71 LVs: Logical Volumes 73 Partitions 76 palimpsest: The GNOME Disk Utility (FEDORA) 78 Using the Kickstart Configurator 82 Setting Up a Dual-Boot System 82 The X Window System 84 gnome-display-properties: Configures the Display 84 More Information 85 Chapter Summary 85 Exercises 85 Advanced Exercises 86 PART II Getting Started with Fedora and Red Hat Enterprise Linux 87 Chapter 4: Introduction to Fedora and Red Hat Enterprise Linux 89 Curbing Your Power (Superuser/root Privileges) 90 A Tour of the Fedora/RHEL Desktop 90 Logging In on the System 91 Introduction 92 Launching Programs from the Desktop 93 Switching Workspaces 95 Setting Personal Preferences 96 Mouse Preferences 97 Working with Windows 98 Using Nautilus to Work with Files 98 The Update Applet 104 Changing Appearance (Themes) 105 Desktop Effects (FEDORA) 108 Session Management 108 Getting Help 108 Feel Free to Experiment 109 Logging Out 109 From the Library of Skyla Walker xvi Contents Getting the Most Out of the Desktop 109 GNOME Desktop Terminology 110 Opening Files 110 Panels 111 The Main Menu 114 Windows 115 The Object Context Menu 119 Updating, Installing, and Removing Software Packages 122 Updates (FEDORA) 122 Add/Remove Software 123 Where to Find Documentation 124 GNOME Help Browser 125 man: Displays the System Manual 125 apropos: Searches for a Keyword 127 info: Displays Information About Utilities 127 The ––help Option 130 HOWTOs: Finding Out How Things Work 130 Getting Help with the System 131 More About Logging In 132 The Login Screen 133 What to Do If You Cannot Log In 134 Logging In Remotely: Terminal Emulators, ssh, and Dial-Up Connections Logging In from a Terminal (Emulator) 135 Changing Your Password 136 Using Virtual Consoles 137 Working from the Command Line 138 Correcting Mistakes 138 Repeating/Editing Command Lines 140 Controlling Windows: Advanced Operations 141 Changing the Input Focus 141 Changing the Resolution of the Display 142 The Window Manager 142 Chapter Summary 143 Exercises 144 Advanced Exercises 145 Chapter 5: The Linux Utilities 135 147 Special Characters 148 Basic Utilities 149 ls: Lists the Names of Files 149 cat: Displays a Text File 149 rm: Deletes a File 150 less Is more: Display a Text File One Screen at a Time hostname: Displays the System Name 151 150 From the Library of Skyla Walker Contents xvii Working with Files 151 cp: Copies a File 151 mv: Changes the Name of a File 152 lpr: Prints a File 153 grep: Searches for a String 153 head: Displays the Beginning of a File 154 tail: Displays the End of a File 154 sort: Displays a File in Order 155 uniq: Removes Duplicate Lines from a File 156 diff: Compares Two Files 157 file: Tests the Contents of a File 157 | (Pipe): Communicates Between Processes 158 Four More Utilities 159 echo: Displays Text 159 date: Displays the Time and Date 159 script: Records a Shell Session 160 unix2dos: Converts Linux and Macintosh Files to Windows Format Compressing and Archiving Files 161 bzip2: Compresses a File 162 bunzip2 and bzcat: Decompress a File 162 gzip: Compresses a File 163 tar: Packs and Unpacks Archives 163 Locating Commands 166 which and whereis: Locate a Utility 166 apropos: Searches for a Keyword 167 locate: Searches for a File 168 Obtaining User and System Information 168 who: Lists Users on the System 169 finger: Lists Users on the System 169 w: Lists Users on the System 171 Communicating with Other Users 172 write: Sends a Message 172 mesg: Denies or Accepts Messages 173 Email 174 Tutorial: Creating and Editing a File Using vim 174 Starting vim 175 Command and Input Modes 176 Entering Text 177 Getting Help 178 Ending the Editing Session 181 The compatible Parameter 181 Chapter Summary 181 Exercises 184 Advanced Exercises 185 161 From the Library of Skyla Walker xviii Contents Chapter 6: The Linux Filesystem 187 The Hierarchical Filesystem 188 Directory Files and Ordinary Files 188 Filenames 189 The Working Directory 192 Your Home Directory 192 Pathnames 193 Absolute Pathnames 193 Relative Pathnames 194 Directory Commands 195 mkdir: Creates a Directory 195 Important Standard Directories and Files 198 Working with Directories 200 rmdir: Deletes a Directory 200 Using Pathnames 201 mv, cp: Move or Copy Files 201 mv: Moves a Directory 202 Access Permissions 202 ls –l: Displays Permissions 203 chmod: Changes Access Permissions 204 Setuid and Setgid Permissions 205 Directory Access Permissions 206 ACLs: Access Control Lists 207 Enabling ACLs 208 Working with Access Rules 208 Setting Default Rules for a Directory 211 Links 212 Hard Links 214 Symbolic Links 216 rm: Removes a Link 218 Chapter Summary 218 Exercises 220 Advanced Exercises 222 Chapter 7: The Shell 223 The Command Line 224 Syntax 224 Processing the Command Line 227 Executing the Command Line 229 Editing the Command Line 229 From the Library of Skyla Walker 1150 Index Read access, 203, 288 user input, 937 read builtin, 907, 908, 913, 937, 938, 950 Readline Library, 318, 326, 328 readnews utility, 393 readonly builtin, 303–305, 950 Readonly memory See ROM Readonly variable, 299 Reboot system, 434 reboot utility, 433, 434 Rebuilding Linux, 543 rec.skiing newsgroup, 393 Recovery mode, root password, 425 Recursion, 959 infinite, alias, 332, 335 Recursive plunge See Recursion, infinite, alias Red Hat Directory Server, 711 Enterprise Linux See RHEL Knowledgebase, 1036 Linux, Druid, 1080 Network See RHN Package Manager See RPM security information, 1060 Redirect operators, bash, 286 output, 158 standard error, 941, 946 input, 234, 941 output, 232, 235, 941 output and append, 236 output and error, 285 output of background job, 242 output using tee, 240 Redirection, 13, 232, 1102 Redundant array of inexpensive disks See RAID Reentrant code, 1102 Reexecuting commands, 318 Refresh screen, 173 Regular character, 1102 Regular expression, 1023, 1103 \( \) brackets expressions, 1028 ampersand in replacement strings, 1029 anchors, 1026 asterisks, 1026 brackets, 1025, 1028 carets, 1026 character class, 1074 characters, 1024 delimiters, 1024 dollar signs, 1026 empty, 1028 extended, 1029 pipes, 1030 plus signs, 1030 question marks, 1030 summary, 1031 full, 1029 list operator See Character, class longest match, 1027 periods, 1025 Perl, 1007–1013 quoted digits, 1029 quoted parentheses, 1028 quoting special characters, 1027 replacement strings, 1028 rules, 1027 simple strings, 1024 special characters, 1024, 1024, 1027 summary, 1031 reiserfs filesystem, 486 Relational operator, 952 Relative pathname, 194, 195, 228, 1103 Religious statue, miniature See Icon Remainder operator, 956 Remapping mouse buttons, 262 Remote access security, 1055 computing and local displays, 258 filesystem, 358, 1103 login, 135 procedure call See RPC Remove directory using rmdir, 200 file using rm, 150 link using rm, 218 software package, 497, 512 user, 558 variable, 303 Rename directory using mv, 202 file using mv, 152, 201 Repair filesystem, 436 Repairing a broken system using recovery mode, 56 Replacement strings in regular expressions, 1028 REPLY variable, 918, 938 repo filename extension, 499 Reports, system, 566 Request for comments See RFC Rescue mode, 46, 56, 411 Reserved port See Privileged port reset utility, 439 Resolution of display, changing, 142 resolv.conf file, 476, 602, 787 Resolver, 386, 476, 776, 1103 Resource Description Framework, 1102 Resource record, DNS, 779 Respawn, 473 Restore, 1103 restore utility, 563 Return code See Exit, status RETURN key, 17, 227, 290 Reverse name resolution, DNS, 783 rexecd daemon, 390 RFC, 1103 RHEL errata, 516 rescue mode, 56 software, adding, 505 versus Fedora, 28 RHN (Red Hat Network), 516 database, 516 entitle, 516 rhnsd daemon, 517 server, 517 rhnsd daemon, 517 rhost Authentication, OpenSSH, 623 Right-click, mouse, 