IT training c in depth (2nd ed ) srivastava 2009 06 30

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IT training c in depth (2nd ed ) srivastava 2009 06 30

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" Preface to Second Edition The first edition of this book was appreciated by the students for its simplicity The ~.'lr_~ ""~-'-' maintains this feature along with inclusion of new tOfics and errors of previous edition d pnlg:J~s Every topic has been explained in depth without compromising over the lucidity of the tex This approach makes this book suitable for both novices and advanced programmers Developl)1ent of logic and familiarity with the syntax and features of the language are the two p - of excellent programming skills The comprehensive contents of the chapters along with the num example programs helps you to develop your logic in a stepwise manner and makes you feel comfo with the syntax of the language Remember that you can't learn swimming by just reading a book how to swim, you have to jump into water for that, similarly if you want to learn programming, is essential for you to make your own programs So start by understanding the programs given in the book, work on them, modify them and see the results and try to make similar programs Each chapter is complemented by exercises with solutions that act as a review of the chapter We strongly recommend that you solve all the exercises before switching over to another topic Exercises have been structured in such a way that you can test and implement the knowledge acquired from the chapter, and this is really important for getting full hold over a topic We're sure if you understand the concepts, you'll enjoy doing the exercises Our aim of writing this book is to, enable any student emerge as a full-fledged C programmer who can withstand the challenges of the industry This is the reason for inclusion of chapters on project building, '" library development and code optimization We are thankful to our family and friends for their love and support If you have any problems or sugg~stions, please feel free to contact us at- suresh_k_sri@yahoo.co.in deepali_lko@yahoo.co.in Suresh Kumar Srivastava Deepali Srivastava C in Depth Preface to First Edition Hello ! I am Suresh Kumar Srivastava Firstly I want to tell you how the idea of writing a book on 'C' language came to my mind When I was in 1st semester of 'B Level', C language was in my course I didn't know anything about computers So at that time learning of 'C' language was very difficult for me I faced a lot of problems After thorough studies o(many standard and authentic books in 'C', it became convenient for me to work in 'C' Presently I am in a position to say that that I have in-depth knowledge of 'c' and find myself in a position to help my juniors in making them comfortable with 'C' This idea inspired me to write a book which is easily understandable by beginners and contains all theoretical concepts and their implementation in programming v I was alone in this work I was the initiator, visualizer and accomplisher for this work I am very thankful to my elder brother_ Raju Bhaiya and sister Reena didi for their love and care for me and my work I am thankful to g1y friend Sh-'lilesh Raghuvanshi for proof reading of my book Anil Tyagi of BPB Publications for considering my work I am also thankful to Mr Manish Jain and Mr Suresh Kumar Srivastava C in Deptl; vi Contents 1.:6 Introduction to C 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Design Methods 1.1.1 Top-Down Design 1.1.2 Bottom-Up Design 1.1.3 Modular Approach Programming Languages 1.2.1 Low Level Languages 1.2.1.1 Machine Level Language 1.2.1.2 Assembly Language 1.2.2 High-Level Languages Translators History Of C Characteristics Of C Structure Of A C Program Environment For C 1.7.1 Unix Environment 1.7.2 MS-DOS Environment 1.7.2.1 Command Line 1.7.2.2 