96 Right-handed mouse, 262 Ring of trust, 1048 Ritchie, Dennis, rlogin utility, 358 rlogind daemon, 1054 rm utility, 150, 218, 334, 481, 894 rmdir utility, 200 rmmod utility, 550 From the Library of Skyla Walker Index 1151 rn utility, 393 Roam, 1103 ROM, 1103 romfs filesystem, 486 Root See also Superuser directory (/), 32, 34, 188, 190, 198, 1104 domain, DNS, 776 filesystem (/), 1104 login, 405, 577, 1104 window, 110, 117, 1104 password and recovery mode, 425 root user See Superuser Rotate file, 579, 1104 routed daemon, 390 Router, 1104 discussion, 597 network, 361–363 setting up with iptables, 835 SmoothWall Linux distribution, 597 Routing daemon, 390 Row, 585 RPC, 391, 697, 1104 rpc file, 392, 477 rpcbind daemon, 392, 443, 730 rpcinfo utility, 443, 701 RPM about, 510 binary package, 510 database, 512 install, 512 install kernel binary, 512 query file, 511 query package, 511 rpm utility, 580 source package, 510 SRPMS, 510 uninstall, 512 upgrade, 512 rpm utility, 580 rpmnew filename extension, 30 rquotad daemon, 389 RSA encryption, 1046, 1104 rsh utility, 358, 376 rshd daemon, 1054 rsyslog file, 584 rsyslog utility, 390 rsyslog.conf file, 390, 583 rsyslogd daemon, 200, 390, 579, 582, 1054 Run, 1104 Application window, 94, 274 background command, 241 command script, 476 See also rc scripts program, 433 shell script, 289 Runlevel, 424, 1104 2, 431 See Multiuser 4, 431 5, 431 emulation in Upstart, 419 initdefault, and, 423, 425, 474 table of, 424 runlevel utility, 419, 435, 424 ruptime utility, 575 S S/Key utility, 1054 safedit shell script, 915 saint utility, 1060 Samba, 1105 [homes] share, 765 about, 749 administration See Samba, swat utility browser parameters, 763 browsing Linux shares from Windows, 765 communication parameters, 764 daemons, 750 global parameters, 760 home directories, sharing, 765 JumpStart, configuring a Samba server with system-config-samba, 753 Linux shares accessing from Windows, 765 setting up, 754 logging parameters, 763 manual configuration, 759 mapping a share, 766 more information, 751 NBT, 1095 net use utility (Windows), 769 net utility, 750 net view utility (Windows), 769 NetBIOS, 1095 nmbd daemon, 750, 768, 769 nmblookup utility, 769, 770 password, 752 ping utility, 769 prerequisites, 751 printing from Windows, 539 security parameters, 760 share, 1105 share parameters, 764 shared directory, 607 SMB, 1106 smb.conf file, 759 smbclient utility, 750, 767, 770 smbd daemon, 750, 768 smbpasswd file, 752 smbstatus utility, 750, 768 smbtree utility, 750, 766 smbusers file, 752 suite of programs, 750 swat utility, 755 system-config-samba utility, 753 testparm utility, 768 testprns utility, 768 troubleshooting, 768 user adding, 754 map, 752 name, 752 nobody, 754 utilities, 750 Web Administration Tool See Samba, swat utility Windows, 1105 networks, browsing, 767 shares accessing from Linux, 766 connecting to, 767 displaying, 766 mounting, 767 WINS, 1115 xinetd daemon, 756 samhain utility, 1053, 1060 SANS security training and education, 1060 sara utility, 1060 Save window, 103 sbin directory, 200 Scheduling jobs, 10 routine tasks, 565 Schema, 1105 From the Library of Skyla Walker 1152 Index Schneier, Bruce, 1060 sci.med newsgroup, 393 scp utility, 358, 484, 625 See also OpenSSH Screen login, 133 number, X Window System, 260 refresh, 173 Script init, 476 shell See Shell script script utility, 160 Scroll, 1105 Scrollbar, 1105 sdn file, 468 Search engine, 396 database, 396 index, 397 Web crawler, 396 for files using gnome-searchtool, 274 for files using Search for Files window, 274 for keywords using apropos, 127, 167 path, 166 string using grep, 153 Secondary prompt, 904 Secondary server, DNS, 778 Secret key encryption See Symmetric key encryption Secunia vulernability monitoring, 1060 secure file, 459, 480, 1034 Secure Sockets Layer See SSL securenets file, 706 securetty file, 407 Security access permission, 203, 204 accton utility, 1054 ACL, 1068 AIDE utility, 413, 1053, 1058 ANI, 1056 Apache security directives, 868 authentication, 1070 automatic number identification, 1056 back door, 1070 BIND See Security, DNS BIOS, 577 Bugtraq, 1054 caller ID, 1056 CERT, 577, 1054, 1058 checksum, 1074 chkrootkit utility, 1058 chroot jail See chroot jail cipher, 1075 ciphertext, 1075, 1044 cleartext, 1075 CLID, 1056 cookie, 1076 cracker, 1077 crack utility, 577 cryptography, 1077 cypher, 1075 DDoS attack, 1078 DoS attack, 1080 digital signature, 1046 DNS, 774, 804 DragonSquire IDS, 1053 dsniff utility, 1058 email, 1049 encryption See Encryption Enhanced Linux See SELinux ethereal utility, 1058 Fedora, 1053 file, 1049 finger utility, 375 firewall, 363 Firewall toolkit, 1059 Freefire solutions, 1058 FTP, 650, 655 fwtk utility, 1059 GIAC certification and training, 1059 hole, 515 host, 1053 host-based trust, 377 trusted, 376 hosts.equiv file, 376 hping utility, 1059 in.rexecd daemon, 390 Internet, root access, 407 IP spoofing, 377, 1089 IPng, 373 IPSec, 1051 IPv6, 373 ISC2, 1059 John the Ripper utility, 1059 keep the system secure, 577 Kerberos, 1059, 1090 kill, 409 lids utility, 1059 Linux features, 12 LinuxSecurity.com, 1059 locktty script, 909 login, 1054 account, 377 last, 136 shell, 476 LWN.net, 1059 mailing list, Bugtraq, 1058 man-in-the-middle, 803, 1048, 1051 messages, 480 MD5 encryption, 1093 MITM See Man-in-the-middle more information, 1058 MTA, 1049 MUA, 1050 nessus utility, 1059 netcat utility, 1059 network about, 1050 guidelines, 1051 solutions, 1051 NFS, 730 nmap utility, 1059 one-time password, 1054 OpenSSH See OpenSSH OPIE utility, 1054 PAM, 432, 1054 passphrase, 1098 password, 136, 475, 1098 PATH and Superuser, 409 PATH variable, 307 physical, 1056 plaintext, 1044 priv utility, 406 RAS, 1055 rbac utility, 1059 Red Hat information, 1060 remote access, 1055 resources, 1058 ring of trust, 1048 rlogind daemon, 1054 root access, Internet, 407 RSA encryption, 1104 rshd daemon, 1054 rsyslogd daemon, 1054 saint utility, 1060 samhain utility, 1053, 1060 SANS training and certification, 1060 sara utility, 1060 Schneier, Bruce, 1060 From the Library of Skyla Walker Index 1153 Secunia vulnerability monitoring, 1060 SecurityFocus tools and lists, 1060 SELinux, 414 setgid, 205 setuid, 205, 406, 577 SHA1 hash algorithm, 1105 shadow file, 477 smartcard, 1055 snort utility, 1060 software, up-to-date, 515 spoofing, 377, 1089 srp utility, 1060 ssh See ssh utility SSL, 1049 STARTTLS, 691, 1049 su utility, 408 sudo utility, 406 Superuser and PATH, 409 Superuser password, 577 swatch utility, 1060 TCP wrappers, 447 telnet, 378 telnetd daemon, 1054 TLS, 1049 Treachery, tools, 1060 tripwire utility, 1053, 1060 Trojan horse, 412, 1112 trust, 377 trusted host, 376 up-to-date software, 515 virtual private network, 359 virus, 1056, 1114 VPN, 359 vsftpd, 660 wiping a file, 470 worm, 1056, 1116 xhost, 260 xinetd daemon See xinetd daemon security directory, 458, 461 SecurityFocus, security tools and lists, 1060 sed utility, 579 Seed, BitTorrent, 507 Segment, network, 1096 select control structure, 917 Selection buffer, 116 Self-signed certificate, 689, 690, 878 SELinux, 414 selinux file, 415 sendmail See Mail sendmail daemon, 390, 471, 669, 670, 674, 676, 1050 sendmail, masquerade, 1093 sendmail.cf file, 677 sendmail.mc file, 672, 678 Separating commands, 290 Server, 1105 DNS cache, 797 full-functioned, 807 master, 778 primary master, 778 secondary, 778 slave, 810 split horizon, 811 types of, 778 file, 727 FTP, 654 mail list, 376, 1037 Message Block protocol See Samba, SMB name, 385, 386 process, 384 proxy, 391 setting up, 441, 606 vsftpd, 654 X, 257, 261, 1116 service utility, 427 Service, directory, 1079 Services daemons providing, 388 Internet, 392 network, 388 nsswitch.conf file, 455 Upstart, 419 services file, 388, 392, 477 Session, 1105 failsafe, 1082 key, OpenSSH, 624 manager, 108 sestatus utility, 416 set builtin, 304, 897, 899, 900, 934, 935, 950 Set group ID See Setgid Set user ID See Setuid setenforce utility, 416 Setgid, 205, 1105 root, files belonging to the group, 205, 406 setserial utility, 440 Setuid, 205, 406, 1105 at, 406 crontab, 406 finding files using find, 412 grant privileges, 406 mount, 488, 731 NFS, 731 nosuid option to mount, 488, 731 root, files owned by, 205, 406 security, 577 Sexillion, 1105 sftp utility, 631 sh Shell, 280, 282, 1072 SHA1 hash algorithm, 1105 sha1sum utility, 45 shadow file, 431, 477 shar shell script, 920 Share, 1105 share directory, 200 Shared network topology, 1105 Shares, adding Linux (Samba), 754 Sharing an Internet connection, 835 Shell, 223, 1105 archive, 920 arithmetic (bash), 950 Bourne (original), 1072 calling program, name of, 931 command grouping, 290, 293 interpreter, 118 separation, 290 substitution, 899, 916 comment, 898 comparing strings, 952 control structure break, 910 case, 911 continue, 910 do, 901, 902, 904, 908 done, 901, 902, 904, 908 elif, 895 else, 892 esac, 911 fi, 888, 895 for, 901, 902, 945 for in, 901, 902 if, 888, 892, 895 if then, 888 if then elif, 895 if then else, 892 in, 901 then, 888, 892, 895 until, 908 while, 904, 945 From the Library of Skyla Walker 1154 Index Shell, continued csh, 1073 environment variable, 299, 926 exit from, 296 features, 338 function, 335, 1106 job control, 294 keyword variable, 300 login, 314, 432, 476, 1092 name of the calling program, 931 options See Shell, features parameter, 299 positional, 300 special, 300 prompt, 17, 224, 307 readonly variable, 299 sh, 280, 282, 1072 sleep, 229 strings, comparing, 952 user-created variable, 299 variable See Shell variable Shell script, 279, 286, 1106 # comment, 289 #! shell to use, 288 /dev/tty for a terminal, 942 addbanner, 945 bash, 958 birthday, 919 bundle, 920 chkargs, 890, 892 command_menu, 913 comment, 289 configure, 514 count, 905 cpdir, 293 create, 286 debug, 900 double quotation marks, 933, 938 error message, 899, 916 executing, 287, 289 Here document, 919 infinite loop, 944 invocation, 289 is_regfile, 891 links, 896 locktty, 909 makepath, 959 menu, 913 out, 893 PATH usage, 916 quiz, 962 quote in, 889, 898, 904, 933 read user input, 937 recursion, 959 running, 289 safedit, 915 shar, 920 specifying a shell, 288 spell_check, 906 temporary filename, 917, 929 usage message, 892, 898, 916 user input, 937 whos, 903 whoson, 287 SHELL variable, 432 Shell variable $!, 930 $#, 915, 931 $$, 917, 929 $*, 932 $?, 930 $@, 903, 932 $0, 931 BASH_ENV, 282 CDPATH, 311 COLUMNS, 918 ENV, 282 FCEDIT, 320 HISTFILESIZE, 316 HISTSIZE, 316 HOME, 300, 305, 432, 945 IFS, 309 INPUTRC, 329 keyword, 305 LINES, 918 LOGNAME, 432 MAIL, 307, 432 MAILCHECK, 307 MAILPATH, 307 naming, 299 noclobber, 235 OLDPWD, 346 OPTARG, 947 OPTIND, 947 PATH, 306 example, 915 keyword shell variable, 300 login, 432 security, 412 PS1, 283, 307 PS2, 309, 336 PS3, 918 PS4, 900 PWD, 346 quoting, 301 RANDOM, 965 readonly, 299 REPLY, 918, 938 SHELL, 432 TERM, 432, 468 shells file, 439 shift builtin, 933, 948, 950 Short-circuiting operator, 956 Shortcut See Link showmount utility, 742 shtml filename extension, 854 shutdown utility, 422, 433, 479 Side pane, Nautilus, 265 Signal, 1106 defined, 943 hang up, 944 HUP, 575 KILL, 575 kill, 944 list of, 943 names, 943, 946 quit, 944 software termination, 944 terminal interrupt, 944 Signature, digital, 1046 Silicon Graphics, 395 Simple filename, 193, 195, 228, 1106 Single quotation mark, 148, 904 Single versus double quotation marks, 333 Single-user from multiuser, 435 maintenance, 430 mode, about, 430 Superuser, 406 system, 1106 Size of file, display using ls, 203 skel directory, 557 Skip to top of page, 181 slapcat utility, 717 slappasswd utility, 714, 715 Slave server, DNS, 778, 810 Sleep, shell, 229 sleep system call, 316 Slice See Partition Slider, 1106 SLIP protocol, 367 Sloppy focus, 141 Slow system, 575 SMART disk monitoring, 81 From the Library of Skyla Walker Index 1155 Smartcard, 1055 SMB See Samba, SMB smb.conf file, 759 smbclient utility, 750, 767, 770 smbd daemon, 390, 750, 768 smbfs filesystem, 486 smbpasswd file, 752 smbstatus utility, 750, 768 smbtree utility, 750, 766 smbusers file, 752 SMF, 417 Smiley, 1106 Smilies, plural of smiley SmoothWall, Linux router distribution, 597 SMTP, 379, 669, 1106 Snap, window, 1107 SNAT, 836 Sneakernet, 1107 Sniff, 1107 snort utility, 1060 SOA record, DNS, 781 soc.singles newsgroup, 393 Socket, 483 UNIX domain, 482 SOCKS, 1107 Soft link See Symbolic, link Software add, 505 bug, 515 free, definition, 1063 installing, 497 keeping up-to-date, 515 package, 497 adding/removing, 122, 512 information, 511 remove, 512 termination signal, 944 Update Notifier, 104 updating, 104, 497 Sort, 1107 sort utility, 14, 155, 239, 240 source builtin, 283 SPACE, 148, 1107 Spam, 1107 SpamAssassin, 682 whois and, 382 SpamAssassin configuring, 684 running on a mail server using procmail, 685 spamd daemon, 682 Sparse file, 1107 Spatial versus File Browser windows, Nautilus, 99 Spawn See Fork Special character, 1024, 1107 *, 244 ?, 243 [], 245 defined, 148, 243 filename generation, 243 Here document, 920 pathname expansion, 243 quoting, 301, 302 regular expressions, 1023 standard input, 920 file, 1074 about, 482 block, 482 character, 482 parameters, shell, 300, 928 Speed, Internet, 359 spell_check shell script, 906 Spin box, 1107 Spinner See Spin box splash boot parameter, 54 Split horizon server, DNS, 811 Splitting, word, 309 Spontaneous process, 314 Spoofing, IP, 1089 Spool, 1108 spool directory, 579, 1034 SQL, 1108 Square bracket, 1108 test, 891 SquirrelMail, 686 src directory, 200, 544 srp utility, 1060 ssh directory, 623 ssh utility, 358, 388, 484, 603, 622, 625, 627, 628, 1055, 1060 See also OpenSSH ssh_config file, 631 ssh_known_hosts file, 623, 626, 627 sshd daemon, 388, 390 sshd_config file, 636 ssh-keygen utility, 634 SSL Apache, 877 email, 690 security, 1049 st0 file, 564 Stack defined, 296 directory, manipulation, 296 LAMP, 608 LIFO, 296 PAM, 461 Stallman, Richard, Stand-alone computer, 357 Standard directories and files, 198 error, 230, 284, 899, 921, 1108 exec, 941 file descriptor, 284, 921 shell script, 898 trap, 946 input, 230, 1108 exec, 941 file descriptor, 284, 921 pipe (|), 292 redirect, 234 special character, 920 output, 230, 1108 append, 236 exec, 941 file descriptor, 284, 921 pipe (|), 292 redirect, 232, 240 Standards Free Standards Group (FSG), 198 FSSTND, 198 Linux Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS), 198 Linux Standard Base (LSB), 198 OpenPGP Message Format, 1048 option handling, 949 STARTTLS, security, 691, 1049 Startup file, 192, 1108 bash_login file, 281 bash_logout file, 281 bash_profile, 281, 468 bashrc, 194, 281, 468 cshrc, 1077 inputrc, 329 login, 1092 logout, 1092 profile, 281, 468, 1100 toprc, 568 From the Library of Skyla Walker 1156 Index Startup file, continued /etc bashrc, 281, 432 profile, 281, 432, 476 bash, 281 BASH_ENV variable, 282 check for problems, 574 ENV variable, 282 startx utility, 258 stat utility, 440 statd daemon, 389 Statements, Perl, 981 Static IP address, 368 Status bar, Nautilus, 267 Status line, 1108 status utility, 420 Status, exit, 1081 Sticky bit, 1108 Stopping a job using the suspend key, 241 Stopping a program, 140 Streaming tape, 1108 Streams See Connectionoriented protocol String, 1108 comparing, 952 double quotation marks, 301 finding using grep, 153 null, 1097 pattern matching (bash), 952 Stroustrup, Bjarne, Structured Query Language See MySQL; SQL stty utility, 139, 468, 909 Stylesheet See CSS su utility, 406, 408, 577 Subdirectory, 188, 1109 Subdomain, 776 Subnet, 371, 1109 address, 1109 mask, 371, 1109 