Integrated Development Environment Elements of C 2.1 C Character Set 2.1.1 Alphabets 2.1.2 Digits 2.1.3 Special characters 2.2 Execution Characters/Escape Sequences 2.3 Trigraph Characters 2.4 Delimiters 2.5 Reserved Words / Keywords 2.6 Identifiers 2.7 Data Types 2.8 Constants 2.8.1 Numeric Constants 2.8.1.1· Integer constant 2.8.1.2 Real ( floating point) Constants 2.8.2 Character Constants 2.8.3 String Constants 1 2 2' 2 3 4 5 5 '" 7-16 7 7 8 9 10 10 11 11 12 13 13 - C in Depth 4.12 Type Conversion 4.12.1 Implicit Type Conversions 4.12.2 Automatic Conversions 4.12.3 Type Conversion In Assignment 4.12.4 Explicit Type Conversion Or Type Casting 4.13 Precedence And Associativity Of Operators 4.14 Role Of Parentheses In Evaluating Expressions 4.15 Order Of Evaluation Of Operands Exercise Programming Exercise Answers Control Statements 5.1 5.2 Compound Statement' or Block if else 5.2.1 Nesting ofif else' 5.2.2 else if Ladder 5.3 Loops 5.3.1 while loop 5.3.2 while loop 5.3.3 for loop 5.3.4 Nesting Of Loops 5.3.5 Infinite Loops 5.4 break statement 5.5 continue statement 5.6 goto 5.7 switch 5.8 Some Additional Problems 5.9 Pyramids Exercise Programming Exercise Answers Functions 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 Advantages Of Using Functions Library Functions User-Defined Functions' Fu.nction Definition Function Call Function Declaration return statement Function Arguments Types Of Functions 6.9.1 Functions With No Arguments And No Return Value6.9.2 Function With No Arguments But A Return Value 6.9,3 Function With Arguments But No Return Value 44 44 44 45 46 47 50 53 53 56 56 58-109 58 59 6\ 63 65 65 69 71 75 77 78 80 82 84 9Q 99 103 108 109 110-157 110 110 III 112 113 114 116 118 120 120 121 121 ~ i; r - ix C in Depth 123 124 124 125 125 125 126 126 126 130 130 131 132 132 136 139 139 140 149 155 ·156 6.9.4 Function With Arguments And Return Value More About Function Declaration Declaration Of Functions With No Arguments If Declaration Is Absent Order Of Evaluation Of Function Arguments main() Function Library Functions Old Style Of Function Declaration Old Style Of Function Definition Local, Global And Static Variables 6.18.1 Local Variables 6.18.2 Global Variables 6.18.3 Static Variables 6.19 Recursion 6.19.1 Tower Of Hanoi 6.19.2 Advantages And Disadvantages Of Recursion 6.19.3 Local Variables In Recursion 6.20 Some Additional Problems Exercise Programming Exercise Answers 6.10 6.11 6.12 6.13 6.14 6.15 6.16 6.17 6.18 Arrays 158-195' 7.1 One Dimensional Array 7.1 Declaration of 1-D Array 7: 1.2 Accessing I-D Array Elements 7.1.3 Processing 1-D Arrays 7.1.4 Initialization of I-D Array 7.1.5 I-D Arrays And Functions 7.1.5.1 Passing Individual Array Elements to a Function 7.1.5.2 Passing whole 1-D Array to a Function 7.2 Two Dimensional Array 7.2.1 Declaration and Accessing Individual Elements of a 2-D array 7.2.2 Processing 2-D Arrays 7.2.3 Initialization of 2-D Arrays 7.3 Arrays With More Than Two Dimensions 7.3.1 Multidimensional Array And Functions 7.4 Introduction To Strings 7.4.1 Input and output of strings 7.5 Some Additional Problems Exercise Programming Exercise Answers Pointers 8.1 158 158 159 160 «.162 165 165 165 167 167 168 169 173 174 175 175 175 191 193 194 196-252 About Memory 1% ; C in Depth x 8.2 8.3 Address Operator Pointers Variables 8.3.1 Declaration Of Pointer Variables 8.3.2 Assigning Address To Pointer Variables 8.3.3 Dereferencing Pointer Variables 8.4 Pointer Arithmetic 8.5 Precedence Of Dereferencing Operator And Increment/Decrement Operators 8.6 Pointer Comp.arisons \ , 8.7 Pointer To Pointer 8.8 Pointers and One Dimensional Arrays 8.9 Subscripting Pointer Variables 8.10 :Rpinter to an Array 8.11 PbintersAnd Two Dimensional Arrays 8.12 Subscripting Pointer To An Array 8.13 Pointers And Three Dimensional Arrays 8.14 Pointers And Functions 8.15 Returning More Than One Value From A Function 8.16, Function