number, 1109 specifying, 443 Subpixel hinting, 1109 Subpixel smoothing, 272 Subroutine See Procedure Subshell, 289, 293, 1109 Substitution command, 348 parameter, 301 sudo utility, 406 See also Superuser sudoers file, 406 Sun Microsystems, 373, 695, 727 Superblock, 1109 Supercomputers, Superserver See xinetd daemon Superuser, 90, 405, 1109 becoming, 406 multiuser mode, 406 password, 577 PATH and security, 409 powers, 205 privileges, 405 prompt, 405 setuid, 406 single-user mode, 406 su utility, 406 sudo utility, 406 Suspend key (CONTROL-Z), 139, 140, 181, 241, 295, 943 SVID See System, V Interface Definition Swap, 479, 1109 filesystem, 34, 479 RAM and, 34, 479 space, 1110 swapon utility, 479 Swarm, BitTorrent, 508 swat utility, 755 swatch utility, 1060 Switch, network, 1096 Switcher, Workspace, 95, 96 Switching hub, 361, 596 sylpheed utility, 174 Symbolic hostname, 387 link, 216, 481, 482 creating using ln, 216 deleting using rm, 218 Symlink See Symbolic, link Symmetric key encryption, 1046 sync utility, 434 Syntax, command-line, 224 sys file, 544 sysconfig, 478 sysctl utility, 543, 544 sysctl.conf file, 543, 544 System administration at utility, 565 authconfig utility, 437 back up files, 563 bug, 515 chkconfig utility, 429 client, specifying, 442 communicating with users, 572 configuration file rules, 441 consolehelper utility, 409, 434 crontab utility, 565 cupsdisable utility, 537 cupsenable utility, 537 cupsreject utility, 537 dmesg utility, 439 dump utility, 563 e2label utility, 439 edquota utility, 582 exportfs utility, 435 file backup, 558 growing, 578 filesystem integrity, 492 mount remote, 730 repair, 436 free space, disk, 578 fsck utility, 436, 492 group, add, 558 groupadd utility, 558 groupdel utility, 558 groupmod utility, 558 halt utility, 433, 435 host, specifying, 442 hosts.allow file, 444 hosts.deny file, 444 init scripts, 426 init utility, 431 Kickstart utility, 82 kill builtin, 408, 410 killall utility, 411 log, machine, 576 login problem, 574 logwatch utility, 578 lsof utility, 576 memtest86+ utility, 53 mkfs utility, 439 more information, 413 mount remote filesystem, 730 mount utility, 435 multiuser mode, 431 multiuser/graphical mode, 431 parted utility, 568 password, modify, 557 pidof utility, 411 poweroff utility, 433 From the Library of Skyla Walker Index 1157 problems, 574 ps utility, 242, 314, 575, 579 quota utility, 582 quotaon utility, 582 reboot utility, 433, 434 reports, 566 rescue mode, 411 restore utility, 563 rpcinfo utility, 443 rpm utility, 510 rsyslogd daemon, 582 runlevels, 424 schedule tasks, 565 SELinux, 414 service utility, 427 setuid files, finding, 412 shutdown utility, 433 single-user mode, 430, 435 slow system, 575 su utility, 408 subnet, specifying, 443 sync utility, 434 system does not boot, 436 telinit utility, 435 top utility, 567 Trojan horse, 412 trouble alias, 576 tune2fs utility, 439, 492 umask builtin, 440 umount utility, 435, 490 uname utility, 441 user add, 556, 557 cannot log in, 574 getting information to, 572 modify, 556, 557 remove, 558 useradd utility, 557 userdel utility, 558 usermod utility, 558 vmstat utility, 566 wall utility, 435 wget utility, 517 xinetd daemon, 445 administrator, 90 powers, 205, 405 responsibilities, 403 Superuser See Superuser booting, 425 bring down, 433 bug, 515 call bad, trapping, 943 defined, 10 device, raw, 485 exec(), 289 fork(), 289, 314, 316 gethostbyname(), 785 sleep(), 316 console, 430 crash, 436 dataless, 729, 1078 diskless, 728 does not boot, 436 error messages, 480 initialization, customize, 426 logging in, 91 logs, 582 maintenance, 430 menu, 114 messages, 480, 582 mode, 1110 operation, 424 powering down, 435 rebooting, 434 reports, 566 rescue mode, 46 security, 577 shutdown, 433 single-user, 1106 system-config-nfs utility, 737 V Interface Definition, well-maintained, 404 System V, 1110 init daemon, 417 system-config-bind utility, 789 system-config-date utility, 437 system-config-display utility, 84 system-config-firewall utility, 824 system-config-httpd utility, 846 system-config-keyboard utility, 437 system-config-kickstart utility, 82 system-config-language utility, 438 system-config-lvm utility, 38 system-config-network utility, 601 system-config-network-cmd utility, 438 system-config-nfs utility, 737 system-config-printer utility, 524–527 system-config-rootpassword utility, 438 system-config-samba utility, 753 system-config-securitylevel utility, 824, 833 system-config-selinux utility, 416 system-config-services utility, 428 system-config-soundcard utility, 438 system-config-users utility, 556 sysv filesystem, 486 SysVinit, 417 T T-1 line, 360 T-3 line, 360 TAB key, 148 Table, 585 Table, hash, 1085 tail utility, 154, 242 talk utility, 376, 390 talk.politics newsgroup, 393 talkd daemon, 390 Tanenbaum, Andrew, 4, 486 Tape archive See tar utility device, 563, 564 mt utility, 565 nonrewinding, 564 streaming, 1108 tar file, 163 tar utility, 163, 293, 560, 562 tar.bz2 filename extension, 164 tar.gz filename extension, 164 tar.Z filename extension, 164, 191 Tarball, 163 Task, Upstart, 419 tbz filename extension, 164 TC Shell, 1110 TCP, 1110 TCP wrappers, 447 TCP/IP, 365, 391 tcsh, 1110 tee utility, 240 Teletypewriter, 1112 telinit utility, 419, 422, 424, 431, 435 telnet utility, 358, 377, 378, 875, 1050 telnetd daemon, 390, 1054 Temporary file, 917 Tera-, 1110 TERM signal, 140 TERM variable, 135, 432, 468 From the Library of Skyla Walker 1158 Index Termcap, 1041 termcap file, 1110 Terminal, 1110 ASCII, 1069 character-based, 1074 emulator, 118, 135, 275 file, 230 interrupt signal, 944 name ansi, 1041 linux, 1041 vt100, 468, 1041 vt102, 1041 vt220, 1041 xterm, 1041 pseudoterminal, 469 Server Project, Linux, 728 specifying, 1040 standard input, 231 standard output, 231 X, 1116 Terminating execution, 140 Terminfo, 1041 terminfo database, 175 terminfo file, 1110 Terminology desktop, 110 filesystem naming, 33 GNOME, 110 partition name, 33 Upstart daemon, 418 Ternary operator, 955, 957 test builtin, 889–891, 895, 899, 902, 904, 950 test utility, 890 testparm utility, 768 testprns utility, 768 Text box, 1110 echo, 159 file, 174 Textual application, running from a GUI, 94 interface, 28 tftp utility, 729 tftpd daemon, 390 tgz filename extension, 191 Theme, 106, 1111 then control structure, 888, 892, 895 Thicknet, 361, 1111 Thinnet, 361, 1111 Thompson, Ken, 9, 1070 Thread safe See Reentrant code Three-finger salute, 434 Thumb, 1111 Tick, 1111 Tick box See Check box tif filename extension, 191, 1111 tiff filename extension, 191, 1111 Tilde expansion, 193, 305, 345 Tiled windows, 1111 time builtin, 950 Time-series data, 607 Time to live See TTL timed daemon, 390 tin utility, 393 Titlebar, 98, 115 TLS, security, 1049 tmp directory, 579, 917 Toggle, 1111 Token, 224, 342, 1111 Token ring network, 1111 Toolbar, 116 Toolbar, Nautilus, 267 Tooltip, 110, 1111 Top of form, 181 top utility, 567, 575 Top-down design, 964 torrent filename extension, 508 Torrent, BitTorrent, 508 torrentinfo-console utility, 509 Torvalds, Linus, 1, 2, 3, 6, 1090 touch utility, 201 tput builtin, 909 tr utility, 161, 238, 285 traceroute utility, 380 traceroute6 utility, 381 Tracker, BitTorrent, 507 Transactions signatures, DNS See DNS, TSIG Transfer rate, network, 361 Transient window, 1111 Transmission Control Protocol See TCP Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol See TCP/IP Transport Layer Security See TLS, security trap builtin, 909, 943, 950 Trap door See Back door Trash, emptying, 104 Nautilus, 270 Treachery, security tools, 1060 Tree structure, 188 tripwire utility, 1053, 1060 Trojan horse, 412, 1112 Trolltech, 263 Troubleshooting DNS, 805 true utility, 945 Trusted host, 376 tset utility, 439 TTL, 1112 DNS, 781 tty file, 942 tty utility, 230 TTY See Teletypewriter tty1 file, 423 tune2fs utility, 439, 492 Tunneling, 638, 1112 Tutorial FTP, 646 using vim to create and edit a file, 174 Twisted pair cable, 361 txt filename extension, 191, 245 type builtin, 937, 950 Type of file, display using ls, 203 Typeface conventions, 17 typescript file, 160 typeset builtin, 303, 928 tz filename extension, 164 U U.S Library of Congress, 378 UCE See Spam udev utility, 482 UDP (User Datagram Protocol), 365, 1112 UDP/IP, 391 ufs filesystem, 486 ufsdump utility, 471 UID, 1112 effective, 1081 in passwd file, 475 umask builtin, 440, 476, 950 umount utility, 435, 474, 490, 732 umsdos filesystem, 486 unalias builtin, 332, 335 uname utility, 441 uncompress utility, 191 Undecillion, 1113 Undeclared variable, 926 Unicast packet, 367, 1113 From the Library of Skyla Walker Index 1159 Unicast versus broadcast, 367 Unicode, 1113 uniq utility, 156 Unique filename, 917, 929 University of Illinois, 395 UNIX Bourne Shell, 280 domain socket, 482 philosophy, 374 printing, traditional, 530 System V, 6, 1110 System V Interface Definition See System, V Interface Definition unix2dos utility, 161, 650 Unmanaged window, 1113 Unmount a busy filesystem, 490 Unpack archive file using tar, 163 unset builtin, 303, 336, 950 Unshielded twisted pair See UTP cable until control structure, 908 unzip utility, 163 Update Manager window, 105 Update Notifier, 104 updatedb utility, 67, 168 Upgrade See Fedora, installing Upgrading software, 497 Upstart daemon, 417–424 communicate with Upstart using initctl, 419 event, 418 job definition files, 422–424 jobs, 418, 420–424 rc2 task, 422 rc-default task, 423 runlevel emulation, 419 runlevel utility, 419 service, 419 shutdown utility, 422 starting, 425 status utility, 420 task, 419 telinit utility, 419, 422 terminology, 418 ttyn tasks, 423 Uptime, display using w, 172 uptime utility, 172 urandom file, 470 URI, 1113 URL, 396, 1113 Usage message, 224, 892, 898, 916, 1113 See also Error, message; Message Usenet, 392, 396 User accounts, manage, 556 add, 556, 557 authentication, 432 cannot log in, 574 communication, network, 374 created variable, 299, 300 Datagram Protocol See UDP finger, 169 ID See UID interface, 1113 map, Samba, 752 mode, 1113 modify, 556, 557 name See Username name, Samba, 752 nfsnobody, 741 nobody, Samba, 754 private groups, 472 remove, 558 root See Superuser Samba, 754 Superuser See Superuser w, 171 who, 169 user_list file (vsftpd), 666 useradd utility, 557 userdel utility, 558 usermod utility, 558 Username, 475, 477, 1113 Userspace, 1113 /usr directory, 36 UTC, 1114 UTF-8, 1114 Utility, 1114 accton, 1054 adduser, 557 AIDE, 413, 1053, 1058 amanda, 560 anacron, 565 apm, 435 apropos, 67, 167, 1035 aspell, 905, 907 at, 388, 471, 565 authconfig, 437 automount, 744 basename, 915, 916, 945 bison, 16 bittorrent-curses, 508 builtin versus, 890 bunzip2, 162, 166 bzcat, 163 bzip2, 162, 166, 562 bzip2recover, 163 cat, 149, 231, 233, 234, 284, 894 chkconfig, 429 chkrootkit, 1058 chmod, 204, 288 chsh, 439 clear, 439 compress, 163, 191 consolehelper, 409, 434 cp, 151, 202, 293 cpio, 561, 562 crack, 577 crontab, 471, 565 cupsaccept, 537 cupsdisable, 537 cupsenable, 537 cupsreject, 537 cut, 347 date, 159, 237 depmod, 550 df, 729 dhclient, 452 diff, 157, 628 dig, 382, 784, 788, 806 dmesg, 439, 553 dos2unix, 161, 650 DragonSquire, 1053 dsniff, 1058 dump, 563 e2label, 439 edquota, 582 emacs, 174 ethereal, 1058 Evolution, 174 exportfs, 435, 742 fdformat, 489 file, 157, 480, 579 find, 413, 579, 897, 900 find using whereis, 166 find using which, 166 finger, 169, 374, 375, 389, 903 flex, 16 fsck, 436, 485, 492, 578 ftp, 358, 476, 644, 650 fuser, 490 fwtk, 1059 gawk, 903, 904 gcc, From the Library of Skyla Walker 1160 Index Utility, continued gdm, 433 getenforce, 416 getty, 314 gopher, 395 gprof, 16 gq, 722 grep, 153, 239, 903, 904, 907, 919 groupadd, 558 groupdel, 558 groupmod, 558 groups, 472 grub, 551 gunzip, 163 gzip, 163 halt, 433, 435 head, 154 host, 382, 785 hostname, 151, 374 hping, 1059 id, 408 info, 247, 1035 init, 314, 425, 431, 473 insmod, 550 ipchains, 820 iptables, 819 iptables-restore, 832 iptables-save, 832 iwconfig, 605 John the Ripper, 1059 jwhois, 382 kerberos, 1055, 1059 Kickstart, 82 killall, 411 kudzu, 598 ldapadd, 717 ldapmodify, 716 ldapsearch, 716 less, 150, 240, 292, 894 lids, 1059 links, 396 ln, 214, 216, 481 locate, 67, 168 lock, 909 login, 314, 431 logresolve, 860 logrotate, 579 logwatch, 578 lpq, 153 lpr, 153, 239, 241 lprm, 153 lpstat, 153 ls, 149, 195, 203, 206, 215, 244, 288 lsmod, 550 lsof, 576 lynx, 396 mail, 174, 577 mailq, 676 mailstats, 677 make, 164 makedbm, 706 makemap, 677 makewhatis, 67, 127, 168 man, 14 md5sum, 45 memtest86+, 53 mesg, 173 mingetty, 314, 431, 474 mkdir, 195, 197, 731 mkfifo, 483 mkfs, 439, 489, 578 mkswap, 479 modinfo, 550 modprobe, 550 more, 150, 240, 894 mount, 435, 474, 487, 488, 731, 767 mt, 565 mv, 152, 201, 481 mysql_secure_installation, 586 names, typeface, 17 nessus, 1059 net, 750 net use (Windows), 769 net view (Windows), 769 netcat, 1059 netstat, 369 network, 358, 376 newaliases, 676 nisdomainname, 700 nmap, 1059 nmblookup, 769, 770 nn, 393 nologin, 476 od, 471 OPIE, 1054 option, 225 palimpsest, 78 parted, 568 passwd, 405, 406, 478, 702 pidof, 411 ping, 379, 439, 477, 769 ping6, 380 pirut, 505 portmap, 743 poweroff, 433 praliases, 676 procmail, 174 ps, 242, 314, 575, 579, 929 pstree, 315 pwd, 195, 217 qmail, 1050 quota, 582 quotaon, 582 rbac, 1059 rcp, 376 readnews, 393 reboot, 433, 434 reset, 439 restore, 563 rlogin, 358 rm, 150, 218, 334, 481, 894 rmdir, 200 rmmod, 550 rn, 393 rpcinfo, 443, 701 rpm, 580 rsh, 358, 376 rsyslog, 390 runlevel, 435 ruptime, 575 S/Key, 1054 saint, 1060 samhain, 1053, 1060 sara, 1060 scp, 358, 484, 625 See also OpenSSH script, 160 sed, 579 service, 427 sestatus, 416 setenforce, 416 setserial, 440 sftp, 631 sha1sum, 45 showmount, 742 shutdown, 433, 479 slapcat, 717 slappasswd, 714, 715 smbclient, 750, 767, 770 smbstatus, 750, 768 smbtree, 750, 766 snort, 1060 sort, 14, 155, 239, 240 srp, 1060 From the Library of Skyla Walker Index 1161 ssh, 358, 388, 484, 603, 622, 625, 627, 628, 1055, 1060 See also OpenSSH ssh-keygen, 634 stat, 440 stty, 468, 909 su, 406, 408, 577 sudo, 406 swapon, 479 swat, 755 swatch, 1060 sylpheed, 174 sync, 434 sysctl, 543, 544 system-config-bind, 789 system-config-date, 437 system-config-display, 84 system-config-firewall, 824 system-config-httpd, 846 system-config-keyboard, 437 system-config-kickstart, 82 system-config-language, 438 system-config-lvm, 38 system-config-network, 601 system-config-network-cmd, 438 system-config-nfs, 737 system-config-rootpassword, 438 system-config-samba, 753 system-config-securitylevel, 824, 833 system-config-selinux, 416 system-config-services, 428 system-config-soundcard, 438 system-config-users, 556 tail, 154, 242 talk, 376, 390 tar, 163, 293, 560, 562 tee, 240 telinit, 431, 435 telnet, 358, 377, 378, 875, 1050 test, 889, 890, 895, 899, 950 testparm, 768 testprns, 768 tftp, 729 tin, 393 top, 567, 575 torrentinfo-console, 509 touch, 201 tr, 161, 238, 285 traceroute, 380 traceroute6, 381 tripwire, 1053, 1060 true, 945 tset, 439 tty, 230 tune2fs, 439, 492 typeset, 303 udev, 482 ufsdump, 471 umount, 435, 474, 490, 732 uname, 441 uncompress, 191 uniq, 156 unix2dos, 161, 650 unzip, 163 updatedb, 67, 168 uptime, 172 useradd, 557 userdel, 558 usermod, 558 uucp, 393 vimtutor, 174 vmstat, 566 w, 171, 575 wall, 435, 572 wc, 347 webalizer, 881 wget, 517 whatis, 67, 168 whereis, 167 which, 166 who, 169, 230, 237, 239, 475, 581 whois, 382 write, 169, 172, 572 xargs, 579 xrn, 393 xvnews, 393 ypinit, 708 yppasswd, 702 ypwhich, 701 ypxfr, 708 yum See yum yumdownloader, 505 zcat, 163 zip, 163 UTP cable, 361 uucp utility, 393 UUID, 1114 device, 469 fstab, in, 