Returning Pointer 8.17 Passing a 1-D Array to a Function 8.18 Passing a 2-D Array to a Function 8.19 Array Of Pointers 8.20 void Pointers 8.21 Dynamic Memory Allocation 8.21.1 malloc() 8.21.2 calloc() 8.21.3 realloc() 8.21.4 free() 8.21.5 Dynamic Arrays 8.22 Pointers To Functions 8.22.1 Dedaring A Pointer To A Function 8.22.2 Calling A Function Through Function Pointer 8.22.3 Passing a Function's Address as an Argument to Other Function 8.22.4 Using Arrays Of Function Pointers Exercise Answers \ Strings \ 9.1 String Constant or String Literal 9.2 String Variables 9.3 String Library Functidns strlen() , 9.3.1 9.3.2 strcmp() 9.3.3 st{'cpy() 9.3.4 strcat() 9.4 String Pointers 9.5 Array Of Strings Or Two Dimensional Array Of Characters 1,.,.' 197 197 198 198 199 201 204 206 206 208 211 212 213 216 ·217 219 221 222 223' 225 227 229 231 131 233 233 234 235 238 239 240 240 242 244 251 253-287 253 255 257 25 258 259 , /261 262 264 C in D?[Jth 267 9.6 Array Of Pointers To Strings 9.7 sprintf() 9.8 sscanf() 9.9 Some Additional Problems Exercise Programming Exercise' Answers 10 Structure And Union 10.1 10.2 ~ o o :7 53 55 57 5,7 58 59 61 62 ~64 Defining a Structure Declaring Structure Variables 10.2.1 With Structure Definition 10.2.2 Using Structure Tag Initialization Of Structure Variables 10.3 Accessing Member:s of a Structure 10.4 Assignment of Structure Variables 10.5 Storage of Structures in Memory 10.6 10.7 Size of Structure 10.8 Array of Structures Arrays Within Structures 10.9 10.10 Nested Structures (Structure Within Structure) 10.11 Pointers to Structures 10.12 Pointers Within Structures 10.13 Structures And Functions 10 13 Passing Structure Members As Arguments 10.13.2 Passing Structure Variable As Argument 10.13.3 Passing Pointers To Structures As Arguments 10.13.4 Returning A Structure Variable From Function 10.13.5 Returning A Pointer To Structure From A Function 10.13.6 Passing Array Of Structures As Argument 10.14 Self Referential Structures 10.15 Linked List 10.15.1 Traversing a Linked List 10.15.2 Searching in a Linked List 10.15.3 Insertion into a Linked List 10.15.4 Insertion in the Beginning 10.15.5 Insertion in Between or at the end 10.15.6 Deletion From A Linked List 10.15.7 Deletion of First Node 10.15.8 Deletion of a Node in Between or at the End 10.15.9 Creation Of List 10.15 10 Reversing A Linked List 10.16 union 10.17 typedef Exercise Programming Exercise Answers 272 273 274 280 284 286 288-333' 288 289 289 289 290 290 292 292 293 293 295 296 298 299 299 299 300 301 302 303 303 309 309 311 311 311 312 312 313 313 = != & /\ && II ? : Descrintion Function call Array subscript Arrow operator Dot operator Unary plus Unary minus, Increment Decrement Logical NOT One's complement Indirection Address Type cast Size in bytes Multiplication Division Modulus Addition Subtraction Left shift Right shift Less than Less than or equal to Greater than Greater than or eoual to Equal to Not equal to Bitwise AND Bitwise XOR Bitwise OR Logical AND Logical OR Conditional operator Precedenci 10 11 12 13 D ' Precedence and Associativity of Operators - *= /= %= += -=& = = 1=«= »= , Assignment operators 14 Right to Left Comma operator 15 Left to Right 1\ Appendix C Conversion Specifications %c - a single character %d - a decimal integer %f - a floating point number %e - a floating point number %g - a floating point number %If - long range of floating po\nt number( for double data type) %h - a short integer %0 - an octal integer %x - %i - a decimal, octal or hexadecimal integer %s %u a hexadecimal integer - a string - an unsigned decimal integer The modifier h can be used before conversion specifications d, i, 0, u, x to specify short integer and the modifier can be used before them to specify a long integer The modifier can be used before conversion specifications f,e,g to specify double while modifier L can be used before them to specify