490 V /var directory, 35 var filename extension, 854 Variable, 299, 1114 braces, 302 completion, 329 default value, assign, 935 display error message, 936 environment, 299 expansion, 346, 935 exported, 941 global, 299, 941 keyword, 300 local, 316, 941 modifiers, 935 naming, 299 Perl lexical, 979 Perl package, 979 readonly, 299 remove, 303 shell, 299 substitute default value, 935 substitution, 301 undeclared, 926 user-created, 299, 300 VeriSign, 1046 vfat filesystem, 486 VG See LVM, VG View pane, Nautilus, 265 viewport See Workspace vim bash command-line editor, 326 case sensitivity, 1073 Command mode, 176 correct a mistake, 179, 180 create a file, 174 d command, 180 dd command, 180 delete text, 180 edit a file, 174 end a session, 181 enter text, 177 exit, 181 emergency, 175 getting started, 175 Input mode, 176, 177 insert text, 180 Last Line mode, 177 move the cursor, 179 Normal mode See vim, Command mode page break, 181 quit, 181 safedit script, 915 starting, 175 terminal specification, 1040 u command, 180 From the Library of Skyla Walker 1162 Index vim, continued undo changes, 180 Work buffer, 181 x command, 180 ZZ command, 181 vimtutor utility, 174 Virtual console, 137, 1114 filesystem, 487 memory, 479 private network See VPN virtusertable file, 681, 682 Virus, 1056, 1114 VLAN, 1114 vmstat utility, 566 Volume group See LVM, VG Volume label, 439 VPN, 359, 1114 vsftpd See also FTP chroot jail, 658 configuration file, 656 connection parameters, 664 display, 662 downloading files, 660 files, 666 log, 663 logging in (users), 657 messages, 662 PASV connections, 664 PORT connections, 664 prerequisites, 654 security, 660 server, 654 stand-alone mode, 654, 657 starting, 655 testing, 655 uploading files, 660 vsftpd.conf file, 656 vsftpd.log file, 666 vt100 terminal, 468, 1041 vt102 terminal, 1041 vt220 terminal, 1041 Vulcan death grip, 434 W w utility, 171, 575 W2K, 1114 W3 See World Wide Web W3C, 1114 wait builtin, 950 Wake up a process, 316 wall utility, 435, 572 Wall, Larry, 975 WAN, 16, 360, 362, 363, 1114 WAP, 597, 1115 wc utility, 347 Web See also World Wide Web crawler, 396 ring, 1115 webalizer utility, 881 Webmail, 686 Weissman, Terry, 516 wget utility, 517 whatis database, 67, 127, 168 whatis utility, 67, 127, 168 wheel group, 463 whereis utility, 167 which utility, 166 while control structure, 904, 940, 945, 948 Whitespace, 1115 command line, 291 defined, 148 quoting, 301 who am i, 169 who utility, 169, 230, 237, 239, 475, 581 whois utility, 382 whos shell script, 903 whoson shell script, 287 Wide area network See WAN Widget, 1115 See also GUI Wi-Fi, 1115 Wiggly windows, 108 Wildcard, 1115 See also Metacharacter Window, 110, 115–118, 1115 active, 141 Add/Remove Applications, 123 Appearance Preferences, 106 Browse/Save, 103 cascading, 1073 clipboard, 117 cut and paste, 116 cycling, 116 decorations, 142 file, 230 File Browser See Nautilus focus, input, 116, 141 GNOME Help Browser, 125 ignored, 1087 input focus, 141 List applet, 113 manager, 15, 16, 142, 263–264, 1115 Compiz, 108, 143 GNUStep, 264 Metacity, 108, 143 WindowMaker, 264 minimize, 1094 moving, 98 Nautilus File Browser See Nautilus Object Properties, 120–122 Operations menu, 116 Panel Properties, 112 Pick a Color, 273 Pick a Font, 272 Preferences window, 141 resizing, 98 root, 110, 117, 1104 Run Application, 94, 274 Save, 103 scrollbar, 1105 Search for Files, 274 slider, 1106 snap, 1107 thumb, 1111 tiled, 1111 titlebar, 98, 115 toolbar, 116 transient, 1111 unmanaged, 1113 Update Manager, 105 wiggly, 108 Window Preferences, 141 working with, 98 Workspace Switcher, 96 Workspace Switcher Preferences, 96 WindowMaker window manager, 264 Windows convert files, 161 dual-boot system, 82 file namespace vs Linux, 32 filename limitation, 190 formatting, 30 integration See Samba From the Library of Skyla Walker Index 1163 net use utility (Samba), 769 net view utility (Samba), 769 networks, browsing using Samba, 767 print from, using CUPS, 538 from, using Samba, 539 to, using CUPS, 540 Samba See Samba shares See also Samba, share from Linux, accessing using Samba, 766 connecting to using Samba, 767 displaying using Samba, 766 mounting, 767 WINS, 1115 Wiping a file, 470 Wire See Cable Wireless See also Network, wireless 802.11 specification, 1068 access point, 1115 configuring, 600 Word, 139, 224, 938, 1115 delete using CONTROL-W, 139 designator, 322 erase key, 227 parse a command line, 342 splitting (bash), 309 Work buffer, 1115 vim, 181 Working directory, 1115 change using cd, 196 defined, 192 execute a file in, 307 PATH, 287 relative pathnames and, 194 significance of, 194 versus home directory, 197 Workspace, 110, 1116 desktop and, 93 GNOME, 15 Switcher, 95 Workstation, 7, 1116 World Wide Web about, 395 Berners-Lee, Tim, 395 CERN, 395 Consortium, 1114 Enquire, 395 HTML, 395 hypermedia, 396 hypertext, 395 link, hypertext, 395 Mosaic browser, 395 name, 395 origins, 395 overview, 395 search engine, 396 URL, 396 Web crawler, 396 Worm, 1056, 1116 Write access, 203 write utility, 169, 172, 572 wtmp file, 200, 581 www directory, 849 WWW See World Wide Web WYSIWYG, 1116 X X Consortium, 256 X server, 1116 X terminal, 1116 X utility See X Window System X Window System, 15, 84, 256, 1116 client and server, 257 color depth, 261 display number, 260 –display option, 261 DISPLAY variable, 260 display, access to, 259 events, 257 exiting from, 261 freedesktop.org group, 264 ID string, 260 library, 143 mouse See Mouse –nolisten tcp option, 259 remote computing and local displays, 258 screen number, 260 server, 257 server process, 575 setup, system-config-display utility, 84 starting, 258 startx utility, 258 X servers, running multiple, 261 X stack, 256 X terminal, 1116 X11 forwarding, OpenSSH, 626, 632, 637, 638 X11R7.0, 84 xev utility, 258 XFree86 versus X.org, 256 xhost utility, 259 Xinerama, 1116 Xlib, 256 xmodmap utility, 262 X.org, 84 X11 directory, 84, 199 X11R7.0, 84 x86 processor architecture, 27 xargs utility, 579 XDMCP, 1116 xDSL, 1116 xev utility, 258 xfs filesystem, 486 xhost utility, 259 Xinerama, 1116 xinetd daemon, 388, 390, 428, 429, 445, 756 xinetd.conf file, 428, 445 xinetd.d directory, 428, 446 XINU, Xlib, 256 XML, 1116 xmodmap utility, 262 Xorg utility, 256 Xremote, 367 xrn utility, 393 XSM, 1116 xtab file, 738, 743 xterm terminal name, 1041 xvnews utility, 393 Y Yellow Pages, 696 yp.conf file, 700 ypbind daemon, 701 ypbind-mt daemon, 701 ypinit utility, 708 yppasswd utility, 702 yppasswdd daemon, 709 yppasswdd file, 710 ypserv.conf file, 704 From the Library of Skyla Walker 1164 Index ypwhich utility, 701 ypxfr utility, 708 ypxfrd daemon, 708 yum, 498 automatically running, 504 configuration file, 498 install option, 501 remove option, 502 update option, 500 using, 500 yum.conf file, 498 yum.repos.d directory, 498 yum.repos.d file, 499 yumdownloader utility, 505 yum-updatesd daemon, 504 yum-updatesd.conf file, 504 zero file, 470 Zimmerman, Phil, 1048 zip utility, 163 Zone, DNS, defined, 776 zsh shell, 1116 Zulu time See UTC Z Z filename extension, 163, 191 Z Shell, 1116 zcat utility, 163 Wowebook.com From the Library of Skyla Walker ... Installing Fedora and Red Hat Enterprise Linux 21 Installation Overview 23 Step-by-Step Installation 51 PART II Getting Started with Fedora and Red Hat Enterprise Linux 87 Introduction to Fedora and Red. .. get a grounding in Linux Benefits A Practical Guide to Fedora? ?? and Red Hat? ? Enterprise Linux? ?, Fifth Edition, gives you a broad understanding of many facets of Linux, from installing Fedora/ RHEL... tool, which has been added to Chapter 17 (page 607) • Updated chapters to reflect the Fedora 12 and Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5.4 releases Overlap If you read A Practical Guide to Linux? ? Commands,