a long double 528 C in Depth = [ ] , , , \ , / - Fl F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 F9 FlO Fll F12BackSpace Del Down Arrow End Enter Esc Home Ins Keypad Keypad * Keypad Keypad + Keypad / LeftArrow PgDn PgUp PrtSc RightArrow SpaceBar Tab Up AlTOW OA39 OB30 OC2D OD3D lASB lB5D 273B 2827 2960 2B5C 332C 342E 352F 3BOO 3COO 3DOO 3EOO 3FOO 4000 4100 4200 4300 4400 8500 8600 OE08 5300 5000 4FOO lCOD OllB 4700 5200 4C35 372A 4A2D 4E2B 352F 4BOO 5100 4900 7200 4DOO 3920 OF09 4800 0A28 8000 8100 OCIF 8300 lAlB lBlD 2700 OB2~ OC5F OD2E lAm IB7D 273A 2822 297E ·2B7C I , I 8200 lAOO lBOO 2BlC 2600 (same as Alt L) 5EOO 5FOO 6000 6100 6200 6300 6400 6500 6600 6700 8900 8AOO OE7F 9300 9100 7500 lCOA OllB 7700 9200 6800 6900 6AOO 6BOO 6COO 6DOO 6EOO 6FOO 7000 7100 8BOO 8COO OEOO A300 AOOO 9FOO A600 0100 9700 A200 333C 343E 353F 5400 5500 5600 5700 5800 5900 5AOO 5BOO 5COO 5DOO 8700 8800 OE08 532E 5032 4F3l lCOD OllB 4737 5230 8FOO 9600 4A2D 4E2B 352F 4B34 5133 4939 3700 8EOO 4EOO 9500 7300' 7600 8400 A400 9BOO A100 9900 4D36 3920 OFOO 4838 74do 3920· 9400 8DOO 9DOO 3920 A500 9800 4AOO , ~ Index linking assembly procedure in C Program, assignment operators, 35 associativity of operators, 47 atan(),505 atan2( ), 505 automatic type conversion, 44 automatic, 437 !,40 #defme, 378 #else and #elif, 390 #error, 399 #if And #endif, 390 #ifdef and #ifndef, 393 #line,399 #pragma, 400 #Undef,387 & ,408 &&,39 B 1\,409 408 11,40 -,410 «,411 »,411 A abs( ), 505 access( ), 519 acos( ),505 actual arguments, 118 address operator, 197 AND (&&) Operator, 39 argc,367 argv[],367 arithmetic operators, 32 binary arithmetic operators, 32 unary arithmetic operators, 32 arrays, 158 arrays and functions, 165, 174 more than two dimensions, 173 one dimensional array, 158 two dimensional array, 167 asin( ), 505 assembly and C interaction, 495 inline assembly language, 495 linking of two assembly Files, 498 binary search, 176 bit fields, 426 bitwise operators, 407 bitwise AND ( & ), 408 bitwise left shift ( « ), 411 bitwise OR ( I), 408 bitwise right shift ( » ), 411 bitwise XOR ( 1\ ), 409 one's complement (-),410 break statement, 78 bubble sort, 181 buffer, 335 c C character set, cabs(),505 calloc(),233 ceil( ),506 character I/O, 339 character type functions, 508 characteristics of C, chmod( ), 513 clearerr(), 364, 514 close( ), 514 code optimization, 487 comma operator, 42 command line arguments, 367 comments, 16 compilation of C programs, 457 compound statement or block, 58 C in Depth 530 l I I, f· I conditional compilation, 389 conditional operator, 41 const, 447 constants, 10 character constants, 13 numeric constants, 11 string constants, 13 symbolic constants, 13 continue statement, 80 control statements, 58 conversion specifications, 17 cos( ),506 cosh( ), 506 creat( ), 514 n r data types, 10 delimiters, design methods, bottom-up design, modular approach, top-down design, while loop, 69 dynamic memory allocation, 231 E enumeration, 433 environment for C, MS-DOS Environment, Unix Environment, escape sequences, evaluation of operands, 53 execution characters, exp(),506 expressions, 15 external,439 F fabs(),506 fclose( ), 514 feof(),362,514 ferror( ), 363,514 fflush( ), 366,515 fgetc( ), 340,515 fgets( ), 342;515 fileno( ), 515 files, 334 block read I write, 345 character 110, 339 closing a file, 337 end of file, 338 formatted 110, 343 integer 110, 341 opening a file, 335 other file functions, 362 predefined file pointers, 339 random access to file, 348 string 110, 342 structure of a general file program, 338 text and binary modes, 334 floating-point arithmetic, 34 floor( ), 506 fmod(),506 fopen(),515 for loop, 71 formatted input and output, 24 floating point numeric input, 26 floating point numeric output, 27 format for integer input, 24 format for integer output, 25 format for string input, 27 format for string output, 28 fprintf(),343,515 fputc (), 