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  • CONTENTS

  • PREFACE

  • CHAPTER 1: WELCOME TO LINUX

    • The GNU–Linux Connection

      • The History of GNU–Linux

      • The Code Is Free

      • Have Fun!

    • The Linux 2.6 Kernel

    • The Heritage of Linux: UNIX

    • What Is So Good About Linux?

      • Why Linux Is Popular with Hardware Companies and Developers

      • Linux Is Portable

      • Standards

      • The C Programming Language

    • Overview of Linux

      • Linux Has a Kernel Programming Interface

      • Linux Can Support Many Users

      • Linux Can Run Many Tasks

      • Linux Provides a Secure Hierarchical Filesystem

      • The Shell: Command Interpreter and Programming Language

      • A Large Collection of Useful Utilities

      • Interprocess Communication

      • System Administration

    • Additional Features of Linux

      • GUIs: Graphical User Interfaces

      • (Inter)Networking Utilities

      • Software Development

    • Conventions Used in This Book

    • Chapter Summary

    • Exercises

  • PART I: INSTALLING FEDORA AND RED HAT ENTERPRISE LINUX

    • CHAPTER 2: INSTALLATION OVERVIEW

      • The Desktop Live CD and the Install DVD

      • Planning the Installation

      • The Installation Process

      • The Medium: Where Is the Source Data?

      • Downloading a CD/DVD (FEDORA)

      • Checking and Burning the CD/DVD

      • Rescue Selection of the Install DVD

      • Gathering Information About the System

      • Finding the Installation Manual

      • More Information

      • Chapter Summary

      • Exercises

      • Advanced Exercises

    • CHAPTER 3: STEP-BY-STEP INSTALLATION

      • Running a Fedora Live Session

      • Installing Fedora/RHEL

      • Installation Tasks

      • The X Window System

      • Chapter Summary

      • Exercises

      • Advanced Exercises

  • PART II: GETTING STARTED WITH FEDORA AND RED HAT ENTERPRISE LINUX

    • CHAPTER 4: INTRODUCTION TO FEDORA AND RED HAT ENTERPRISE LINUX

      • Curbing Your Power (Superuser/root Privileges)

      • A Tour of the Fedora/RHEL Desktop

      • Getting the Most Out of the Desktop

      • Updating, Installing, and Removing Software Packages

      • Where to Find Documentation

      • More About Logging In

      • Working from the Command Line

      • Controlling Windows: Advanced Operations

      • Chapter Summary

      • Exercises

      • Advanced Exercises

    • CHAPTER 5: THE LINUX UTILITIES

      • Special Characters

      • Basic Utilities

      • Working with Files

      • | (Pipe): Communicates Between Processes

      • Four More Utilities

      • Compressing and Archiving Files

      • Locating Commands

      • Obtaining User and System Information

      • Communicating with Other Users

      • Email

      • Tutorial: Creating and Editing a File Using vim

      • Chapter Summary

      • Exercises

      • Advanced Exercises

    • CHAPTER 6: THE LINUX FILESYSTEM

      • The Hierarchical Filesystem

      • Directory Files and Ordinary Files

      • Pathnames

      • Directory Commands

      • Working with Directories

      • Access Permissions

      • ACLs: Access Control Lists

      • Links

      • Chapter Summary

      • Exercises

      • Advanced Exercises

    • CHAPTER 7: THE SHELL

      • The Command Line

      • Standard Input and Standard Output

      • Running a Program in the Background

      • Filename Generation/Pathname Expansion

      • Builtins

      • Chapter Summary

      • Exercises

      • Advanced Exercises

  • PART III: DIGGING INTO FEDORA AND RED HAT ENTERPRISE LINUX

    • CHAPTER 8: LINUX GUIS: X AND GNOME

      • X Window System

      • The Nautilus File Browser Window

      • The Nautilus Spatial View

      • GNOME Utilities

      • Chapter Summary

      • Exercises

      • Advanced Exercises

    • CHAPTER 9: THE BOURNE AGAIN SHELL

      • Background

      • Shell Basics

      • Parameters and Variables

      • Special Characters

      • Processes

      • History

      • Aliases

      • Functions

      • Controlling bash Features and Options

      • Processing the Command Line

      • Chapter Summary

      • Exercises

      • Advanced Exercises

    • CHAPTER 10: NETWORKING AND THE INTERNET

      • Types of Networks and How They Work

      • Communicate Over a Network

      • Network Utilities

      • Distributed Computing

      • Usenet

      • WWW: World Wide Web

      • Chapter Summary

      • Exercises

      • Advanced Exercises

  • PART IV: SYSTEM ADMINISTRATION

    • CHAPTER 11: SYSTEM ADMINISTRATION: CORE CONCEPTS

      • System Administrator and Superuser

      • Rescue Mode

      • SELinux

      • The Upstart Event-Based init Daemon (FEDORA)

      • System Operation

      • System Administration Utilities

      • Setting Up a Server

      • nsswitch.conf: Which Service to Look at First

      • PAM

      • Chapter Summary

      • Exercises

      • Advanced Exercises

    • CHAPTER 12: FILES, DIRECTORIES, AND FILESYSTEMS

      • Important Files and Directories

      • File Types

      • Filesystems

      • Chapter Summary

      • Exercises

      • Advanced Exercises

    • CHAPTER 13: DOWNLOADING AND INSTALLING SOFTWARE

      • yum: Keeps the System Up-to-Date

      • Adding and Removing Software Packages

      • BitTorrent

      • rpm: Red Hat Package Manager

      • Installing Non-rpm Software

      • Keeping Software Up-to-Date

      • wget: Downloads Files Noninteractively

      • Chapter Summary

      • Exercises

      • Advanced Exercises

    • CHAPTER 14: PRINTING WITH CUPS

      • Introduction

      • JumpStart I: Configuring a Local Printer

      • system-config-printer: Configuring a Printer

      • JumpStart II: Setting Up a Local or Remote Printer Using the CUPS Web Interface

      • Traditional UNIX Printing

      • Configuring Printers

      • Printing from Windows

      • Printing to Windows

      • Chapter Summary

      • Exercises

      • Advanced Exercises

    • CHAPTER 15: REBUILDING THE LINUX KERNEL

      • Preparing the Source Code

      • Read the Documentation

      • Configuring and Compiling the Linux Kernel

      • Installing the Kernel and Associated Files

      • Rebooting the System

      • Boot Loader

      • dmesg: Displays Kernel Messages

      • Chapter Summary

      • Exercises

      • Advanced Exercises

    • CHAPTER 16: ADMINISTRATION TASKS

      • Configuring User and Group Accounts

      • Backing Up Files

      • Scheduling Tasks

      • System Reports

      • parted: Reports on and Partitions a Hard Disk

      • Keeping Users Informed

      • Creating Problems

      • Solving Problems

      • MySQL

      • Chapter Summary

      • Exercises

      • Advanced Exercises

    • CHAPTER 17: CONFIGURING AND MONITORING A LAN

      • Setting Up the Hardware

      • Configuring the Systems

      • NetworkManager: Configures Network Connections

      • The Network Configuration Window (system-config-network)

      • iwconfig: Configures a Wireless NIC

      • Setting Up Servers

      • Introduction to Cacti

      • More Information

      • Chapter Summary

      • Exercises

      • Advanced Exercises

  • PART V: USING CLIENTS AND SETTING UP SERVERS

    • CHAPTER 18: OPENSSH: SECURE NETWORK COMMUNICATION

      • Introduction

      • About OpenSSH

      • OpenSSH Clients

      • sshd: OpenSSH Server

      • Troubleshooting

      • Tunneling/Port Forwarding

      • Chapter Summary

      • Exercises

      • Advanced Exercises

    • CHAPTER 19: FTP: TRANSFERRING FILES ACROSS A NETWORK

      • Introduction

      • More Information

      • FTP Client

      • FTP Server (vsftpd)

      • Chapter Summary

      • Exercises

      • Advanced Exercises

    • CHAPTER 20: sendmail: SETTING UP MAIL CLIENTS, SERVERS, AND MORE

      • Introduction

      • JumpStart I: Configuring sendmail on a Client

      • JumpStart II: Configuring sendmail on a Server

      • How sendmail Works

      • Configuring sendmail

      • Additional Email Tools

      • Authenticated Relaying

      • Alternatives to sendmail

      • Chapter Summary

      • Exercises

      • Advanced Exercises

    • CHAPTER 21: NIS AND LDAP

      • Introduction to NIS

      • How NIS Works

      • Setting Up an NIS Client

      • Setting Up an NIS Server

      • LDAP

      • Setting Up an LDAP Server

      • Chapter Summary

      • Exercises

      • Advanced Exercises

    • CHAPTER 22: NFS: SHARING FILESYSTEMS

      • Introduction

      • More Information

      • Setting Up an NFS Client

      • Setting Up an NFS Server

      • automount: Automatically Mounts Directory Hierarchies

      • Chapter Summary

      • Exercises

      • Advanced Exercises

    • CHAPTER 23: SAMBA: INTEGRATING LINUX AND WINDOWS

      • Introduction

      • About Samba

      • JumpStart: Configuring a Samba Server Using system-config-samba

      • swat: Configures a Samba Server

      • Manually Configuring a Samba Server

      • Accessing Linux Shares from Windows

      • Accessing Windows Shares from Linux

      • Troubleshooting

      • Chapter Summary

      • Exercises

      • Advanced Exercises

    • CHAPTER 24: DNS/BIND: TRACKING DOMAIN NAMES AND ADDRESSES

      • Introduction to DNS

      • About DNS

      • JumpStart I: Setting Up a DNS Cache

      • JumpStart II: Setting Up a Domain Using system-config-bind

      • Setting Up BIND

      • Troubleshooting

      • A Full-Functioned Nameserver

      • A Slave Server

      • A Split Horizon Server

      • Chapter Summary

      • Exercises

      • Advanced Exercises

    • CHAPTER 25: iptables: SETTING UP A FIREWALL

      • How iptables Works

      • About iptables

      • JumpStart: Building a Firewall Using system-config-firewall

      • Anatomy of an iptables Command

      • Building a Set of Rules

      • system-config-firewall: Generates a Set of Rules

      • Sharing an Internet Connection Using NAT

      • Chapter Summary

      • Exercises

      • Advanced Exercises

    • CHAPTER 26: APACHE (httpd): SETTING UP A WEB SERVER

      • Introduction

      • About Apache

      • JumpStart I: Getting Apache Up and Running

      • JumpStart II: Setting Up Apache Using system-config-httpd

      • Filesystem Layout

      • Configuration Directives

      • The Fedora/RHEL httpd.conf File

      • Redirects

      • Multiviews

      • Server-Generated Directory Listings (Indexing)

      • Virtual Hosts

      • Troubleshooting

      • Modules

      • webalizer: Analyzes Web Traffic

      • MRTG: Monitors Traffic Loads

      • Error Codes

      • Chapter Summary

      • Exercises

      • Advanced Exercises

  • PART VI: PROGRAMMING TOOLS

    • CHAPTER 27: PROGRAMMING THE BOURNE AGAIN SHELL

      • Control Structures

      • File Descriptors

      • Parameters and Variables

      • Builtin Commands

      • Expressions

      • Shell Programs

      • Chapter Summary

      • Exercises

      • Advanced Exercises

    • CHAPTER 28: THE PERL SCRIPTING LANGUAGE

      • Introduction to Perl

      • Variables

      • Control Structures

      • Working with Files

      • Sort

      • Subroutines

      • Regular Expressions

      • CPAN Modules

      • Examples

      • Chapter Summary

      • Exercises

      • Advanced Exercises

  • PART VII: APPENDIXES

    • APPENDIX A: REGULAR EXPRESSIONS

      • Characters

      • Delimiters

      • Simple Strings

      • Special Characters

      • Rules

      • Bracketing Expressions

      • The Replacement String

      • Extended Regular Expressions

      • Appendix Summary

    • APPENDIX B: HELP

      • Solving a Problem

      • Finding Linux-Related Information

      • Specifying a Terminal

    • APPENDIX C: SECURITY

      • Encryption

      • File Security

      • Email Security

      • Network Security

      • Host Security

      • Security Resources

      • Appendix Summary

    • APPENDIX D: THE FREE SOFTWARE DEFINITION

  • GLOSSARY

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  • INDEX

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