339,516 fputchar( ), 516 fputs( ), 342,516 fread(),347,516 free(),234 freopen( ), 367 frexp( ), 506 fscanf(),344,516 fseek (), 349,516 fstat( ), 517 ftell(),350,517 functions,ll0 advantages, 110· library functions, 11 user-defined functions, 111 d.efmition, 112 call, 113 declaration, 114,124, 126 arguments, 118, 125 types, 120 variable number of arguments, 450 fwrite( ), 345 53 Index G getc( ) and putc( ), 340 getchar( ), 29 getw(),341 global Variables, 131 goto, 82 H high level languages, history of C, I identifiers, if else, 59 Nesting ofif else, 61 else if Ladder, 63 including files, 389 increment and decrement operators, 35 postfix increment / decrement, 36 prefix increment / decrement, 36 input/output functions, 513 insertion sort, 184 integer arithmetic, 33 isalnum( ), 508 isalpha( ), 508 isatty( ), 517 iscntrl( ), 508 isdigit( ), 508 isgraph( ), 508 islower( ), 508 isprint( ), 508 ispunct( ), 508 isspace( ), 508 isupper( ); 509 isxdigit( ), 509 K keywords, L ldexp( ), 507 library creation, 484 creation of library in turbo C, 482 creation of library in Unix, 486 library functions, 110, 126 linkage, 445 linked list, 309 creation oflist, 314 deletion from a linked list, 313 deletion of a node in between, 314 deletion of first node, 313 insertion in between or at the end,~ 312 insertion in the beginning, 312 insertion into a linked list, 311 reversing a linked list, 318 searching in a linked list, 311 traversing a linked list, 311 local variables, 130 log(),507 logl0( ), 507 logical or boolean operators, 39 AND ( &&) operator, 39 OR ( II ) operator, 40 NOT ( ! ) operator, 40 loops, 65 while loop, 65 while loop, 69 for loop, 71 Nesting Of Loops, 75 Infinite Loops, 77 Ivalue, 456 M macros, 379 generic functions, 386 macros vs functions, 385 nesting in macros, 381 predefined macro names, 398 problems with macros, 382 magic matrix, 188 inain( ) function, 125 maHoc( ), 231 masking, 413 masking using bitwise AND, 413 masking using bitwise OR, 415 masking using bitwise XOR, 415 switching off bits using Bitwise AND an Complement Operator, 416 ' memory during program execution, 445 memory models, 500 memory, 196 merging of arrays, 185 mixed mode arithmetic, 34 modf(),507 532 C in Depth N NOT ( ! ) Operator, 40 null directive, 400 numeric constant, 11 o one dimensional array, 158 open( ), 517 OR ( I I ) Operator, 40 p pascal triangle, 187 perror( ), 364 pointers, 196 array of pointers, 227 function returning pointer, 222 pointer arithmetic, 201 pointer comparisons, 206 pointer to an array, 212 pointer to pointer, 206 pointers and functions, 219 pointers and one dimensional arrays, 208 pointers and three dimensional arrays, 217 pointers and two dimensional arrays, 213 pointers to functions, 238 I poiilters varili'bles, 197 subscripting pointer to an array, 216 subscripting pointer variables, 211 pow(),507 precedence of operators, 47 preprocessor, 377 prograpuning languages, high-level languages, low level languages, project Jmilding, 464 building project in'turbo C, 481 'building project on unix, 483 coding, 468 detail design, 465 requirement analysis, 464 testing, 481 top level design, ~65 putchar( ), 29 putw ( ), 341 R read( ), 518 realloc( ), 233 recursion, 132 tower of hanoi, 136 advantages and disadvantages of recursion, 139 local variables in recursion, 139 register, 444 relational operators, 37 remove(),365,518 rename( ), 364,518 -reserved words, retutn statement, 116 rewind( ), 351 rvalue, 456 s selection sort, 180 self refe!ential structures, 309 setbuf( ), 518 sin(), 507 sinh( ),507 sizeo~ operator, 43 spiral tpatrix, 189 sprint£{ ), 272,520 sqrt(),507 sscanf( ), 273,520 , state ), 520 statements, 15 static Variables, 132,442 storage classes in functions, 445 storage classes, 437 strcat( ), 261,509 strchr( ), 509 strcmp( ), 258,510 strcpy( ), 259,510 strcspn( ), 510 string manipulation functions, 509 stringizing operator ( # ), 387 strings, 175, 253 array of pointers to strings, 267 array of strings or two dimensional array of characters, 264 string constant or string literal, 253 string library functions, 257 string pointers, 262 string variables, 255 strien( ), 257,510 strncat( ), 510 strncmp( ), 511 strncpy( ), 511 index strpbrk(),512 strrchr( ), 512 strspn( ), 512 strstr(),512 structure, 288 accessing, members of a structure, 291 array of structures, 293 arrays within structures, 295 assignment of structure variables, 292 declaring structure variables, 289 defining a structure, 288 initialization of structure variables 290 nested structures, 296 pointers to structures, 298 pointers within structures, 299' size of structure, 293 storage of structures in memory, 292 structures and functions, 299 suppression character in scanf( ), 28 switch, 84 T tan(),507 tanh(),507 tell( ), 520 tffipfile( ), 366,522 / tm¥nam( ), 366,520 tOKen pasting operator( ## ), 388 tolower( ), 509 toupper( ), 509 translators, trigraph characters, two dimensional array, 167 type conversion, 44 implicit type conversions, 44 automatic conversions, 44 type conversion in assignment, 45 explicit type conversion, 46 typedef, 326 u union, 321 unlink( ), 365,521 user-defined functions, 111 v va_arg,450 va_end, 450 va_list, 450 va_start, 450 variable number of arguments, ~50 variables, 14 declaration of variables, 14 initialisation of variables, 14 vfprintf( ), 455 void pointers, 229 volatile, 449 vprintf( ), 455 vsprintf( ), 455 w while loop, 6,5 , I The book explains each topic in depth without compromising over the lucidity_ofthe text and programs This approach makes this book suitable for both novices arid advanced programmers The well -_strnctHred programs are easily understandable by the beginners and useful for the experienced programmers The book contains about 300 programs, 210 exercises and 80 programming exercises with solutions of exercises and hints to solve programming exercises Five new chapters ~ave been included in this edition ofthe book The chapter on project development and library creation can help students in implementingJileir knowledge and become a perfect C programmer ~ ABOIFf THE AUTHOR Suresh ~umar Srivastava has beeg working in software industry for last 'years He has done B level [rem DOE~ACC Society He has worked on development of device driver"debugger / and syskm software area.tIe likes to work on system side as well as some creative work for ,I develQ13ment of software tools He has authored a book on Data· Structures titled" Data Stnfctures through C in Depth" He is planning to write some more books on different topics, which can be useful for students to work in system software development ' Deep'C'Ji Srivastava has done MSc In Mathematics and Advanced PGDCA from MJP Rohilkhand University Her areas of interest are C and Data Structures She also likes to lea~ and'work on systems' software She has authored a book OIl Data structures titled "D;ta Structures thtough C in Bepth" ~b-e Is-plaJllling to work on some other topics and use her creativity in system software development ISBN 81-8333-048-7 www.bpbonline.com 1"", HOm IRs 360/-1 / ~- - ... entered value will be stored in the variable mark~ #include main ( ) { char ch; :s Input-Output in C 19 scanf(" %c" ,&ch)~ ere the control string contains conversion specification Charac~r... compiled at DOS prompt by writingC:\>tcc filen''ame (in Turbo C) C: \>bcc filename (in Borland C) (c) Program execution After compilation of C program, the executable file filename.exe is created It. .. adopted from a language called BCPL (Basic Combined Programming Language), which was developed by Martin Richards at Cambridge University C in Depth In 1982 a committee was formed by ANSI (American

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  • C in Depth by Suresh Kumar Srivastava

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